Skip to content
naulon
Get started

No retraction, correction or concern found when last checked on Oct 27, 2026.

Helicobacter pylori: a poor man's gut pathogen?

Mohammed Mahdy Khalifa, Radwa Raed Sharaf, Ramy Karam Aziz

Gut Pathogens · 2010 · Review

doi:10.1186/1757-4749-2-2

Abstract

Helicobacter pylori is one of the human pathogens with highest prevalence around the world; yet, its principal mode of transmission remains largely unknown. The role of H. pylori in gastric disease and cancer has not been established until the end of the 20 th century. Since then, its epidemiology has been extensively studied, and an accruing body of literature suggests that not all humans are equally at risk of infection by this gut pathogen. Here, we briefly review the different epidemiological aspects of H. pylori infection with emphasis on those factors related to human poverty. The epidemiology of H. pylori infection is characterized by marked differences between developing and developed countries, notably among children. In addition, congruent lines of evidence point out to socioeconomic factors and living standards as main determinants of the age-dependent acquisition rate of H. pylori , and consequently its prevalence. These data are alarming in the light of the changing global climate and birth rate, which are expected to change the demography of our planet, putting more children at risk of H. pylori and its complications for years to come.

Full text

From PubMed Central, U.S. National Library of Medicine, as current on Oct 27, 2026. Paragraph numbers are ours, so an answer can point at one.

Introduction

Helicobacter pylori, formerly known as Campylobacter pyloridis then Campylobacter pylori, is one of the human pathogens with highest prevalence around the world; yet, its exact mode of transmission is still uncertain. This organism was isolated from the human stomach but has not been consistently isolated from any other niche, and thus the mechanism by which it colonizes the human stomach remains largely unknown.

H. pylori is a spiral, gram-negative, microaerophilic bacterium, which was established in 1982 by Robin Warren and Barry Marshall as the causative agent of gastritis and peptic ulcer, a discovery that revolutionized gastroenterology. Before Warren and Marshall, the human stomach was believed to be a sterile area. Today, H. pylori is recognized as the most common cause of gastritis, which in turn leads to the development of more gastrointestinal complications such as peptic and duodenal ulcers. Additionally, the organism is classified as a class 1 carcinogen because of its causal relationship to gastric adenocarcinoma, one of the world's deadliest cancers.

The previously underestimated clinical relevance of this rediscovered spiral bacterium quickly enticed microbiologists, epidemiologists, infectious disease specialists, and veterinarians to explore its physiology, genetics, epidemiology, and transmission. Such scientific activity was translated into more than 40,000 scientific articles about H. pylori in the past 20 years (Fig. 1A). During these 20 years, the number of H. pylori-related articles in PubMed http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed became comparable to the number of articles about well-established pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Fig. 1B).

The growing attention given to H. pylori by academics and clinicians is not surprising since this pathogen colonizes more than half of the world's inhabitants, with an evident geographic variation in its epidemiology. This geographic variation is believed to be largely socioeconomically driven on both global and local scales. Other factors have also been reported to influence the incidence and prevalence of H. pylori, such as age, gender, genetic predisposition, ethnicity, educational level, and sanitation. Yet, the remarkably unequal burden of H. pylori-associated diseases on poorer communities and countries is the focus of this review article.

Prevalence of H. pylori infection

H. pylori is one of the most common bacterial infectious agents; it inhabits the stomachs of more than half of the world's population. The prevalence of infection seems to mostly depend on the rate of acquisition (see below), but also on the rate of loss of infection and the length of the persistence period between acquisition and loss. Based on these factors, H. pylori prevalence differs from one country to another and may differ between different ethnic, social, or age groups within the same country.

Globally, the prevalence of H. pylori infection in developing countries is markedly higher than that in developed countries. Moreover, the acquisition of H. pylori seems to occur at higher rates in developing countries. A plethora of studies reported and emphasized these differences within and between countries (Table 1).

Incidence of H. pylori infection

The geographic differences in H. pylori prevalence have been attributed to the differential rate of acquisition of the bacterium during the first years of life. In southern China, for example, the prevalence of H. pylori infection was shown to be significantly higher among Chinese subjects than that among Australians, a difference that was associated with the rate of acquisition of H. pylori under the age of ten years.

Acquisition of H. pylori is decreasing in developed countries at a faster rate than in developing countries, likely because of the faster improvement in hygiene practices in the developed world. Moreover, infection during childhood in developed countries is not frequent. In the United States, for example, the incidence of infection among children younger than five years is less than 5%, and only about 10% of the population is infected by adolescence. By contrast, the incidence of H. pylori infection in the developing world is higher and occurs at younger age. By five years of age, about 50% of children in developing countries are already infected, and the infection rates in adults can reach 90% or higher (Table 1).

Pounder and Ng classified the world into two groups according to the incidence of H. pylori infection. Group One consisted of countries where the majority of children become infected with H. pylori during childhood, while chronic infection continues during adult life. These are mostly developing countries, e.g., Algeria, Nepal, South Africa, Saudi Arabia, Thailand, and Vietnam. In Group Two, mostly comprising developed countries, only a minority of children becomes infected during childhood, but the prevalence of infection rises with age during adulthood. Examples of Group Two countries are England, Finland, France, Japan, and the United States of America. However, Pounder and Ng concluded their synthesis with an interesting question. Do the age-dependent prevalence data reflect that people in Group Two have more incidence of infection at older ages, or do the data rather reflect that the incidence of infection is declining in newer generations, which implies that the infected adults had been actually infected in their childhood? This question was effectively answered later on, as longitudinal studies confirmed the birth cohort effect in the United States and Russia, for example.

I. Direct transmission [For a detailed review, see Ref.]

The mode of transmission of H. pylori is one of the most controversial areas in the study of this pathogen. Ingestion of the bacteria, which is the most likely portal of entry, may occur by one or a combination of three means: oral-oral, gastro-oral, or fecal-oral, but determining a dominant route is not an easy task. While culturing H. pylori from the gastric secretion is possible, its isolation from stool or the oral cavity is difficult because either location is known for its diverse, abundant resident microbiota. Many members of this microbiota outgrow H. pylori, masking its colonies if present, unless a discriminating selective culture medium is used.

1) Oral-oral transmission

Although H. pylori was suggested as a member of the oral microbiota, independent from the stomach's infection status, and although the prevalence of H. pylori infection among dentists or dental workers is not higher than in others, the mouth is still being considered as a candidate reservoir for H. pylori, and oral-oral transmission is regarded as a plausible route of H. pylori transmission. Recent studies reported that exposure to persons with H. pylori-induced gastroenteritis is a risk factor for new infection, while experiments with rhesus macaques supported the hypothesis that oral-oral transmission is the most likely route of transmission. This mode of transmission can be potentiated by specific eating habits, such as the premastication of food by mothers before feeding children in some African countries, and the use of chopsticks and communal eating in some immigrant Chinese communities, although the chopstick hypothesis has been challenged.

