ICON: chronic rhinosinusitis

Abstract

Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a public health problem that has a significant socio-economic impact. Moreover, the complexity of this disease due to its heterogeneous nature based on the underlying pathophysiology - leading to different disease variants - further complicates our understanding and directions for the most appropriate targeted treatment strategies. Several International/national guidelines/position papers and/or consensus documents are available that present the current knowledge and treatment strategies for CRS. Yet there are many challenges to the management of CRS especially in the case of the more severe and refractory forms of disease. Therefore, the International Collaboration in Asthma, Allergy and Immunology (iCAALL), a collaboration between EAACI, AAAAI, ACAAI, and WAO, has decided to propose an International Consensus (ICON) on Chronic Rhinosinusitis. The purpose of this ICON on CRS is to highlight the key common messages from the existing guidelines, the differences in recommendations as well as the gaps in our current knowledge of CRS, thus providing a concise reference. In this document we discuss the definition of the disease, its relevance, pharmacoeconomics, pathophysiology, phenotypes and endotypes, genetics and risk factors, natural history and co-morbidities as well as clinical manifestations and treatment options in both adults and children comprising pharmacotherapy, surgical interventions and more recent biological approaches. Finally, we have also highlighted the unmet needs that wait to be addressed through future research.

Shown for reading. Its publisher allows quoting it, not republishing it.

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    Not in our library10.1016/j.jaci.2009.04.013

85. 85.

    Van Bruaene N, Perez Novo C, Deruyck N, Holtappels G, Van Cauwenberge P, Bachert C. Inflammation and remodeling patterns in early-stage chronic rhinosinusitis. Clin Exp Allergy. 2012;42:883-890.

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1365-2222.2011.03898.x

86. 86.

    Yang YC, Zhang N, Van Crombruggen K, Hu GU, Hong SL, Bachert C. Transforming growth factor beta1 in inflammatory airway disease: A key for understanding inflammation and remodeling. Allergy. 2012;67:1193-1202.

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1398-9995.2012.02880.x

87. 87.

    Li X, Meng J, Liu F, Zhang N, Zhang J, Holtappels G, Ba L, Zhou P, Zheng Y, Liu S, Lin P, Bachert C. Expression of transforming growth factor-β, matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases in Chinese chronic rhinosinusitis patients with and without nasal polyps. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010;125:1061-1068.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jaci.2010.02.023

88. 88.

    De Borja Callejas F, Picado C, Martínez-Antón A, Alobid I, Pujols L, Valero A, Roca-Ferrer J, Mullol J. Differential expression of remodeling markers by tissue structure in nasal polyposis. Am J Rhinol Allergy. 2013;27(3):e69-e74.

    Not in our library10.2500/ajra.2013.27.3908

89. 89.

    Sejima T, Holtappels G, Bachert C. The expression of fibrinolytic components in chronic paranasal sinus disease. Am J Rhinol Allergy. 2011;25:1-6.

    Not in our library10.2500/ajra.2011.25.3537

90. 90.

    Takabayashi T, Kato A, Peters AT, Hulse KE, Suh LA, Carter R, Norton J, Grammer LC, Cho SH, Tan BK, Chandra RK, Conley DB, Kern RC, Fujieda S, Schleimer RP. Excessive fibrin deposition in nasal polyps caused by fibrinolytic impairment through reduction of tissue plasminogen activator expression. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013;187(1):49-57.

    Not in our library10.1164/rccm.201207-1292oc

91. 91.

    Huvenne W, Nan Z, Tijsma E, Hissong B, Huurdeman J, Holtappels G, Claeys S, Van Cauwenberge P, Nelis H, Coenye T, Bachert C. A pilot study using doxycycline-releasing stents to ameliorate postoperative healing quality after sinus surgery. Wound Repair Reg. 2008;16:757-767.

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1524-475x.2008.00429.x

92. 92.

    Van Zele T, Gevaert P, Holtappels G, Beule A, Wormald PJ, Mayr S, Hens G, Hellings P, Ebbens FA, Fokkens W, Van Cauwenberge P, Bachert C. Oral steroids and doxycycline in nasal polyps: two different approaches to treat nasal polyps. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010;125:1069-1076.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jaci.2010.02.020

93. 93.

    Bassiouni A, Chen PG, Wormald PJ. Mucosal remodeling and reversibility in chronic rhinosinusitis. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2013;13:4-12.

    Not in our library10.1097/aci.0b013e32835ad09e

94. 94.

    Cutting GR. Modifier genetics: cystic fibrosis. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet. 2005;6:237-260.

    Not in our library10.1146/annurev.genom.6.080604.162254

95. 95.

    Antunes MB, Gudis DA, Cohen NA. Epithelium, cilia, and mucus: their importance in chronic rhinosinusitis. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 2009;29(4):631-643.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.iac.2009.07.004

96. 96.

    Chen B, Antunes MB, Claire SE, Palmer JN, Chiu AG, Kennedy DW, Cohen NA. Reversal of chronic rhinosinusitis-associated sinonasal ciliary dysfunction. Am J Rhinol. 2007;21(3):346-353.

    Not in our library10.2500/ajr.2007.21.3029

97. 97.

    Saito D, Innes A, Pletcher S. Rheologic properties of sinonasal mucus in patients with chronic sinusitis. Am J Rhinol Allergy. 2010;24(1):1-5.

    Not in our library10.2500/ajra.2010.24.3420

98. 98.

    Zuckerman JD, Lee WY, DelGaudio JM, Moore CE, Nava P, Nusrat A, Parkos CA. Pathophysiology of nasal polyposis: the role of desmosomal junctions. Am J Rhinol. 2008;22(6):589-597.

    Not in our library10.2500/ajr.2008.22.3235

99. 99.

    Rogers G, Beste KEH, Parkos CA, Nusrat A, DelGaudio JM, Wise SK. Epithelial tight junction alterations in nasal polyposis. Internat Forum Allergy Rhinolo. 2011;1(1):50-54.

    Not in our library10.1002/alr.20014

100. 100.

     Soyka MB, Wawrzyniak P, Eiwegger T, Holzmann D, Treis A, Wanke K, Kast JI, Akdis CA. Defective epithelial barrier in chronic rhinosinusitis: The regulation of tight junctions by IFN-γ and IL-4. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2012;130(5):1087-1096.

     Not in our library10.1016/j.jaci.2012.05.052

101. 101.

     Den Beste KA, Hoddeson EK, Parkos CA, Nusrat A, Wise SK. Epithelial permeability alterations in an in vitro air-liquid interface model of allergic fungal rhinosinusitis. Internat Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2013;3(1):19-25.

     Not in our library10.1002/alr.21077

102. 102.

     Richer SL, Truong-Tran AQ, Conley DB, Carter R, Vermylen D, Grammer LC, Peters AT, Chandra R, Harris K, Kern R, Schleimer R. Epithelial genes in chronic rhinosinusitis with and without nasal polyps. Am J Rhinol. 2008;22(3):228-234.

     Not in our library10.2500/ajr.2008.22.3162

103. 103.

     Fruth K, Goeble G, Koutsimpelas D, Gosepath J, Schmidtmann I, Mann WJ, Brieger J. Low SPINK5 Expression in Chronic Rhinosinusitis. Laryngoscope. 2012;122:1198-1204.

     Not in our library10.1002/lary.23300

104. 104.

     Sha Q, Truong-Tran AQ, Plitt JR, Beck LA, Schleimer RP. Activation of airway epithelial cells by toll-like receptor agonists. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2004;31(3):358-364.

     Not in our library10.1165/rcmb.2003-0388oc

105. 105.

     Kato A, Schleimer RP. Beyond inflammation: airway epithelial cells are at the interface of innate and adaptive immunity. Curr Opin Immunol. 2007;19(6):711-720.

     Not in our library10.1016/j.coi.2007.08.004

106. 106.

     Matzinger P. danger model: a renewed sense of self. Science. 2002;12;296(5566):301-305.

     Not in our library10.1126/science.1071059

107. 107.

     Bianchi ME, Manfredi AA. Immunology. Dangers in and out. Science. 2009;27;323(5922):1683-1684.

     Not in our library10.1126/science.1172794

108. 108.

     Lane AP, Truong-Tran QA, Schleimer RP. Altered expression of genes associated with innate immunity and inflammation in recalcitrant rhinosinusitis with polyps. Am J Rhinol. 2006;20(2):138-144.

     Not in our library

109. 109.

     Dong Z, Yang Z, Wang C. Expression of TLR2 and TLR4 messenger RNA in the epithelial cells of the nasal airway. Am J Rhinol. 2005;19(3):236-239.

     Not in our library

110. 110.

     Claeys S, Van Hoecke H, Holtappels G, Gevaert P, De Belder T, Verhasselt B, Van Cauwenberge P, Bachert C. Nasal polyps in patients with and without cystic fibrosis: a differentiation by innate markers and inflammatory mediators. Clin Exp Allergy. 2005;35(4):467-472.

