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Corrected on May 23, 2016.

Source: the publisher, via Crossref · checked Oct 26, 2026 · Read the notice

Dogs, cats, parasites, and humans in Brazil: opening the black box

Filipe Dantas-Torres, Domenico Otranto

Parasites & Vectors · 2014 · Review

doi:10.1186/1756-3305-7-22

Abstract

Dogs and cats in Brazil serve as primary hosts for a considerable number of parasites, which may affect their health and wellbeing. These may include endoparasites (e.g., protozoa, cestodes, trematodes, and nematodes) and ectoparasites (i.e., fleas, lice, mites, and ticks). While some dog and cat parasites are highly host-specific (e.g., Aelurostrongylus abstrusus and Felicola subrostratus for cats, and Angiostrongylus vasorum and Trichodectes canis for dogs), others may easily switch to other hosts, including humans. In fact, several dog and cat parasites (e.g., Toxoplasma gondii, Dipylidium caninum, Ancylostoma caninum, Strongyloides stercoralis, and Toxocara canis) are important not only from a veterinary perspective but also from a medical standpoint. In addition, some of them (e.g., Lynxacarus radovskyi on cats and Rangelia vitalii in dogs) are little known to most veterinary practitioners working in Brazil. This article is a compendium on dog and cat parasites in Brazil and a call for a One Health approach towards a better management of some of these parasites, which may potentially affect humans. Practical aspects related to the diagnosis, treatment, and control of parasitic diseases of dogs and cats in Brazil are discussed.

Full text

From PubMed Central, U.S. National Library of Medicine, as current on Oct 26, 2026. Paragraph numbers are ours, so an answer can point at one.

Portuguese version

Please see Additional file 1 (http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/supplementary/1756-3305-7-22-S1.pdf) for the Portuguese version of this review article.

Introduction

The word “parasite” (from Ancient Greek, parasitos: para = beside, sitos = food) means literally a person that eats at the table of another. In the figurative sense, corrupt politicians that make the use their political power and public resources for their own benefit may be called parasites of society. But in parasitology, a parasite is an organism that takes benefit from another (the host), without giving something back and usually causing some damage to it. Incidentally, parasites constitute a diverse group of organisms that may affect a wide range of animal hosts, including amphibians, birds, fishes, mammals, and reptiles. They may be generally subdivided as endoparasites (=internal) and ectoparasites (=external), according to their location in the host. Ectoparasites may also be classified as permanent (e.g., lice and mites) or non-permanent (e.g., ticks and mosquitoes), depending on the relationship with their host; i.e., whether their life cycle takes place solely on their hosts or also in the environment.

Dogs and cats are the most popular pet animals worldwide. Nowadays, dogs for example have assumed many functions as guides for blind people, as therapeutic agents, as guard and hunting dogs. Moreover, in many developing countries, both dogs and cats have become part of human families, regardless of the social class (Figure 1). The benefits of having a pet animal are undisputed, but both dogs and cats may harbour many parasites potentially transmissible to humans, which may represent a health risk, especially to children, the elderly and the immunocompromised. For instance, Toxoplasma gondii, Dipylidium caninum, Echinococcus granulosus, Ancylostoma braziliense, Toxocara canis, Onchocerca lupi, and Thelazia callipaeda are common parasites of dogs and cats that can affect humans in different countries around the world. This fact emphasizes the need for a One Health approach towards a more efficient management and control of these parasites.

At the beginning of the 21st century, parasitic diseases are still causing a severe burden on animal and human populations in tropical and subtropical regions around the world. Furthermore, the impact of some of these diseases is disproportionally higher in developing countries such as Brazil, because the living conditions of the populations often favour the exposure to certain parasites, whose transmission may be associated with poor housing and sanitary conditions (Figure 2), as well as with inequities in the access to education and primary healthcare services.

Brazil is a country with continental dimensions (i.e., 8,515,767 km2), occupying most of the land area of South America and representing the largest economy in the region. Despite the persistent social and economic inequalities (e.g., unequal access to education, health care and sanitation, safe drinking water and decent housing), which have become the dark side of the Brazilian history, the importance of dogs and cats as pets, as well as the demand for high standard veterinary services, has increased over the last decades in Brazil. Impressively, according to the Associação Brasileira da Indústria de Produtos para Animais de Estimação (Abinpet), Brazil currently holds the world’s second largest dog and cat populations, with over 37 million dogs and 21 million cats (http://abinpet.org.br/imprensa/mercado-pet-deve-faturar-r-154-bilhoes-em-2013). Apropos, the growing number of dogs and cats in urban areas in Brazil has been accompanied by substantial increases in the animal feed and pet care markets. According to Abinpet, the Brazilian pet market will earn 15.4 billion Brazilian real (approximately 7 billion US dollars) in 2013, with an overall increase of 8.3% in comparison with 2012. Specifically, it has been estimated that in 2013 the pet service sector (services related to animal care, including bath and hair cut) will increase in 24.5%, pet food (animal feed) in 4.9%, pet care (equipments, accessories and products for animal hygiene and care) in 5.2%, and pet vet (medicines) in 6.7%. These numbers pose Brazil as the world’s second largest pet market, behind only the United States.

The diversity of natural environments present in Brazil is outstanding, as is its biodiversity. By the bye, dogs and cats living in Brazil may harbour a long list of parasites that may affect their wellbeing and eventually pose a risk to the health of their owners. Information on their distribution, epidemiology, and impact on human health is fragmentary and mainly published in Brazilian journals. In this sense, this article is a compendium on dog and cat parasites in Brazil and a call for a One Health approach towards a better management of some of these parasites, which may potentially affect humans. Practical aspects related to the diagnosis, treatment, and control of parasitic diseases of dogs and cats in Brazil are discussed.

Ectoparasites of dogs and cats in Brazil

Ectoparasites may cause irritation, blood depletion, pruritus, and skin lesions, potentially leading to the occurrence of secondary bacterial infections. Some ectoparasites such as fleas, lice and ticks may also transmit pathogens to dogs and cats, including bacteria, protozoa, and helminths reviewed in Ref.. Furthermore, ticks can also cause toxicosis, as it has recently been reported in a dog bitten by the mouro tick Ornithodoros brasiliensis in Brazil.

In Brazil, dogs and cats may serve as hosts for a large number of ectoparasites, including fleas, lice, mites, and ticks (Tables 1 and 2). Indeed, dogs may be frequently infested by species of fleas (e.g., Ctenocephalides canis, Ctenocephalides felis felis, and Tunga penetrans), lice (e.g., Heterodoxus spiniger and Trichodectes canis), mites (e.g., Demodex canis, Otodectes cynotis, and Sarcoptes scabiei) and ticks (e.g., Amblyomma aureolatum, Amblyomma ovale, and Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato). While some flea species may be common in rural settings (e.g., T. penetrans), C. felis felis is indeed the most common flea infesting dogs in Brazil. Other less common ectoparasites (e.g., the flea Rhopalopsyllus lutzi lutzi) have also been reported in dogs in Brazil. In a similar manner, the findings of some wildlife-associated ticks (e.g., Amblyomma longirostre, Amblyomma naponsense, Amblyomma nodosum, Amblyomma pacae, Amblyomma scalpturatum, and Haemaphysalis juxtakochi) on dogs in Brazil are incidental findings and of unknown clinical significance.

Cats in Brazil are frequently found infested by fleas (e.g., C. canis, C. felis felis, P. irritans, and T. penetrans), lice (Felicola subrostratus), and mites (e.g., D. cati, Lynxacarus radovskyi, Notoedres cati, and O. cynotis). Less frequently, they have been found infested by ticks such as R. sanguineus s.l. and Amblyomma triste. Some of these ectoparasites are well known in certain regions (e.g., L. radovskyi in north-eastern Brazil), but completely unknown or considered rare in others. Even if cats have more knowhow than dogs when the issue is “ectoparasite removal” by grooming, they may be highly exposed to ectoparasites, particularly in high-density situations such as in catteries.

Even if most fleas, lice, mites, and ticks infesting dogs and cats may be easily identified, the delineation of some species may be troublesome for non-taxonomists. While some keys for fleas, lice, and ticks have been published in books and journals, there are no comprehensive pictorial keys for the identification of dog and cat ectoparasites in Brazil (see Table 3 and Figure 3).

Flying insects may also represent a significant clinical problem to dogs as cats in Brazil. For instance, mosquitoes, phlebotomine sand flies and triatomine bugs are vectors of Dirofilaria immitis, Leishmania infantum, and Trypanosoma cruzi, respectively, to both dogs and cats. Myiasis is also quite a common problem in dogs and cats in Brazil, being most frequently associated with infestation by larvae of Cochliomyia hominivorax and Dermatobia hominis, and less commonly by other species of flies (e.g., Lucilia eximia). Furthermore, stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans) can produce skin lesions on the ears of these animals, which may also lead to the occurrence of secondary bacterial infections.

Endoparasites of dogs and cats in Brazil

In addition to ectoparasites, dogs in Brazil may be affected by numerous endoparasites (Table 4), including protozoa, cestodes (tapeworms), trematodes (flukes), and nematodes (roundworms). For instance, endoparasites such as Dipylidium caninum, Echinococcus granulosus, A. braziliense, Ancylostoma caninum, Strongyloides stercoralis, Toxocara canis, Trichuris vulpis, and Dirofilaria immitis are commonly found in dogs from different Brazilian regions. Other endoparasites such as Angiostrongylus vasorum have only sporadically been reported in Brazil. Similarly, cats have frequently been found affected by several endoparasites (Table 5) in Brazil, including T. gondii, D. caninum, Taenia taeniformis, Spirometra mansonoides, Aelurostrongylus abstrusus, A. braziliense, A. caninum, A. tubaeforme, Toxascaris leonina, Toxocara cati, Pearsonema feliscati, Trichuris campanula, Trichuris serrata, Physaloptera praeputialis, and Platynosomum fastosum. Less common endoparasites have also been reported in cats, such as the acanthocephalan Sphaerirostris erraticus.

Dogs have been found infected by vector-borne protozoa, including Babesia gibsoni, Babesia vogeli, Rangelia vitalii, Hepatozoon canis, Leishmania amazonensis, Leishmania braziliensis, Leishmania infantum, Trypanosoma cruzi, and Trypanosoma evansi,. Other protozoa of unknown pathogenicity (e.g., Trypanosoma caninum) have also been described in Brazilian dogs. In addition, other vector-borne organisms have also been frequently reported in dogs, including Anaplasma platys, Ehrlichia canis and, less frequently, Rickettsia rickettsii.

Cats have also been found infected by vector-borne protozoa such as B. vogeli, Cytauxzoon felis, H. canis, Hepatozoon felis, L. amazonensis, L. braziliensis, and L. infantum. Indeed, the diversity of endoparasites of cats and dogs in Brazil is impressive, but certainly underestimated, mainly because most studies carried out in this country have been based on the detection and identification of eggs and oocysts in faecal samples using ordinary coprological techniques. This emphasizes the need for additional diagnostic methods (e.g., coproantigen tests, molecular tests or post-mortem examination) if we are to understand the actual diversity and prevalence of endoparasites of dogs and cats in Brazil.

Geographical distribution and prevalence

Dog and cat parasites are widespread in Brazil and in most cases occur virtually in all geographical regions (north, northeast, south, southeast, and centre-west) of the country. However, for several common external parasites (e.g., D. canis, N. cati e O. cynotis) and internal (e.g., D. caninum, A. brasiliense e T. canis) there is relatively limited published information, particularly in international journals. Therefore, it is presently difficult to generate informative, bona fide maps for most dog and cat parasites occurring in Brazil, even if most of these parasites are certainly present in all regions of the country. For instance, in a study carried out in south-eastern Brazil, 155 dogs were necropsied and D. caninum was diagnose in 57 (36.8%) of them, A. caninum in 30 (19.4%), and T. canis in 24 (15.5%). Similarly, a study conducted in north-eastern Brazil, revealed that A. caninum (prevalence, 95.7%) was the most prevalent endoparasite in 46 stray dogs necropsied, followed by D. caninum (45.7%), T. canis (8.7%), and T. vulpis (4.3%). These studies indicate high prevalence rates of infestation by endoparasites in stray dogs from different Brazilian regions representing a permanent source of endoparasites to pet animals and a major zoonotic hazard for humans, through the contamination of public parks and beaches (see “Dogs, cats, parasites and humans: public health aspects”).

Stray cats are also frequently exposed to endoparasites. For instance, a study conducted in south-eastern Brazil reported infestations by A. braziliense (67.3%), A. caninum (21.1%), and A. tubaeforme (9.6%) in 52 cats necropsied. Similarly, in a recent study conducted in centre-western Brazil, 146 cats were necropsied and 98 of them were infested by roundworms [A. braziliense (50.68%); A. tubaeforme (10.27%); T. cati (4.11%); P. praeputialis (2.05%); P. feliscati (3.42%); and A. abstrusus (1.37%)], cestodes [S. mansonoides (4.11%); D. caninum (3.42%); and T. taeniformis (0.68%)], trematodes [P. fastosum (26.03%)], and acanthocephalans [S. erraticus (3.42%)]. Again, these studies reveal a considerable diversity of endoparasites in cats from different Brazilian regions, with relatively high prevalence rates.

The geographical distribution of vector-borne protozoa and heminths of dogs has been reviewed elsewhere. For instance, L. infantum is widespread in all Brazilian regions, but less frequent in southern parts of the country. However, L. longipalpis, the principal vector for L. infantum, is present in northern Argentina, Paraguay, and has recently been detected in Uruguay. Furthermore, L. longipalpis is abundant in Mato Grosso do Sul State, which makes border with Paraná State in southern Brazil. Last but not least, the presence of L. longipalpis in Rio Grande do Sul (the southernmost Brazilian state) has been proven. These findings may suggest that L. longipalpis may have already colonized other areas of southern Brazil and that canine leishmaniosis may become a problem in that region in the near future.

The little known protozoan R. vitalii occurs mainly in southern and south-eastern Brazil, where ticks such as A. aureolatum, the putative vector, are commonly found in dogs frequenting the Atlantic rainforest environment. Interestingly, B. gibsoni has been reported exclusively in southern Brazil, which also suggests that R. sanguineus s.l. is not the vector of this protozoan in Brazil, considering that this tick is prevalent in virtually all regions of the country. In fact, pathogens that are transmitted by R. sanguineus s.l. (e.g., B. vogeli and Ehrlichia canis) are usually widespread in Brazil, not concentrated in a specific region as it occurs with B. gibsoni. In any case, the possibility that R. sanguineus s.l. ticks are acting as vectors of B. gibsoni in Brazil cannot be ruled out.

Ctenocephalides spp. fleas are also widespread in Brazil, but C. felis felis surpasses C. canis in distribution, the latter being reputed to be more common in regions with more temperate climates, as in the south-east and south of the country. Indeed, C. felis felis has been reported in 17 states (Alagoas, Amazonas, Bahia, Ceará, Espírito Santo, Goiás, Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais, Paraíba, Paraná, Pernambuco, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Norte, Rio Grande do Sul, Roraima, Santa Catarina, and São Paulo), while C. canis has been reported in only nine (Amazonas, Bahia, Maranhão, Minas Gerais, Paraná, Pernambuco, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, and São Paulo). As a consequence of the widespread distribution of Ctenocephalides spp. fleas on dogs and cats, flea-borne parasites like D. caninum and A. reconditum are widespread in Brazil as reviewed in Ref..

Even if fleas, lice and ticks may be found infesting dogs in all Brazilian regions, the distribution and prevalence at the local level may vary widely, also according to climate conditions and the degree of urbanization of each area. For instance, in a study conducted in north-eastern Brazil, the frequency of infestation by R. sanguineus s.l. tended to be higher in urban than in rural areas, whereas infestations by Amblyomma ticks and C. felis felis was more common on rural dogs. In the same study, mixed infestations were significantly more frequent on rural than on urban dogs. Nonetheless, even if R. sanguineus s.l. ticks are more prevalent in urban settings, they may infest a high proportion of rural dogs in some areas.

Serological surveys have also reported moderate to high levels of exposure to parasites such as Neospora caninum and T. gondii in dogs and cats in Brazil. For instance, in a recent study carried out in south-eastern Brazil, 386 cats were assayed by indirect immunofluorescence antibody tests (IFAT) for the presence of antibodies against T. gondii and 63 (16.3%) of them were positive. Prevalence rates of anti-N. caninum antibodies in dogs ranging from 26% to 34.5% were reported in north-eastern Brazil, with 57.6% of the seropositive dogs also being positive for anti-T. gondii antibodies. In another study conducted in south-eastern Brazil, 703 dogs from urban and rural areas were tested for N. caninum and 11.4% of them were positive. The likelihood of being positive to N. caninum was associated with dogs aged >4 years, guard dogs, hunting dogs, and with dogs from dairy farms with a history of bovine abortion. In particular, among rural dogs, an association with seroprevalence was recorded for milk farms, dogs not fed with commercial food, hunting, and guard dogs. Altogether, these studies reveal that dogs and cats from different regions both rural and urban areas are at risk of infection by parasites such as N. caninum and T. gondii. This is also true for Leishmania spp. in dogs, for which seroprevalence rates higher than 60% have been reported in some highly endemic areas.