Detection of H. pylori-specific DNA from the oral cavity was reported [e.g.,], and even though isolating these bacteria from the oral cavity is difficult because of the presence of fast-growing microbiota, strains, identical to those isolated from the stomachs of the same patients, were successfully cultured. On the other hand, several other studies failed to detect H. pylori-specific DNA from the oral cavities of H. pylori-positive patients [e.g.,].

2) Gastro-oral transmission

Since the human stomach is the primary niche of H. pylori, it is reasonable to suggest a direct gastro-oral route of transmission mediated by refluxed gastric juice. This hypothesis is supported by several studies in which H. pylori was detected in the gastric juice as well as the vomitus of infected subjects, and even from the air sampled during the vomiting process. Additionally, a high rate of active H. pylori infection was detected by the 13C urea breath test in siblings of H. pylori-infected vomiting children.

The gastro-oral hypothesis also explains earlier reports of epidemic gastritis in subjects undergoing repeated gastric secretory studies, as well as observations of higher prevalence of H. pylori in gastroenterologists performing endoscopy.

3) Fecal-oral transmission

H. pylori is sensitive to the bile's bactericidal effect, so theoretically, and under normal conditions, passage of viable H. pylori through the intestine and its detection in stool are unlikely; yet, some studies suggest that passage of viable H. pylori through the intestine could be verified [e.g.,]. While H. pylori-specific DNA was successfully detected in the fecal samples from as few as 10% to as many as 90% of subjects with known H. pylori infection, detection of H. pylori-specific DNA is obviously not a sufficient evidence for bacterial viability.

After several attempts for culturing H. pylori from fecal samples failed, viable bacteria were successfully isolated from one adult and 23 children in Gambia, and 12 adults in the United Kingdom. Nevertheless, attempts to reproduce these results using similar techniques failed, which led to the suggestion that the malnourishment of Gambian children and their short fecal transit time are the reasons behind the exceptional isolation of H. pylori from fecal samples. In support of the latter hypothesis, Parsonnet and colleagues showed that inducing diarrhea with a cathartic made culturing H. pylori from stool samples possible, also suggesting that gastrointestinal tract illnesses might increase H. pylori transmissibility.

II. Indirect transmission

Environmental or animal reservoirs were investigated as sources of H. pylori infection. Food, animals, and water sources have been suggested as reservoirs outside the human gastrointestinal tract, and H. pylori or its DNA was detected in each of these sources (Table 2). However, there is no definitive evidence that they are natural or primary vehicles of transmission.

Age

The effect of age on the prevalence of H. pylori is one of the best-documented and least disputed aspects of H. pylori epidemiology. A positive correlation between age and prevalence has been reported in both developed and developing countries [for example,]. Consistently, the prevalence of infection was found to be higher in adults than that in children, and this pattern has been interpreted to partly reflect a birth cohort phenomenon caused by a higher incidence in the past due to poor living conditions and sanitation.

A comprehensive longitudinal study undertaken by Fujisawa et al. evaluated changes in the seroepidemiological pattern of H. pylori in a group of Japanese people over a 20-year period. Sera were collected from 1015 subjects, and the overall prevalence of H. pylori-specific antibodies was 72.7% in 1974, 54.6% in 1984, and 39.3% in 1994. The prevalence of H. pylori was found to be positively correlated with age, suggesting that there was a clear cohort-shift in the seroepidemiological pattern of H. pylori during the 20 years studied.

Ethnic and genetic predisposition

Marked differences in H. pylori seroprevalence have been observed and reported among various ethnic and racial groups. For example, in Malaysia, the increased risk of H. pylori infection in Chinese and Indians was suggested as an inherent ethnic genetic predisposition. In New Zealand, ethnicity was suggested as a risk factor among different groups in the populations. H. pylori infection was most prevalent in Pacific Islanders, intermediate in Maori, and least prevalent in Europeans. Even after the adjustment of confounding factors, such as age and socioeconomic status, ethnicity remained a significant covariate.

By contrast, in a study conducted in USA, the prevalence of H. pylori infection was almost identical between Hispanic and African Americans, but significantly higher than that among Caucasians. However, ethnicity was ruled out as a major factor and the observed variance was attributed to socioeconomic conditions. Finally, a study of monozygotic and dizygotic twins suggested also that genetic factors might have some influence on the incidence of H. pylori infection.

Gender

An excess of H. pylori prevalence in one gender versus the other has been reported; for instance, Woodward and colleagues observed a higher prevalence of H. pylori in men than in women. Others found no gender-related difference in the prevalence of H. pylori infection. A more recent, more comprehensive meta-analysis of large, population-based studies concluded a male predominance of H. pylori-related diseases in adults but not in children.

Interfamilial relations

Many studies reported an influence of interfamilial relation on the spreading of H. pylori infection and highlighted adult-child transmission. Konno and coworkers suggested mother-to-child transmission as the single most probable cause of the interfamilial spreading of H. pylori infection after a five-year follow-up study. Among 44 children enrolled in that study, five children acquired H. pylori infection, and their bacterial isolates exhibited DNA fingerprinting patterns identical to those of their mothers. Family size has also been shown to positively affect H. pylori infection incidence; the relative risk of infection has been shown to increase according to the number of children per household.

Additionally, spouse-to-spouse transmission was suggested. Georgopoulos et al. found a significant number of couples infected with indistinguishable strains of H. pylori.

Finally, infected children were also proposed as a source of infection for parents or siblings. However, a case-control study performed in Bangladesh found no difference in infection rates between parents of infected and non-infected infants, and concluded that in communities with high prevalence of H. pylori infection, interfamilial transmission might be masked by other environmental factors

Socioeconomic factors

Socioeconomic status was reported as one of the most important factors affecting the spreading of H. pylori infection. In particular, the high age-specific prevalence of H. pylori infection in developing countries has been attributed to low socioeconomic level. By contrast, the lower prevalence of H. pylori infection in developed countries may be a result of higher socioeconomic status. The overall prevalence of H. pylori among Swiss adolescents was found to be 9.7%. While this prevalence is among the lowest in Europe, further analysis indicated that subjects from foreign countries had higher rates of infection (30%) than natives (7.3%). This significant difference was largely attributed to higher living standards among natives.

In USA, Malaty et al. classified children into five social classes. The prevalence of the infection was 82% in the lowest class, 52% in the two middle classes, and 11% in the two high classes, demonstrating an inverse correlation between H. pylori prevalence and socioeconomic status.

Obviously, socioeconomic status is not restricted to income and social class but takes in consideration other factors, including living standards, sanitation, urbanization, and educational level. Combined, these factors are likely to increase the risk for infectious diseases in general.