     Not in our library10.1111/j.1365-2222.2005.02215.x

111. 111.

     Ramanathan M, Lee WK, Dubin MG, Lin S, Spannhake EW, Lane AP. Sinonasal epithelial cell expression of toll-like receptor 9 is decreased in chronic rhinosinusitis with polyps. Am J Rhinol. 2007;21(1):110-116.

     Not in our library10.2500/ajr.2007.21.2997

112. 112.

     Lee RJ, Xiong G, Kofonow JM, Chen B, Lysenko A, Jiang P, Abraham V, Doghramji L, Adappa ND, Palmer JN, Kennedy DW, Beauchamp GK, Doulias PT, Ischiropoulos H, Kreindler JL, Reed DR, Cohen NA. T2R38 taste receptor polymorphisms underlie susceptibility to upper respiratory infection. J Clin Invest. 2012;122(11):4145-4159.

     Not in our library10.1172/jci64240

113. 113.

     Adadppa ND, Howland TJ, Palmer JN, Kennedy DW, Doghramji L, Lysenko A, Reed DR, Lee RJ, Cohen NA. Genetics of the taste receptor T2R38 correlates with chronic rhinosinusitis necessitating surgical intervention. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2013;3(3):184-187.

     Not in our library10.1002/alr.21140

114. 114.

     Avila PC, Schleimer RP, Kay AB, Kaplan AP, Bousquet J, Holt PG. Airway Epithelium. Allergy and allergic diseases. 2008.

     Not in our library

115. 115.

     Ooi EH, Psaltis AJ, Witterick IJ, Wormald PJ. Innate immunity. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 2010;43(3):473-487.

     Not in our library10.1016/j.otc.2010.02.020

116. 116.

     Laudien M, Dressel S, Harder J, Glaser R. Differential expression pattern of antimicrobial peptides in nasal mucosa and secretion. Rhinology. 2011;49(1):107-111.

     Not in our library10.4193/rhino10.036

117. 117.

     Wolk K, Kunz S, Witte E, Friedrich M, Asadullah K, Sabat R. IL-22 increases the innate immunity of tissues. Immunity. 2004;21(2):241-254.

     Not in our library10.1016/j.immuni.2004.07.007

118. 118.

     Wolk K, Witte E, Wallace E, Docke WD, Kunz S, Asadullah K, Volk HD, Sterry W, Sabat R. IL-22 regulates the expression of genes responsible for antimicrobial defense, cellular differentiation, and mobility in keratinocytes: a potential role in psoriasis. Eur J Immunol. 2006;36(5):1309-1323.

     Not in our library10.1002/eji.200535503

119. 119.

     Pickert G, Neufert C, Leppkes M, Zheng Y, Wittkopf N, Warntjen M, Lehr HA, Hirth S, Weigmann B, Wirtz S, Ouyang W, Neurath MF, Becker C. STAT3 links IL-22 signaling in intestinal epithelial cells to mucosal wound healing. J Exp Med. 2009;206(7):1465-1472.

     Not in our library10.1084/jem.20082683

120. 120.

     Aujla SJ, Chan YR, Zheng M, Fei M, Askew DJ, Pociask DA, Reinhart TA, McAllister F, Edeal J, Gaus K, Husain S, Kreindler JL, Dubin PJ, Pilewski JM, Myerburg MM, Mason CA, Iwakura Y, Kolls JK. IL-22 mediates mucosal host defense against Gram-negative bacterial pneumonia. Nat Med. 2008;14(3):275-281.

     Not in our library10.1038/nm1710

121. 121.

     Hulse K, Norton J, Harris K, Conley D, Chandra R, Kern R, Peters A, Grammer L, Cohen E, Singh R, Carter R, Suh L, Schleimer R: Epithelial STAT3 activation is associated with expression of the antimicrobial peptide S100A7. J Immunol. 2010, 184 (14):

     Not in our library

122. 122.

     Aujla SJ, Kolls JK. IL-22: a critical mediator in mucosal host defense. J Mol Med. 2009;87(5):451-454.

     Not in our library10.1007/s00109-009-0448-1

123. 123.

     Psaltis AJ, Weitzel EK, Ha KR, Wormald PJ. The effect of bacterial biofilms on post-sinus surgical outcomes. Am J Rhinol. 2008;22(1):1-6.

     Not in our library10.2500/ajr.2008.22.3119

124. 124.

     Psaltis AJ, Bruhn MA, Ooi EH, Tan LW, Wormald PJ. Nasal mucosa expression of lactoferrin in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. Laryngoscope. 2007;117(11):2030-2035.

     Not in our library10.1097/mlg.0b013e31812e01ab

125. 125.

     Tieu DD, Peters AT, Carter RG, Suh L, Conley DB, Chandra R, Norton J, Grammer LC, Harris KE, Kato A, Kern RC, Schleimer RP. Evidence for diminished levels of epithelial psoriasin and calprotectin in chronic rhinosinusitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010;125(3):667-675.

     Not in our library10.1016/j.jaci.2009.11.045

126. 126.

     Meyer JE, Harder J, Sipos B, Maune S, Kloppel G, Bartels J, Schröder JM, Gläser R. Psoriasin (S100A7) is a principal antimicrobial peptide of the human tongue. Mucosal Immunol. 2008;1(3):239-243.

     Not in our library10.1038/mi.2008.3

127. 127.

     Seshadri S, Rosati M, Lin D, Carter J, Norton JE, Kato A, Chandra RK, Harris KE, Chu HW, Peters AT, Tan BK, Conley DB, Grammer LC, Kern RC, Schleimer RP. Reduced expression of antimicrobial palate, lung and nasal epithelial clone (PLUNC) protein in polyps from patients with chronic rhinosinusitis is due to decreased number of glands. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011;127(2):AB141.

     Not in our library10.1016/j.jaci.2010.12.559

128. 128.

     Ramanathan M, Spannhake EW, Lane AP. Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps is associated with decreased expression of mucosal interleukin 22 receptor. Laryngoscope. 2007;117(10):1839-1843.

     Not in our library10.1097/mlg.0b013e31811edd4f

129. 129.

     Peters AT, Kato A, Zhang N, Conley DB, Suh L, Tancowny B, Carter D, Carr T, Radtke M, Hulse KE, Seshadri S, Chandra R, Grammer LC, Harris KE, Kern R, Schleimer RP. Evidence for altered activity of the IL-6 pathway in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010;125(2):397-403.

     Not in our library10.1016/j.jaci.2009.10.072

130. 130.

     Tieu DD, Kern RC, Schleimer RP. Alterations in epithelial barrier function and host defense responses in chronic rhinosinusitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2009;124(1):37-42.

     Not in our library10.1016/j.jaci.2009.04.045

131. 131.

     Vroling AB, Fokkens WJ, Van Drunen CM. How epithelial cells detect danger: aiding the immune response. Allergy. 2008;63(9):1110-1123.

     Not in our library10.1111/j.1398-9995.2008.01785.x

132. 132.

     Kowalski ML, Lewandowska-Polak A, Wozniak J, Ptasinska A, Jankowski A, Wagrowska-Danilewicz M, Pawliczak R. Association of stem cell factor expression in nasal polyp epithelial cells with aspirin sensitivity and asthma. Allergy. 2005;60(5):631-637.

     Not in our library10.1111/j.1398-9995.2005.00753.x

133. 133.

     Nishi Y, Takeno S, Ishino T, Hirakawa K. Glucocorticoids suppress NF-kappaB activation induced by LPS and PGN in paranasal sinus epithelial cells. Rhinology. 2009;47(4):413-418.

     Not in our library10.4193/rhin08.074

134. 134.

     Kato A, Peters A, Suh L, Carter R, Harris KE, Chandra R, Conley D, Grammer LC, Kern R, Schleimer RP. Evidence of a role for B cell-activating factor of the TNF family in the pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008;121(6):1385-1392.

     Not in our library10.1016/j.jaci.2008.03.002

135. 135.

     Lu X, Zhang XH, Wang H, Long XB, You XJ, Gao QX, Cui YH, Lui Z. Expression of osteopontin in chronic rhinosinusitis with and without nasal polyps. Allergy. 2009;64(1):104-111.

     Not in our library10.1111/j.1398-9995.2008.01829.x

136. 136.

     Keswani A, Chustz RT, Suh L, Carter R, Peters AT, Tan BK, Chandra R, Kim SH, Azam T, Dinarello CA, Kern RC, Schleimer RP Kato A. Differential expression of interleukin-32 in chronic rhinosinusitis with and without nasal polyps. Allergy. 2012;67(1):25-32.

     Not in our library10.1111/j.1398-9995.2011.02706.x

137. 137.

     Lambrecht BN, Hammad H. The airway epithelium in asthma. Nature Medicine. 2012;18(5):684-692.

     Not in our library10.1038/nm.2737

138. 138.

     Sanos S, Diefenbach A. Innate lymphoid cells: from border protection to the initiation of inflammatory diseases. Immunol Cell Biol. 2013;91:215-224.