Seasonal dynamics in the tropics

Information on the ecology of parasites of dogs and cats in Brazil is fragmentary, meagre, and, for several parasites, completely lacking. Considering the variety of biomes (Atlantic Rainforest, Amazon, Pantanal, Cerrado, Caatinga, and Pampa) and climates (from tropical north to temperate zones below the Tropic of Capricorn) registered in Brazil, the seasonal dynamics of dog and cat parasite populations would be expectedly variable from region to region. Nonetheless, the climate conditions in Brazil are so suitable that a range of arthropod vectors are found the year-round. For instance, studies carried out in an area of D. immitis endemicity in Rio de Janeiro indicated that mosquito vectors (e.g., Ochlerotatus scapularis and Ochlerotatus taeniorhynchus) are more abundant during summer months, but may also be captured in high number in winter months. These findings suggest that dogs and cats may be at risk of D. immitis infestation during the whole year, especially because the average annual temperature in most of the Brazilian territory is between 21 and 30°C, which indeed facilitates the development of infective larvae (L3) in the mosquito vector.

The presence of ectoparasites during the whole year in Brazil is apparently the rule, not the exception. Phlebotomine sand fly vectors of Leishmania parasites such as L. longipalpis (Figure 4) and L. whitmani may be found in high numbers throughout the year in different Brazilian regions, even if some species may display population peaks during the months of highest rainfall. The same applies for fleas and ticks. A recent study developed in south-eastern Brazil revealed high prevalence rates of flea (C. felis felis) and tick (A. cajennense and R. sanguineus s.l.) infestations during the dry and rainy seasons. Another study carried out in the same region indicated that R. sanguineus s.l. may infest dogs during any period of the year and completes three generations per year. Similarly, an investigation conducted in centre-western Brazil suggested that this tick may complete up to four generations per year. Again, these findings suggest that different Brazilian regions possess climate types and environmental conditions that enable the occurrence of ticks during all months of the year. For example, even if a study has identified variations in B. vogeli infection in dogs apparently associated with peaks in the tick vector population, evidence indicates that this protozoan may infect dogs at any period of the year in some regions, regardless of the season. On the other hand, myiasis by C. hominivorax in dogs and cats presents a clearly defined seasonal pattern in Brazil, peaking during the hottest months of the year.

Data concerning the seasonal dynamics of endoparasites in dogs and cats in Brazil is meagre. The incidence of hookworm-related cutaneous larva migrans is higher during the rainy season. Interestingly, a study reported a marked peak in Ancylostoma eggs shedding in dog faeces during summer and autumn, suggesting that winter conditions in São Paulo (south-eastern Brazil) have a negative effect on hookworm transmission. Another study concluded that the southern region of Brazil has favourable edaphic and climatic conditions for soil contaminants (e.g., Toxocara eggs) to persist year-round, even if the species diversity of parasites was lower in winter and the number of parasites lower in summer. This is in agreement with studies carried out in other parts of South America. For instance, a study conducted in Mar del Plata, Argentina, reported a high prevalence of intestinal parasites of dogs throughout the year, with some seasonal variations according to the genus or species of parasite. Hookworms (Ancylostoma spp.) were more prevalent in the summer-autumn period, ascarids (T. canis) in winter, whereas whipworms (T. vulpis) peaked in winter, spring and summer. Once again, these data demonstrate a high risk of parasite infestation in all seasons in this part of the Americas.

Diagnosis of parasitic diseases

The diagnosis of parasitic diseases affecting dogs and cats in Brazil is still predominately made by traditional methods. For instance, gastrointestinal parasites are usually detected by ordinary coprological techniques, such as Willis (flotation in saturated sodium chloride solution), Faust (zinc sulphate centrifugal flotation) and Hoffman-Pons-Janer (spontaneous faecal sedimentation in water) techniques. These methods may present low sensitivity in some instances and result in the underestimation of the real prevalence of some parasites, such as D. caninum, when compared with necropsy data e.g.,. A commercial assay for faecal concentration (namely, TF-test®) designed for detecting human intestinal parasites has also been used for detecting helminth eggs, protozoan cysts and oocysts in canine faeces. A comparative study revealed that the centrifugal flotation technique was more sensitive than centrifugal sedimentation and TF-test® in detecting Ancylostoma spp., T. canis, T. vulpis and Giardia in dog faeces. Another study reported that the Willis technique was more efficient in detecting eggs of A. caninum and T. canis in dog faeces. As a corollary, a more recent study showed that the Willis and the centrifugal flotation techniques performed better than the Hoffman-Pons-Janer technique for detecting Ancylostoma spp. in dog faeces. Other methods have also been proposed, but apparently with no significant difference in terms of sensitivity, as compared with traditional methods. The use of an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection E. granulosus coproantigen revealed high positivity rates (from 27.69 to 47.37%) in rural dogs from southern Brazil. In the same way, PCR-based techniques have been used to detect endoparasites (heminths and protozoa) of dogs in Brazil e.g., but currently these methods are mostly restricted to research.

Blood-dwelling protozoan parasites (e.g., B. vogeli and H. canis) are usually diagnosed by examination of stained-blood smears under a light microscope, which may lack in sensitivity, particularly if blood samples are collected outside the acute phase of the infection. Serological tests are widely used to assess exposure to pathogens, such as B. vogeli, Leishmania spp., N. caninum, and T. gondii. The use of molecular tools for diagnosing protozoan parasites (e.g., B. vogeli, H. canis, and L. infantum) is becoming more and more popular, but it is still mostly restricted to research. Indeed, current PCR protocols have shown a good level of concordance with parasitological methods. Unfortunately, the costs of molecular tools are still prohibitive for most pet owners living in endemic areas and this severely impairs the diagnosis of diseases such as visceral and cutaneous leishmaniosis in dogs. Indeed, current serological tools cannot distinguish between L. braziliensis and L. infantum. This may have direct implications for veterinary practitioners in Brazil because seropositive dogs are usually eliminated as part of the control programme against human visceral leishmaniosis, whilst it has been demonstrated that many of these dogs are infected by L. braziliensis rather than L. infantum. Indeed, the high diversity of parasites in Brazil may be a confounding factor for the diagnosis of some diseases in dogs and cats in this country. For instance, different Leishmania species have been reported in these animals in Brazil and the clinical picture is not always predictable. A recent report described a case of canine leishmaniosis by L. infantum in which the dog presented a skin ulcer that is typically found in dogs and humans infected by L. braziliensis. Again, dogs infected by L. amazonensis generally display clinical signs commonly observed in dogs with visceral leishmaniosis. On the other hand, cats infected by L. amazonensis typically display a cutaneous disease that resembles sporotrichosis. It means that the same parasite may eventually induce different clinical diseases in dogs and cats, which emphasizes the need for a proper laboratory diagnosis to confirm the parasite species involved. This is also true for eggs of ascarids (Toxocara spp.), and taenids (Taenia spp. and Echinococcus spp.) found in dog faeces, which cannot be normally differentiated by light microscopy. Hookworm eggs are not easily distinguishable by morphology, but morphometric data suggests that they can be differentiated. Nonetheless, the use of improved, specific diagnostic techniques is fundamental towards a better management of parasitic diseases of dogs and cats in Brazil.

Controlling dog and cat parasites

Veterinary practitioners working in Brazil are provided with a relatively vast repertory of tools to control parasites affecting dogs and cats. Nonetheless, the control of common parasites such as fleas and ticks may sometimes appear quite difficult, mainly when the available tools are not properly used or when veterinary practitioners do not possess basic knowledge on the bio-ecology of some of these parasites. In Brazil, there are no official guidelines for the control of ecto- and endoparasites of dogs and cats, such as those provided by European Scientific Counsel Companion Animal Parasites (ESCCAP: http://www.esccap.org/) in Europe and the Companion Animal Parasite Council (CAPC: http://www.capcvet.org/) in the United States. These guidelines are fundamental to ensure the delivery of the latest scientific information on parasite control to veterinary practitioners.

Because lice and mites live in permanent association with their hosts, they are relatively easily controlled and, once eliminated, re-infestation only occurs following contact with other infested animals. As such, the control of louse infestations in dogs and cats is mostly based on the application of insecticides on infested animals, which may be available as collars, spot-on solutions, and sprays. Mites are also permanent ectoparasites, with some of them living in the fur (L. radovskyi), others in the outer ear canal (O. cynotis), hair follicles and sebaceous glands (D. canis and D. cati), or even in galleries burrowed under the epidermis (N. cati e and S. scabiei). The treatment may be systemic (e.g., oral selamectin for S. scabiei) or topic (e.g., amitraz dip for D. canis). For instance, the treatment of infestations by the cat fur mite (L. radovskyi) in Brazil has been successfully performed with weekly baths using a soap containing tetramethylthiuram monosulfide. Similarly, a single subcutaneous injection of doramectin 1% (0.3 mg/kg) has been effective in treating dogs with sarcoptic mange and endoparasites as well. However, the treatment of demodicosis in dogs may vary depending on case severity, animal age, and the presence of underlying conditions. Indeed, most young dogs with juvenile-onset localized demodicosis will resolve spontaneously without treatment, whereas adult dogs with generalized demodicosis usually require aggressive therapy, for example, with amitraz dip every two weeks for several months. Furthermore, an underlying disease or condition (e.g., cancer, hyperadrenocorticism, use of immunosuppressive drugs) should always be investigated and treated accordingly, especially in cases of demodicosis in adult dogs. It is clear that the treatment of mange in dogs and cats depends on several factors linked to the mite species involved and to the characteristics of each individual patient. Veterinary practitioners should use the products specifically labelled for mange treatment in dogs and cats in Brazil and strictly follow the manufacturer’s recommendations.

In contrast to mites and lice, ticks and fleas are non-permanent parasites and therefore specimens found on dogs and cats may represent only a small proportion of the whole flea and tick population present in the environment where infested animals live. A vast repertory of products are available in the veterinary market in Brazil for controlling fleas and ticks on dogs and cats. Insecticides and acaricides with potent anti-feeding and fast killing effects, repellents, insect growth regulators, and juvenile hormone analogues are available as spot-on pipettes, collars, shampoos, and sprays. However, before deciding the best control strategy to be adopted, the veterinary practitioner should also investigate the presence and the abundance of fleas/ticks in the environment where the animal lives. Ticks tend to drop off during the night when the dog is sleeping. Moreover, flea eggs are not sticky, falling from the animal’s fur in the environment along with adult flea faeces. Newly hatched larvae usually avoid sunlight and actively move deep into carpet fibres or under organic debris. Vacuuming places frequented by pets (e.g., carpets, furniture cushions, rugs, or other substrata), with a vacuum cleaner as well as washing of pet bedding or bed linen frequented by pets will help in the removal of flea eggs and larvae. Furthermore, the treatment of the indoor and outdoor environment with insecticides and acaricides may be required in some situations, such as in kennels and catteries with high levels of environment flea and tick infestation. Care should be taken when applying chemical products in the environment and it is advisable that pet owners consult with a veterinarian or licensed pest control specialist.

The chemical control of other arthropods (e.g., kissing bugs, mosquitoes, and phlebotomine sand flies) in the environment is more complex and should also be performed in conjunction with public health authorities. For example, because mosquito larvae and pupae are strictly associated with water collections (e.g., containers, deactivated swimming pools, abandoned tyres), their population may be reduced and sometimes eradicated locally by destroying their breeding sites or by using biological control agents, such as the Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis and fishes such as bettas (Betta splendens) and guppies (Poecilia reticulata). The spraying of houses and animal shelters (e.g., chicken pen) with residual insecticides has long been recommended for controlling insect vectors, such as phlebotomine sand flies in Brazil. However, results indicate that an effective vector population control may be difficult to achieve and resistance to insecticides currently in use in Brazil has been documented. The use of insecticide-treated bed nets has also been proven to be effective in protecting humans against L. longipalpis bites, but this strategy is not currently used in Brazil as part of the national programme against zoonotic visceral leishmaniosis.

The control of common endoparasites of dogs (e.g., A. caninum and T. canis) and cats (e.g., A. braziliense and T. cati) usually consists of the routine administration of anthelminthics associated with vector control for those that are vector borne (e.g., D. caninum, D. immitis, and P. praeputialis); reviewed in Ref.. Indeed, the control of zoonotic tapeworms (e.g., E. granulosus) may be effectively performed by the systematic use of praziquantel. For instance, a pilot control programme was conducted in southern Brazil, in which 44 rural dogs were treated monthly with praziquantel during 8 months. At the beginning of the programme, 17 out 44 (28%) dogs were positive for E. granulosus coproantigens by ELISA and 30 days after the last treatment administration no dog was found positive. Specifically, in the case of the double-pore tapeworm D. caninum, the control of fleas and lice is also advocated.

The level of awareness and compliance of pet owners may be low in some settings, particularly in outskirts and rural areas. Even if an important part of pet owners in Brazil cannot handle the costs of year-round preventive programmes, the lack of compliance of wealthy people to cope with veterinary recommendations is usually due to their reduced risk perception. Alternative strategies have been proposed, including the use of the nematophagous fungus Pochonia chlamydosporia as a biological control agent against embryonated eggs of T. canis. Nevertheless, these alternatives are still a bit far from reality in Brazil.

Finally, the control of vector-borne parasites is usually based on the use of repellents on animals and on the control of arthropod vectors in the environment, whenever applicable; e.g., for the control of H. canis, which is associated with high levels of environmental tick infestation. However, other strategies such as dog culling have long been used in Brazil to control zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis, even if this strategy has been considered unethical and scientifically unsound. Recently, the Minister Joaquim Barbosa, President of the Supreme Federal Court of Brazil, refused the request to suspend the judgment of the Interministerial Ordinance 1.426/2008, which prohibits the treatment and recommends the euthanasia of L. infantum-infected dogs (http://www.brasileish.com.br/dados/artigos/artigos38155712122013.pdf). The Minister stated that this Ordinance violates the Federal Constitution and that the public power should find alternatives to confront this issue, in partnership with scientists and veterinarians.

Prevention is better than cure

Most dog owners seek the aid of a veterinary practitioner only when their animals display overt disease signs. This is particularly true in developing countries, where most dog owners cannot handle the costs of year-round preventive programmes. Naturally, in some rural and suburban areas the level of compliance may be even more reduced. Nonetheless, a considerable number of pet owners are increasingly aware of the risks and potential costs attached to the non-adoption of preventive measures directed at avoiding the exposure to certain pathogens, such as L. infantum. Thus, it is fundamental that veterinary practitioners recommend preventatives to pet owners towards the establishment of a long-term preventive programme against endoparasites and ectoparasites in Brazil.

The only vaccines against parasitic diseases available in Brazil are those against leishmaniosis, which are designed and approved against “canine leishmaniosis”, not against “L. infantum infection”. Indeed, none of the currently available vaccines against canine leishmaniosis will prevent dogs from becoming infected by L. infantum, but they should reduce the probability of vaccinated dogs to develop overt disease. Importantly, if a vaccinated dog is able to mount an effective immune response against L. infantum, it will probably maintain the parasitic burden at low levels, eventually representing a poor source of parasites to phlebotomine vectors. But again, it is important to emphasize that vaccines are not repellents and thus will not prevent dogs from being bitten by phlebotomine sand flies.

The use of repellents on dogs is an important strategy against ectoparasites and the pathogens they transmit. Currently, there are several products formulated as spot-on solutions, collars, and sprays with fast killing effects, but synthetic pyrethroids remain the only chemical compounds with repellent properties available in the global veterinary market. By virtue of their repellent and anti-feeding effects, synthetic pyrethroids (e.g., deltamethrin and permethrin) are highly efficacious against ectoparasites such as fleas, lice, sand flies, and ticks, but may also help to prevent the transmission of pathogens such as B. vogeli, E. canis, and L. infantum. In the same way, some products with a fast killing effect are able to interrupt the attachment and blood feeding processes at their very early stages, thus also reducing the risk of pathogen transmission.

Dogs, cats, parasites and humans: public health aspects

While some dog and cat ectoparasites are strictly associated to these animals, some of them may also infest humans. For instance, cases of human infestation by dog-associated ticks (e.g., A. aureolatum, A. ovale, and R. sanguineus s.l.) have sporadically been described in different Brazilian regions. Cases of human infestations by dog ticks (R. sanguineus s.l.) appear to be associated with high levels of environmental infestation in human dwellings and with people working in veterinary clinics or kennels. Importantly, some of these ticks may potentially transmit life-threatening pathogens to humans, including Rickettsia rickettsii. For instance, R. sanguineus s.l. ticks have been implicated in the transmission of rickettsial organisms (e.g., Rickettsia conorii, Rickettsia massiliae, and R. rickettsii) to humans in the Mexico, the United States and the Mediterranean region. Moreover, cases of human ehrlichiosis by E. canis have been described in Venezuela and there is serological evidence that humans may be in jeopardy of being infected by E. canis in Brazil as well. Importantly, E. canis is widespread and highly prevalent in Brazil, being primarily vectored by R. sanguineus s.l. ticks. Cases of human infestation by Ctenocephalides spp. fleas have also been reported in Brazil, and it is now acknowledged that those fleas may carry Rickettsia felis, an emerging human pathogen worldwide. It means that the control of some common dog and cat ectoparasites (e.g., C. felis felis and R. sanguineus s.l.) is fundamental not only for their health, but also to safeguard the health of their owners.

