No retraction, correction or concern found when last checked on Oct 27, 2026.

Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia

Juan A Tovar

Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases · 2012 · Review

Abstract

Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia (CDH) is defined by the presence of an orifice in the diaphragm, more often left and posterolateral that permits the herniation of abdominal contents into the thorax. The lungs are hypoplastic and have abnormal vessels that cause respiratory insufficiency and persistent pulmonary hypertension with high mortality. About one third of cases have cardiovascular malformations and lesser proportions have skeletal, neural, genitourinary, gastrointestinal or other defects. CDH can be a component of Pallister-Killian, Fryns, Ghersoni-Baruch, WAGR, Denys-Drash, Brachman-De Lange, Donnai-Barrow or Wolf-Hirschhorn syndromes. Some chromosomal anomalies involve CDH as well. The incidence is < 5 in 10,000 live-births. The etiology is unknown although clinical, genetic and experimental evidence points to disturbances in the retinoid-signaling pathway during organogenesis. Antenatal diagnosis is often made and this allows prenatal management (open correction of the hernia in the past and reversible fetoscopic tracheal obstruction nowadays) that may be indicated in cases with severe lung hypoplasia and grim prognosis. Treatment after birth requires all the refinements of critical care including extracorporeal membrane oxygenation prior to surgical correction. The best hospital series report 80% survival but it remains around 50% in population-based studies. Chronic respiratory tract disease, neurodevelopmental problems, neurosensorial hearing loss and gastroesophageal reflux are common problems in survivors. Much more research on several aspects of this severe condition is warranted.

Full text

From PubMed Central, U.S. National Library of Medicine, as current on Oct 27, 2026. Paragraph numbers are ours, so an answer can point at one.

Disease name/synonyms

1Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia (CDH), ORPHA2140, OMIM 142340, 610187, 306950 and 222400

Definition

2CDH consists of a posterolateral defect of the diaphragm, generally located on the left side, that allows passage of the abdominal viscera into the thorax. The mediastinum is displaced to the contralateral side, the lungs are hypoplastic (Figure 1) and their arterioles are abnormal causing pulmonary hypertension. Respiratory and cardiovascular functions are severely compromised at birth and this, together with the frequently associated malformations, cause considerable mortality and morbidity. CDH was described many years ago but survival after repair was not achieved until the 20th century. Pioneers of pediatric surgery reported amazingly low mortalities until the actual severity of the condition surfaced when abortions, stillbirths and pre-hospital deaths were considered, adding a "hidden mortality" to operative and postoperative demises. The pathophysiology of lung insufficiency and persistent pulmonary hypertension that threaten survival are currently better understood, but the results remain disappointing since mortalities near 50% are still reported when all deaths are taken into account in population-based series. CDH management indeed remains one of the major challenges of perinatal medicine and surgery and active research on its mechanisms is warranted.

Epidemiology

3CDH is a rare condition that occurs in < 1-5:10000 births. It seems to be slightly more frequent in males and less frequent in blacks.

Clinical features

4CDH can be detected during fetal life when screening ultrasonography demonstrates herniation of the intestine and/or the liver into the thorax. Polyhydramnios may lead to antenatal diagnosis in some severe cases.

5Neonatal symptoms of CDH are heralded by respiratory distress with insufficient oxygenation, excavated abdomen with sternal protrusion and displacement of the heart sounds to the contralateral side. In severe cases, APGAR scores at 1 and 5 minutes are low. Respiratory bruits are absent or decreased on the affected side. Unless energetic treatment is undertaken, respiratory condition deteriorates rapidly until the patient dies. The symptoms of insufficient gas exchange are associated with those of persistent pulmonary hypertension caused by arteriolar constriction and closure of the pulmonary arterial bed that forces maintenance of a pattern of persistent fetal circulation in which the blood from the right ventricle is shunted to the left heart preventing effective gas exchange. In some cases, this pulmonary hypertension intervenes after some hours during which adaptation to a post-natal circulatory pattern with patent pulmonary circulation had taken place. Hypoxia, acidosis, stress or other causes may bring this "honeymoon" period to an end and re-establish the fetal pattern.

6In some cases without neonatal symptoms, CDH may manifest itself at any age by mild respiratory distress or it can even be an unexpected finding during a medical check-up for other reasons. In these cases, a hernial sac is more often present.

7Other organs may be involved in CDH because associated malformations are frequent. The heart and great vessels are often abnormal in CDH patients. Cardiovascular defects like peri-membranous ventricular septal defect, cardiac outflow anomalies (tetralogy of Fallot, double outlet right ventricle, transposition of the great vessels and others) and abnormal great vessels (right aortic arch, double aortic arch, truncus arteriosus, abnormal subclavian arteries and others) are found in about one third of CDH patients. Heart hypoplasia, particularly of the left side, has also been described but its participation in the clinical picture is still unclear.