     Not in our library10.1038/icb.2013.3

139. 139.

     Hansel TT, Johnston SL, Openshaw PJ. Microbes and mucosal immune responses in asthma. Lancet. 2013;381:861-873.

     Not in our library10.1016/s0140-6736(12)62202-8

140. 140.

     Mjoesberg J, Trifari S, Crellin NK, Peters CP, Van Drunen CM, Piet B, Fokkens W, Cupedo T, Spits H. Human IL-25- and IL-33-responsive type 2 innate lymphoid cells are defined by expression of CRTH2 and CD161. Nature Immunology. 2011;12:1055-1062.

     Not in our library10.1038/ni.2104

141. 141.

     Allakhverdi Z, Comeau MR, Smith DE, Toy D, Endam LM, Desrosiers M, Liu YJ, Howie KJ, Denburg JA, Gauvreau GM, Delespesse G. CD34+ hemopoietic progenitor cells are potent effectors of allergic inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2009;123(2):472-478.

     Not in our library10.1016/j.jaci.2008.10.022

142. 142.

     Nonaka M, Fukumoto A, Ogihara N, Sakanushi A, Pawankar R, Yagi T. Synergistic induction of thymic stromal lymphopoietin by tumor necrosis factor alpha and Th2 cytokine in nasal polyp fibroblasts. Am J Rhinol Allergy. 2010;24(1):e14-e18.

     Not in our library10.2500/ajra.2010.24.3436

143. 143.

     Liu T, Li TL, Zhao F, Xie C, Liu AM, Chen X, Song C, Cheng L, Yang PC. Role of thymic stromal lymphopoietin in the pathogenesis of nasal polyposis. Am J Med Sci. 2011;341(1):40-47.

     Not in our library10.1097/maj.0b013e3181f20489

144. 144.

     Kimura S, Pawankar R, Mori S, Nonaka M, Masuno S, Yagi T, Okubo K. Increased expression and role of thymic stromal lymphopoietin in nasal polyposis. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res. 2011;3(3):186-193.

     Not in our library10.4168/aair.2011.3.3.186

145. 145.

     Nagarkar DR, Poposki JA, Tan BK, Comeau MR, Peters AT, Hulse K, Suh LA, Norton J, Harris KE, Grammer LC, Chandra RK, Conley DB, Kern RC, Schleimer RP, Kato A. Increased activity of thymic stromal lymphopoietin in nasal polyps of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2013;132(3):593-600.e12.

     Not in our library10.1016/j.jaci.2013.04.005

146. 146.

     Reh DD, Wang Y, Ramanathan M, Lane AP. Treatment-recalcitrant chronic rhinosinusitis with polyps is associated with altered epithelial cell expression of interleukin-33. Am J Rhinol Allergy. 2010;24(2):105-109.

     Not in our library10.2500/ajra.2010.24.3446

147. 147.

     Schleimer R, Kato A, Kern RC. “Eosinophils in CRS”. Eosinoph Health Dis. 2011.

     Not in our library

148. 148.

     Takabayashi T, Kato A, Peters AT, Suh LA, Carter R, Norton J, Grammer LC, Tan BK, Chandra RK, Conley DB, Kern RC, Fujieda S, Schleimer RP. Glandular mast cells with distinct phenotype are highly elevated in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2012;130(2):410-20.e5.

     Not in our library10.1016/j.jaci.2012.02.046

149. 149.

     Krysko O, Holtappels G, Zhang N, Kubica M, Deswarte K, Derycke L, Claeys S, Hammad H, Brusselle GG, Vandenabeele P, Krysko DV, Bachert C. Alternatively activated macrophages and impaired phagocytosis of S. aureus in chronic rhinosinusitis. Allergy. 2011;66(3):396-403.

     Not in our library10.1111/j.1398-9995.2010.02498.x

150. 150.

     Lundberg JO, Farkas-Szallasi T, Weitzberg E, Rinder J, Lidholm J, Anggaard A, Hökfelt T, Lundberg JM, Alving K. High nitric oxide production in human paranasal sinuses. Nat Med. 1995;1(4):370-373.

     Not in our library10.1038/nm0495-370

151. 151.

     Moskwa P, Lorentzen D, Excoffon KJ, Zabner J, McCray PB, Nauseef WM, Dupuy C, Bánfi B. A novel host defense system of airways is defective in cystic fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007;175(2):174-183.

     Not in our library10.1164/rccm.200607-1029oc

152. 152.

     Colantonio D, Brouillette L, Parikh A, Scadding GK. Paradoxical low nasal nitric oxide in nasal polyposis. Clin Exp Allergy. 2002;32(5):698-701.

     Not in our library10.1046/j.1365-2222.2002.01379.x

153. 153.

     Ragab SM, Lund VJ, Saleh HA, Scadding G. Nasal nitric oxide in objective evaluation of chronic rhinosinusitis therapy. Allergy. 2006;61(6):717-724.

     Not in our library10.1111/j.1398-9995.2006.01044.x

154. 154.

     Phillips PS, Sacks R, Marcells GN, Cohen NA, Harvey RJ. Nasal nitric oxide and sinonasal disease: a systematic review of published evidence. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2011;144(2):159-169.

     Not in our library10.1177/0194599810392667

155. 155.

     Roca-Ferrer J, Garcia-Garcia FJ, Pereda J, Perez-Gonzalez M, Pujols L, Alobid I, Mullol J, Picado C. Reduced expression of COXs and production of prostaglandin E(2) in patients with nasal polyps with or without aspirin-intolerant asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011;128(1):66-72 e1.

     Not in our library10.1016/j.jaci.2011.01.065

156. 156.

     Van Crombruggen K, Zhang N, Gevaert P, Tomassen P, Bachert C. Pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis: Inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011;128(4):728-732.

     Not in our library10.1016/j.jaci.2011.07.049

157. 157.

     Chandra RK, Lin D, Tan B, Tudor RS, Conley DB, Peters AT, Grammer LC, Schleimer RP, Kern RC. Chronic rhinosinusitis in the setting of other chronic inflammatory diseases. Am J Otolaryngol. 2011;32(5):388-391.

     Not in our library10.1016/j.amjoto.2010.07.013

158. 158.

     Kern RC, Conley DB, Walsh W, Chandra R, Kato A, Tripathi-Peters A, Grammer LC, Schleimer RP. Perspectives on the etiology of chronic rhinosinusitis: an immune barrier hypothesis. Am J Rhinol. 2008;22(6):549-559.

     Not in our library10.2500/ajr.2008.22.3228

159. 159.

     Van Zele T, Claeys S, Gevaert P, Holtappels G, Van Cauwenberge P, Bachert C. Differen-tiation of chronic sinus diseases by measurement of inflammatory mediators. Allergy. 2006;61:1280-1289.

     Not in our library10.1111/j.1398-9995.2006.01225.x

160. 160.

     Van Zhang Nan T, Zele CP-N, Van Bruaene N, Holtappels G, DeRuyck N, Van Cauwenberge P, Bachert C. Different types of T effector cells orchestrate mucosal inflammation in chronic sinus disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008;122(5):961-968.

     Not in our library10.1016/j.jaci.2008.07.008

161. 161.

     Derycke L, Zhang N, Holtappels G, Dutré T, Bachert C. IL-17A as a regulator of neutrophil survival in nasal polyp disease of patients with and without cystic fibrosis. J Cyst Fibros. 2012;11:193-200.

     Not in our library10.1016/j.jcf.2011.11.007

162. 162.

     Bachert C, Nan Z, Gabriele H, Lizzi De L, Cauwenberge P c, Liu S, Ping L, Jean B, Van Steen K. Presence of IL-5 protein and IgE-antibodies to staphylococcal enterotoxins in nasal polyps is associated with co-morbid asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010;126:962-968.

     Not in our library10.1016/j.jaci.2010.07.007

163. 163.

     Ba L, Zhang N, Lin P, Liu S, Bachert C. Bacterial colonization is associated with different inflammatory pattern in rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. Allergy. 2011;66:1296-1303.

     Not in our library10.1111/j.1398-9995.2011.02637.x

164. 164.

     Van Bruaene N, Perez-Novo C, Basinski T, Van Zele T, Holtappels G, Schmidt-Weber C, Akdis C, Van Cauwenberge PC, Gevaert P. T cell regulation in chronic paranasal sinus disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008;121:1435-1441.

     Not in our library10.1016/j.jaci.2008.02.018

165. 165.

     Roongrotwattanasiri K, Pawankar R, Kimura S, Mori S, Nonaka M, Yagi T. Decreased Expression of FOXP3 in Nasal Polyposis. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res. 2012;4:24-30.

     Not in our library10.4168/aair.2012.4.1.24

166. 166.

     Kim YM, Munoz A, Hwang PH, Nadeau KC. Migration of regulatory T cells toward airway epithelial cells is impaired in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis. Clin Immunol. 2010;137(1):111-121.