Ascarids (Toxocara spp.) and hookworms (Ancylostoma spp.) of dogs and cats are parasites of great veterinary and public health relevance, even if the general perception of pet owners is that intestinal parasites of dogs and cats are of minor public health significance; reviewed in Ref.. For instance, a study carried out in south-eastern Brazil revealed that most dog owners do not know the species of dog intestinal parasites, the mechanisms of transmission, the risk factors for zoonotic infections, and specific prophylactic measures. Nonetheless, a number of cases of visceral and cutaneous larva migrans in humans have been described in Brazil and serological data confirmed a high level of exposure to Toxocara spp. in humans in this country, reaching over 50% in some cities. Accordingly, high levels of environmental contamination by Toxocara and Ancylostoma eggs in public parks and squares have been reported in different Brazilian regions. Furthermore, human lagochilascariasis is an emerging zoonosis in the Americas caused by the roundworm Lagochilascaris minor and has been sporadically reported in Brazil, which holds the largest number of human cases reported in the literature. Cats have been found naturally infested by L. minor and Lagochilascaris major in Brazil. Indeed, the role of cats as reservoirs of L. minor has been speculated and the contamination by Lagochilascaris eggs in public playgrounds has been documented in southern Brazil. The soil contamination by dog and cat faeces is a common phenomenon in public gardens, sand boxes, and beaches (Figure 5) in Brazil, not only due to the large population of stray animals present in the cities, but also due to the lack of proper sanitary and health education of some pet owners.

Tapeworms are also an underestimated problem in Brazil and other South American countries. For instance, human cases of D. caninum have been described in Brazil. Indeed, the high prevalence of D. caninum in dogs in Brazil (e.g., 45.7% in north-eastern and 36.8% in south-eastern Brazil) is a consequence of the high prevalence of flea and lice infestations reported in different regions of the country and indicates a high risk of zoonotic transmission in humans, particularly children, who live in close contact with infected animals. In the same way, cystic echinococcosis caused by E. granulosus is one of the most prevalent zoonosis in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Peru, and Uruguay, being highly prevalent in southern Brazil, where up to 50% of the dogs may be infested. While other canids (Pseudalopex gymnocercus, Cerdocyon thous, and Chrysocyon brachyurus) have been found naturally infested by E. granulosus in southern Brazil, dogs are the main reservoir of the parasite. In southern Brazil, E. granulosus is maintained principally in a dog-sheep cycle, with the sheep strain (G1) as the most prevalent genotype; reviewed in Ref.. Furthermore, human cases of polycystic echinococcosis by Echinococcus vogeli have been diagnosed in northern Brazil and dogs have also been suspected to play a role in the zoonotic transmission of this parasite in the Neotropical region. Similarly, experimental evidence indicates that cats may act as definitive hosts for E. oligarthrus, another agent of polycystic echinococcosis in humans in Latin America, which is traditionally associated with wild felids. Last but not least, there is limited published information on other dog-associated taenids (e.g., T. hydatigena and T. multiceps) in Brazil, which suggests that human cysticercosis and coenuruses may be a silent, underestimated public health problem in some regions of this country.

Human pulmonary dirofilariosis is another common, yet underestimated public health issue in Brazil; reviewed in Ref.. Even if several human cases have been described in the literature, most cases are accidentally found by chance on chest radiographies and chest computerized tomography scans, which are usually requested for other reasons. Furthermore, even if most patients with pulmonary dirofilariosis present no apparent clinical signs, many of them will present cough, chest pain, haemoptysis, and dyspnoea. Most importantly, the presence of pulmonary nodules could lead to the suspicion of diseases such as tuberculosis or lung cancer and in these cases thoracotomy is usually recommended. Indeed, human pulmonary dirofilariosis is a public health issue that has been so far neglected in Brazil. In the same way, the recent report of a case of ocular dirofilariosis in northern Brazil suggests the risk of Dirofilaria infestation in certain Brazilian regions may be higher than currently appreciated.

Zoonotic protozoa are also a serious public health issue in Brazil. For instance, thousands of human cases of visceral leishmaniosis caused by L. infantum are notified each year to the Ministry of Health, but control measures mostly based on the elimination of seropositive dogs, vector control (in specific situations) and human treatment have not been enough to control the disease. Indeed, human visceral leishmaniosis is widespread in all Brazilian regions, being less common in the southern part of the country. The occurrence of asymptomatic Leishmania infections in humans has been documented in different regions of the country and even if the Ministry of Health of Brazil affords the treatment of human patients, the lethality rate may reach 18.4% or much higher in some settings. Another important zoonotic protozoan is T. gondii, an opportunistic pathogen highly prevalent in Brazil. Indeed, studies indicate that up to 50% of elementary school children and 50-80% of women of child-bearing age have anti-T. gondii antibodies; reviewed in Ref.. A recent outbreak of acute toxoplasmosis in an industrial plant in São Paulo, south-eastern Brazil, indicated that ingestion of green vegetables (not meat or water) was associated with the incidence of acute disease. Another recent study revealed a high seropositivity (80%) among HIV-positive patients from southern Brazil, some of which had a history of neurotoxoplasmosis (4.8%) and ocular toxoplasmosis (1.6%).

Chagas disease caused by T. cruzi remains an important public health issue in the Americas, affecting about 10% of the poorest people in the region. Dogs and cats are considered important reservoirs of T. cruzi in the domestic cycle of transmission. For instance, studies indicate that around 15-50% of dogs living in areas where Chagas disease is endemic are seropositive. However, the real role played by dogs and cats in the transmission cycle of T. cruzi in the current epidemiological context of Chagas disease in Brazil is arguable, because the great majority of recent human cases have been associated with oral transmission, via the ingestion of contaminated juices.

Final considerations and future research directions

Brazil holds a vast territory and one of the largest dog and cat populations on the Planet. The economic growth and the increasing level of human development recorded in Brazil are provoking profound changes in the attitude of some dog owners and veterinary practitioners towards high-standard healthcare services. Nonetheless, the macroeconomic boom masks historical inequalities in terms of access to basic sanitation, decent housing, safe drinking water, health care and education at both local and regional levels. So, in reality, many dog owners cannot afford preventive measures and will act only when a life-threatening problem is affecting their animals. Furthermore, Brazil is still home to a large population of dogs and cats living as “strays” or “community” animals, not only in rural areas, but also in suburbs and large urban centres. Public health authorities are not able to manage these animals due to the lack of adequate infrastructure and trained personnel to conduct an effective long-term population control program. As a result, pet dogs and cats are usually endangered by a wide range of parasites that may cause disease in them and eventually in their human counterpart. This invariably brings us to the One Health concept, which invites veterinary practitioners and medical physicians to unify their efforts to combat zoonotic parasites (e.g., T. canis, A. caninum, D. caninum, D. immitis, E. granulosus, and L. infantum). Indeed, the unification of “veterinary and human medicines” in One Medicine is fundamental, instrumentally to reduce health hazards to pet animals and humans.

The outstanding diversity of ectoparasites infesting dogs and cats in Brazil is certainly a consequence of a combination of factors. The variety of natural environments and climates occurring in this country is impressive and favours the establishment of different parasites in all geographical regions. In the same way, dogs and cats living in either urban or rural areas may eventually live in close contact with livestock and wildlife species (e.g., foxes, wild cats, and opossums), which ultimately may favour the exchange of ectoparasites such as fleas and ticks with these animals. For instance, R. sanguineus s.l. has been found on coati (Nasua nasua) living in a zoological park in a large urban area in north-eastern Brazil. Even if this is an accidental finding, it suggests the presence of stray dogs circulating freely within the park’s territory and living in close contact with captive wild animals. Conversely, dogs and cats intruding or living near to forested environments may be found infested by wildlife-associated ectoparasites. The exchange of ectoparasites between domestic and wild animals may also have implications from a conservational perspective, also because dogs may exchange endoparasites and viruses with wildlife species. For example, several wild canids (e.g., C. thous and P. gymnocercus) and felids (e.g., Panthera onca, Puma concolor, Puma yagouaroundi, and Leopardus pardalis) have been found harbouring parasites that may affect dogs and cats, including heminths (e.g., A. caninum, D. caninum, T. canis, and T. vulpis) and protozoa (e.g., L. infantum). Remarkably, while free-roaming wild canids infected with L. infantum are usually asymptomatic, captive ones seems to be more prone to develop clinical signs and may even die from infection.

Veterinary practitioners working in Brazil are provided with a vast repertory of products with proven efficacy against dog and cat parasites. Indeed, the registration of veterinary products in Brazil involves several phases and strict regulatory requirements. However, the success of any parasite control programme depends on the correct use of the chosen product(s) and on the adoption of the best strategy for each situation. As previously discussed, guidelines for the diagnosis, treatment and control of dog and cat parasites in Brazil are currently lacking and are urgently needed. In the meantime, veterinary practitioners working in Brazil should adhere strictly to manufacturers’ instructions while using commercially available products and follow international guidelines for the control of dog and cat parasites, eventually adapting them to regional situations. In addition, the Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply recently established the use of a passport for international transit of dogs and cats (http://www.estadao.com.br/noticias/geral,caes-e-gatos-terao-passaporte-e-identificacao-eletronica,1099476,0.htm). This passport will be used as a health certification of origin and will include information about ecto- and endoparasite control. This will help to reduce the risk of unintentional exportation of parasites from Brazil to overseas.

There are many outstanding questions regarding parasites of dogs and cats in Brazil, some of which may have already been answered at the time that this manuscript is being drafted. For instance, it is important to understand why some parasites are apparently restricted to the southern and south-eastern regions of Brazil. This is the case of R. vitalii and B. gibsoni, for example. While B. gibsoni is a relatively rare parasite in dogs in Brazil, R. vitalii is quite common in southern and south-eastern states and may cause severe disease that can be easily misdiagnosed with babesiosis or ehrlichiosis. Interestingly, the vectors of both protozoa remain unknown, but Amblyomma aureolatum is the putative vector for R. vitalii, at least. With this regard, the role of R. sanguineus s.l. in the natural cycle of H. canis in Brazil needs further investigation. Accordingly, other tick species have been implicated as putative vectors of this orally transmitted protozoan, including A. ovale and Rhipicephalus microplus. Some parasites of dogs and cats have only rarely been reported in Brazil, probably due to the limited research effort on these little studied parasites, whose veterinary and medical significance has yet to be ascertained. For instance, enigmatic parasites such as Cercopithifilaria bainae have been originally described in Brazil, but remained doubtful and neglected for long time. Recently, this nematode was redescribed and it is emerging as a common filarioid of dogs in different European countries. Altogether, these examples evidence that much has still to be discovered in Brazil regarding parasites of dogs and cats.

Further research on dog and cat parasites in Brazil may also reveal the existence of new species that have been overlooked over the years. Indeed, the use of molecular biology is revolutionizing in a positive fashion our knowledge on some “well-known” parasites, such as the brown dog tick R. sanguineus s.l.. Likewise, genetic data suggested that nematodes identified as A. vasorum in dogs from South America may represent a different species from that observed in European dogs. In this perspective, the use of molecular biology techniques should become a reality in the daily routine of veterinary practitioners working in Brazil and therefore the development of rapid, economically accessible molecular tools should be a research priority. For example, serological tests currently used by public authorities are not able to discriminate dogs infected by L. infantum from those infected by L. braziliensis or even distinguish vaccinated from naturally infected dogs. Therefore, veterinary practitioners should request additional tests (e.g., parasite isolation and characterization, PCR and DNA sequencing) to confirm whether the dog is actually infected by L. infantum in order to avoid the elimination of dogs infected by other parasites and to decide about the most appropriate therapeutic approach to be adopted. With this respect, it is also important to monitor the emergence of resistance to certain active principles (e.g., amitraz, fipronil, deltamethrin, and permethrin), as these compounds have long been used for ectoparasite control in Brazil. Likewise, there is no information regarding the efficacy level of some endoparasiticides (e.g., praziquantel, pyrantel, febantel, and ivermectin), which are widely used in different Brazilian regions. These issues should be included in the research agenda of parasitologists in Brazil in order to anticipate problems related to parasite resistance to active principles currently used for controlling ectoparasites and endoparasites of dogs and cats in this country.

Conclusions

In conclusion, the benefits of having a dog or a cat as a pet are undisputed, but the limit between benefit and prejudice is subtle. Indeed, the close contact between pets and humans may involuntarily represent a hazard for humans. Therefore, to avoid the potential risks associated to owning a pet dog or cat, it is fundamental to maintain them in good health and protected from zoonotic pathogens. Beyond the shadow of a doubt, it is our job as veterinarians to ensure that pets and their owners may live in harmony without representing a menace to each other. But from a holistic perspective, veterinary practitioners and medical physicians should work together towards improving the wellbeing and general health of both animals and humans. Paraphrasing a famous American singer, a One Health approach could help us to “heal the world” and “make it a better place” for dogs, cats, and humans.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Authors’ contributions

FD-T wrote the manuscript and DO reviewed it critically. Both authors approved the final version of the manuscript.

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    Heukelbach J Frank R de Ariza L de Sousa Lopes I de Assis E Silva A Borges AC Limongi JE de Alencar CH Klimpel S High prevalence of intestinal infections and ectoparasites in dogs, Minas Gerais State (southeast Brazil)Parasitol Res2012 11119131921

    Not in our library10.1007/s00436-012-3037-0

  37. 37.

    Mazioli R Szabó M Mafra C Amblyomma nodosum (Acari: Ixodidae) parasitizing a domestic dog in Colatina, Espírito Santo, BrazilRev Bras Parasitol Vet2012 21428432

    Not in our library10.1590/s1984-29612012005000006

  38. 38.

    Santos JL Magalhães NB Dos Santos HA Ribeiro RR Guimarães MP Parasites of domestic and wild canids in the region of Serra do Cipó National Park, BrazilRev Bras Parasitol Vet2012 21270277

    Not in our library10.1590/s1984-29612012000300016

  39. 39.

    Costa AP Silva AB Costa FB Xavier GS Martins TF Labruna MB Guerra RM A survey of ectoparasites infesting urban and rural dogs of Maranhão state, BrazilJ Med Entomol2013 50674678

    Not in our library10.1603/me12243

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    Reck J Marks FS Guimarães JA Termignoni C Martins JR Epidemiology of Ornithodoros brasiliensis (mouro tick) in the southern Brazilian highlands and the description of human and animal retrospective cases of tick parasitismTicks Tick Borne Dis2013 4101109

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ttbdis.2012.09.004

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    Souza CP Verocai GG Balbi M Scott FB Video otoscopy as a diagnostic tool for canine otoacariasisRev Bras Parasitol Vet2013 22440442

    Not in our library10.1590/s1984-29612013000300022

  42. 42.

    Mendes-de-Almeida F Faria MC Branco AS Serrão ML Souza AM Almosny N Charme M Labarthe N Sanitary conditions of a colony of urban feral cats (Felis catus Linnaeus, 1758) in a zoological garden of Rio de Janeiro, BrazilRev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo2004 46269274

    Not in our library10.1590/s0036-46652004000500007

  43. 43.

    Pereira SA Schubach TMP Figueiredo FB Paes Leme LR Santos IB Okamoto T Cuzzi T Reis RS Schubach A Demodicosis associated with sporotrichosis and pediculosis in a positive FIV/FeLV catActa Sci Vet2005 337578

    Not in our library

  44. 44.

    Mendes-de-Almeida F Labarthe N Guerrero J Faria MC Branco AS Pereira CD Barreira JD Pereira MJ Follow-up of the health conditions of an urban colony of free-roaming cats (Felis catus Linnaeus, 1758) in the city of Rio de Janeiro, BrazilVet Parasitol2007 147915

    Not in our library10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.03.035

  45. 45.

    Romeiro ET Alves LC Soares YM Matoso UN Faustino MA Infestation by Lynxacarus radovskyi (Tenorio, 1974) in domestic cats from Metropolitan Region of Recife, Pernambuco, BrazilRev Bras Parasitol Vet2007 16159162

    Not in our library10.1590/s1984-29612007000300009

  46. 46.

    Aguiar J Machado MLS Ferreira RR Hünning PS Muschner AC Ramos RZ Mixed infestation by Lynxacarus radovskyi and Felicola subrostratus in a cat in Porto Alegre, RS, BrazilActa Scie Vet2009 37301305

    Not in our library

  47. 47.

    Stalliviere FM Bellato V Souza AP Sartor AA Moura AB Rosa LD Ectoparasites and intestinal helminths in Felis catus domesticus from Lages city, SC, Brazil and social-economical and cultural aspects of owners of family petsRev Bras Parasitol Vet2009 182631

    Not in our library10.4322/rbpv.01804005

  48. 48.

    Ferreira DRA Alves LC Faustino MAG Ectoparasitic species from Felis catus domesticus (Linnaeus, 1758) in João Pessoa city, Paraíba state, BrazilBiotemas2010 234350

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    Mendes-de-Almeida F Crissiuma AL Gershony LC Willi LM Paiva JP Guerrero J Labarthe N Characterization of ectoparasites in an urban cat (Felis catus Linnaeus, 1758) population of Rio de Janeiro, BrazilParasitol Res2011 10814311435

    Not in our library10.1007/s00436-010-2189-z

  50. 50.

    Silva AS Silva MK Monteiro SG Parasitism by Amblyomma triste in domestic catRev Bras Parasitol Vet2007 16108109

    Not in our library

  51. 51.

    Linardi PM Santos JL Ctenocephalides felis felis vs. Ctenocephalides canis (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae): some issues in correctly identify these speciesRev Bras Parasitol Vet2012 21345354

    Not in our library10.1590/s1984-29612012000400002

  52. 52.
    Morphological and genetic diversity of Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato from the New and Old Worlds · 2013
    No notice
  53. 53.

    Barros-Battesti DM Arzua M Bechara GH Carrapatos de importância médico-veterinária da Região Neotropical: Um guia ilustrado para identificação de espécies. São Paulo2006 Butantan: Vox/International Consortium on Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases (ICTTD-3)

    Not in our library

  54. 54.