Educational level, in particular, has been used as a marker of socioeconomic status and has been considered as one of the important determinants of H. pylori prevalence in both developed and developing countries. Rosenstock et al. found that the short duration of schooling beside low socioeconomic status increases the likelihood of H. pylori infection in Denmark.

Crowding index (Density of living)

Household crowding, sharing a bed, and increasing household contact have been identified as risk factors of H. pylori infection. In a large community-based study, Torres and colleagues stated that density of living conditions is a prime determinant in the acquisition of H. pylori. In childhood, crowded living conditions affect current H. pylori status, and the number of children in the present household increases the risk of infection for the adult family members.

The verdict: Is H. pylori a poverty-associated disease?

As with most infectious and non-infectious diseases, no one factor can be singled out as the major determinant of H. pylori incidence and prevalence. However, there is credible evidence that poverty-associated factors are major players.

The studies reviewed in this article show some evident differences in epidemiology between developing and developed countries, notably among children. However, we do not think that H. pylori prevalence is directly correlated with a country's overall wealth inasmuch as human poverty is not necessarily dependent on a country's gross domestic product (compare Fig. 2A with Fig. 2B). Instead, the effects of poverty on H. pylori infection are more pronounced between different communities, often located within the same country or region, but separated based on sanitation, overall hygiene, and standards of living. A good example is given in a recent study, conducted over 10 years, which showed that improved standards of living in Russia have substantially reduced H. pylori transmission.

Outlook: Changing climate + changing demography + changing economy = redrawing the global map of H. pylori epidemiology

"Out of every 100 persons added to the population in the coming decade, 97 will live in developing countries." Hania Zlotnik, 2005 (Hania Zlotnik is the director of the Population Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Secretariat)

The last question we address in this review article is about the future of H. pylori epidemiology. The foreseeable future, unfortunately, does not seem very promising for the developing countries. Although H. pylori infection may eventually disappear from high-income countries even without intervention, as suggested by mathematical modeling, its prevalence is paradoxically expected to rise in low-income countries and communities. The changing climate is expected to change the world's demography, resources, and clean water availability. Combined, these factors have direct impact on living standards and hygiene, and are thus not likely to slow down the rate of H. pylori acquisition in developing countries. If we add to these factors the unequal population growth (Fig. 2C), the uneven economic growth, and the rise in life expectancy all over the world, the picture gets dimmer. A likely scenario is that this combination of factors will translate into higher incidence of H. pylori infection in children, who, according to Hania Zlotnik, the director of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs-United Nations Population Division, will mostly be born and live in developing countries. This higher incidence in children will lead to a rise rather than fall of H. pylori's worldwide prevalence, and consequently to higher risk of gastric cancer especially in the elder population of the developing world (which are expected to live longer than they do today without necessarily being healthier).

Because of this serious risk, researchers should combine efforts and seek efficient methods to prevent H. pylori-associated diseases and perhaps to eradicate this chronic colonizer of half of the human race.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests regarding the publication of this review article.

Authors' contributions

MMK surveyed and reviewed the literature, and drafted the paper; RRS collected recent articles and participated in writing the final version of the paper; RKA analyzed the collected data, reviewed the socioeconomic literature, and wrote the paper in its final format. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Authors' information

Mohammed Mahdy Khalifa is a graduate student at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt. He received his master's degree in microbiology and immunology in 2009. Radwa Raed Sharaf is an undergraduate student at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt. Ramy Karam Aziz is currently a lecturer of microbiology and immunology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt and an adjunct faculty member at San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA.

References 142

  1. 1.

    Warren JR Marshall B Unidentified curved bacilli on gastric epithelium in active chronic gastritisLancet1983 32112731275

    Not in our library10.1016/s0140-6736(83)92719-8

  2. 2.

    Marshall BJ Warren JR Unidentified curved bacilli in the stomach of patients with gastritis and peptic ulcerationLancet1984 113111315

    Not in our library10.1016/s0140-6736(84)91816-6

  3. 3.

    International Agency for Research on CancerInfection with Helicobacter pyloriIARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum, 1994/01/011994 61177240

    Not in our library

  4. 4.

    Peter S Beglinger C Helicobacter pylori and gastric cancer: the causal relationshipDigestion2007 752535

    Not in our library10.1159/000101564

  5. 5.

    The EUROGAST Study GroupEpidemiology of, and risk factors for, Helicobacter pylori infection among 3194 asymptomatic subjects in 17 populationsGut1993 3416721676

    Not in our library10.1136/gut.34.12.1672

  6. 6.

    Malaty HM Graham DY Wattigney WA Srinivasan SR Osato M Berenson GS Natural history of Helicobacter pylori infection in childhood: 12-year follow-up cohort study in a biracial communityClin Infect Dis1999 28279282

    Not in our library10.1086/515105

  7. 7.

    Pounder RE Ng D The prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in different countriesAliment Pharmacol Ther1995 9Suppl 23339

    Not in our library

  8. 8.

    Malaty HM Evans DG Evans DJ Jr Graham DY Helicobacter pylori in Hispanics: comparison with blacks and whites of similar age and socioeconomic classGastroenterology1992 103813816

    Not in our library10.1016/0016-5085(92)90011-m

  9. 9.

    Mitchell HM Li YY Hu PJ Liu Q Chen M Du GG Wang ZJ Lee A Hazell SL Epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori in southern China: identification of early childhood as the critical period foracquisitionJ Infect Dis1992 166149153

    Not in our library10.1093/infdis/166.1.149

  10. 10.

    Goh KL Prevalence of and risk factors for Helicobacter pylori infection in a multi-racial dyspeptic Malaysian population undergoing endoscopyJ Gastroenterol Hepatol1997 12S2935

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1440-1746.1997.tb00455.x

  11. 11.

    Mitchell HM Mobley HLT, Mendz GL, Hazell SLEpidemiology of infectionHelicobacter Pylori: Physiology and Genetics2001 Washington, D.C.: ASM Press

    Not in our library

  12. 12.

    Mégraud F Brassens-Rabbe MP Denis F Belbouri A Hoa DQ Seroepidemiology of Campylobacter pylori infection in various populationsJ Clin Microbiol1989 2718701873

    Not in our library10.1128/jcm.27.8.1870-1873.1989

  13. 13.

    Graham DY Adam E Reddy GT Agarwal JP Agarwal R Evans DJ Jr Malaty HM Evans DG Seroepidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infection in IndiaComparison of developing and developed countries1991 3610841088

    Not in our library10.1007/bf01297451

  14. 14.

    Bardhan PK Epidemiological features of Helicobacter pylori infection in developing countriesClin Infect Dis1997 25973978

    Not in our library10.1086/516067

  15. 15.