     Not in our library10.1016/j.clim.2010.05.013

167. 167.

     Feng L, Zhang N, Zhang J, Krysko O, Zhang Q, Xian J, Derycke L, Qi Y, Li K, Liu S, Lin P, Bachert C. Foxp3 in human airway regulatory T cells is regulated by SOCS3. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2013;132(6):1314-1321.

     Not in our library10.1016/j.jaci.2013.06.010

168. 168.

     Calus L, Derycke L, Dullaers M, Van Zele T, De Ruyck N, Holtappels G, Lambrecht B, Bachert C, Gevaert P. IL-21 is increased in nasal polyposis and after stimulation with Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2013.

     Not in our library10.1159/000481435

169. 169.

     Gevaert P, Nouri-Aria KT, Wu H, Harper CE, Takhar P, Fear DJ, Acke F, Deruyck N, Banfield G, Kariyawasam HH, Bachert C, Durham SR, Gould HJ. Local receptor revision and class switching to ige in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. Allergy. 2013;68:55-63.

     Not in our library10.1111/all.12054

170. 170.

     Mechtcheriakova D, Sobanov J, Knittelfelder R, Bachert C, Jensen-Jarolim E. Gene expression pattern associated with activation-induced cytidine deaminase, AID, in chronic paranasal disorders. PlosOne. 2011;6:e25611.

     Not in our library10.1371/journal.pone.0025611

171. 171.

     Baraniuk JN, Druce HM. Physiology of sinusitis. Sinusitis: pathophysiology and treatment. 1994;19-39.

     Not in our library

172. 172.

     Van Cauwenberge P, Ingels K. Effects of viral and bacterial infection on nasal and sinus mucosa. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh). 1996;116:316-321.

     Not in our library10.3109/00016489609137849

173. 173.

     Calenoff E, McMahan JT, Herzon GD, Kern RC, Ghadge GD, Hanson DG. Bacterial allergy in nasal polyposis. A new method for quantifying specific IgE. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1993;119(8):830-836.

     Not in our library10.1001/archotol.1993.01880200030004

174. 174.

     Mempel M, Lina G, Hojka M, Schnopp C, Seidl HP, Schafer T, Ring J, Vandenesch F, Abeck D. High prevalence of superantigens associated with the egc locus in Staphylococcus aureus isolates from patients with atopic eczema. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2003;22(5):306-309.

     Not in our library10.1007/s10096-003-0928-0

175. 175.

     Schubert MS. A superantigen hypothesis for the pathogenesis of chronic hypertrophic rhinosinusitis, allergic fungal sinusitis, and related disorders. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2001;87(3):181-188.

     Not in our library10.1016/s1081-1206(10)62222-3

176. 176.

     Bachert C, Gevaert P, Holtappels G, Johansson SG, Van Cauwenberge P. Total and specific IgE in nasal polyps is related to local eosinophilic inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2001;107(4):607-614.

     Not in our library10.1067/mai.2001.112374

177. 177.

     Bachert C, Wagenmann M, Hauser U, Rudack C. IL-5 is upregulated in human nasal polyp tissue. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1997;99:837-842.

     Not in our library10.1016/s0091-6749(97)80019-x

178. 178.

     Min YG, Lee CH, Rhee CS, Hong SK, Kwon SH. Increased expression of IL-4, IL-5, IFN-gamma, IL-6, IL-8, and TGF-beta mRNAs in maxillary mucosa of patients with chronic sinusitis. Am J Rhinol. 1999;13(5):339-343.

     Not in our library10.2500/105065899781367546

179. 179.

     Perez-Novo CA, Watelet JB, Claeys C, Van Cauwenberge P, Bachert C. Prostaglandin, leukotriene, and lipoxin balance in chronic rhinosinusitis with and without nasal polyposis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2005;115:1189-1196.

     Not in our library10.1016/j.jaci.2005.02.029

180. 180.

     Van Zele T, Gevaert P, Watelet JB, Claeys G, Holtappels G, Claeys C, Van Cauwenberge P, Bachert C. Staphylococcus aureus colonization and IgE antibody formation to enterotoxins is increased in nasal polyposis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004;114:981-983.

     Not in our library10.1016/j.jaci.2004.07.013

181. 181.

     Perez-Novo CA, Kowalski ML, Kuna P, Ptasinska A, Holtappels G, Van Cauwenberge P, Gevaert P, Johannson S, Bachert C. Aspirin sensitivity and IgE antibodies to Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins in nasal polyposis: Studies on the relationship. Internat Arch Allergy Immunol. 2004;133:255-260.

     Not in our library10.1159/000076832

182. 182.

     Van Zele T, Gevaert P, Holtappels G, Van Cauwenberge P, Bachert C. Local immunoglobulin production in nasal polyposis is modulated by superantigens. Clin Exp Allergy. 2007;37:1840-1847.

     Not in our library10.1111/j.1365-2222.2007.02838.x

183. 183.

     Gevaert P, Holtappels G, Johansson SG, Cuvelier C, Cauwenberge P, Bachert C. Organization of secondary lymphoid tissue and local IgE formation to Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins in nasal polyp tissue. Allergy. 2005;60:71-79.

     Not in our library10.1111/j.1398-9995.2004.00621.x

184. 184.

     Zhang N, Holtappels G, Gevaert P, Patou J, Dhaliwal B, Gould H, Bachert C. Mucosal tissue polyclonal IgE is functional in response to allergen and SEB. Allergy. 2011;66:141-148.

     Not in our library10.1111/j.1398-9995.2010.02448.x

185. 185.

     Hamilos DL, Leung DYM, Huston DP, Kamil A, Wood R, Hamid Q. GM-CSF, IL-5 and RANTES immunoreactivity and mRNA expression in chronic hyperplastic sinusitis with nasal polyposis (NP). Clin Exp Allergy. 1998;28:1145-1152.

     Not in our library10.1046/j.1365-2222.1998.00380.x

186. 186.

     Nonaka M, Pawankar R, Saji F, Yagi T. Distinct expression of RANTES and GM-CSF by lipopolysaccharide in human nasal fibroblasts but not in other airway fibroblasts. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 1999;119:314-321.

     Not in our library10.1159/000024209

187. 187.

     Pawankar R. Mast cells as or orchestrates of the allergic reaction: The IgE-IgE mast cell network. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2001;1:3-6.

     Not in our library10.1097/01.all.0000010977.11360.f4

188. 188.

     Hamilos DL, Leung DYM, Wood R, Cunningham L, Bean DK, Yasruel S, Schotman E, Hamid Q. Evidence for distinct cytokine expression in allergic versus nonallergic chronic sinusitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1995;96:537-544.

     Not in our library10.1016/s0091-6749(95)70298-9

189. 189.

     Schleimer RP, Kato A, Peters A, Conley D, Kim J, Liu MC, Harris KE, Kuperman DA, Chandra R, Favoreto S, Avila PC, Grammer LC, Kern RC. Epithelium, inflammation, and immunity in the upper airways of humans: studies in chronic rhinosinusitis. Proc Am Thorac Soc. 2009;6:288-294.

     Not in our library10.1513/pats.200808-088rm

190. 190.

     Di Lorenzo G, Drago A, Esposito Pellitteri M, Candore G, Colombo A, Gervasi F, Pacor ML, Purello D'Ambrosio F, Caruso C. Measurement of inflammatory mediators of mast cells and eosinophils in native nasal lavage fluid in nasal polyposis. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2001;125(2):164-175.

     Not in our library10.1159/000053811

191. 191.

     Pawankar R, Okuda M, Yssel H, Okumura K, Ra C. Nasal mast cells in perennial allergic rhinitics exhibit increased expression of the Fc epsilonRI, CD40L, IL-4, and IL-13, and can induce IgE synthesis in B cells. J Clin Invest. 1997;99(7):1492-1499.

     Not in our library10.1172/jci119311

192. 192.

     Vagic D, Ferencic Z, Drvis P, Geber G, Dzidic S, Baudoin T, Kalogjera L. Local IgE and inflammation in chronic rhinosinusitis of asthmatics and non-asthmatics. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2008;265:1205-1209.

     Not in our library10.1007/s00405-008-0621-0

193. 193.

     Cerutti A, Chen K, Chorny A. Immunoglobulin responses at the mucosal interface. Annu Rev Immunol. 2011;29:273-293.

     Not in our library10.1146/annurev-immunol-031210-101317

194. 194.

     Bachert C, Zhang N. Chronic rhinosinusitis and asthma: novel understanding of the role of IgE “above atopy. J Intern Med. 2012;272:133-143.

     Not in our library10.1111/j.1365-2796.2012.02559.x

195. 195.

     Gevaert P, Calus L, Van Zele T, Blomme K, De Ruyck N, Bauters W, Hellings P, Brusselle G, De Bacquer D, Van Cauwenberge P, Bachert C. Omalizumab is effective in allergic and nonallergic patients with nasal polyps and asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2013;131:110-116.

     Not in our library10.1016/j.jaci.2012.07.047

196. 196.