    Aragão HB Fonseca F Notas de ixodologia. VIII. Lista e chave para os representantes da fauna ixodológica brasileiraMem Inst Oswaldo Cruz1961 59115129

    Not in our library10.1590/s0074-02761961000200001

  55. 55.

    Labruna MB Campos Pereira M Carrapato em cães no BrasilClin Vet2001 302432

    Not in our library

  56. 56.

    Martins TF Onofrio VC Barros-Battesti DM Labruna MB Nymphs of the genus Amblyomma (Acari: Ixodidae) of Brazil: descriptions, redescriptions, and identification keyTicks Tick Borne Dis2010 17599

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ttbdis.2010.03.002

  57. 57.

    Azeredo-Espin AM Madeira NG Primary myiasis in dog caused by Phaenicia eximia (Diptera: Calliphoridae) and preliminary mitochondrial DNA analysis of the species in BrazilJ Med Entomol1996 33839843

    Not in our library10.1093/jmedent/33.5.839

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    Silva Junior VP Souza Leandro A Moya Borja GE Occurrence of berne, Dermatobia hominis (Diptera: Cuterebridae) in several host, in the Rio de JaneiroBrazil. Parasitol día1998 2297101

    Not in our library

  59. 59.

    Cramer-Ribeiro BC Sanavria A Oliveira MQ Souza FS Rocco FS Cardoso PG Inquiry of cases of myiasis by Cochliomyia hominivorax in dogs of the southern zone of Rio de Janeiro city in 2000Braz J Vet Res Anim Sci2002 39171175

    Not in our library

  60. 60.

    Cramer-Ribeiro BC Sanavria A Oliveira MQ Souza FS Rocco FS Cardoso PG Inquiry of cases of myiasis by Dermatobia hominis in dogs of the southern zone of Rio de Janeiro municipality in 2000Braz J Vet Res Anim Sci2002 39176180

    Not in our library

  61. 61.

    Cramer-Ribeiro BC Sanavria A Monteiro HHMS Oliveira MQ Souza FS Inquiry of cases of myiasis by Cochliomyia hominivorax in dogs (Canis familiaris) of the Northern and Western zones of Rio de Janeiro city in 2000Braz J Vet Res Anim Sci2003 401320

    Not in our library10.1590/s1413-95962003000100001

  62. 62.

    Cardozo SV Ramadinha RR Evaluation of myiasis treatment in dogs using nitenpyramR Bras Ci Vet2007 14139142

    Not in our library

  63. 63.

    Correia TR Scott FB Verocai GG Souza CP Fernandes JI Melo RM Vieira VP Ribeiro FA Larvicidal efficacy of nitenpyram on the treatment of myiasis caused by Cochliomyia hominivorax (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in dogsVet Parasitol2010 173169172

    Not in our library10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.06.019

  64. 64.

    Marotta CR Scherer PO Sanavria A Cutaneous and oro-nasal internal myiasis by Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel, 1858) in feline (Felis catus) - Case reportRev Bras Med Vet2011 33137141

    Not in our library

  65. 65.

    Cansi ER Demo C Occurrence of myiasis in pets from the Federal District, in BrazilActa Sci Vet2011 39982

    Not in our library

  66. 66.

    Barros ATM Koller WW Catto JB Soares CO Stomoxys calcitrans outbreaks in pastured beef cattle in the State of Mato Grosso do Sul, BrazilPesq Vet Bras2010 30945952

    Not in our library

  67. 67.

    Freitas MG Costa HMA Lista de helmintos parasitos dos animais domésticos do BrasilArq Esc Vet UFMG1959 12443510

    Not in our library

  68. 68.

    Travassos L Freitas JFT Kohn A Trematódeos do BrasilMem Inst Oswaldo Cruz1959 671886

    Not in our library

  69. 69.

    Vicente JJ Rodrigues HO Gomes DC Pinto RM Nematóides do Brasil. Parte V. Nematóides de mamíferosRev Bras Zool1997 14Supl 11452

    Not in our library

  70. 70.

    Costa JO Guimarães MP Lima WS Lima EA Endo and ectoparasites of dogs from Vitoria county - Espírito Santo – BrazilArq Bras Med Vet Zootec1990 42451452

    Not in our library

  71. 71.

    Gennari SM Kasai N Pena HFJ Cortez A Occurrence of protozoa and helminthes in faecal samples of dogs and cats from São Paulo cityBraz J Vet Res An Sci1999 368791

    Not in our library

  72. 72.

    Hoffmann AN Malgor R de la Rue ML Prevalence of Echinococcus granulosus (Batsch, 1786) in urban stray dogs from Dom Pedrito in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, BrazilCienc Rural2001 31843847

    Not in our library

  73. 73.

    Gontijo CM da Silva ES de Fuccio MB de Sousa MC Pacheco RS Dias ES Andrade Filho JD Brazil RP Melo MN Epidemiological studies of an outbreak of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Rio Jequitinhonha Valley, Minas Gerais, BrazilActa Trop2002 81143150

    Not in our library10.1016/s0001-706x(01)00205-4

  74. 74.

    Oliveira-Sequeira TC Amarante AF Ferrari TB Nunes LC Prevalence of intestinal parasites in dogs from São Paulo State, BrazilVet Parasitol2002 1031927

    Not in our library10.1016/s0304-4017(01)00575-1

  75. 75.

    Oliveira-Júnior SD Barçante JM Barçante TA Ribeiro VM Lima WS Ectopic location of adult worms and first-stage larvae of Angiostrongylus vasorum in an infected dogVet Parasitol2004 121293296

    Not in our library10.1016/j.vetpar.2004.02.018

  76. 76.

    Sreekumar C Hill DE Miska KB Rosenthal BM Vianna MC Venturini L Basso W Gennari SM Lindsay DS Dubey JP Hammondia heydorni: evidence of genetic diversity among isolates from dogsExp Parasitol2004 1076571

    Not in our library10.1016/j.exppara.2004.04.009

  77. 77.

    Blazius RD Emerick S Prophiro JS Romão PR Silva OS Occurrence of protozoa and helminthes in faecal samples of stray dogs from Itapema City, Santa CatarinaRev Soc Bras Med Trop2005 387374

    Not in our library10.1590/s0037-86822005000100018

  78. 78.

    Herrera HM Norek A Freitas TP Rademaker V Fernandes O Jansen AM Domestic and wild mammals infection by Trypanosoma evansi in a pristine area of the Brazilian Pantanal regionParasitol Res2005 96121126

    Not in our library10.1007/s00436-005-1334-6

  79. 79.

    Passos LM Geiger SM Ribeiro MF Pfister K Zahler-Rinder M First molecular detection of Babesia vogeli in dogs from BrazilVet Parasitol2005 1278185

    Not in our library10.1016/j.vetpar.2004.07.028

  80. 80.

    Rubini AS dos Santos PK Cavalcante GG Ribolla PE O'Dwyer LH Molecular identification and characterization of canine Hepatozoon species from BrazilParasitol Res2005 979193

    Not in our library10.1007/s00436-005-1383-x

  81. 81.

    Savani ES Nunes VL Galati EA Castilho TM Araujo FS Ilha IM Camargo MC D'Auria SR Floeter-Winter LM Occurrence of co-infection by Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi and Trypanosoma (Trypanozoon) evansi in a dog in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, BrazilMem Inst Oswaldo Cruz2005 100739741

    Not in our library10.1590/s0074-02762005000700011

  82. 82.

    Andrade HM Reis AB dos Santos SL Volpini AC Marques MJ Romanha AJ Use of PCR-RFLP to identify Leishmania species in naturally-infected dogsVet Parasitol2006 140231238

    Not in our library10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.03.031

  83. 83.

    Silva LM Miranda RR Santos HA Rabelo EM Differential diagnosis of dog hookworms based on PCR-RFLP from the ITS region of their rDNAVet Parasitol2006 40373377

    Not in our library10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.04.012

  84. 84.

    Labruna MB Pena HFJ Souza SLP Pinter A Silva JCR Ragozo AMA Camargo LMA Gennari SM Prevalence of endoparasites in dogs from the urban area of Monte Negro municipality, Rondônia, BrazilArq Inst Biol São Paulo2006 73183193

    Not in our library

  85. 85.

    Madeira MF Schubach A Schubach TM Pacheco RS Oliveira FS Pereira SA Figueiredo FB Baptista C Marzochi MC Mixed infection with Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis and Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi in a naturally infected dog from Rio de Janeiro, BrazilTrans R Soc Trop Med Hyg2006 100442445

    Not in our library10.1016/j.trstmh.2005.07.011

  86. 86.

    Pereira BJ Girardelli GL Trivilin LO Lima VR Nunes Lde C Martins IV The occurrence of dioctophymosis in dogs from Municipality of Cachoeiro do Itapemirim in the State of Espírito Santo, Brazil, from May to December of 2004Rev Bras Parasitol Vet2006 15123125

    Not in our library

  87. 87.

    Trapp SM Messick JB Vidotto O Jojima FS de Morais HS Babesia gibsoni genotype Asia in dogs from BrazilVet Parasitol2006 141177180

    Not in our library10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.04.036

  88. 88.

    Velasquez LG Membrive N Membrive U Rodrigues G Reis N Lonardoni MV Teodoro U Tessmann IP Silveira TG PCR in the investigation of canine American tegumentary leishmaniasis in northwestern Paraná State, BrazilCad Saude Publica2006 22571578

    Not in our library10.1590/s0102-311x2006000300012

  89. 89.

    Forlano MD Teixeira KR Scofield A Elisei C Yotoko KS Fernandes KR Linhares GF Ewing SA Massard CL Molecular characterization of Hepatozoon sp. from Brazilian dogs and its phylogenetic relationship with other Hepatozoon sppVet Parasitol2007 1452130

    Not in our library10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.10.023

  90. 90.

    Gomes AH Ferreira IM Lima ML Cunha EA Garcia AS Araújo MF Pereira-Chioccola VL PCR identification of Leishmania in diagnosis and control of canine leishmaniasisVet Parasitol2007 144234241

    Not in our library10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.10.008

  91. 91.

    Katagiri S Oliveira-Sequeira TCG Zoonoses caused by dog intestinal parasites and the problem of diagnosisArq Inst Biol2007 74175184

    Not in our library

  92. 92.

    Mundim MJ Rosa LA Hortêncio SM Faria ES Rodrigues RM Cury MC Prevalence of Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. in dogs from different living conditions in Uberlândia, BrazilVet Parasitol2007 144356359

    Not in our library10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.09.039

  93. 93.

    Nakagawa TL Bracarense AP dos Reis AC Yamamura MH Headley SA Giant kidney worm (Dioctophyma renale) infections in dogs from Northern Paraná, BrazilVet Parasitol2007 145366370

    Not in our library10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.10.027

  94. 94.

    Souza SL Gennari SM Richtzenhain LJ Pena HF Funada MR Cortez A Gregori F Soares RM Molecular identification of Giardia duodenalis isolates from humans, dogs, cats and cattle from the state of São Paulo, Brazil, by sequence analysis of fragments of glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) coding geneVet Parasitol2007 149258264

    Not in our library10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.08.019

  95. 95.

    Thomaz A Meireles MV Soares RM Pena HF Gennari SM Molecular identification of Cryptosporidium spp. from fecal samples of felines, canines and bovines in the state of São Paulo, BrazilVet Parasitol2007 150291296

    Not in our library10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.09.023

  96. 96.

    Tolezano JE Uliana SR Taniguchi HH Araújo MF Barbosa JA Barbosa JE Floeter-Winter LM Shaw JJ The first records of Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis in dogs (Canis familiaris) diagnosed clinically as having canine visceral leishmaniasis from Araçatuba County, São Paulo State, BrazilVet Parasitol2007 149280284

    Not in our library10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.07.008

  97. 97.

    Volotão AC Costa-Macedo LM Haddad FS Brandão A Peralta JM Fernandes O Genotyping of Giardia duodenalis from human and animal samples from Brazil using beta-giardin gene: a phylogenetic analysisActa Trop2007 1021019

    Not in our library10.1016/j.actatropica.2007.02.010

  98. 98.

    Campos Filho PC Barros LM Campos JO Braga VB Cazorla IM Albuquerque GR Carvalho SM Zoonotic parasites in dog feces at public squares in the municipality of Itabuna, Bahia, BrazilRev Bras Parasitol Vet2008 17206209

    Not in our library

  99. 99.

    Fernandes AB Baêta BA Filho WF Massad FV Rebouças FA De Carvalho JB Lopes CW Relationship between companion animals and intestinal parasites in children at municipality of Seropédica, RJRev Bras Parasitol Vet2008 17Suppl 1296300

    Not in our library

  100. 100.

    Katagiri S Oliveira-Sequeira TC Prevalence of dog intestinal parasites and risk perception of zoonotic infection by dog owners in São Paulo State, BrazilZoonoses Public Health2008 55406413

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1863-2378.2008.01163.x

  101. 101.

    Meireles P Montiani-Ferreira F Thomaz-Soccol V Survey of giardiosis in household and shelter dogs from metropolitan areas of Curitiba, Paraná state, Southern BrazilVet Parasitol2008 152242248

    Not in our library10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.12.025

  102. 102.

    Oliveira Lima AN da Silva SS Herrera HM Gama C Cupolillo E Jansen AM Fernandes O Trypanosoma evansi: molecular homogeneity as inferred by phenetical analysis of ribosomal internal transcribed spacers DNA of an eclectic parasiteExp Parasitol2008 118402407

    Not in our library10.1016/j.exppara.2007.10.003

  103. 103.

    Rubini AS dos Santos PK Von Ah LV O'Dwyer LH Molecular and parasitological survey of Hepatozoon canis (Apicomplexa: Hepatozoidae) in dogs from rural area of São Paulo state, BrazilParasitol Res2008 102895899

    Not in our library10.1007/s00436-007-0846-7

  104. 104.

    Shigueru FJ Garcia JL Vidotto MC Balarin MR Fabretti AK Gasparini MR Coelho AL Vidotto O Occurrence and molecular characterization of Babesia species in a canine hospital population in the Londrina Region, Paraná State, BrazilRev Bras Parasitol Vet2008 17Suppl 1277283

    Not in our library

  105. 105.

    Torrico KJ Santos KR Martins T Silva FM P e Takahira RK Lopes RS Occurrence of gastrointestinal parasites in dogs and cats in the laboratory of routine of parasitic diseases FMVZ/Unesp-Botucatu, SPRev Bras Parasitol Vet2008 17Suppl 1182183

    Not in our library

  106. 106.

    Costa-Júnior LM Ribeiro MF Rembeck K Rabelo EM Zahler-Rinder M Hirzmann J Pfister K Passos LM Canine babesiosis caused by Babesia canis vogeli in rural areas of the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil and factors associated with its seroprevalenceRes Vet Sci2009 86257260

    Not in our library10.1016/j.rvsc.2008.07.002

  107. 107.

    Furtado AP Do Carmo ES Giese EG Vallinoto AC Lanfredi RM Santos JN Detection of dog filariasis in Marajo Island, Brazil by classical and molecular methodsParasitol Res2009 10515091515

    Not in our library10.1007/s00436-009-1584-9

  108. 108.

    Madeira MF Sousa MA Barros JH Figueiredo FB Fagundes A Schubach A DE Paula CC Faissal BN Fonseca TS Thoma HK Marzochi MC Trypanosoma caninum n. sp. (Protozoa: Kinetoplastida) isolated from intact skin of a domestic dog (Canis familiaris) captured in Rio de Janeiro, BrazilParasitology2009 136411423

    Not in our library10.1017/s003118200900554x

  109. 109.

    O'Dwyer LH Lopes VV Rubini AS Paduan Kdos S Ribolla PE Babesia spp. infection in dogs from rural areas of São Paulo State, BrazilRev Bras Parasitol Vet2009 182326

    Not in our library10.4322/rbpv.01802005

  110. 110.

    Oliveira LP Cardozo GP Santos EV Mansur MA Donini IA Zissou VG Roberto PG Marins M Molecular analysis of the rRNA genes of Babesia spp and Ehrlichia canis detected in dogs from Ribeirão Preto, BrazilBraz J Microbiol2009 40238240

    Not in our library10.1590/s1517-83822009000200006

  111. 111.

    Quaresma PF Murta SM Ferreira Ede C Rocha-Lima AC Xavier AA Gontijo CM Molecular diagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis: identification of Leishmania species by PCR-RFLP and quantification of parasite DNA by real-time PCRActa Trop2009 111289294

    Not in our library10.1016/j.actatropica.2009.05.008

  112. 112.

    Spolidorio MG Labruna MB Zago AM Donatele DM Caliari KM Yoshinari NH Hepatozoon canis infecting dogs in the State of Espírito Santo, southeastern BrazilVet Parasitol2009 163357361

    Not in our library10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.05.002

  113. 113.

    Dantas-Torres F de Paiva-Cavalcanti M Figueredo LA Melo MF Silva FJ Silva AL Almeida EL Brandão-Filho SP Cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis in dogs from a rural community in northeastern BrazilVet Parasitol2010 170313317

    Not in our library10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.02.019

  114. 114.

    Gomes PV Mundim MJ Mundim AV de Ávila DF Guimarães EC Cury MC Occurrence of Hepatozoon sp. in dogs in the urban area originating from a municipality in southeastern BrazilVet Parasitol2010 174155161

    Not in our library10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.07.020

  115. 115.