    Perez-Perez GI Rothenbacher D Brenner H Epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infectionHelicobacter2004 9Suppl 116

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1083-4389.2004.00248.x

  16. 16.
    Helicobacter pylori infection in developing countries: The burden for how long? · 2009
    No notice
  17. 17.

    Feldman RA Eccersley AJ Hardie JM Epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori: acquisition, transmission, population prevalence and disease-to-infection ratioBr Med Bull1998 543953

    Not in our library10.1093/oxfordjournals.bmb.a011678

  18. 18.

    Tkachenko MA Zhannat NZ Erman LV Blashenkova EL Isachenko SV Isachenko OB Graham DY Malaty HM Dramatic changes in the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection during childhood: a 10-year follow-up study in RussiaJ Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr2007 45428432

    Not in our library10.1097/mpg.0b013e318064589f

  19. 19.

    Brown LM Helicobacter pylori: epidemiology and routes of transmissionEpidemiol Rev2000 22283297

    Not in our library10.1093/oxfordjournals.epirev.a018040

  20. 20.

    Dooley CP Cohen H Fitzgibbons PL Bauer M Appleman MD Perez-Perez GI Blaser MJ Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection and histologic gastritis in asymptomatic personsN Engl J Med1989 32115621566

    Not in our library10.1056/nejm198912073212302

  21. 21.

    Taylor DN Blaser MJ The epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infectionEpidemiol Rev1991 134259

    Not in our library10.1093/oxfordjournals.epirev.a036078

  22. 22.

    Weaver LT Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Meeting at Manson House, London, 16 February 1995. Aspects of Helicobacter pylori infection in the developing and developed world. Helicobacter pylori infection, nutrition and growth of West African infantsTrans R Soc Trop Med Hyg1995 89347350

    Not in our library10.1016/0035-9203(95)90002-0

  23. 23.

    Rothenbacher D Brenner H Burden of Helicobacter pylori and H. pylori-related diseases in developed countries: recent developments and future implicationsMicrobes Infect2003 5693703

    Not in our library10.1016/s1286-4579(03)00111-4

  24. 24.

    Sack RB Gyr K Helicobacter pylori infections in the developing world. Summary of a workshop organized at the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR, B) from February 2 to 4, 1993J Diarrhoeal Dis Res1994 12144145

    Not in our library

  25. 25.

    Song Q Lange T Spahr A Adler G Bode G Characteristic distribution pattern of Helicobacter pylori in dental plaque and saliva detected with nested PCRJ Med Microbiol2000 49349353

    Not in our library10.1099/0022-1317-49-4-349

  26. 26.

    Lin SK Lambert JR Schembri MA Nicholson L Korman MG Helicobacter pylori prevalence in endoscopy and medicalstaffJ Gastroenterol Hepatol1994 9319324

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1440-1746.1994.tb01249.x

  27. 27.

    el-Zaatari FA Nguyen AM Genta RM Klein PD Graham DY Determination of Helicobacter pylori status by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Comparison with urea breath testDig Dis Sci1995 40109113

    Not in our library10.1007/bf02063952

  28. 28.

    Perry S de la Luz Sanchez M Yang S Haggerty TD Hurst P Perez-Perez G Parsonnet J Gastroenteritis and transmission of Helicobacter pylori infection in householdsEmerg Infect Dis2006 1217011708

    Not in our library10.3201/eid1211.060086

  29. 29.

    Solnick JV Fong J Hansen LM Chang K Canfield DR Parsonnet J Acquisition of Helicobacter pylori infection in rhesus macaques is most consistent with oral-oral transmissionJ Clin Microbiol2006 4437993803

    Not in our library10.1128/jcm.01482-06

  30. 30.

    Albenque M Tall F Dabis F Mégraud F Epidemiological study of Helicobacter pylori transmission from mother to child inAfricaRev Esp Enferm Dig1990 78

    Not in our library

  31. 31.

    Chow TK Lambert JR Wahlqvist ML Hsu-Hage BH Helicobacter pylori in Melbourne Chinese immigrants: evidence for oral-oral transmission via chopsticksJ Gastroenterol Hepatol1995 10562569

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1440-1746.1995.tb01347.x

  32. 32.

    Lambert JR Lin SK Sievert W Nicholson L Schembri M Guest C High prevalence of Helicobacter pylori antibodies in an institutionalized population: evidence for person-to-persontransmissionAm J Gastroenterol1995 9021672171

    Not in our library

  33. 33.

    Leung WK Sung JJ Ling TK Siu KL Cheng AF Use of chopsticks for eating and Helicobacter pylori infectionDig Dis Sci1999 4411731176

    Not in our library10.1023/a:1026632408804

  34. 34.

    Mapstone NP Lynch DA Lewis FA Axon AT Tompkins DS Dixon MF Quirke P Identification of Helicobacter pylori DNA in the mouths and stomachs of patients with gastritis using PCRJ Clin Pathol1993 46540543

    Not in our library10.1136/jcp.46.6.540

  35. 35.

    Banatvala N Lopez CR Owen R Abdi Y Davies G Hardie J Feldman R Helicobacter pylori in dental plaqueLancet1993 341380

    Not in our library10.1016/0140-6736(93)90191-i

  36. 36.

    Dowsett SA Archila L Segreto VA Gonzalez CR Silva A Vastola KA Bartizek RD Kowolik MJ Helicobacter pylori infection in indigenous families of Central America: serostatus and oral and fingernail carriageJ Clin Microbiol1999 3724562460

    Not in our library10.1128/jcm.37.8.2456-2460.1999

  37. 37.

    Krajden S Fuksa M Anderson J Kempston J Boccia A Petrea C Babida C Karmali M Penner JL Examination of human stomach biopsies, saliva, and dental plaque for Campylobacter pyloriJ Clin Microbiol1989 2713971398

    Not in our library10.1128/jcm.27.6.1397-1398.1989

  38. 38.

    Shames B Krajden S Fuksa M Babida C Penner JL Evidence for the occurrence of the same strain of Campylobacter pylori in the stomach and dental plaqueJ Clin Microbiol1989 2728492850

    Not in our library10.1128/jcm.27.12.2849-2850.1989

  39. 39.

    Cellini L Allocati N Piattelli A Petrelli I Fanci P Dainelli B Microbiological evidence of Helicobacter pylori from dental plaque in dyspeptic patientsNew Microbiol1995 18187192

    Not in our library

  40. 40.

    Bickley J Owen RJ Fraser AG Pounder RE Evaluation of the polymerase chain reaction for detecting the urease C gene of Helicobacter pylori in gastric biopsy samples and dental plaqueJ Med Microbiol1993 39338344

    Not in our library10.1099/00222615-39-5-338

  41. 41.