     Akdis M, Akdis CA. IgE class switching and cellular memory. Nat Immunol. 2012;13:312-314.

     Not in our library10.1038/ni.2266

197. 197.

     Talay O, Yan D, Brightbill HD, Straney EE, Zhou M, Ladi E, Lee WP, Egen JG, Austin CD, Xu M, Wu LC. IgE(+) memory B cells and plasma cells generated through a germinal-center pathway. Nat Immunol. 2012;13:396-404.

     Not in our library10.1038/ni.2256

198. 198.

     Akdis CA, Bachert C, Cingi C, Dykewicz MS, Hellings PW, Naclerio RM, Schleimer RP, Ledford D. Endotypes and phenotypes of chronic rhinosinusitis: a PRACTALL document of the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology and the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2013;131(6):1479-1490.

     Not in our library10.1016/j.jaci.2013.02.036

199. 199.

     Kilty SJ, Desrosiers MY. Are biofilms the answer in the pathophysiology and treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis? Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 2009;29:645-656.

     Not in our library10.1016/j.iac.2009.07.005

200. 200.

     Lanza DC, Kennedy DW. Adult rhinosinusitis defined. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1997;117:S1-S7.

     Not in our library10.1016/s0194-5998(97)70001-9

201. 201.

     Brook I, Yocum P, Frazier EH. Bacteriology and beta-lactamase activity in acute and chronic maxillary sinusitis. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1996;122:418-423.

     Not in our library10.1001/archotol.1996.01890160058011

202. 202.

     Bhattacharyya N, Kepnes LJ. The microbiology of recurrent rhinosinusitis after endoscopic sinus surgery. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1999;125:1117-1120.

     Not in our library10.1001/archotol.125.10.1117

203. 203.

     Bhattacharyya N. The role of infection in chronic rhinosinusitis. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2002;2:500-506.

     Not in our library10.1007/s11882-002-0091-1

204. 204.

     Huvenne W, Hellings PW, Bachert C. Role of staphylococcal superantigens in upper airway disease. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008;8:34-38.

     Not in our library10.1097/aci.0b013e3282f4178f

205. 205.

     Suh JD, Cohen NA, Palmer JN. Biofilms in chronic rhinosinusitis. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2010;18:27-31.

     Not in our library10.1097/moo.0b013e328334f670

206. 206.

     Suh JD, Ramakrishnan V, Palmer JN. Biofilms. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 2010;43:521-530.

     Not in our library10.1016/j.otc.2010.02.010

207. 207.

     Lewis K. Persister cells, dormancy and infectious disease. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2007;5:48-56.

     Not in our library10.1038/nrmicro1557

208. 208.

     Palmer JN. Bacterial biofilms: Do they play a role in chronic sinusitis? Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 2005;38:1193-1201.

     Not in our library10.1016/j.otc.2005.07.004

209. 209.

     Al-Mutairi D, Kilty SJ. Bacterial biofilms and the pathophysiology of chronic rhinosinusitis. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011;11:18-23.

     Not in our library10.1097/aci.0b013e3283423376

210. 210.

     Sanderson AR, Leid JG, Hunsaker D. Bacterial biofilms on the sinus mucosa of human subjects with chronic rhinosinusitis. Laryngoscope. 2006;116:1121-1126.

     Not in our library10.1097/01.mlg.0000221954.05467.54

211. 211.

     Prince AA, Steiger JD, Khalid AN, Dogrhamji L, Reger C, Eau Claire S, Chiu AG, Kennedy DW, Palmer JN, Cohen NA. Prevalence of biofilm-forming bacteria in chronic rhinosinusitis. Am J Rhinol. 2008;22:239-245.

     Not in our library10.2500/ajr.2008.22.3180

212. 212.

     Foreman A, Psaltis AJ, Tan LW, Wormald PJ. Characterization of bacterial and fungal biofilms in chronic rhinosinusitis. Am J Rhinol Allergy. 2009;23:556-561.

     Not in our library10.2500/ajra.2009.23.3413

213. 213.

     Singhal D, Foreman A, Bardy JJ, Wormald PJ. Staphylococcus aureus biofilms: Nemesis of endoscopic sinus surgery. Laryngoscope. 2011;121:1578-1583.

     Not in our library10.1002/lary.21805

214. 214.

     Foreman A, Holtappels G, Psaltis AJ, Jervis-Bardy J, Field J, Wormald PJ, Bachert C. Adaptive immune responses in Staphylococcus aureus biofilm-associated chronic rhinosinusitis. Allergy. 2011;66:1449-1456.

     Not in our library10.1111/j.1398-9995.2011.02678.x

215. 215.

     Wood AJ, Fraser J, Swift S, Amirapu S, Douglas RG. Are biofilms associated with an inflammatory response in chronic rhinosinusitis? Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2011;1:335-339.

     Not in our library10.1002/alr.20060

216. 216.

     Foreman A, Jervis-Bardy J, Wormald PJ. Do biofilms contribute to the initiation and recalcitrance of chronic rhinosinusitis? Laryngoscope. 2011;121:1085-1091.

     Not in our library10.1002/lary.21438

217. 217.

     Ebbens FA, Georgalas C, Fokkens WJ. Fungus as the cause of chronic rhinosinusitis: the case remains unproven. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2009;17:43-49.

     Not in our library10.1097/moo.0b013e32831de91e

218. 218.

     Ebbens FA, Georgalas C, Fokkens WJ. The mold conundrum in chronic hyperplastic sinusitis. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2009;9:114-120.

     Not in our library10.1007/s11882-009-0017-2

219. 219.

     Ponikau JU, Sherris DA, Kern EB, Homburger HA, Frigas E, Gaffey TA, Roberts GD. The diagnosis and incidence of allergic fungal sinusitis. Mayo Clin Proc. 1999;74:877-884.

     Not in our library10.4065/74.9.877

220. 220.

     Braun H, Buzina W, Freudenschuss K, Beham A, Stammberger H. 'Eosinophilic fungal rhinosinusitis': A common disorder in Europe? Laryngoscope. 2003;113:264-269.

     Not in our library10.1097/00005537-200302000-00013

221. 221.

     Sasama J, Sherris DA, Shin SH, Kephart GM, Kern EB, Ponikau JU. New paradigm for the roles of fungi and eosinophils in chronic rhinosinusitis. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2005;13:2-8.

     Not in our library10.1097/00020840-200502000-00003

222. 222.

     Davis LJ, Kita H. Pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis: role of airborne fungi and bacteria. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 2004;24:59-73.

     Not in our library10.1016/s0889-8561(03)00103-6

223. 223.

     Ponikau JU, Sherris DA, Kephart GM, Kern EB, Congdon DJ, Adolphson CR, Springett MJ, Gleich GJ, Kita H. Striking deposition of toxic eosinophil major basic protein in mucus: Implications for chronic rhinosinusitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2005;116:362-369.

     Not in our library10.1016/j.jaci.2005.03.049

224. 224.

     Shin SH, Ponikau JU, Sherris DA, Congdon D, Frigas E, Homburger HA, Swanson MC, Gleich GJ, Kita H. Chronic rhinosinusitis: an enhanced immune response to ubiquitous airborne fungi. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004;114:1369-1375.

     Not in our library10.1016/j.jaci.2004.08.012

225. 225.

     Wei JL, Kita H, Sherris DA, Kern EB, Weaver A, Ponikau JU. The chemotactic behavior of eosinophils in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. Laryngoscope. 2003;113:303-306.

     Not in our library10.1097/00005537-200302000-00019

226. 226.

     Inoue Y, Matsuwaki Y, Shin SH, Ponikau JU, Kita H. Nonpathogenic, environmental fungi induce activation and degranulation of human eosinophils. J Immunol. 2005;175:5439-5447.

     Not in our library10.4049/jimmunol.175.8.5439

227. 227.

     Romani L. Immunity to fungal infections. Nat Rev Immunol. 2011;11:275-288.

     Not in our library10.1038/nri2939

228. 228.

     Douglas R, Bruhn M, Tan LW, Ooi E, Psaltis A, Wormald PJ. Response of peripheral blood lymphocytes to fungal extracts and staphylococcal superantigen B in chronic rhinosinusitis. Laryngoscope. 2007;117:411-414.

     Not in our library10.1097/mlg.0b013e31802c0707

229. 229.

     Orlandi RR, Marple BF, Georgelas A, Durtschi D, Barr L. Immunologic response to fungus is not universally associated with rhinosinusitis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2009;141:750-756.

     Not in our library10.1016/j.otohns.2009.09.016

230. 230.

     Ponikau JU, Sherris DA, Kita H, Kern EB. Intranasal antifungal treatment in 51 patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2002;110:862-866.

     Not in our library10.1067/mai.2002.130051

231. 231.

     Ponikau JU, Sherris DA, Weaver A, Kita H. Treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis with intranasal amphotericin B: A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind pilot trial. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2005;115:125-131.

     Not in our library10.1016/j.jaci.2004.09.037

232. 232.