    Sevá AP Funada MR Souza SO Nava A Richtzenhain LJ Soares RM Occurrence and molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. isolated from domestic animals in a rural area surrounding Atlantic dry forest fragments in Teodoro Sampaio municipality, State of São Paulo, BrazilRev Bras Parasitol Vet2010 19249253

    Not in our library10.1590/s1984-29612010000400011

  116. 116.

    Coelho WM Amarante AF Apolinário Jde C Coelho NM Bresciani KD Occurrence of Ancylostoma in dogs, cats and public places from Andradina city, São Paulo state, BrazilRev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo2011 53181184

    Not in our library10.1590/s0036-46652011000400001

  117. 117.

    Dias ES Regina-Silva S França-Silva JC Paz GF Michalsky EM Araújo SC Valadão JL de Oliveira Lara-Silva F de Oliveira FS Pacheco RS Fortes-Dias CL Eco-epidemiology of visceral leishmaniasis in the urban area of Paracatu, state of Minas Gerais, BrazilVet Parasitol2011 176101111

    Not in our library10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.11.014

  118. 118.

    Duarte SC Parente JA Pereira M Soares CM Linhares GF Phylogenetic characterization of Babesia canis vogeli in dogs in the state of Goiás, BrazilRev Bras Parasitol Vet2011 20274280

    Not in our library10.1590/s1984-29612011000400004

  119. 119.

    Soares JF Girotto A Brandão PE Da Silva AS França RT Lopes ST Labruna MB Detection and molecular characterization of a canine piroplasm from BrazilVet Parasitol2011 180203208

    Not in our library10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.03.024

  120. 120.

    Costa LM Jr Zahler-Rinder M Ribeiro MF Rembeck K Rabelo EM Pfister K Passos LM Use of a Real Time PCR for detecting subspecies of Babesia canisVet Parasitol2012 188160163

    Not in our library10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.03.015

  121. 121.

    Eloy LJ Lucheis SB Hemoculture and polymerase chain reaction using primers TCZ1/TCZ2 for the diagnosis of canine and feline trypanosomiasisISRN Vet Sci2012 2012419378

    Not in our library10.5402/2012/419378

  122. 122.

    Gonçalves AQ Ascaso C Santos I Serra PT Julião GR Orlandi PP Calodium hepaticum: household clustering transmission and the finding of a source of human spurious infection in a community of the Amazon regionPLoS Negl Trop Dis2012 6e1943

    Not in our library10.1371/journal.pntd.0001943

  123. 123.

    Langoni H Matteucci G Medici B Camossi LG Richini-Pereira VB Silva RC Detection and molecular analysis of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum from dogs with neurological disordersRev Soc Bras Med Trop2012 45365368

    Not in our library10.1590/s0037-86822012000300016

  124. 124.

    Lemos TD Cerqueira Ade M Toma HK Silva AV Corrêa RG Paludo GR Massard CL Almosny NR Detection and molecular characterization of piroplasms species from naturally infected dogs in southeast BrazilRev Bras Parasitol Vet2012 21137142

    Not in our library10.1590/s1984-29612012000200012

  125. 125.

    Martins CM Barros CC Bier D Marinho AP Figueiredo JM Hoffmann JL Molento MB Biondo AW Dog parasite incidence and risk factors, from sampling after one-year interval, in Pinhais, BrazilRev Bras Parasitol Vet2012 21101106

    Not in our library10.1590/s1984-29612012000200006

  126. 126.

    Silva FM P e Monobe MM Lopes RS Araujo JP Jr Molecular characterization of Giardia duodenalis in dogs from BrazilParasitol Res2012 110325334

    Not in our library10.1007/s00436-011-2492-3

  127. 127.

    Santana VL Souza AP Lima DASD Araújo AL Justiniano SV Dantas RP Guedes PMM Melo MA Clinical and laboratorial characterization of naturally infected Trypanosoma cruzi dogs in the northeastern semi-aridPesq Vet Bras2012 32536541

    Not in our library10.1590/s0100-736x2012000600011

  128. 128.

    Leça Júnior NF Dos Anjos Almeida V Santos Carvalho F Rego Albuquerque G Lessa Silva F First report of Trypanosoma cruzi infection in naturally infected dogs from southern Bahia, BrazilRev Bras Parasitol Vetin press

    Not in our library10.1590/s1984-29612013005000003

  129. 129.

    Morais RC Gonçalves SC Costa PL da Silva KG da Silva FJ Silva RP de Brito ME Brandão-Filho SP Dantas-Torres F de Paiva-Cavalcanti M Detection of Leishmania infantum in animals and their ectoparasites by conventional PCR and real time PCRExp Appl Acarol2013 59473481

    Not in our library10.1007/s10493-012-9611-4

  130. 130.

    Rocha FL Roque AL Arrais RC Santos JP Lima VS Xavier SC Cordeir-Estrela P D'Andrea PS Jansen AM Trypanosoma cruzi TcI and TcII transmission among wild carnivores, small mammals and dogs in a conservation unit and surrounding areas, BrazilParasitology2013 140160170

    Not in our library10.1017/s0031182012001539

  131. 131.

    Labarthe N Ferreira AM Guerrero J Newcomb K Paes-de-Almeida E Survey of Dirofilaria immitis (Leidy, 1856) in random source cats in metropolitan Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, with descriptions of lesionsVet Parasitol1997 71301306

    Not in our library10.1016/s0304-4017(97)00041-1

  132. 132.

    Serra CM Uchôa CM Coimbra RA Parasitological study with faecal samples of stray and domiciliated cats (Felis catus domesticus) from the Metropolitan Area of Rio de Janeiro, BrazilRev Soc Bras Med Trop2003 36331334

    Not in our library10.1590/s0037-86822003000300003

  133. 133.

    Labarthe N Serrão ML Ferreira AM Almeida NK Guerrero J A survey of gastrointestinal helminths in cats of the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro, BrazilVet Parasitol2004 123133139

    Not in our library10.1016/j.vetpar.2004.06.002

  134. 134.

    Coelho WM do Amarante AF de Soutello RV Meireles MV Bresciani KD Occurrence of gastrointestinal parasites in fecal samples of cats in Andradina City, São PauloRev Bras Parasitol Vet2009 184649

    Not in our library10.4322/rbpv.01802010

  135. 135.

    Verocai GG Measures LN Azevedo FD Correia TR Fernandes JI Scott FB Dioctophyme renale (Goeze, 1782) in the abdominal cavity of a domestic cat from BrazilVet Parasitol2009 161342344

    Not in our library10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.01.032

  136. 136.

    Sobrinho LS Rossi CN Vides JP Braga ET Gomes AA de Lima VM Perri SH Generoso D Langoni H Leutenegger C Biondo AW Laurenti MD Marcondes M Coinfection of Leishmania chagasi with Toxoplasma gondii, Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) and Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV) in cats from an endemic area of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasisVet Parasitol2012 187302306

    Not in our library10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.01.010

  137. 137.

    Ramos DG Scheremeta RG Oliveira AC Sinkoc AL Pacheco R de C Survey of helminth parasites of cats from the metropolitan area of Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, BrazilRev Bras Parasitol Vet2013 22201206

    Not in our library10.1590/s1984-29612013000200040

  138. 138.

    Perez RR Rubini AS O'Dwyer LH The first report of Hepatozoon spp. (Apicomplexa, Hepatozoidae) in domestic cats from São Paulo state, BrazilParasitol Res2004 948385

    Not in our library10.1007/s00436-004-1167-8

  139. 139.

    Savani ES de Oliveira Camargo MC de Carvalho MR Zampieri RA dos Santos MG D'Auria SR Shaw JJ Floeter-Winter LM The first record in the Americas of an autochthonous case of Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum chagasi in a domestic cat (Felix catus) from Cotia County, São Paulo State, BrazilVet Parasitol2004 120229233

    Not in our library10.1016/j.vetpar.2004.01.008

  140. 140.

    Schubach TM Figueiredo FB Pereira SA Madeira MF Santos IB Andrade MV Cuzzi T Marzochi MC Schubach A American cutaneous leishmaniasis in two cats from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: first report of natural infection with Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensisTrans R Soc Trop Med Hyg2004 98165167

    Not in our library10.1016/s0035-9203(03)00040-3

  141. 141.

    Souza AI Barros EM Ishikawa E Ilha IM Marin GR Nunes VL Feline leishmaniasis due to Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis in Mato Grosso do Sul State, BrazilVet Parasitol2005 1284145

    Not in our library10.1016/j.vetpar.2004.11.020

  142. 142.

    Criado-Fornelio A Ruas JL Casado N Farias NA Soares MP Müller G Brumt JG Berne ME Buling-Saraña A Barba-Carretero JC New molecular data on mammalian Hepatozoon species (Apicomplexa: Adeleorina) from Brazil and SpainJ Parasitol2006 929399

    Not in our library10.1645/ge-464r.1

  143. 143.

    Rubini AS Dos Santos Paduan K Perez RR Ribolla PE O'Dwyer LH Molecular characterization of feline Hepatozoon species from BrazilVet Parasitol2006 137168171

    Not in our library10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.12.008

  144. 144.

    Coelho WM Lima VM Amarante AF Langoni H Pereira VB Abdelnour A Bresciani KD Occurrence of Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi in a domestic cat (Felis catus) in Andradina, São Paulo, Brazil: case reportRev Bras Parasitol Vet2010 19256258

    Not in our library10.1590/s1984-29612010000400013

  145. 145.

    Coelho WM Richini-Pereira VB Langoni H Bresciani KD Molecular detection of Leishmania sp. in cats (Felis catus) from Andradina Municipality, São Paulo State, BrazilVet Parasitol2011 176281282

    Not in our library10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.10.052

  146. 146.

    de Bortoli CP André MR Braga Mdo S Machado RZ Molecular characterization of Hepatozoon sp. in cats from São Luís Island, Maranhão, Northeastern BrazilParasitol Res2011 10911891192

    Not in our library10.1007/s00436-011-2376-6

  147. 147.

    Vides JP Schwardt TF Sobrinho LS Marinho M Laurenti MD Biondo AW Leutenegger C Marcondes M Leishmania chagasi infection in cats with dermatologic lesions from an endemic area of visceral leishmaniosis in BrazilVet Parasitol2011 1782228

    Not in our library10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.12.042

  148. 148.

    Maia LM Cerqueira AM de Barros Macieira D de Souza AM Moreira NS da Silva AV Messick JB Ferreira RF Almosny NR Cytauxzoon felis and 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum' coinfection in a Brazilian domestic cat (Felis catus)Rev Bras Parasitol Vet2013 22289291

    Not in our library10.1590/s1984-29612013000200049

  149. 149.
    Prevalence and Factors Associated with Leishmania infantum Infection of Dogs from an Urban Area of Brazil as Identified by Molecular Methods · 2011
    No notice
  150. 150.

    Teles NM Agostini MA Bigeli JG Noleto RV Oliveira JD de Oliveira Junior WD Molecular and parasitological detection of Leishmania spp. in dogs caught in Palmas, TO, BrazilRev Bras Parasitol Vet2012 21278282

    Not in our library10.1590/s1984-29612012000300017

  151. 151.

    Tomaz-Soccol V Castro EA Navarro IT de Farias MR de Souza LM Carvalho Y Bispo S Membrive NA Minozzo JC Truppel J Bueno W Luz E Allochthonous cases of canine visceral leishmaniasis in Paraná, Brazil: epidemiological implicationsRev Bras Parasitol Vet2009 184651

    Not in our library10.4322/rbpv.01803008

  152. 152.

    Marcondes CB Pirmez C Silva ES Laurentino-Silva V Steindel M Santos AJ Smaniotto H Silva CF Schuck Neto VF Donetto A A survey of visceral leishmaniasis in dogs from Santa Maria and neighbouring municipalities, State of Rio Grande do SulRev Soc Bras Med Trop2003 36499501

    Not in our library10.1590/s0037-86822003000400011

  153. 153.

    Salomón OD Orellano PW Lutzomyia longipalpis in Clorinda, Formosa province, an area of potential visceral leishmaniasis transmission in ArgentinaMem Inst Oswaldo Cruz2005 100475476

    Not in our library10.1590/s0074-02762005000500005

  154. 154.

    Brazil RP Caballero NN Hamilton JG Identification of the sex pheromone of Lutzomyia longipalpis (Lutz and Neiva, 1912) (Diptera: Psychodidae) from Asunción, ParaguayParasit Vectors2009 251

    Not in our library10.1186/1756-3305-2-51

  155. 155.

    Salomón OD Basmajdian Y Fernández MS Santini MS Lutzomyia longipalpis in Uruguay: the first report and the potential of visceral leishmaniasis transmissionMem Inst Oswaldo Cruz2011 106381382

    Not in our library10.1590/s0074-02762011000300023

  156. 156.

    Oliveira AG Galati EA de Oliveira O de Oliveira GR Espindola IA Dorval ME Brazil RP Abundance of Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) and urban transmission of visceral leishmaniasis in Campo Grande, state of Mato Grosso do Sul, BrazilMem Inst Oswaldo Cruz2006 101869874

    Not in our library10.1590/s0074-02762006000800008

  157. 157.

    Souza GD Santos E Andrade Filho JD The first report of the main vector of visceral leishmaniasis in America, Lutzomyia longipalpis (Lutz & Neiva) (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae), in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, BrazilMem Inst Oswaldo Cruz2009 10411811182

    Not in our library10.1590/s0074-02762009000800017

  158. 158.

    Loretti AP Barros SS Hemorrhagic disease in dogs infected with an unclassified intraendothelial piroplasm in southern BrazilVet Parasitol2005 134193213

    Not in our library10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.07.011

  159. 159.

    Silva AS Martins DB Soares JF França RT Canine rangeliosis: the need for differential diagnosisParasitol Res2013 11213291332

    Not in our library10.1007/s00436-012-3160-y

  160. 160.
    Ecology, biology and distribution of spotted-fever tick vectors in Brazil · 2013
    No notice
  161. 161.

    Burlini L Teixeira KR Szabó MP Famadas KM Molecular dissimilarities of Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Acari: Ixodidae) in Brazil and its relation with samples throughout the world: is there a geographical pattern?Exp Appl Acarol2010 50361374

    Not in our library10.1007/s10493-009-9321-8

  162. 162.

    Moraes-Filho J Marcili A Nieri-Bastos FA Richtzenhain LJ Labruna MB Genetic analysis of ticks belonging to the Rhipicephalus sanguineus group in Latin AmericaActa Trop2011 1175155

    Not in our library10.1016/j.actatropica.2010.09.006

  163. 163.

    Alves LC de Almeida Silva LV Faustino MA McCall JW Supakonderj P Labarthe NW Sanchez M Caires O Survey of canine heartworm in the city of Recife, Pernambuco, BrazilMem Inst Oswaldo Cruz1999 94587590

    Not in our library10.1590/s0074-02761999000500004

  164. 164.

    Brito AC Vila-Nova MC Martins Rocha DA Gomes Costa L de Almeida WA P da Silva Viana L Ramalho Lopes R Jr Fontes G da Rocha EM Regis L Prevalence of canine filariasis by Dirofilaria immitis and Dipetalonema reconditum in Maceió, Alagoas State, BrazilCad Saude Publica2001 171497504

    Not in our library10.1590/s0102-311x2001000600034

  165. 165.

    Linardi PM Endoparasitos de Ctenocephalides felis felis (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae) em Belo Horizonte, MGBiogeosciences2002 6465

    Not in our library

  166. 166.

    Reifur L Thomaz-Soccol V Montiani-Ferreira F Epidemiological aspects of filariosis in dogs on the coast of Paraná state, Brazil: with emphasis on Dirofilaria immitisVet Parasitol2004 122273286

    Not in our library10.1016/j.vetpar.2004.05.017

  167. 167.

    Avelar DM Bussolotti AS do Carmo A A Ramos M M Linardi PM Endosymbionts of Ctenocephalides felis felis (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae) obtained from dogs captured in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, BrazilJ Invertebr Pathol2007 94149152

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jip.2006.10.001

  168. 168.

    Dantas-Torres F de Brito ME Brandão-Filho SP Seroepidemiological survey on canine leishmaniasis among dogs from an urban area of BrazilVet Parasitol2006 1405460

    Not in our library10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.03.008

  169. 169.

    Figueredo LA Dantas-Torres F de Faria EB Gondim LF Simões-Mattos L Brandão-Filho SP Mota RA Occurrence of antibodies to Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii in dogs from Pernambuco, Northeast BrazilVet Parasitol2008 157913

    Not in our library10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.07.009

  170. 170.

    Santos JM Dantas-Torres F Mattos MR Lino FR Andrade LS Souza RC Brito FL Brito ME Brandão-Filho SP Simões-Mattos L Prevalence of anti-Leishmania spp antibodies in dogs from Garanhuns, in the middle scrub zone (Agreste) of PernambucoRev Soc Bras Med Trop2010 434145

    Not in our library10.1590/s0037-86822010000100010

  171. 171.

    Coelho WM do Amarante AF Apolinário JC Coelho NM de Lima VM de Perri SH de Bresciani KD Seroepidemiology of Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum, and Leishmania spp. infections and risk factors for cats from BrazilParasitol Res2011 10910091013

    Not in our library10.1007/s00436-011-2461-x

  172. 172.

    Cardia DF Camossi LG Neto LD Langoni H Bresciani KD Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and Leishmania spp. infection in cats from BrazilVet Parasitol2013 197634637

    Not in our library10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.07.017

  173. 173.