    Cammarota G Tursi A Montalto M Papa A Veneto G Bernardi S Boari A Colizzi V Fedeli G Gasbarrini G Role of dental plaque in the transmission of Helicobacter pylori infectionJ Clin Gastroenterol1996 22174177

    Not in our library10.1097/00004836-199604000-00004

  42. 42.

    Luzza F Mancuso M Imeneo M Contaldo A Giancotti L Pensabene L Doldo P Liberto MC Strisciuglio P Foca A Evidence favouring the gastro-oral route in the transmission of Helicobacter pylori infection in childrenEur J Gastroenterol Hepatol2000 12623627

    Not in our library10.1097/00042737-200012060-00008

  43. 43.

    Mitchell HM Lee A Carrick J Increased incidence of Campylobacter pylori infection in gastroenterologists: further evidence to support person-to-person transmission of C. pyloriScand J Gastroenterol1989 24396400

    Not in our library10.3109/00365528909093065

  44. 44.

    Varoli O Landini MP LaPlaca M Tucci A Corinaldesi R Paparo GF Stanghellini V Barbara L Presence of Helicobacter pylori in gastric juiceAm J Gastroenterol1991 86249

    Not in our library

  45. 45.

    Mitchell JD Mitchell HM Tobias V Acute Helicobacter pylori infection in an infant, associated with gastric ulceration and serological evidence of intra-familial transmissionAm J Gastroenterol1992 87382386

    Not in our library

  46. 46.

    Leung WK Siu KL Kwok CK Chan SY Sung R Sung JJ Isolation of Helicobacter pylori from vomitus in children and its implication in gastro-oral transmissionAm J Gastroenterol1999 9428812884

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1572-0241.1999.01431.x

  47. 47.

    Parsonnet J Shmuely H Haggerty T Fecal and oral shedding of Helicobacter pylori from healthy infected adultsJAMA1999 28222402245

    Not in our library10.1001/jama.282.23.2240

  48. 48.

    Ramsey EJ Carey KV Peterson WL Jackson JJ Murphy FK Read NW Taylor KB Trier JS Fordtran JS Epidemic gastritis withhypochlorhydriaGastroenterology1979 7614491457

    Not in our library

  49. 49.

    Graham DY Alpert LC Smith JL Yoshimura HH Iatrogenic Campylobacter pylori infection is a cause of epidemicachlorhydriaAm J Gastroenterol1988 83974980

    Not in our library

  50. 50.

    Mitchell HM Li Y Hu P Hazell SL Du GG Byrne DJ Lee A The susceptibility of Helicobacter pylori to bile may be an obstacle to faecal transmissionEur J Gastroenterol Hepatol1992 4S79S83

    Not in our library

  51. 51.

    Dye KR Marshall BJ Frierson HF Jr Pambianco DJ McCallum RW Campylobacter pylori colonizing heterotopic gastric tissue in the rectumAm J Clin Pathol1990 93144147

    Not in our library10.1093/ajcp/93.1.144

  52. 52.

    Mapstone NP Lynch DA Lewis FA Axon AT Tompkins DS Dixon MF Quirke P PCR identification of Helicobacter pylori in faeces from gastritis patientsLancet1993 341447

    Not in our library10.1016/0140-6736(93)93053-4

  53. 53.

    van Zwet AA Thijs JC Kooistra-Smid AM Schirm J Snijder JA Use of PCR with feces for detection of Helicobacter pylori infections in patientsJ Clin Microbiol1994 3213461348

    Not in our library10.1128/jcm.32.5.1346-1348.1994

  54. 54.

    Namavar F Roosendaal R Kuipers EJ de Groot P Bijl MW van der Pena AS de Graaff J Presence of Helicobacter pylori in the oral cavity, oesophagus, stomach and faeces of patients with gastritisEur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis1995 14234237

    Not in our library10.1007/bf02310363

  55. 55.

    Li C Ha T Ferguson DA Jr Chi DS Zhao R Patel NR Krishnaswamy G Thomas E A newly developed PCR assay of H. pylori in gastric biopsy, saliva, and feces. Evidence of high prevalence of H. pylori in saliva supports oral transmissionDig Dis Sci1996 4121422149

    Not in our library10.1007/bf02071393

  56. 56.

    Thomas JE Gibson GR Darboe MK Dale A Weaver LT Isolation of Helicobacter pylori from human faecesLancet1992 34011941195

    Not in our library10.1016/0140-6736(92)92894-l

  57. 57.

    Kelly SM Pitcher MC Farmery SM Gibson GR Isolation of Helicobacter pylori from feces of patients with dyspepsia in the United KingdomGastroenterology1994 10716711674

    Not in our library10.1016/0016-5085(94)90806-0

  58. 58.

    Mégraud F Transmission of Helicobacter pylori: faecal-oral versus oral-oral routeAliment Pharmacol Ther1995 9Suppl 28591

    Not in our library

  59. 59.

    Graham DY Malaty HM Evans DG Evans DJ Jr Klein PD Adam E Epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori in an asymptomatic population in the United States. Effect of age, race, and socioeconomic statusGastroenterology1991 10014951501

    Not in our library10.1016/0016-5085(91)90644-z

  60. 60.

    Breuer T Sudhop T Hoch J Sauerbruch T Malfertheiner P Prevalence of and risk factors for Helicobacter pylori infection in the western part of GermanyEur J Gastroenterol Hepatol1996 84752

    Not in our library10.1097/00042737-199601000-00009

  61. 61.

    Torres J Leal-Herrera Y Perez-Perez G Gomez A Camorlinga-Ponce M Cedillo-Rivera R Tapia-Conyer R Munoz O A community-based seroepidemiologic study of Helicobacter pylori infection inMexicoJ Infect Dis1998 17810891094

    Not in our library10.1086/515663

  62. 62.

    Parsonnet J The incidence of Helicobacterpylori infectionAliment Pharmacol Ther1995 9Suppl 24551

    Not in our library

  63. 63.

    Fujisawa T Kumagai T Akamatsu T Kiyosawa K Matsunaga Y Changes in seroepidemiological pattern of Helicobacter pylori and hepatitis A virus over the last 20 years in JapanAm J Gastroenterol1999 9420942099

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1572-0241.1999.01283.x

  64. 64.

    Fraser AG Scragg R Metcalf P McCullough S Yeates NJ Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in different ethnic groups in New Zealand children and adultsAust N Z J Med1996 26646651

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1445-5994.1996.tb02934.x

  65. 65.

    Malaty HM Engstrand L Pedersen NL Graham DY Helicobacter pylori infection: genetic and environmental influences. A study oftwinsAnn Intern Med1994 120982986

    Not in our library10.7326/0003-4819-120-12-199406150-00002

  66. 66.

    Smoak BL Kelley PW Taylor DN Seroprevalence of Helicobacter pylori infections in a cohort of US Army recruitsAm J Epidemiol1994 139513519

    Not in our library10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a117034

  67. 67.