8Musculoskeletal defects like anomalies of the limbs or of the number and shape of the vertebral bodies and/or ribs, neural tube defects, abdominal wall defects, craniofacial defects or urinary tract anomalies are also found. The parafollicular C-cells and enteric innervation are deficient and might account for some dysfunctions. Finally, the presence of the intestine in the thorax during late fetal development causes malrotation and/or malfixation that can further complicate the disease.

Etiology

9The causes of CDH are largely unknown. Most cases are isolated, but associated malformations are often observed, sometimes as components of Pallister-Killian and Fryns, Ghersoni-Baruch, WAGR and Denys-Drash, Brachman-De Lange, Donnai-Barrow or Wolf-Hirschhorn syndromes. CDH is also observed in some chromosomal anomalies whether related or not to these syndromes like 9p tetrasomy, 11q23-qter duplication, 15q24-26, 15q26, 1q41-q42.12 and 8p23.1 deletions. Null-mice for several genes, like shh transcription factors Gli 2 and Gli3, Slit3, COUP-TFII, Fog2, Wt1 and FGFLR-1 have CDH.

10The orifice in the diaphragm is caused by delayed or disturbed separation of the thoracic and abdominal compartments of the body by closure of embryonic pleuroperitoneal canals effected by growth of the post-hepatic mesenchymal plate and of the pleuroperitoneal folds.

11CDH occurs more often on the left side (4:1). In some rare instances, the defect is a true agenesis of the hemidiaphragm, but in most cases it is limited to the posterolateral area. Less often, there is a hernial sac devoid of muscular fibers. When the defect is located on the left side, the thorax may contain small and large bowel, the spleen, the stomach, the left lobe of the liver and, occasionally, the kidney. Right-sided CDHs usually contain part of the right lobe of the liver and sometimes the bowel and/or the kidney.

12The lung is obviously hypoplastic on the side of the hernia, but the contralateral one is also affected to a variable extent. Lung weight is decreased and the number of alveoli is reduced due to insufficient branching. Respiratory epithelial maturity is delayed with hyaline membrane disease patterns similar to those found in prematures. Surfactant deficiency has been shown although this issue is controversial. The distal bronchiolar arteries have muscularized walls and the wall thickness is increased particularly at the expense of the media and adventitial layers.

13The lung hypoplasia, immaturity and arteriolar thickening that accompany human CDH can be due to prenatal compression of the lung by the herniated viscera. All these lesions can be reproduced by surgically creating a CDH in rabbits lambs and primates. These models were used for investigating various aspects of CDH and also for developing fetal surgery. However, the associated malformations are absent in these mechanical or surgical models and this limits to some extent their validity as research tools. In fact, the assumption that lung hypoplasia is purely mechanical is probably incorrect because it is already present in teratogenic models of CDH before any herniation has taken place. A "dual hit" pathogenesis, in which abnormal development followed by compression cause lung hypoplasia is widely accepted. Regardless of the origin of the lung lesions, these consist of insufficient airway branching, reduced gas exchange surface, abnormal sacculo-alveolar maturation and abnormal, muscularized distal arterioles.

14Pharmacologic or teratogenic models of CDH have been crucial for unveiling some pathogenic mechanisms. Prenatal administration of oxidant chemicals like the herbicide nitrofen (2,4-dichloro-phenyl-p-nitrophenyl ether), 4-biphenyl carboxylic acid, bisdiamine, and SB-210661, induce CDH in rodent fetuses. These chemicals inhibit in vitro retinol-dehydrogenase-2 (RALDH-2) a key enzyme for the production of retinoic acid (RA). Among these agents, nitrofen has been the more extensively used because of the striking resemblance of the diaphragmatic, pulmonary and other associated defects to those of the human condition (Figure 2). Proliferation of the pleuroperitoneal folds is arrested in rats with CDH and the timing of this arrest probably conditions the laterality of the defect. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptor-like 1 (FGFRL1) and WT1 are downregulated in these diaphragms.

15Although the mechanism by which CDH is induced in these models is not well known, disturbances of the retinoid signalling pathway, a key regulator of embryonic morphogenesis, are likely. Vitamin A deficient-rats give birth to pups with CDH. RA metabolism perturbations caused by nitrofen can be alleviated by addition of either vitamin A or RA. Hypoplastic lungs from rats with nitrofen-induced CDH show decreased RA synthesis and deficient retinol transportation, whereas RA rescues lung hypoplasia probably by upregulating COUP-TFII, FOG2, and GATA4 that are known to be necessary for both pulmonary and diaphragmatic development. On the other hand, compound knock-out mice for retinoic acid receptors (RAR) have phenotypes involving CDH and several of the associated malformations seen in this condition whereas blockade of RAR with BMS493 induces CDH and administration of BMS-189453, a RA antagonist, to pregnant mice reproduces the phenotype of CDH.