    Nogueira CI Mesquita LP Abreu CC Nakagaki KY Seixas JN Bezerra PS Rocha CM Guimaraes AM Peconick AP Varaschin MS Risk factors associated with seroprevalence of Neospora caninum in dogs from urban and rural areas of milk and coffee production in Minas Gerais state, BrazilEpidemiol Infect2013 14122862293

    Not in our library10.1017/s0950268813000162

  174. 174.

    Labarthe N Serrão ML Melo YF de Oliveira SJ Lourenço-de-Oliveira R Mosquito frequency and feeding habits in an enzootic canine dirofilariasis area in Niterói, state of Rio de Janeiro, BrazilMem Inst Oswaldo Cruz1998 93145154

    Not in our library10.1590/s0074-02761998000200002

  175. 175.

    Resende MC Camargo MC Vieira JR Nobi RC Porto MN Oliveira CD Pessanha JE Cunha Mda C Brandão ST Seasonal variation of Lutzomyia longipalpis in Belo Horizonte, State of Minas GeraisRev Soc Bras Med Trop2006 395155

    Not in our library10.1590/s0037-86822006000100010

  176. 176.

    Ximenes MF Castellón EG De Souza MF Menezes AA Queiroz JW Macedo e Silva VP Jerônimo SM Effect of abiotic factors on seasonal population dynamics of Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae) in northeastern BrazilJ Med Entomol2006 43990995

    Not in our library10.1603/0022-2585(2006)43[990:eoafos]2.0.co;2

  177. 177.

    Oliveira AG Galati EA Fernandes CE Dorval ME Brazil RP Seasonal variation of Lutzomyia longipalpis (Lutz & Neiva, 1912) (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) in endemic area of visceral leishmaniasis, Campo Grande, state of Mato Grosso do Sul, BrazilActa Trop2008 1055561

    Not in our library10.1016/j.actatropica.2007.09.008

  178. 178.

    Amóra SS Bevilaqua CM Dias EC Feijó FM Oliveira PG Peixoto GC Alves ND Oliveira LM Macedo IT Monitoring of Lutzomyia longipalpis Lutz & Neiva, 1912 in an area of intense transmission of visceral leishmaniasis in Rio Grande do Norte, Northeast BrazilRev Bras Parasitol Vet2010 193943

    Not in our library10.1590/s1984-29612010000100008

  179. 179.

    Saraiva L Andrade Filho JD Falcão AL de Carvalho DA de Souza CM Freitas CR Gomes Lopes CR Moreno EC Melo MN Phlebotominae fauna (Diptera: Psychodidae) in an urban district of Belo Horizonte, Brazil, endemic for visceral leishmaniasis: characterization of favored locations as determined by spatial analysisActa Trop2011 117137145

    Not in our library10.1016/j.actatropica.2010.11.007

  180. 180.

    Costa PL Dantas-Torres F da Silva FJ Guimarães VC Gaudêncio K Brandão-Filho SP Ecology of Lutzomyia longipalpis in an area of visceral leishmaniasis transmission in north-eastern BrazilActa Trop2013 12699102

    Not in our library10.1016/j.actatropica.2013.01.011

  181. 181.

    Reinhold-Castro KR Fenelon VC Rossi RM Brito JE Freitas JS Teodoro U Impact of control measures and dynamics of sand flies in southern BrazilJ Vector Ecol2013 386368

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1948-7134.2013.12009.x

  182. 182.

    Silveira JA Passos LM Ribeiro MF Population dynamics of Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latrielle, 1806) in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais state, BrazilVet Parasitol2009 161270275

    Not in our library10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.01.028

  183. 183.

    Louly CCB Fonseca IN Oliveira VF Linhares GFC Menezes LB Borges LMF Seasonal dynamics of Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Acari: Ixodidae) in dogs from a police unit in Goiania, Goias, BrazilCienc Rural2007 37464469

    Not in our library10.1590/s0103-84782007000200026

  184. 184.

    Maia MG Costa RT Haddad JP Passos LM Ribeiro MF Epidemiological aspects of canine babesiosis in the semiarid area of the state of Minas Gerais, BrazilPrev Vet Med2007 79155162

    Not in our library10.1016/j.prevetmed.2006.11.013

  185. 185.

    Heukelbach J Jackson A Ariza L Feldmeier H Prevalence and risk factors of hookworm-related cutaneous larva migrans in a rural community in BrazilAnn Trop Med Parasitol2008 1025361

    Not in our library10.1179/136485908x252205

  186. 186.

    Tiyo R Guedes TA Falavigna DL Falavigna-Guilherme AL Seasonal contamination of public squares and lawns by parasites with zoonotic potential in southern BrazilJ Helminthol2008 8216

    Not in our library10.1017/s0022149x07870829

  187. 187.

    Andresiuk V Sardella N Denegri G Seasonal fluctuations in prevalence of dog intestinal parasites in public squares of Mar del Plata city, Argentina and its risk for humansRev Argent Microbiol2007 39221224

    Not in our library

  188. 188.

    Táparo CV Perri SHV Serrano ACM Ishizaki MN Costa TP Amarante AFT Bresciani KDS Comparison between coproparasitological techniques for the diagnosis of helminth eggs or protozoa oocysts in dogsRev Bras Parasitol Vet2006 1515

    Not in our library

  189. 189.

    Mandarino-Pereira A de Souza FS Lopes CW Pereira MJ Prevalence of parasites in soil and dog feces according to diagnostic testsVet Parasitol2010 170176181

    Not in our library10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.02.007

  190. 190.

    Katagiri S Oliveira-Sequeira TC Comparison of three concentration methods for the recovery of canine intestinal parasites from stool samplesExp Parasitol2010 126214216

    Not in our library10.1016/j.exppara.2010.04.027

  191. 191.

    Gomes JF Hoshino-Shimizu S Dias LC Araujo AJ Castilho VL Neves FA Evaluation of a novel kit (TF-Test) for the diagnosis of intestinal parasitic infectionsJ Clin Lab Anal2004 18132138

    Not in our library10.1002/jcla.20011

  192. 192.

    Farias LN Malgor R Cassaravilla C Bragança C de la Rue ML Echinococcosis in southern Brazil: efforts toward implementation of a control program in Santana do Livramento, Rio Grande do SulRev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo2004 46153156

    Not in our library10.1590/s0036-46652004000300006

  193. 193.

    Monteiro RM Pena HF Gennari SM de Souza SO Richtzenhain LJ Soares RM Differential diagnosis of oocysts of Hammondia-like organisms of dogs and cats by PCR-RFLP analysis of 70-kilodalton heat shock protein (HSP70) geneParasitol Res2008 103235238

    Not in our library10.1007/s00436-008-0957-9

  194. 194.

    Soares RM Lopes EG Keid LB Sercundes MK Martins J Richtzenhain LJ Identification of Hammondia heydorni oocysts by a heminested-PCR (hnPCR-AP10) based on the H. heydorni RAPD fragment AP10Vet Parasitol2011 175168172

    Not in our library10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.09.022

  195. 195.

    Dantas-Torres F Figueredo LA Canine babesiosis: a Brazilian perspectiveVet Parasitol2006 141197203

    Not in our library10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.07.030

  196. 196.

    Trapp SM Dagnone AS Vidotto O Freire RL Amude AM de Morais HS Seroepidemiology of canine babesiosis and ehrlichiosis in a hospital populationVet Parasitol2006 140223230

    Not in our library10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.03.030

  197. 197.

    Guimarães AM Rocha CM Oliveira TM Rosado IR Morais LG Santos RR Factors associated the seropositivity for Babesia, Toxoplasma, Neospora e Leishmania in dogs attended at nine veterinary clinics in the municipality of LavrasMG. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet2009 18Suppl 14953

    Not in our library10.4322/rbpv.018e1009

  198. 198.

    Furuta PI Oliveira TM Theixeira MC Rocha AG Machado RZ Tinucci-Costa MG Comparison between a soluble antigen-based ELISA and IFAT in detecting antibodies against Babesia canis in dogsRev Bras Parasitol Vet2009 184145

    Not in our library10.4322/rbpv.01803007

  199. 199.

    Ramos R Ramos C Araújo F Oliveira R Souza I Pimentel D Galindo M Santana M Rosas E Faustino M Alves L Molecular survey and genetic characterization of tick-borne pathogens in dogs in metropolitan Recife (north-eastern Brazil)Parasitol Res2010 10711151120

    Not in our library10.1007/s00436-010-1979-7

  200. 200.

    Almeida AB Sousa VR Gasparetto ND da Silva GF Figueiredo FB Dutra V Nakazato L Madeira MF Canine visceral leishmaniasis: diagnostic approaches based on polymerase chain reaction employing different biological samplesDiagn Microbiol Infect Dis2013 76321324

    Not in our library10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2013.03.017

  201. 201.

    Ferreira SA Almeida GG Silva SO Vogas GP Fujiwara RT de Andrade AS Melo MN Nasal, oral and ear swabs for canine visceral leishmaniasis diagnosis: new practical approaches for detection of Leishmania infantum DNAPLoS Negl Trop Dis2013 7e2150

    Not in our library10.1371/journal.pntd.0002150

  202. 202.

    Paiva Cavalcanti M Dantas-Torres F da Cunha G de Albuquerque S Silva de Morais RC de Brito ME Otranto D Brandão-Filho SP Quantitative real time PCR assays for the detection of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis in animals and humansMol Cell Probes2013 27122128

    Not in our library10.1016/j.mcp.2013.01.003

  203. 203.

    Reis LE Coura-Vital W Roatt BM Bouillet LE Ker HG de Brito RC F Resende DD Carneiro M Giunchetti RC Marques MJ Carneiro CM Reis AB Molecular diagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis: a comparative study of three methods using skin and spleen from dogs with natural Leishmania infantum infectionVet Parasitol2013 197498503

    Not in our library10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.07.006

  204. 204.

    Silva MA Pedrosa Soares CR Medeiros RA Medeiros Z de Melo FL Optimization of single-tube nested PCR for the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasisExp Parasitol2013 134206210

    Not in our library10.1016/j.exppara.2013.03.003

  205. 205.

    Madeira MF de O Schubach A Schubach TM Pereira SA Figueiredo FB Baptista C Leal CA Melo CX Confort EM Marzochi MC Post mortem parasitological evaluation of dogs seroreactive for Leishmania from Rio de Janeiro, BrazilVet Parasitol2006 138366370

    Not in our library10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.01.059

  206. 206.

    Silva DA Madeira MF Teixeira AC de Souza CM Figueiredo FB Laboratory tests performed on Leishmania seroreactive dogs euthanized by the leishmaniasis control programVet Parasitol2011 179257261

    Not in our library10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.01.048

  207. 207.

    Cavalcanti A Lobo R Cupolillo E Bustamante F Porrozzi R Canine cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by neotropical Leishmania infantum despite of systemic disease: a case reportParasitol Int2012 61738740

    Not in our library10.1016/j.parint.2012.05.002

  208. 208.

    Souza AI Nunes VLB Borralho VM Ishikawa EAY Domestic feline cutaneous leishmaniasis in the municipality of Ribas do Rio Pardo, Mato Grosso do Sul state, Brazil: a case reportJ Venom Anim Toxins incl Trop Dis2009 15359365

    Not in our library

  209. 209.

    Demeler J Ramünke S Wolken S Ianiello D Rinaldi L Gahutu JB Cringoli G von Samson-Himmelstjerna G Krücken J Discrimination of gastrointestinal nematode eggs from crude fecal egg preparations by inhibitor-resistant conventional and real-time PCRPLoS One2013 8e61285

    Not in our library10.1371/journal.pone.0061285

  210. 210.

    Deplazes P van Knapen F Schweiger A Overgaauw PA Role of pet dogs and cats in the transmission of helminthic zoonoses in Europe, with a focus on echinococcosis and toxocarosisVet Parasitol2011 1824153

    Not in our library10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.07.014

  211. 211.

    Lucio-Forster A Liotta JL Yaros JP Briggs KR Mohammed HO Bowman DD Morphological differentiation of eggs of Ancylostoma caninum, Ancylostoma tubaeforme, and Ancylostoma braziliense from dogs and cats in the United StatesJ Parasitol2012 9810411044

    Not in our library10.1645/ge-2928.1

  212. 212.

    Taylor MA Recent developments in ectoparasiticidesVet J2001 161253268

    Not in our library10.1053/tvjl.2000.0549

  213. 213.

    Wall R Ectoparasites: future challenges in a changing worldVet Parasitol2007 1486274

    Not in our library10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.05.011

  214. 214.

    Pollmeier M Pengo G Jeannin P Soll M Evaluation of the efficacy of fipronil formulations in the treatment and control of biting lice, Trichodectes canis (De Geer, 1778) on dogsVet Parasitol2002 107127136

    Not in our library10.1016/s0304-4017(02)00090-0

  215. 215.

    Stanneck D Kruedewagen EM Fourie JJ Horak IG Davis W Krieger KJ Efficacy of an imidacloprid/flumethrin collar against fleas, ticks, mites and lice on dogsParasit Vectors2012 5102

    Not in our library10.1186/1756-3305-5-102

  216. 216.

    Kužner J Turk S Grace S Soni-Gupta J Fourie JJ Marchiondo AA Rugg D Confirmation of the efficacy of a novel fipronil spot-on for the treatment and control of fleas, ticks and chewing lice on dogsVet Parasitol2013 193245251

    Not in our library10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.11.006

  217. 217.

    Serra-Freire NM Benigno RNM Oliveira SA Lopes LMS Galvão G Lynxacarus radovskyi - diagnostic and treatment in cats from the Metropolitan region of Belem City, Para StateRev Universidade Rural, Série Ciências da Vida2002 225760

    Not in our library

  218. 218.

    Franco MB Hamann W Doramectin in the treatment of dogs with sarcoptic mange and gastrintestinal nematodesArch Vet Sci2004 92329

    Not in our library

  219. 219.

    Silva RPB Belettini ST Stel RF Martins LA Pachaly JR Canine dermodicosis and new treatment perspectives: reviewArq Cienc Vet Zool Unipar2008 11139151

    Not in our library

  220. 220.

    Otranto D Wall R New strategies for the control of arthropod vectors of disease in dogs and catsMed Vet Entomol2008 22291302

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1365-2915.2008.00741.x

  221. 221.

    Paz GF Labruna MB Leite RC Drop off rhythm of Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Acari: Ixodidae) of artificially infested dogsRev Bras Parasitol Vet2008 17139144

    Not in our library10.1590/s1984-29612008000300004

  222. 222.

    Blagburn BL Dryden MW Biology, treatment, and control of flea and tick infestationsVet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract2009 3911731200

    Not in our library10.1016/j.cvsm.2009.07.001

  223. 223.

    Oliveira Lima JW de Góes Cavalcanti LP Pontes RJ Heukelbach J Survival of Betta splendens fish (Regan, 1910) in domestic water containers and its effectiveness in controlling Aedes aegypti larvae (Linnaeus, 1762) in Northeast BrazilTrop Med Int Health2010 1515251532

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1365-3156.2010.02658.x

  224. 224.

    Barbosa RM Regis LN Monitoring temporal fluctuations of Culex quinquefasciatus using oviposition traps containing attractant and larvicide in an urban environment in Recife, BrazilMem Inst Oswaldo Cruz2011 106451415

    Not in our library10.1590/s0074-02762011000400011

  225. 225.

    da Saúde M Manual de vigilância e controle da leishmaniose visceral2006 Brasília: Ministério da Saúde

    Not in our library

  226. 226.

    da Saúde M Manual de Vigilância da leishmaniose tegumentar americana2007 2aBrasília: Ministério da Saúde

    Not in our library

  227. 227.

    Alexander B Barros VC de Souza SF Barros SS Teodoro LP Soares ZR Gontijo NF Reithinger R Susceptibility to chemical insecticides of two Brazilian populations of the visceral leishmaniasis vector Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae)Trop Med Int Health2009 1412721277

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1365-3156.2009.02371.x

  228. 228.

    Belinato TA Martins AJ Valle D Fitness evaluation of two Brazilian Aedes aegypti field populations with distinct levels of resistance to the organophosphate temephosMem Inst Oswaldo Cruz2012 107916922

    Not in our library10.1590/s0074-02762012000700013

  229. 229.

    Courtenay O Gillingwater K Gomes PA Garcez LM Davies CR Deltamethrin-impregnated bednets reduce human landing rates of sandfly vector Lutzomyia longipalpis in Amazon householdsMed Vet Entomol2007 21168176

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1365-2915.2007.00678.x

  230. 230.

    Araujo JM Araújo JV Braga FR Araújo DM Ferreira SR Soares FE Benjamin LA Survival of Pochonia chlamydosporia in the gastrointestinal tract of experimentally treated dogsRes Vet Sci2012 93803806

    Not in our library10.1016/j.rvsc.2011.10.019

  231. 231.

    Otranto D Dantas-Torres F The prevention of canine leishmaniasis and its impact on public healthTrends Parasitol2013 29339345

    Not in our library10.1016/j.pt.2013.05.003

  232. 232.

    Dantas-Torres F Latrofa MS Weigl S Tarallo VD Lia RP Otranto D Hepatozoon canis infection in ticks during spring and summer in ItalyParasitol Res2012 110695698

    Not in our library10.1007/s00436-011-2544-8

  233. 233.

    Giannelli A Ramos RA Di Paola G Mencke N Dantas-Torres F Baneth G Otranto D Transstadial transmission of Hepatozoon canis from larvae to nymphs of Rhipicephalus sanguineusVet Parasitol2013 19615

    Not in our library10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.02.017

  234. 234.

    Dantas-Torres F Canine leishmaniosis in South AmericaParasit Vectors2009 2Suppl 1S1

    Not in our library10.1186/1756-3305-2-s1-s1

  235. 235.