    Replogle ML Glaser SL Hiatt RA Parsonnet J Biologic sex as a risk factor for Helicobacter pylori infection in healthy youngadultsAm J Epidemiol1995 142856863

    Not in our library10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a117725

  68. 68.

    Woodward M Morrison C McColl K An investigation into factors associated with Helicobacter pylori infectionJ Clin Epidemiol2000 53175181

    Not in our library10.1016/s0895-4356(99)00171-7

  69. 69.

    Kawasaki M Kawasaki T Ogaki T Itoh K Kobayashi S Yoshimizu Y Aoyagi K Iwakawa A Takahashi S Sharma S Acharya GP Seroprevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in Nepal: low prevalence in an isolated rural villageEur J Gastroenterol Hepatol1998 104750

    Not in our library10.1097/00042737-199801000-00009

  70. 70.

    Begue RE Gonzales JL Correa-Gracian H Tang SC Dietary risk factors associated with the transmission of Helicobacter pylori in Lima, PeruAm J Trop Med Hyg1998 59637640

    Not in our library10.4269/ajtmh.1998.59.637

  71. 71.

    de Martel C Parsonnet J Helicobacter pylori infection and gender: a meta-analysis of population-based prevalence surveysDig Dis Sci2006 5122922301

    Not in our library10.1007/s10620-006-9210-5

  72. 72.

    Malaty HM Graham DY Importance of childhood socioeconomic status on the current prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infectionGut1994 35742745

    Not in our library10.1136/gut.35.6.742

  73. 73.

    Rothenbacher D Bode G Berg G Knayer U Gonser T Adler G Brenner H Helicobacter pylori among preschool children and their parents: evidence of parent-child transmissionJ Infect Dis1999 179398402

    Not in our library10.1086/314595

  74. 74.

    Konno M Fujii N Yokota S Sato K Takahashi M Mino E Sugiyama T Five-year follow-up study of mother-to-child transmission of Helicobacter pylori infection detected by a random amplified polymorphic DNA fingerprinting methodJ Clin Microbiol2005 4322462250

    Not in our library10.1128/jcm.43.5.2246-2250.2005

  75. 75.

    Goodman KJ Correa P The transmission of Helicobacter pylori. A critical review of the evidenceInt J Epidemiol1995 24875887

    Not in our library10.1093/ije/24.5.875

  76. 76.

    Georgopoulos SD Mentis AF Spiliadis CA Tzouvelekis LS Tzelepi E Moshopoulos A Skandalis N Helicobacter pylori infection in spouses of patients with duodenal ulcers and comparison of ribosomal RNA gene patternsGut1996 39634638

    Not in our library10.1136/gut.39.5.634

  77. 77.

    Brenner H Rothenbacher D Bode G Dieudonne P Adler G Active infection with Helicobacter pylori in healthy couplesEpidemiol Infect1999 1229195

    Not in our library10.1017/s0950268898001964

  78. 78.

    Teh BH Lin JT Pan WH Lin SH Wang LY Lee TK Chen CJ Seroprevalence and associated risk factors of Helicobacter pylori infection in TaiwanAnticancer Res1994 1413891392

    Not in our library

  79. 79.

    Sarker SA Rahman MM Mahalanabis D Bardhan PK Hildebrand P Beglinger C Gyr K Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in infants and family contacts in a poor Bangladesh communityDig Dis Sci1995 4026692672

    Not in our library10.1007/bf02220458

  80. 80.

    Malcolm CA MacKay WG Shepherd A Weaver LT Helicobacter pylori in children is strongly associated with povertyScott Med J2004 49136138

    Not in our library10.1177/003693300404900406

  81. 81.

    Heuberger F Pantoflickova D Gassner M Oneta C Grehn M Blum AL Dorta G Helicobacter pylori infection in Swiss adolescents: prevalence and risk factorsEur J Gastroenterol Hepatol2003 15179183

    Not in our library10.1097/00042737-200302000-00012

  82. 82.

    Rosenstock SJ Andersen LP Rosenstock CV Bonnevie O Jørgensen T Socioeconomic factors in Helicobacter pylori infection among Danish adultsAm J Public Health1996 8615391544

    Not in our library10.2105/ajph.86.11.1539

  83. 83.

    Mendall MA Goggin PM Molineaux N Levy J Toosy T Strachan D Northfield TC Childhood living conditions and Helicobacter pylori seropositivity in adult lifeLancet1992 339896897

    Not in our library10.1016/0140-6736(92)90931-r

  84. 84.

    McCallion WA Murray LJ Bailie AG Dalzell AM O'Reilly DP Bamford KB Helicobacter pylori infection in children: relation with current household living conditionsGut1996 391821

    Not in our library10.1136/gut.39.1.18

  85. 85.

    Zlotnik H Statement to the Thirty-Eighth Session on the Commission on Population and Development2005

    Not in our library

  86. 86.

    Rupnow MF Shachter RD Owens DK Parsonnet J A dynamic transmission model for predicting trends in Helicobacter pylori and associated diseases in the United StatesEmerg Infect Dis2000 6228237

    Not in our library10.3201/eid0603.000302

  87. 87.

    Ahmed N Tenguria S Nandanwar N Helicobacter pylori - a seasoned pathogen by any other nameGut Pathog2009 124

    Not in our library10.1186/1757-4749-1-24

  88. 88.

    World Health OrganizationSafe water, better health2008

    Not in our library

  89. 89.

    Blaser MJ Theodore E. Woodward Award: Global warming and the human stomach: microecology follows macroecologyTrans Am Clin Climatol Assoc2005 1166575discussion 75-66

    Not in our library

  90. 90.

    Graham DY Yamaoka Y Malaty HM Contemplating the future without Helicobacter pylori and the dire consequences hypothesisHelicobacter2007 26468

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1523-5378.2007.00566.x

  91. 91.

    Gastner MT Newman ME From The Cover: Diffusion-based method for producing density-equalizing mapsProc Natl Acad Sci USA2004 10174997504

    Not in our library10.1073/pnas.0400280101

  92. 92.

    Dorling D Worldmapper: the human anatomy of a smallplanetPLoS Med2007 4e1

    Not in our library10.1371/journal.pmed.0040001

  93. 93.

    Dorling D Barford A Newman M WORLDMAPPER: the world as you've never seen it beforeIEEE Trans Vis Comput Graph2006 12757764

    Not in our library10.1109/tvcg.2006.202

  94. 94.

    Barford A Dorling D A new approach to mapping the world: visualizing facets of international healthNatl Med J India2006 19234235

    Not in our library

  95. 95.

    Ahmad MM Rahman M Rumi AK Islam S Huq F Chowdhury MF Jinnah F Morshed MG Hassan MS Khan AK Hasan M Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori in asymptomatic population--a pilot serological study inBangladeshJ Epidemiol1997 7251254

    Not in our library10.2188/jea.7.251

  96. 96.