     Weschta M, Rimek D, Formanek M, Polzehl D, Podbielski A, Riechelmann H. Topical antifungal treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps: a randomized, double-blind clinical trial. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004;113:1122-1128.

     Not in our library10.1016/j.jaci.2004.03.038

233. 233.

     Liang KL, Su MC, Shiao JY, Tseng HC, Hsin CH, Lin JF, Jiang RS. Amphotericin B irrigation for the treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Am J Rhinol. 2008;22:52-58.

     Not in our library10.2500/ajr.2008.22.3115

234. 234.

     Ebbens FA, Scadding GK, Badia L, Hellings PW, Jorissen M, Mullol J, Cardesin A, Bachert C, van Zele TP, Dijkgraaf MG, Lund V, Fokkens WJ. Amphotericin B nasal lavages: not a solution for patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006;118:1149-1156.

     Not in our library10.1016/j.jaci.2006.07.058

235. 235.

     Ebbens FA, Georgalas C, Luiten S, Van Drunen CM, Badia L, Scadding GK, Hellings PW, Jorissen M, Mullol J, Cardesin A, Bachert C, van Zele TP, Lund VJ, Fokkens WJ. The effect of topical amphotericin B on inflammatory markers in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis: a multicenter randomized controlled study. Laryngoscope. 2009;119:401-408.

     Not in our library10.1002/lary.20064

236. 236.

     Isaacs S, Fakhri S, Luong A, Citardi MJ. A meta-analysis of topical amphotericin B for the treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2011;1:250-254.

     Not in our library10.1002/alr.20056

237. 237.

     The Human Microbiome Project Consortium. A framework for human microbiome research. Nature. 2012;486:215-222.

     Not in our library10.1038/nature11209

238. 238.

     Paju S, Bernstein JM, Haase EM, Scannapieco FA. Molecular analysis of bacterial flora associated with chronically inflamed maxillary sinuses. J Med Microbiol. 2003;52:591-597.

     Not in our library10.1099/jmm.0.05062-0

239. 239.

     Stephenson MF, Mfuna L, Dowd SE, Wolcott RD, Barbeau J, Poisson M, James G, Desrosiers M. Molecular characterization of the polymicrobial flora in chronic rhinosinusitis. J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2010;39:182-187.

     Not in our library

240. 240.

     Lewenza S, Charron-Mazenod L, Cho JJ, Mechor B. Identification of bacterial contaminants in sinus irrigation bottles from chronic rhinosinusitis patients. J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2010;39:458-463.

     Not in our library

241. 241.

     Feazel LM, Robertson CE, Ramakrishnan VR, Frank DN. Microbiome complexity and Staphylococcus aureus in chronic rhinosinusitis. Laryngoscope. 2012;122:467-472.

     Not in our library10.1002/lary.22398

242. 242.

     Lobid I, Benítez P, Cardelús S, De Borja Callejas F, Lehrer-Coriat E, Pujols L, Picado C, Mullol J. Oral plus nasal corticosteroids improve smell, nasal congestion, and inflammation in sino-nasal polyposis. Laryngoscope. 2014;124(1):50-56.

     Not in our library10.1002/lary.24330

243. 243.

     Benninger MS, Ferguson BJ, Hadley JA, Hamilos DL, Jacobs M, Kennedy DW, Lanza DC, Marple BF, Osguthorpe JD, Stankiewicz JA, Anon J, Denneny J, Emanuel I, Levine H. Adult chronic rhinosinusitis: definitions, diagnosis, epidemiology, and pathophysiology. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2003;129:S1-S32.

     Not in our library10.1053/hn.2003.v128.amhn0312811

244. 244.

     Meltzer EO, Hamilos DL. Rhinosinusitis diagnosis and management for the clinician: a synopsis of recent consensus guidelines. Mayo Clin Proc. 2011;86:427-443.

     Not in our library10.4065/mcp.2010.0392

245. 245.
     Diagnostic tools in Rhinology EAACI position paper · 2011

     No notice
246. 246.

     Zacharisen M, Casper R. Pediatric sinusitis. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 2005;25:313-332.

     Not in our library10.1016/j.iac.2005.02.002

247. 247.

     Chan KH, Abzug MJ, Coffinet L, Simoes EA, Cool C, Liu AH. Chronic rhinosinusitis in young children differs from adults: a histopathology study. J Pediatr. 2004;144:206-212.

     Not in our library10.1016/j.jpeds.2003.11.009

248. 248.

     Berger G, Kogan T, Paker M, Berger-Achituv S, Ebner Y. Pediatric chronic rhinosinusitis histopathology: differences and similarities with the adult form. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2011;144:85-90.

     Not in our library10.1177/0194599810390443

249. 249.

     Zuliani G, Carron M, Gurrola J, Coleman C, Haupert M, Berk R, Coticchia J. Identification of adenoid biofilms in chronic rhinosinusitis. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2006;70:1613-1617.

     Not in our library10.1016/j.ijporl.2006.05.002

250. 250.

     Brook I, Yocum P, Shah K. Aerobic and anaerobic bacteriology of concurrent chronic otitis media with effusion and chronic sinusitis in children. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2000;126:174-176.

     Not in our library10.1001/archotol.126.2.174

251. 251.

     Brook I, Frazier EH. Microbiology of recurrent acute rhinosinusitis. Laryngoscope. 2004;114:129-131.

     Not in our library10.1097/00005537-200401000-00023

252. 252.

     Dykewicz MS, Hamilos DL. Rhinitis and sinusitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010;125:S103-S115.

     Not in our library10.1016/j.jaci.2009.12.989

253. 253.

     Wald ER, Long S, Pickering L, Prober C. Sinusitis. Principles and practice of pediatric infectious disease. 2003;205-210.

     Not in our library

254. 254.

     Clinical practice guideline: management of sinusitis. Pediatrics. 2001, 108: 798-808.

     Not in our library10.1542/peds.108.3.798

255. 255.

     DeMuri GP, Wald ER. Acute sinusitis: clinical manifestations and treatment approaches. Pediatr Ann. 2010;39:34-40.

     Not in our library10.3928/00904481-20091222-04

256. 256.

     Ungkanont K, Damrongsak S. Effect of adenoidectomy in children with complex problems of rhinosinusitis and associated diseases. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2004;68:447-451.

     Not in our library10.1016/j.ijporl.2003.11.016

257. 257.

     Brietzke SE, Brigger MT. Adenoidectomy outcomes in pediatric rhinosinusitis: a meta-analysis. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2008;72:1541-1545.

     Not in our library10.1016/j.ijporl.2008.07.008

258. 258.

     Duse M, Caminiti S, Zicari AM. Rhinosinusitis: prevention strategies. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2007;18(Suppl 18):71-74.

     Not in our library10.1111/j.1399-3038.2007.00639.x

259. 259.

     Whitney CG, Farley MM, Hadler J, Harrison LH, Bennett NM, Lynfield R, Reingold A, Cieslak PR, Pilishvili T, Jackson D, Facklam RR, Jorgensen JH, Schuchat A, Active Bacterial Core Surveillance of the Emerging Infections Program Network. Decline in invasive pneumococcal disease after the introduction of protein-polysaccharide conjugate vaccine. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:1737-1746.

     Not in our library10.1056/nejmoa022823

260. 260.

     Wallwork B, Coman W, Mackay-Sim A, Greiff L, Cervin A. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of macrolide in the treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis. Laryngoscope. 2006;116:189-193.

     Not in our library10.1097/01.mlg.0000191560.53555.08

261. 261.

     Jirarattanasopa N, Ratanachai O, Pacharn P, Visitsunthorn N, Vichyanond P, Jirapongsananuruk O: The efficacy of azithromycin for the prevention of recurrent sinusitis in children. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2009, 123 (S202):

     Not in our library

262. 262.

     Tomassen P, Jarvis D, Newson R, Van Ree R, Forsberg R, Howarth P, Janson C, Kowalski ML, Krämer U, Matricardi PM, Middelveld RJM, Todo-Bom A, Toskala E, Thilsing T, Brożek G, Van Drunen C, Burney P, Bachert C. Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin specific IgE and its association with asthma in the general population: a GA2LEN. Allergy. 2013;68(10):1289-1297.

     Not in our library10.1111/all.12230

263. 263.

     Bachert C, Van Steen K, Zhang N, Holtappels G, Cattaert T, Maus B, Buhl R, Taube C, Korn S, Kowalski M, Bousquet J, Howarth P. Specific IgE against Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins: an independent risk factor for asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2012;130(2):376-381.

     Not in our library10.1016/j.jaci.2012.05.012

264. 264.

     Suzaki H, Watanabe S, Pawankar R. Rhinosinusitis and asthma-microbiome and new perspectives. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2013;13(1):45-49.

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     Feng CH, Miller MD, Simon RA. The united allergic airway: connections between allergic rhinitis, asthma, and chronic sinusitis. Am J Rhinol Allergy. 2012;26(3):187-190.