    Bongiorno G Paparcone R Manzillo VF Oliva G Cuisinier AM Gradoni L Vaccination with LiESP/QA-21 (CaniLeish®) reduces the intensity of infection in Phlebotomus perniciosus fed on Leishmania infantum infected dogs-A preliminary xenodiagnosis studyVet Parasitol2013 197691695

    Not in our library10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.05.008

  236. 236.

    Otranto D de Caprariis D Lia RP Tarallo V Lorusso V Testini G Dantas-Torres F Latrofa S Diniz PP Mencke N Maggi RG Breitschwerdt E Capelli G Stanneck D Prevention of endemic canine vector-borne diseases using imidacloprid 10% and permethrin 50% in young dogs: a longitudinal field studyVet Parasitol2010 172323332

    Not in our library10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.05.017

  237. 237.

    Dantas-Torres F Capelli G Giannelli A Ramos RA Lia RP Cantacessi C de Caprariis D De Tommasi AS Latrofa MS Lacasella V Tarallo VD Di Paola G Qurollo B Breitschwerdt E Stanneck D Otranto D Efficacy of an imidacloprid/flumethrin collar against fleas, ticks and tick-borne pathogens in dogsParasit Vectors2013 6245

    Not in our library10.1186/1756-3305-6-245

  238. 238.

    Otranto D Dantas-Torres F de Caprariis D Di Paola G Tarallo VD Latrofa MS Lia RP Annoscia G Breitshwerdt EB Cantacessi C Capelli G Stanneck D Prevention of canine leishmaniosis in a hyper-endemic area using a combination of 10% imidacloprid/4.5% flumethrinPLoS One2013 8e56374

    Not in our library10.1371/journal.pone.0056374

  239. 239.

    Beugnet F Franc M Insecticide and acaricide molecules and/or combinations to prevent pet infestation by ectoparasitesTrends Parasitol2012 28267279

    Not in our library10.1016/j.pt.2012.04.004

  240. 240.

    Beugnet F Delport P Luus H Crafford D Fourie J Preventive efficacy of Frontline(®) Combo and Certifect(®) against Dipylidium caninum infestation of cats and dogs using a natural flea (Ctenocephalides felis) infestation modelParasite2013 207

    Not in our library10.1051/parasite/2013006

  241. 241.

    Fourie JJ Ollagnier C Beugnet F Luus HG Jongejan F Prevention of transmission of Ehrlichia canis by Rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks to dogs treated with a combination of fipronil, amitraz and (S)-methoprene (CERTIFECT®)Vet Parasitol2013 193223228

    Not in our library10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.12.009

  242. 242.

    Dantas-Torres F Figueredo LA Brandão-Filho SP Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Acari: Ixodidae), the brown dog tick, parasitizing humans in BrazilRev Soc Bras Med Trop2006 396467

    Not in our library10.1590/s0037-86822006000100012

  243. 243.

    Guglielmone AA Beati L Barros-Battesti DM Labruna MB Nava S Venzal JM Mangold AJ Szabó MP Martins JR González-Acuña D Estrada-Peña A Ticks (Ixodidae) on humans in South AmericaExp Appl Acarol2006 4083100

    Not in our library10.1007/s10493-006-9027-0

  244. 244.

    Louly CCB Fonseca IN Oliveira VF Borges LMF Occurrence of Rhipicephalus sanguineus in workers of veterinary clinics and kennels from Goiânia county, Goiás, BrazilCienc Anim Bras2006 7103106

    Not in our library

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    Szabó MP Labruna MB Castagnolli KC Garcia MV Pinter A Veronez VA Magalhães GM Castro MB Vogliotti A Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) parasitizing humans in an Atlantic rainforest reserve of Southeastern Brazil with notes on host suitabilityExp Appl Acarol2006 39339346

    Not in our library10.1007/s10493-006-9013-6

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    Serra-Freire NM Occurrence of ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) on human hosts, in three municipalities in the State of Pará, BrazilRev Bras Parasitol Vet2010 19141147

    Not in our library10.1590/s1984-29612010000300003

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    Borsoi ABP Serra-Freire NM Parasitic relations between human beings and ticks in the Volta Redonda city, state of Rio de Janeiro, BrazilRev UNIABEU2012 5306317

    Not in our library

  248. 248.

    Dantas-Torres F Rocky Mountain spotted feverLancet Infect Dis2007 7724732

    Not in our library10.1016/s1473-3099(07)70261-x

  249. 249.

    Perez M Bodor M Zhang C Xiong Q Rikihisa Y Human infection with Ehrlichia canis accompanied by clinical signs in VenezuelaAnn N Y Acad Sci2006 1078110117

    Not in our library10.1196/annals.1374.016

  250. 250.

    Vieira RF Vieira TS Nascimento DA Martins TF Krawczak FS Labruna MB Chandrashekar R Marcondes M Biondo AW Vidotto O Serological survey of Ehrlichia species in dogs, horses and humans: zoonotic scenery in a rural settlement from southern BrazilRev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo2013 55335340

    Not in our library10.1590/s0036-46652013000500007

  251. 251.

    Saito TB Cunha-Filho NA Pacheco RC Ferreira F Pappen FG Farias NA Larsson CE Labruna MB Canine infection by rickettsiae and ehrlichiae in southern BrazilAm J Trop Med Hyg2008 79102108

    Not in our library

  252. 252.

    Santos F Coppede JS Pereira AL Oliveira LP Roberto PG Benedetti RB Zucoloto LB Lucas F Sobreira L Marins M Molecular evaluation of the incidence of Ehrlichia canis, Anaplasma platys and Babesia spp. in dogs from Ribeirão Preto, BrazilVet J2009 179145148

    Not in our library10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.08.017

  253. 253.

    Silva JN Almeida AB Boa Sorte Eda C Freitas AG Santos LG Aguiar DM Sousa VR Seroprevalence anti-Ehrlichia canis antibodies in dogs of Cuiabá, Mato GrossoRev Bras Parasitol Vet2010 19108111

    Not in our library10.4322/rbpv.01902008

  254. 254.

    Souza BM Leal DC Barboza DC Uzêda RS De Alcântara AC Ferreira F Labruna MB Prevalence of ehrlichial infection among dogs and ticks in Northeastern BrazilRev Bras Parasitol Vet2010 198993

    Not in our library10.4322/rbpv.01902004

  255. 255.

    Aguiar DM Cavalcante GT Pinter A Gennari SM Camargo LM Labruna MB Prevalence of Ehrlichia canis (Rickettsiales: Anaplasmataceae) in dogs and Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Acari: Ixodidae) ticks from BrazilJ Med Entomol2007 44126132

    Not in our library10.1603/0022-2585(2007)44[126:poecra]2.0.co;2

  256. 256.

    Dantas-Torres F The brown dog tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille, 1806) (Acari: Ixodidae): from taxonomy to controlVet Parasitol2008 152173185

    Not in our library10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.12.030

  257. 257.

    Limongi JE Silva JJ Paula MBC Mendes J Epidemiologic aspects of flea infestations in the urban area of Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, 2007–2010Epidemiol Serv Saude2013 22285294

    Not in our library10.5123/s1679-49742013000200010

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    Oliveira RP Galvão MA Mafra CL Chamone CB Calic SB Silva SU Walker DH Rickettsia felis in Ctenocephalides spp. fleas, BrazilEmerg Infect Dis2002 8317319

    Not in our library10.3201/eid0803.010301

  259. 259.

    Parola P Rickettsia felis: from a rare disease in the USA to a common cause of fever in sub-Saharan AfricaClin Microbiol Infect2011 179961000

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03516.x

  260. 260.
    Pet roundworms and hookworms: A continuing need for global worming · 2012
    No notice
  261. 261.

    Vidal JE Sztajnbok J Seguro AC Eosinophilic meningoencephalitis due to Toxocara canis: case report and review of the literatureAm J Trop Med Hyg2003 69341343

    Not in our library

  262. 262.

    Moreira-Silva SF Rodrigues MG Pimenta JL Gomes CP Freire LH Pereira FE Toxocariasis of the central nervous system: with report of two casesRev Soc Bras Med Trop2004 37169174

    Not in our library10.1590/s0037-86822004000200011

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    Musso C Castelo JS Tsanaclis AM Pereira FE Prevalence of Toxocara-induced liver granulomas, detected by immunohistochemistry, in a series of autopsies at a Children's Reference Hospital in Vitoria, ES, BrazilVirchows Arch2007 450411417

    Not in our library10.1007/s00428-007-0388-5

  264. 264.

    Schuster A Lesshafft H Reichert F Talhari S de Oliveira SG Ignatius R Feldmeier H Hookworm-related cutaneous larva migrans in northern Brazil: resolution of clinical pathology after a single dose of ivermectinClin Infect Dis2013 5711551157

    Not in our library10.1093/cid/cit440

  265. 265.

    Fragoso RP Monteiro MB Lemos EM Pereira FE Anti-Toxocara antibodies detected in children attending elementary school in Vitoria, State of Espírito Santo, Brazil: prevalence and associated factorsRev Soc Bras Med Trop2011 44461466

    Not in our library10.1590/s0037-86822011000400012

  266. 266.

    Souza RF Dattoli VC Mendonça LR Jesus JR Baqueiro T Santana Cde C Santos NM Barrouin-Melo SM Alcantara-Neves NM Prevalence and risk factors of human infection by Toxocara canis in Salvador, State of Bahia, BrazilRev Soc Bras Med Trop2011 44516519

    Not in our library10.1590/s0037-86822011000400024

  267. 267.

    Mattia S Colli CM Adami CM Guilherme GF Nishi L Rubinsky-Elefant G Marchioro AA Gomes ML Falavigna-Guilherme AL Seroprevalence of Toxocara infection in children and environmental contamination of urban areas in Paraná State, BrazilJ Helminthol2012 86440445

    Not in our library10.1017/s0022149x11000666

  268. 268.

    Mendonça LR Veiga RV Dattoli VC Figueiredo CA Fiaccone R Santos J Cruz ÁA Rodrigues LC Cooper PJ Pontes-de-Carvalho LC Barreto ML Alcantara-Neves NM Toxocara seropositivity, atopy and wheezing in children living in poor neighbourhoods in urban Latin AmericanPLoS Negl Trop Dis2012 6e1886

    Not in our library10.1371/journal.pntd.0001886

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    Schoenardie ER Scaini CJ Brod CS Pepe MS Villela MM McBride AJ Borsuk S Berne ME Seroprevalence of Toxocara infection in children from southern BrazilJ Parasitol2013 99537539

    Not in our library10.1645/ge-3182

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    Capuano DM Rocha GM Environmental contamination by Toxocara sp. eggs in Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo State, BrazilRev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo2005 47223226

    Not in our library10.1590/s0036-46652005000400009

  271. 271.
    Contaminação do solo por ovos de geo-helmintos com potencial zoonótico na municipalidade de Fernandópolis, Estado de São Paulo, entre 2007 e 2008 · 2011
    Not checked
  272. 272.

    Gallina T Silva MA Castro LL Wendt EW Villela MM Berne ME Presence of eggs of Toxocara spp. and hookworms in a student environment in Rio Grande do Sul, BrazilRev Bras Parasitol Vet2011 20176177

    Not in our library10.1590/s1984-29612011000200016

  273. 273.

    Marques JP Guimarães CR Boas AV Carnaúba PU Moraes J Contamination of public parks and squares from Guarulhos (São Paulo State, Brazil) by Toxocara spp. and Ancylostoma sppRev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo2012 54267271

    Not in our library10.1590/s0036-46652012000500006

  274. 274.

    Marchioro AA Colli CM Ferreira EC Tiyo R Mattia S de Souza WF Falavigna-Guilherme AL Identification of public areas with potential toxocariasis transmission risk using Geographical Information SystemsActa Parasitol2013 58328333

    Not in our library10.2478/s11686-013-0142-x

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    Artigas PT Araújo P Romiti N Ruivo M Sobre um caso de parasitismo humano por Lagochilascaris minor Leiper, 1909, no Estado de São Paulo, BrasilRev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo1968 107883

    Not in our library

  276. 276.

    Veloso MG Faria MC de Freitas JD Moraes MA Gorini DF de Mendonça JL Human lagochilascariasis. 3 cases encountered in the Federal District, BrazilRev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo1992 34587591

    Not in our library10.1590/s0036-46651992000600014

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    Aguilar-Nascimento JE Silva GM Tadano T Valadares Filho M Akiyama AM Castelo A Infection of the soft tissue of the neck due to Lagochilascaris minorTrans R Soc Trop Med Hyg1993 87198

    Not in our library10.1016/0035-9203(93)90491-8

  278. 278.

    Vieira MA de Oliveira JA Ferreira LS de Oliveira V Barbosa CA A case report of human lagochilascariasis coming from Pará State, BrazilRev Soc Bras Med Trop2000 338790

    Not in our library10.1590/s0037-86822000000100014

  279. 279.

    Aquino RT Magliari ME Vital Filho J Silva MA Lima CA Rocha AJ Silva CJ Rewin JA Nahas TR Chieffi PP Lagochilascariasis leading to severe involvement of ocular globes, ears and meningesRev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo2008 50355358

    Not in our library10.1590/s0036-46652008000600009

  280. 280.

    Palheta-Neto FX Leão RNQ Neto HF Tomita S Lima MAMT Pezzin-Palheta AC Contribution to the study of human lagochilascariasisRev Bras Otorrinolaringol2002 68101105

    Not in our library

  281. 281.

    Amato JF Grisi L Pimentel Neto M Two cases of fistulated abscesses caused by Lagochilascaris major in the domestic catMem Inst Oswaldo Cruz1990 85471473

    Not in our library10.1590/s0074-02761990000400013

  282. 282.

    Sudré AP Uchôa F Brener B Lagochilascariasis in a housecat and the potential risk for human diseaseBraz J Infect Dis2012 16111112

    Not in our library

  283. 283.

    Faccio L Oliveira CB Denardin CA Tonin AA Gressler LT Dalla Rosa L Sampaio LC Stainki DR Monteiro SG Case report: Feline infection by Lagochilascaris sp. in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, BrazilVet Parasitol2013 196541543

    Not in our library10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.03.006

  284. 284.

    Barbosa CAL Barbosa AP Campos DMB Domestic cat (Felis catus domesticus) as a possible reservoir of Lagochilascaris minor Leiper, 1909Rev Patol Trop2005 34205211

    Not in our library

  285. 285.

    Moura MQ Jeske S Gallina T Borsuk S Berne ME Villela MM First report of Lagochilascaris (Nematoda: Ascarididae) eggs in a public park in Southern BrazilVet Parasitol2012 184359361

    Not in our library10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.09.019

  286. 286.

    Marinho RP Neves DP Dipylidium caninum (Dilepididae-Cestoda). Report of 2 human casesRev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo1979 21266268

    Not in our library

  287. 287.
    Infestaçao humana pelo Dipylidium caninum · 1985
    Not checked
  288. 288.

    Maia MA Campos DMB Damasceno FA Dipylidium caninum (Cestoda-Dilepididae). Report of one human case in Goiânia, Goiás, BrazilRev Patol Trop1991 20712

    Not in our library

  289. 289.

    Larrieu E Zanini F Critical analysis of cystic echinococcosis control programs and praziquantel use in South America, 1974–2010Rev Panam Salud Publica2012 318187

    Not in our library10.1590/s1020-49892012000100012

  290. 290.

    de la Rue ML Cystic echinococcosis in southern BrazilRev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo2008 505356

    Not in our library10.1590/s0036-46652008000100012

  291. 291.

    Moraes MA Sobreira MN Medeiros Filho P Tavares AC Gomes MI Polycystic hydatidosis: casual finding of calcified hydatid cyst simulating mesenteric neoplasmRev Soc Bras Med Trop2003 36519521

    Not in our library10.1590/s0037-86822003000400015

  292. 292.

    D'Alessandro A Rausch RL New aspects of neotropical polycystic (Echinococcus vogeli) and unicystic (Echinococcus oligarthrus) echinococcosisClin Microbiol Rev2008 21380401

    Not in our library10.1128/cmr.00050-07

  293. 293.

    Eckert J Deplazes P Biological, epidemiological, and clinical aspects of echinococcosis, a zoonosis of increasing concernClin Microbiol Rev2004 17107135

    Not in our library10.1128/cmr.17.1.107-135.2004

  294. 294.

    Dantas-Torres F Otranto D Dirofilariosis in the Americas: a more virulent Dirofilaria immitis?Parasit Vectors2013 6288

    Not in our library10.1186/1756-3305-6-288

  295. 295.

    de Campos JR M Barbas CS Filomeno LT Fernandez A Minamoto H Filho JV Jatene FB Human pulmonary dirofilariasis: analysis of 24 cases from São Paulo, BrazilChest1997 112729733

    Not in our library10.1378/chest.112.3.729

  296. 296.

    Rodrigues-Silva R Moura H Dreyer G Rey L Human pulmonary dirofilariasis: a reviewRev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo1995 37523530

    Not in our library10.1590/s0036-46651995000600009

  297. 297.

    Cavallazzi R Cavallazzi A Souza I Cardoso J Dirofilariose pulmonar humana: relato de sete casosJ Pneumol2002 28100102

    Not in our library

  298. 298.
    Dirofilaríase pulmonar humana no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil: relato de um caso Human pulmonary dirofilariasis at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: a case report · 2004
    Not checked
  299. 299.