    Souto FJ Fontes CJ Rocha GA de Oliveira AM Mendes EN Queiroz DM Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in a rural area of the state of Mato Grosso, BrazilMem Inst Oswaldo Cruz1998 93171174

    Not in our library10.1590/s0074-02761998000200006

  97. 97.

    Santos IS Boccio J Santos AS Valle NC Halal CS Bachilli MC Lopes RD Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection and associated factors among adults in Southern Brazil: a population-based cross-sectional studyBMC Public Health2005 5118

    Not in our library10.1186/1471-2458-5-118

  98. 98.

    Rodrigues MN Queiroz DM Rodrigues RT Rocha AM Braga Neto MB Braga LL Helicobacter pylori infection in adults from a poor urban community in northeastern Brazil: demographic, lifestyle and environmental factorsBraz J Infect Dis2005 9405410

    Not in our library10.1590/s1413-86702005000500008

  99. 99.

    Goodman KJ Correa P Tenganá Aux HJ Ramírez H DeLany JP Guerrero Pepinosa O López Quiñones M Collazos Parra T Helicobacter pylori infection in the Colombian Andes: a population-based study of transmission pathwaysAm J Epidemiol1996 144290299

    Not in our library10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a008924

  100. 100.

    Wong BC Lam SK Ching CK Hu WH Kwok E Ho J Yuen ST Gao Z Chen JS Lai KC Differential Helicobacter pylori infection rates in two contrasting gastric cancer risk regions of South China. China Gastric Cancer Study GroupJ Gastroenterol Hepatol1999 14120125

    Not in our library10.1046/j.1440-1746.1999.01823.x

  101. 101.

    Bassily S Frenck RW Mohareb EW Wierzba T Savarino S Hall E Kotkat A Naficy A Hyams KC Clemens J Seroprevalence of Helicobacter pylori among Egyptian newborns and their mothers: a preliminaryreportAm J Trop Med Hyg1999 613740

    Not in our library10.4269/ajtmh.1999.61.37

  102. 102.

    Frenck RW Jr Fathy HM Sherif M Mohran Z El Mohammedy H Francis W Rockabrand D Mounir BI Rozmajzl P Frierson HF Sensitivity and specificity of various tests for the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori in Egyptian childrenPediatrics2006 118e11951202

    Not in our library10.1542/peds.2005-2925

  103. 103.

    Sayed ASM Abd Al Azeem MW Noaman HA Hassan MA Seroepidemiological study on H. pylori infection in children and adults in Assiut governorate, Upper EgyptJASMR2007 2129133

    Not in our library

  104. 104.

    Mohammad MA Hussein L Coward A Jackson SJ Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection among Egyptian children: impact of social background and effect on growthPublic Health Nutr2008 11230236

    Not in our library10.1017/s1368980007000481

  105. 105.

    Klein PD Graham DY Gaillour A Opekun AR Smith EO Water source as risk factor for Helicobacter pylori infection in Peruvian children. Gastrointestinal Physiology Working GroupLancet1991 33715031506

    Not in our library10.1016/0140-6736(91)93196-g

  106. 106.

    Malaty HM Paykov V Bykova O Ross A Graham DP Anneger JF Graham DY Helicobacter pylori and socioeconomic factors inRussiaHelicobacter1996 18287

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1523-5378.1996.tb00015.x

  107. 107.

    Al-Moagel MA Evans DG Abdulghani ME Adam E Evans DJ Jr Malaty HM Graham DY Prevalence of Helicobacter (formerly Campylobacter) pylori infection in Saudia Arabia, and comparison of those with and without upper gastrointestinal symptomsAm J Gastroenterol1990 85944948

    Not in our library

  108. 108.

    Andersen LP Rosenstock SJ Bonnevie O Jorgensen T Seroprevalence of immunoglobulin G, M, and A antibodies to Helicobacter pylori in an unselected Danish populationAm J Epidemiol1996 14311571164

    Not in our library10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a008694

  109. 109.

    Gilboa S Gabay G Zamir D Zeev A Novis B Helicobacter pylori infection in rural settlements (Kibbutzim) in IsraelInt J Epidemiol1995 24232237

    Not in our library10.1093/ije/24.1.232

  110. 110.

    Kikuchi S Kurosawa M Sakiyama T Helicobacter pylori risk associated with sibship size and family history of gastric diseases in Japanese adultsJpn J Cancer Res1998 8911091112

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1349-7006.1998.tb00504.x

  111. 111.

    Böhmer CJ Klinkenberg-Knol EC Kuipers EJ Niezen-de Boer MC Schreuder H Schuckink-Kool F Meuwissen SG The prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection among inhabitants and healthy employees of institutes for the intellectually disabledAm J Gastroenterol1997 9210001004

    Not in our library

  112. 112.

    Senra-Varela A Lopez-Saez JB Gomez-Biondi V Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in two Spanish regions with different incidence of gastric cancerEur J Epidemiol1998 14491494

    Not in our library10.1023/a:1007485815609

  113. 113.

    Malaty HM Kim JG Kim SD Graham DY Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in Korean children: inverse relation to socioeconomic status despite a uniformly high prevalence inadultsAm J Epidemiol1996 143257262

    Not in our library10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a008736

  114. 114.

    Harris AW Douds A Meurisse EV Dennis M Chambers S Gould SR Seroprevalence of Helicobacter pylori in residents of a hospital for people with severe learning difficultiesEur J Gastroenterol Hepatol1995 72123

    Not in our library

  115. 115.

    Webb PM Knight T Newell DG Elder JB Forman D Helicobacter pylori transmission: evidence from a comparison with hepatitis AvirusEur J Gastroenterol Hepatol1996 8439441

    Not in our library

  116. 116.

    Murray LJ McCrum EE Evans AE Bamford KB Epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infection among 4742 randomly selected subjects from Northern IrelandInt J Epidemiol1997 26880887

    Not in our library10.1093/ije/26.4.880

  117. 117.

    Strachan DP Mendall MA Carrington D Butland BK Yarnell JW Sweetnam PM Elwood PC Relation of Helicobacter pylori infection to 13-year mortality and incident ischemic heart disease in the caerphilly prospective heart disease studyCirculation1998 9812861290

    Not in our library10.1161/01.cir.98.13.1286

  118. 118.

    Dore MP Sepulveda AR Osato MS Realdi G Graham DY Helicobacter pylori in sheep milkLancet1999 354132

    Not in our library10.1016/s0140-6736(99)01724-9

  119. 119.

    Fujimura S Kawamura T Kato S Tateno H Watanabe A Detection of Helicobacter pylori in cow's milkLett Appl Microbiol2002 35504507

    Not in our library10.1046/j.1472-765x.2002.01229.x

  120. 120.