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     Braunstahl GJ. United airways concept: what does it teach us about systemic inflammation in airways disease? Proc Am Thorac Soc. 2009;6(8):652-654.

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     Bresciani M, Paradis L, Roches AD, Vernhet H, Vachier I, Godard P, Bousquet J, Chanez P. Rhinosinusitis in severe asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2001;107(1):73-80.

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     Lin DC, Chandra RK, Tan BK, Zirkle W, Conley DB, Grammer LC, Kern RC, Schleimer RP, Peters AT. Association between severity of asthma and degree of chronic rhinosinusitis. Am J Rhinol Allergy. 2011;25(4):205-208.

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     Ten Brinke A, Grootendorst DC, Schmidt JT, De Bruïne FT, Van Buchem MA, Sterk PJ, Rabe KF, Bel EH. Chronic sinusitis in severe asthma is related to sputum eosinophilia. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2002;109(4):621-626.

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     Ponikau JU, Sherris DA, Kephart GM, Kern EB, Gaffey TA, Tarara JE, Kita H. Features of airway remodeling and eosinophilic inflammation in chronic rhinosinusitis: is the histopathology similar to asthma? J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2003;112(5):877-882.

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     Berges-Gimeno MP, Simon RA, Stevenson DD. The natural history and clinical characteristics of aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2002;89(5):474-478.

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     Garcia Cruz ML, Jimenez-Chobillon MA, Teran LM. Rhinosinusitis and aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease. J Allergy (Cairo). 2012;2012:273752.

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     Bachert C, Claeys SE, Tomassen P, Van Zele T, Zhang N. Rhinosinusitis and asthma: a link for asthma severity. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2010;10(3):194-201.

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     Dalhamn T, Rylander R. Ciliotoxicity of cigar and cigarette smoke. Arch Environ Health. 1970;20:252-253.

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     Agius AM, Wake M, Pahor AL, Smallman A. The effects of in vitro cotinine on nasal ciliary beat frequency. Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci. 1995;20:465-469.

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     Churg A, Dai J, Tai H, Xie C, Wright JL. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha is central to acute cigarette smoke-induced inflammation and connective tissue breakdown. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002;166:849-854.

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     Gustafsson A, Asman B, Bergström K. Cigarette smoking as an aggravating factor in inflammatory tissue-destructive diseases. Increase in tumor necrosis factor-alpha priming of peripheral neutrophils measured as generation of oxygen radicals. Int J Clin Lab Res. 2000;30:187-190.

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     Reh DD, Higgins TS, Smith TL. Impact of tobacco smoke on chronic rhinosinusitis: a review of the literature. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2012;2:362-369.

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     Lieu JE, Feinstein AR. Confirmations and surprises in the association of tobacco use with sinusitis. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2000;126:940-946.

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     Houser SM, Keen KJ. The role of allergy and smoking in chronic rhinosinusitis and polyposis. Laryngoscope. 2008;118:1521-1527.

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283. 283.

     Kennedy DW. Prognostic factors, outcomes and staging in ethmoid sinus surgery. Laryngoscope. 1992;102:1-18.

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284. 284.

     Krzeski A, Galewicz A, Chmielewski R, Kisiel M. Influence of cigarette smoking on endoscopic sinus surgery long-term outcomes. Rhinology. 2011;49:577-582.

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     Willes SR, Fitzgerald TK, Permutt T, Proud D, Haley NJ, Bascom R. Acute respiratory response to prolonged, moderate levels of sidestream tobacco smoke. J Toxicol Environ Health A. 1998;53:193-209.

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     Cohen NA, Zhang S, Sharp DB, Tamashiro E, Chen B, Sorscher EJ, Woodworth BA. Cigarette smoke condensate inhibits transepithelial chloride transport and ciliary beat frequency. Laryngoscope. 2009;119:2269-2274.

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287. 287.
     Tobacco smoke mediated induction of sinonasal microbial biofilms. · 2011

     Not checked
288. 288.

     Yee KK, Pribitkin EA, Cowart BJ, Vainius AA, Klock CT, Rosen D, Hahn CG, Rawson NE. Smoking-associated squamous metaplasia in olfactory mucosa of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. Toxicol Pathol. 2009;37:594-598.

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     Litvack JR, Mace JC, Smith TL. Olfactory function and disease severity in chronic rhinosinusitis. Am J Rhinol Allergy. 2009;23:139-144.

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     Frye RE, Schwartz BS, Doty RL. Dose-related effects of cigarette smoking on olfactory function. JAMA. 1990;263:1233-1236.

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     Yamin M, Holbrook EH, Gray ST, Harold R, Busaba N, Sridhar A, Powell KJ, Hamilos DL. Cigarette smoke combined with Toll-like receptor 3 signaling triggers exaggerated epithelial regulated upon activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted/CCL5 expression in chronic rhinosinusitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008;122:1145-1153.

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     Misso NL, Thompson PJ. Oxidative stress and antioxidant deficiencies in asthma: potential modification by diet. Redox Rep. 2005;10:247-255.

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     Comhair SA, Bhathena PR, Farver C, Thunnissen FB, Erzurum SC. Extracellular glutathione peroxidase induction in asthmatic lings: evidence for redox regulation of expression in human airway epithelial cells. FASEB J. 2001;15:70-78.

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     Xiao C, Puddicombe SM, Feld S, Haywood J, Broughton-Head V, Puxeddu I, Haitchi HM, Vernon-Wilson E, Sammut D, Bedke N, Cremin C, Sones J, Djukanović R, Howarth PH, Collins JE, Holgate ST, Monk P, Davies DE. Defective epithelial barrier function in asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011;128:549-556.

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     Lane AP, Truong-Tran QA, Myers A, Bickel C, Schleimer RP. Serum amyloid A, properdin, complement 3, and toll-like receptors are expressed locally in human sinonasal tissue. Am J Rhinol. 2006;20:117-123.

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     Vandermeer J, Sha Q, Lane AP, Schleimer RP. Innate immunity of the sinonasal cavity: Expression of messenger RNA for complement cascade components and toll-like receptors. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2004;130:1374-1380.

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297. 297.

     Lee WK, Ramanathan M, Spannhake EW, Lane AP. The cigarette smoke component acrolein inhibits expression of the innate immune components IL-8 and human beta-defensin 2 by sinonasal epithelial cells. Am J Rhinol. 2007;21:658-663.

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298. 298.

     Huvenne W, Pérez-Novo CA, Derycke L, De Ruyck N, Krysko O, Maes T, Pauwels N, Robays L, Bracke KR, Joos G, Brusselle G, Bachert C. Different regulation of cigarette smoke induced inflammation in upper versus lower airways. Respir Res. 2010;11:100.

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     Rudmik L, Mace JC, Smith TL. Smoking and endoscopic sinus surgery: Does smoking volume contribute to clinical outcome? Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2011;1:145-152.

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     Gómez FP, Rodriquez-Roisin R. Global initiative for chronic obstructive lung disease (GOLD) guidelines for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2002;8:81-86.

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     Bascom R. The upper respiratory tract: Mucous membrane irritation. Environ Health Perspect. 1991;95:39-44.

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     Stanley PJ, Wilson R, Greenstone MA, MacWilliam L, Cole PJ. Effect of cigarette smoking on nasal mucociliary clearance and ciliary beat frequency. Thorax. 1986;41:519-523.

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     Vachier I, Vignola AM, Chiappara G, Bruno A, Meziane H, Godard P, Bousquet J, Chanez P. Inflammatory features of nasal mucosa in smokers with and without COPD. Thorax. 2004;59:303-307.

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     Phillips DE, Hill L, Weller P, Willett M, Bakewell R. Tobacco smoke and the upper airway. Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci. 2003;28:492-496.

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     Hurst JR, Wilkinson TM, Donaldson GC, Wedzicha JA. Upper airway symptoms and quality of life in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Respir Med. 2004;98:767-770.

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     Hens G, Vanaudenaerde BM, Bullens DM, Piessens M, Decramer M, Dupont LJ, Ceuppens JL, Hellings PW. Sinonasal pathology in nonallergic asthma and COPD: 'united airway disease' beyond the scope of allergy. Allergy. 2008;63:261-267.

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     Hellings PW, Hens G. Rhinosinusitis and the lower airways. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 2009;29(4):733-740.

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     Guilemany JM, Angrill J, Alobid I, Centellas S, Pujols L, Bartra J, Bernal-Sprekelsen M, Valero A, Picado C, Mullol J. United airways again: high prevalence of rhinosinusitis and nasal polyps in bronchiectasis. Allergy. 2009;64:790-797.

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     Guilemany JM, Mariño-Sánchez FS, Angrill J, Alobid I, Centellas S, Pujols L, Berenguer J, Bernal-Sprekelsen M, Picado C, Mullol J. The importance of smell in patients with bronchiectasis. Respir Med. 2011;105:44-49.