    Otranto D Diniz DG Dantas Torres F Casiraghi M De Almeida IN De Almeida LN Dos Santos JN Furtado AP De Almeida Sobrinho EF Bain O Human intraocular filariasis caused by Dirofilaria sp. nematode, BrazilEmerg Infect Dis2011 17863866

    Not in our library10.3201/eid1705.100916

  300. 300.

    Dantas-Torres F Solano-Gallego L Baneth G Ribeiro VM de Paiva-Cavalcanti M Otranto D Canine leishmaniosis in the Old and New Worlds: unveiled similarities and differencesTrends Parasitol2012 28531538

    Not in our library10.1016/j.pt.2012.08.007

  301. 301.

    Maia-Elkhoury AN Alves WA Sousa-Gomes ML Sena JM Luna EA Visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil: trends and challengesCad Saude Publica2008 2429412947

    Not in our library10.1590/s0102-311x2008001200024

  302. 302.

    Costa CH Stewart JM Gomes RB Garcez LM Ramos PK Bozza M Satoskar A Dissanayake S Santos RS Silva MR Shaw JJ David JR Maguire JH Asymptomatic human carriers of Leishmania chagasiAm J Trop Med Hyg2002 66334337

    Not in our library10.4269/ajtmh.2002.66.334

  303. 303.

    Silveira FT Lainson R Crescente JA de Souza AA Campos MB Gomes CM Laurenti MD Corbett CE A prospective study on the dynamics of the clinical and immunological evolution of human Leishmania (L.) infantum chagasi infection in the Brazilian Amazon regionTrans R Soc Trop Med Hyg2010 104529535

    Not in our library10.1016/j.trstmh.2010.05.002

  304. 304.

    Lima ID Queiroz JW Lacerda HG Queiroz PV Pontes NN Barbosa JD Martins DR Weirather JL Pearson RD Wilson ME Jeronimo SM Leishmania infantum chagasi in northeastern Brazil: asymptomatic infection at the urban perimeterAm J Trop Med Hyg2012 8699107

    Not in our library10.4269/ajtmh.2012.10-0492

  305. 305.

    Alvarenga DG Escalda PM Costa AS Monreal MT Visceral leishmaniasis: retrospective study on factors associated with lethalityRev Soc Bras Med Trop2010 43194197

    Not in our library10.1590/s0037-86822010000200017

  306. 306.

    Madalosso G Fortaleza CM Ribeiro AF Cruz LL Nogueira PA Lindoso JA American visceral leishmaniasis: factors associated with lethality in the state of São Paulo, BrazilJ Trop Med2012 2012281572

    Not in our library10.1155/2012/281572

  307. 307.

    Barata RA Peixoto JC Tanure A Gomes ME Apolinário EC Bodevan EC de Araújo HS Dias ES Pinheiro AC Epidemiology of visceral leishmaniasis in a reemerging focus of intense transmission in Minas Gerais state, BrazilBiomed Res Int2013 2013405083

    Not in our library10.1155/2013/405083

  308. 308.

    Dubey JP Lago EG Gennari SM Su C Jones JL Toxoplasmosis in humans and animals in Brazil: high prevalence, high burden of disease, and epidemiologyParasitology2012 13913751424

    Not in our library10.1017/s0031182012000765

  309. 309.

    Ekman CC Chiossi MF Meireles LR Andrade Júnior HF Figueiredo WM Marciano MA Luna EJ Case–control study of an outbreak of acute toxoplasmosis in an industrial plant in the state of São Paulo, BrazilRev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo2012 54239244

    Not in our library10.1590/s0036-46652012000500001

  310. 310.

    Xavier GA Cademartori BG Cunha Filho NA Farias NA Evaluation of seroepidemiological toxoplasmosis in HIV/AIDS patients in the south of BrazilRev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo2013 552530

    Not in our library10.1590/s0036-46652013000100005

  311. 311.

    Hotez PJ Dumonteil E Heffernan MJ Bottazzi ME Innovation for the 'bottom 100 million': eliminating neglected tropical diseases in the AmericasAdv Exp Med Biol2013 764112

    Not in our library10.1007/978-1-4614-4726-9_1

  312. 312.

    Coura JR Dias JC Epidemiology, control and surveillance of Chagas disease: 100 years after its discoveryMem Inst Oswaldo Cruz2009 104Suppl 13140

    Not in our library10.1590/s0074-02762009000900006

  313. 313.

    Deane LM Animal reservoirs of Trypanosoma cruzi in BrazilRev Bras Malariol Doencas Trop1964 162748

    Not in our library

  314. 314.

    Alencar JE Almeida YM Santos AR Freitas LM Epidemiology of Chagas' disease in the state of Ceará, BrazilRev Bras Malariol D Trop1975 26526

    Not in our library

  315. 315.

    Mott KE Mota EA Sherlock I Hoff R Muniz TM Oliveira TS Draper CC Trypanosoma cruzi infection in dogs and cats and household seroreactivity to T. cruzi in a rural community in northeast BrazilAm J Trop Med Hyg1978 2711231127

    Not in our library10.4269/ajtmh.1978.27.1123

  316. 316.

    Barrett TV Hoff R Mott KE Guedes F Sherlock IA An outbreak of acute Chagas's disease in the São Francisco Valley region of Bahia, Brazil: triatomine vectors and animal reservoirs of Trypanosoma cruziTrans R Soc Trop Med Hyg1979 73703709

    Not in our library10.1016/0035-9203(79)90025-7

  317. 317.

    Maywald PG Machado MI Costa-Cruz JM Gonçalves-Pires M Leishmaniose tegumentar, visceral e doença de Chagas caninas em municípios do Triângulo Mineiro e Alto Paranaíba, Minas Gerais, BrasilCad Saude Publica1996 12321328

    Not in our library10.1590/s0102-311x1996000300005

  318. 318.

    Herrera L D'Andrea PS Xavier SC Mangia RH Fernandes O Jansen AM Trypanosoma cruzi infection in wild mammals of the National Park 'Serra da Capivara' and its surroundings (Piauí, Brazil), an area endemic for Chagas diseaseTrans R Soc Trop Med Hyg2005 99379388

    Not in our library10.1016/j.trstmh.2004.07.006

  319. 319.
    Outbreak of acute Chagas disease associated with oral transmission in the Rio Negro region, Brazilian Amazon · 2013
    Not checked
  320. 320.

    Cerqueira EJ Silva EM Monte-Alegre AF Sherlock IA Notes on fleas (Siphonaptera) of the fox Cerdocyon thous (Canidae) from an endemic area of visceral leishmaniasis in Jacobina, Bahia, BrazilRev Soc Bras Med Trop2000 339193

    Not in our library10.1590/s0037-86822000000100015

  321. 321.

    Labruna MB Jorge RS Sana DA Jácomo AT Kashivakura CK Furtado MM Ferro C Perez SA Silveira L Santos TS Jr Marques SR Morato RG Nava A Adania CH Teixeira RH Gomes AA Conforti VA Azevedo FC Prada CS Silva JC Batista AF Marvulo MF Morato RL Alho CJ Pinter A Ferreira PM Ferreira F Barros-Battesti DM Ticks (Acari: Ixodida) on wild carnivores in BrazilExp Appl Acarol2005 36149163

    Not in our library10.1007/s10493-005-2563-1

  322. 322.

    Dantas-Torres F Ferreira DR Melo LM Lima PA Siqueira DB Rameh-de-Albuquerque LC de Melo AV Ramos JA Ticks on captive and free-living wild animals in northeastern BrazilExp Appl Acarol2010 50181189

    Not in our library10.1007/s10493-009-9296-5

  323. 323.

    Martins JR Reck J Jr Doyle RL Cruz NL Vieira AW Souza UA Amblyomma aureolatum (Acari: Ixodidae) parasitizing margay (Leopardus wiedii) in Rio Grande do SulRev Bras Parasitol Vet2010 19189191

    Not in our library10.1590/s1984-29612010000300013

  324. 324.

    Ruas JL Muller G Farias NA Gallina T Lucas AS Pappen FG Sinkoc AL Brum JG Helminths of Pampas fox, Pseudalopex gymnocercus (Fischer, 1814) and of Crab-eating fox, Cerdocyon thous (Linnaeus, 1766) in the South of the State of Rio Grande do Sul, BrazilRev Bras Parasitol Vet2008 178792

    Not in our library10.1590/s1984-29612008000200005

  325. 325.

    Ribeiro CT Verocai GG Tavares LE Dioctophyme renale (Nematoda, Dioctophymatidae) infection in the crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous) from BrazilJ Wildl Dis2009 45248250

    Not in our library10.7589/0090-3558-45.1.248

  326. 326.

    Vieira FM Luque JL Lima SS Neto AH Muniz-Pereira LC Dipylidium caninum (Cyclophyllidea, Dipylidiidae) in a wild carnivore from BrazilJ Wildl Dis2012 48233234

    Not in our library10.7589/0090-3558-48.1.233

  327. 327.

    Megid J de Souza VA Teixeira CR Cortez A Amorin RL Heinemman MB Cagnini DQ Richtzenhain LJ Canine distemper virus in a crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous) in Brazil: case report and phylogenetic analysesJ Wildl Dis2009 45527530

    Not in our library10.7589/0090-3558-45.2.527

  328. 328.

    Megid J Teixeira CR Amorin RL Cortez A Heinemann MB Antunes JMP Costa LF Fornazari F Cipriano JR Cremasco A Richtzenhain LJ First identification of canine distemper virus in hoary fox (Lycalopex vetulus): pathologic aspects and virus phylogenyJ Wildl Dis2010 46303305

    Not in our library10.7589/0090-3558-46.1.303

  329. 329.

    Luppi MM Malta MC Silva TM Silva FL Motta RO Miranda I Ecco R Santos RL Visceral leishmaniasis in captive wild canids in BrazilVet Parasitol2008 155146151

    Not in our library10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.04.024

  330. 330.

    Vieira FM Luque JL Muniz-Pereira LC Checklist of helminth parasites in wild carnivore mammals from BrazilZootaxa2008 1721123

    Not in our library

  331. 331.

    Soares RM Cortez LR Gennari SM Sercundes MK Keid LB Pena HF Crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous), a South American canid, as a definitive host for Hammondia heydorniVet Parasitol2009 1624650

    Not in our library10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.02.003

  332. 332.

    Tenório MS Oliveira e Sousa L Paixão MS Alves MF Paulan SC Lima FL Jusi MM Tasca KI Machado RZ Starke-Buzetti WA Visceral leishmaniasis in a captive crab-eating fox Cerdocyon thousJ Zoo Wildl Med2011 42608616

    Not in our library10.1638/2010-0245.1

  333. 333.

    Almeida Curi NH Coelho CM de Campos Cordeiro Malta M Magni EM Sábato MA Araújo AS Lobato ZI Santos JL Santos HA Ragozo AA de Souza SL Pathogens of wild maned wolves (Chrysocyon brachyurus) in BrazilJ Wildl Dis2012 4810521056

    Not in our library10.7589/2011-10-304

  334. 334.

    da Agricultura M Pecuária e Abastecimento: Legislação relacionada aos produtos de uso veterinário2012 Brasília: MAPA/ACS

    Not in our library

  335. 335.

    Forlano M Scofield A Elisei C Fernandes KR Ewing SA Massard CL Diagnosis of Hepatozoon spp. in Amblyomma ovale and its experimental transmission in domestic dogs in BrazilVet Parasitol2005 13417

    Not in our library10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.05.066

  336. 336.

    Rubini AS Paduan KS Martins TF Labruna MB O'Dwyer LH Acquisition and transmission of Hepatozoon canis (Apicomplexa: Hepatozoidae) by the tick Amblyomma ovale (Acari: Ixodidae)Vet Parasitol2009 164324327

    Not in our library10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.05.009

  337. 337.

    de Miranda RL de Castro JR Olegário MM Beletti ME Mundim AV O'Dwyer LH Eyal O Talmi-Frank D Cury MC Baneth G Oocysts of Hepatozoon canis in Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus collected from a naturally infected dogVet Parasitol2011 177392396

    Not in our library10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.01.044

  338. 338.

    Almeida GLG Vicente JJ Cercopithifilaria bainae sp. n. parasita de Canis familiaris (L.) (Nematoda, Filarioidea)Atas Soc Biol Rio de Janeiro1984 2418

    Not in our library

  339. 339.

    Otranto D Brianti E Latrofa MS Annoscia G Weigl S Lia RP Gaglio G Napoli E Giannetto S Papadopoulos E Mirò G Dantas-Torres F Bain O On a Cercopithifilaria sp. transmitted by Rhipicephalus sanguineus: a neglected, but widespread filarioid of dogsParasit Vectors2012 51

    Not in our library10.1186/1756-3305-5-1

  340. 340.

    Otranto D Varcasia A Solinas C Scala A Brianti E Dantas-Torres F Annoscia G Martin C Mutafchiev Y Bain O Redescription of Cercopithifilaria bainae Almeida & Vicente, 1984 (Spirurida, Onchocercidae) from a dog in Sardinia, ItalyParasit Vectors2013 6132

    Not in our library10.1186/1756-3305-6-132

  341. 341.

    Latrofa MS Dantas-Torres F Annoscia G Cantacessi C Otranto D Comparative analyses of mitochondrial and nuclear genetic markers for the molecular identification of Rhipicephalus sppInfect Genet Evolin press

    Not in our library10.1016/j.meegid.2013.09.027

  342. 342.

    Jefferies R Shaw SE Viney ME Morgan ER Angiostrongylus vasorum from South America and Europe represent distinct lineagesParasitology2009 136107115

    Not in our library10.1017/s0031182008005258

  343. 343.

    Marcondes M de Lima VM de Araújo MD Hiramoto RM Tolezano JE Vieira RF Biondo AW Longitudinal analysis of serological tests officially adopted by the Brazilian Ministry of Health for the diagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis in dogs vaccinated with Leishmune®Vet Parasitol2013 197649652

    Not in our library10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.07.013

  344. 344.
    Prevalência de Isospora em cães de diferentes áreas da cidade do Rio de Janeiro · 1975
    Not checked
  345. 345.

    Ogassawara S Larsson CE Larsson MHMA Hagiwara MK Incidence of Isospora sp. in dog of the city of São PauloRev Fac Med Vet Zootec Univ S Paulo1978 15137142

    Not in our library

  346. 346.

    Pena HF Ogassawara S Sinhorini IL Occurrence of cattle Sarcocystis species in raw kibbe from Arabian food establishments in the city of São Paulo, Brazil, and experimental transmission to humansJ Parasitol2001 8714591465

    Not in our library10.1645/0022-3395(2001)087[1459:oocssi]2.0.co;2

  347. 347.

    Ruas JL Cunha CW Silva SS Prevalência de Sarcocystis spp. (Lankester, 1882) em bovinos clinicamente sadios, da Região Sul do Rio Grande do Sul, BrasilRev Bras Agrociência2001 7227230

    Not in our library

  348. 348.

    Lopes CW de Sá WF Botelho GG Lesions in cross-breed pregnant cows, experimentally infected with Sarcocystis cruzi (Hasselmann, Wenyon, 1926 (Apicomplexa: Sarcocytidae)Rev Bras Parasitol Vet1923 2005147983

    Not in our library

  349. 349.

    Funada MR Pena HFJ Soares RM Amaku M Gennari SM Frequency of gastrointestinal parasites in dogs and cats referred to a veterinary school hospital in the city of São PauloArq Bras Med Vet Zootec2007 5913381340

    Not in our library10.1590/s0102-09352007000500038

  350. 350.

    Santos FAG Yamamura MH Vidotto O Camargo PL Occurrence of gastrointestinal parasites in dogs (Canis familiaris) with acute diarrhea from metropolitan region of Londrina, Parana State, BrazilSemina: Ciências Agrárias2007 28257268

    Not in our library

  351. 351.

    Silva RC Su C Langoni H First identification of Sarcocystis tenella (Railliet, Moulé, 1886 (Protozoa: Apicomplexa) by PCR in naturally infected sheep from BrazilVet Parasitol1886 2009165332336

    Not in our library10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.07.016

  352. 352.

    Monteiro RM Richtzenhain LJ Pena HF Souza SL Funada MR Gennari SM Dubey JP Sreekumar C Keid LB Soares RM Molecular phylogenetic analysis in Hammondia-like organisms based on partial Hsp70 coding sequencesParasitology2007 13411951203

    Not in our library10.1017/s0031182007002612

  353. 353.

    Coelho WMD Amarante AFT Perri SHV Coelho NMD Apolinário JC Teixeira WFP Brescian KDS Coccidiosis in dogs and cats at the municipality of Andradina in the State of São Paulo, BrazilBraz J Vet Res Anim Sci2012 49162166

    Not in our library

  354. 354.

    Ragozo AMA Muradian V Silva JCR Caravieri R Amajoner VR Magnabosco C Gennari SM Occurrence of gastrointestinal parasites in feces of cats from the cities of São Paulo and GuarulhosBraz J Vet Res Anim Sci2002 39244246

    Not in our library10.1590/s1413-95962002000500005

  355. 355.

    Nery-Guimarães F Lage HA Prevalence and intestinal cycle of Isospora felis Wenyon, 1923 e I. rivolta (Grassi, Wenyon, 1923 in the domestic catMem Inst Oswaldo Cruz1879 1973714354

    Not in our library

  356. 356.

    Togni M Panziera W Souza TM Oliveira Filho JC Mazzanti A Barros CSL Fighera RA Aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos e anatomopatológicos da infecção por Gurltia paralysans em gatosPesq Vet Bras2013 33363371

    Not in our library10.1590/s0100-736x2013000300015

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