    Bronsdon MA Schoenknecht FD Campylobacter pylori isolated from the stomach of the monkey, Macaca nemestrinaJ Clin Microbiol1988 2617251728

    Not in our library10.1128/jcm.26.9.1725-1728.1988

  121. 121.

    Handt LK Fox JG Yan LL Shen Z Pouch WJ Ngai D Motzel SL Nolan TE Klein HJ Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection in a colony of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)J Clin Microbiol1997 35165168

    Not in our library10.1128/jcm.35.1.165-168.1997

  122. 122.

    Handt LK Fox JG Dewhirst FE Fraser GJ Paster BJ Yan LL Rozmiarek H Rufo R Stalis IH Helicobacter pylori isolated from the domestic cat: public health implicationsInfect Immun1994 6223672374

    Not in our library10.1128/iai.62.6.2367-2374.1994

  123. 123.

    Dore MP Sepulveda AR El-Zimaity H Yamaoka Y Osato MS Mototsugu K Nieddu AM Realdi G Graham DY Isolation of Helicobacter pylori from sheep-implications for transmission to humansAm J Gastroenterol2001 9613961401

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1572-0241.2001.03772.x

  124. 124.

    Imamura S Kita M Yamaoka Y Yamamoto T Ishimaru A Konishi H Wakabayashi N Mitsufuji S Okanoue T Imanishi J Vector potential of cockroaches for Helicobacter pylori infectionAm J Gastroenterol2003 9815001503

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1572-0241.2003.07516.x

  125. 125.

    Grübel P Hoffman JS Chong FK Burstein NA Mepani C Cave DR Vector potential of houseflies (Musca domestica) for Helicobacter pyloriJ Clin Microbiol1997 3513001303

    Not in our library10.1128/jcm.35.6.1300-1303.1997

  126. 126.

    Osato MS Ayub K Le HH Reddy R Graham DY Houseflies are an unlikely reservoir or vector for Helicobacter pyloriJ Clin Microbiol1998 3627862788

    Not in our library10.1128/jcm.36.9.2786-2788.1998

  127. 127.

    Morris A Nicholson G Lloyd G Haines D Rogers A Taylor D Seroepidemiology of Campylobacter pyloridisN Z Med J1986 99657659

    Not in our library

  128. 128.

    Vaira D D'Anastasio C Holton J Dowsett JF Londei M Bertoni F Beltrandi E Grauenfels P Salmon PR Gandolfi L Campylobacter pylori in abattoir workers: is it a zoonosis?Lancet1988 2725726

    Not in our library10.1016/s0140-6736(88)90196-1

  129. 129.

    Dore MP Bilotta M Vaira D Manca A Massarelli G Leandro G Atzei A Pisanu G Graham DY Realdi G High prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in shepherdsDig Dis Sci1999 4411611164

    Not in our library10.1023/a:1026676223825

  130. 130.

    Eaton KA Catrenich CE Makin KM Krakowka S Virulence of coccoid and bacillary forms of Helicobacter pylori in gnotobiotic pigletsJ Infect Dis1995 171459462

    Not in our library10.1093/infdis/171.2.459

  131. 131.

    Hopkins RJ Vial PA Ferreccio C Ovalle J Prado P Sotomayor V Russell RG Wasserman SS Morris JG Jr Seroprevalence of Helicobacter pylori in Chile: vegetables may serve as one route of transmissionJ Infect Dis1993 168222226

    Not in our library10.1093/infdis/168.1.222

  132. 132.

    Nurgalieva ZZ Malaty HM Graham DY Almuchambetova R Machmudova A Kapsultanova D Osato MS Hollinger FB Zhangabylov A Helicobacter pylori infection in Kazakhstan: effect of water source and household hygieneAm J Trop Med Hyg2002 67201206

    Not in our library10.4269/ajtmh.2002.67.201

  133. 133.

    Horiuchi T Ohkusa T Watanabe M Kobayashi D Miwa H Eishi Y Helicobacter pylori DNA in drinking water in JapanMicrobiol Immunol2001 45515519

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1348-0421.2001.tb02652.x

  134. 134.

    Fujimura S Kato S Watanabe A Water source as a Helicobacter pylori transmission route: a 3-year follow-up study of Japanese children living in a unique districtJ Med Microbiol2008 57909910

    Not in our library10.1099/jmm.0.47683-0

  135. 135.

    Lu Y Redlinger TE Avitia R Galindo A Goodman K Isolation and genotyping of Helicobacter pylori from untreated municipal wastewaterAppl Environ Microbiol2002 6814361439

    Not in our library10.1128/aem.68.3.1436-1439.2002

  136. 136.

    Moreno Y Piqueres P Alonso JL Jimenez A Gonzalez A Ferrus MA Survival and viability of Helicobacter pylori after inoculation into chlorinated drinking waterWater Res2007 4134903496

    Not in our library10.1016/j.watres.2007.05.020

  137. 137.

    Hultén K Han SW Enroth H Klein PD Opekun AR Gilman RH Evans DG Engstrand L Graham DY El-Zaatari FA Helicobacter pylori in the drinking water in PeruGastroenterology1996 11010311035

    Not in our library10.1053/gast.1996.v110.pm8612990

  138. 138.

    Hultén K Enroth H Nystrom T Engstrand L Presence of Helicobacter species DNA in Swedish waterJ Appl Microbiol1998 85282286

    Not in our library10.1046/j.1365-2672.1998.00500.x

  139. 139.

    Moreno Y Ferrus MA Alonso JL Jimenez A Hernandez J Use of fluorescent in situ hybridization to evidence the presence of Helicobacter pylori in waterWater Res2003 3722512256

    Not in our library10.1016/s0043-1354(02)00624-3

  140. 140.

    Shahamat M Mai U Paszko-Kolva C Kessel M Colwell RR Use of autoradiography to assess viability of Helicobacter pylori in waterAppl Environ Microbiol1993 5912311235

    Not in our library10.1128/aem.59.4.1231-1235.1993

  141. 141.

    Azevedo NF Survival of Helicobacter pylori in drinking water and associated biofilms2005 University of Minho and University of South hampton

    Not in our library

  142. 142.

    Gião MS Azevedo NF Wilks SA Vieira MJ Keevil CW Persistence of Helicobacter pylori in heterotrophic drinking-water biofilmsAppl Environ Microbiol2008 7458985904

    Not in our library10.1128/aem.00827-08

Cited by papers we hold 2

Reads

Read by people on this page

None yet.

Checked or read by AI through naulon

None yet.

A person counts once a day per paper. We keep no cookie and no address: a reader is a hash that changes every day. Any month under five reads shows no number.

Are you an author?

Is this your paper?

Claim it to add your note and be paid when agents cite it. Free.