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     Kelemence A, Abadoglu O, Gumus C, Berk S, Epozturk K, Akkurt I. The frequency of chronic rhinosinusitis/nasal polyp in COPD and its effect on the severity of COPD. COPD. 2011;8:8-12.

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     Balzano G, Stefanelli F, Iorio C, De Felice A, Melillo EM, Martucci M, Melillo G. Eosinophilic inflammation in stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Relationship with neutrophils and airway function. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999;160:1486-1492.

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     Henke MO, Shah SA, Rubin BK. The role of airway secretions in COPD–clinical applications. COPD. 2005;2:377-390.

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     Hurst JR, Wilkinson TM, Perera WR, Donaldson GC, Wedzicha JA. Relationships among bacteria, upper airway, lower airway, and systemic inflammation in COPD. Chest. 2005;127:1219-1226.

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     Hurst JR, Perera WR, Wilkinson TM, Donaldson GC, Wedzicha JA. Systemic and upper and lower airway inflammation at exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2006;173:71-78.

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     Aukema AA, Mulder PG, Fokkens WJ. Treatment of nasal polyposis and chronic rhinosinusitis with fluticasone propionate nasal drops reduces need for sinus surgery. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2005;115(5):1017-1023.

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     Hissaria P, Smith W, Wormald PJ, Taylor J, Vadas M, Gillis D, Kette F. Short course of systemic corticosteroids in sinonasal polyposis: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial with evaluation of outcome measures. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006;118(1):128-133.

     Not in our library10.1016/j.jaci.2006.03.012

317. 317.

     Chow AW, Benninger MS, Brook I, Brozek JL, Goldstein EJ, Hicks LA, Pankey GA, Seleznick M, Volturo G, Wald ER, File TM, Infectious Diseases Society of America. IDSA clinical practice guideline for acute bacterial rhinosinusitis in children and adults. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;54(8):e72-e112.

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     Videler WJ, Badia L, Harvey RJ, Gane S, Georgalas C, van der Meulen FW, Menger DJ, Lehtonen MT, Toppila-Salmi SK, Vento SI, Hytönen M, Hellings PW, Kalogjera L, Lund VJ, Scadding G, Mullol J, Fokkens WJ. Lack of efficacy of long-term, low-dose azithromycin in chronic rhinosinusitis: a randomized controlled trial. Allergy. 2011;66(11):1457-1468.

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319. 319.

     Lim M, Citardi MJ, Leong JL. Topical antimicrobials in the management of chronic rhinosinusitis: a systematic review. Am J Rhinol. 2008;22(4):381-389.

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     Vaughan WC, Carvalho G. Use of nebulized antibiotics for acute infections in chronic sinusitis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2002;127(6):558-568.

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     Kennedy DW, Kuhn FA, Hamilos DL, Zinreich SJ, Butler D, Warsi G, Pfister PJ, Tavakkol A. Treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis with high-dose oral terbinafine: a double blind, placebo-controlled study. Laryngoscope. 2005;115(10):1793-1799.

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     Stewart RA, Ram B, Hamilton G, Weiner J, Kane KJ. Montelukast as an adjunct to oral and inhaled steroid therapy in chronic nasal polyposis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2008;139(5):682-687.

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     Parnes SM, Chuma AV. Acute effects of antileukotrienes on sinonasal polyposis and sinusitis. ENT J. 2000;79(1):18-20.

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     Harvey R, Hannan SA, Badia L, Scadding G. Nasal saline irrigations for the symptoms of chronic rhinosinusitis. 2007.

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     Lumry WR, Curd JG, Zeiger RS, Pleskow WW, Stevenson DD. Aspirin-sensitive rhinosinusitis: the clinical syndrome and effects of aspirin administration. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1983;71(6):580-587.

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     Schapowal AG, Simon HU, Schmitz-Schumann M. Phenomenology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of aspirin-sensitive rhinosinusitis. Acta Oto-rhino-laryngol Belgica. 1995;49(3):235-250.

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     Gosepath J, Schaefer D, Amedee RG, Mann WJ. Individual monitoring of aspirin desensitization. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2001;127(3):316-321.

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     Lee JY, Simon RA, Stevenson DD. Selection of aspirin dosages for aspirin desensitization treatment in patients with aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007;119(1):157-164.

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     Rozsasi A, Polzehl D, Deutschle T, Smith E, Wiesmiller K, Riechelmann H, Keck T. Long-term treatment with aspirin desensitization: a prospective clinical trial comparing 100 and 300 mg aspirin daily. Allergy. 2008;63(9):1228-1234.

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330. 330.

     Messerklinger W. Endoscopy of the nose. 1978.

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     Zinreich SJ, Kennedy DW, Rosenbaum AE, Gayler BW, Kumar AJ, Stammberger H. Paranasal sinuses: CT imaging requirements for endoscopic surgery. Radiology. 1987;163(3):769-775.

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     Welch KC, Stankiewicz JA. A contemporary review of endoscopic sinus surgery: techniques, tools, and outcomes. Laryngoscope. 2009;119(11):2258-2268.

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     Cohen NA, Kennedy DW. Endoscopic sinus surgery: where we are-and where we're going. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2005;13(1):32-38.

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     Stammberger H. Endoscopic endonasal surgery--concepts in treatment of recurring rhinosinusitis. Part I. Anatomic and pathophysiologic considerations. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1986;94(2):143-147.

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     Kennedy DW, Zinreich SJ, Rosenbaum AE, Johns ME. Functional endoscopic sinus surgery. Theory and diagnostic evaluation. Arch Otolaryngol. 1985;111(9):576-582.

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     Kennedy DW, Kennedy DW, Bolger WE, Zinreich SJ. Functional endoscopic sinus surgery: Concepts, surgical indications, and instrumentation, in Diseases of the sinuses: Diagnosis and management. 2001;197-198.

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     Govindaraj S, Adappa ND, Kennedy DW. Endoscopic sinus surgery: evolution and technical innovations. J Laryngol Otol. 2010;124(3):242-250.

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     Reilly JS. The sinusitis cycle. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1990;103(5 Pt 2):856-861.

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     Chiu AG, Kennedy DW. Disadvantages of minimal techniques for surgical management of chronic rhinosinusitis. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2004;12(1):38-42.

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     Khalil HS, Nunez DA. Functional endoscopic sinus surgery for chronic rhinosinusitis. 2006.

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341. 341.

     Smith TL, Kern R, Palmer JN, Schlosser R, Chandra RK, Chiu AG, Conley D, Mace JC, Fu RF, Stankiewicz J. Medical therapy vs surgery for chronic rhinosinusitis: a prospective, multi-institutional study with 1-year follow-up. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2013;3(1):4-9.

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     Smith TL, Batra PS, Seiden AM, Hannley M. Evidence supporting endoscopic sinus surgery in the management of adult chronic rhinosinusitis: a systematic review. Am J Rhinol. 2005;19(6):537-543.

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     Dalziel K, Stein K, Round A, Garside R, Royle P. Endoscopic sinus surgery for the excision of nasal polyps: A systematic review of safety and effectiveness. Am J Rhinol. 2006;20(5):506-519.

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     Chester AC, Antisdel JL, Sindwani R. Symptom-specific outcomes of endoscopic sinus surgery: a systematic review. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2009;140(5):633-639.

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     Hopkins C, Slack R, Lund V, Brown P, Copley L, Browne J. Long-term outcomes from the English national comparative audit of surgery for nasal polyposis and chronic rhinosinusitis. Laryngoscope. 2009;119(12):2459-2465.

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     Penn R, Mikula S. The role of anti-IgE immunoglobulin therapy in nasal polyposis: a pilot study. Am J Rhinol. 2007;21(4):428-432.

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     Vennera MC, Picado C, Mullol J, Alobid I, Bernal-Sprekelsen M. Efficacy of omalizumab in the treatment of nasal polyps. Thorax. 2011;66(9):824-825.

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     Pinto JM, Mehta N, Di Tineo M, Wang J, Baroody FM, Naclerio RM. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of anti-IgE for chronic rhinosinusitis. Rhinology. 2010;48(3):318-324.

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     Gevaert P, Lang-Loidolt D, Lackner A, Stammberger H, Staudinger H, Van Zele T, Holtappels G, Tavernier J, Van Cauwenberge P, Bachert C. Nasal IL-5 levels determine the response to anti-IL-5 treatment in patients with nasal polyps. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006;118(5):1133-1141.

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     Gevaert P, Van Bruaene N, Cattaert T, Van Steen K, Van Zele T, Acke F, De Ruyck N, Blomme K, Sousa AR, Marshall RP, Bachert C. Mepolizumab, a humanized anti-IL-5 mAb, as a treatment option for severe nasal polyposis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011;128(5):989-95.e1-8.

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     Simon HU, Yousefi S, Schranz C, Schapowal A, Bachert C, Blaser K. Direct demonstration of delayed eosinophil apoptosis as a mechanism causing tissue eosinophilia. J Immunol. 1997;158:3902-3908.

     Not in our library

Reads

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