16A similar involvement of the retinoid signaling pathway is likely in human CDH because retinol and retinol-binding protein were decreased in the blood of a group of newborns with this malformation. This has recently been confirmed in a larger case-control study. Moreover, some of the genes involved in the pathogenesis of human CDH are tightly related to retinoid signaling.

17Another factor that might contribute to lung hypoplasia in CDH is decreased airway pressure during fetal life. Fetuses with tracheal atresia have large lungs whereas fetal tracheostomy induces lung hypoplasia. It has been shown that airway peristalsis is abnormal in lung explants from rat embryos treated with nitrofen and it is likely that decreased airway pressure could contribute to hypoplasia.

Diagnosis

18As mentioned before, CDH is often ultrasonographically diagnosed before birth. The intestine and/or the liver may be in the thorax and the lungs are small. US scan allows detailed assessment of the heart. Lung growth is measured as a proportion of head growth. This lung-to-head ratio (LHR) has some prognostic value because when it is below 1, survival is compromised. However, the accuracy of these measurements is questionable and other alternatives like lung/thorax (L/T) transverse area ratio or volumetry by MRI have been developed. The observed-to-expected LHR (o/e LHR) seems to be a reliable predictor of severity (patch requirement, ECMO) and survival. The position of the liver is also of unquestionable value, since liver-up cases more often require ECMO support and have worse survival. The intra-thoracic position of the stomach has less value for this purpose. When diagnosis is made in utero, amniocentesis is often performed for detecting chromosomal aberrations and may help to estimate lung maturity.

19After birth, the diagnosis is readily made on the basis of symptoms and physical signs. A plain X-ray of the thorax and abdomen informs of the position of the herniated viscera. Blood gases and pH status reflect the efficiency of gas exchange and other derived indexes refine this assessment. Ultrasonography of the heart is necessary for ruling-out associated malformations, for measuring the right-to-left shunt and for estimating the severity of pulmonary hypertension. Measurements of the pulmonary artery diameters and the use of some indexes derived from them may facilitate this task. Cardiac U.S. is one of the more reliable methods for determining when the patient is "stabilized".

Differential diagnosis

20It is rarely necessary to rule out other conditions because CDH is often detected before birth and because diagnosis is easy. Physical exam may suffice but passing a naso-gastric catheter into the stomach before a plain X-ray of the thorax and abdomen may help to locate it or to detect esophageal displacement. In some rare instances, X-rays may suggest a cystic malformation of the lung but again the position of the stomach and the contour of the intra-abdominal gas bubbles facilitate distinction of both conditions.

Treatment before birth

21Since the introduction of routine prenatal U.S. screening, a large proportion of fetuses with CDH are diagnosed in utero. Termination of gestation is sometimes preferred, particularly when chromosomal aberrations and syndromes are present. The possibility of fetal instrumentation directed to alleviate the consequences of the herniation is becoming a progressively more acceptable alternative. Thirty years ago Harrison and coll. started pioneer work in San Francisco aimed at developing animal models of CDH on which to test the effects of prenatal manipulation. After demonstrating in fetal lambs that lung compression led to lung hypoplasia and that prenatal decompression reversed this condition, this group undertook the surgical creation of CDH and later on, the demonstration of reversal of lung hypoplasia and arteriolar thickening when the diaphragmatic defect was repaired before birth. Clinical application of this rationale led, with close consideration of all the ethical and technical issues involved, to the first attempts at prenatal repair of CDH in human fetuses. The position of the fetal liver and the demonstration of the lethal effect of umbilical vein compression during fetal reduction of the left lobe of the liver into the abdomen during surgery, limited considerably the number of cases suitable for this approach. Furthermore, a randomized study demonstrated that fetal repair did not produce better outcomes than optimal postnatal treatment. The trial was discontinued and a new approach, based on the observation of lung hyperplasia in congenital tracheal obstruction, was developed. The evidence that airway pressure had something to do with lung development led to assume that tracheal occlusion during fetal life could counteract the effects of lung compression in fetuses with CDH. This was tested in the fetal lamb and then in the human fetus. Another randomized trial was discontinued when a significant shortening of gestation was observed in fetuses treated in this manner. However, the effects of tracheal occlusion were indeed very positive in terms of alveolar size and histology. Maturation and surfactant function were apparently not so much improved, unless the plug was reversed before delivery.

22The concurrent development of minimally invasive surgery had the immediate effect of making fetendoscopic balloon tracheal occlusion possible. Considerable experience rapidly accumulated and randomized trials are currently underway concentrating these efforts in fetuses with LHR below 1 considered otherwise unviable. Survivals approaching 50% in this group are encouraging and much information has already accumulated on the structure, maturity and tracheal pathology of survivors.

23Experimental and clinical evidence suggest that biochemical lung maturation is delayed in fetuses with CDH and this led to the proposal that this process be accelerated by administration of maternal corticosteroids as it is done for premature deliveries. The evidence of the benefits of this medication is not totally convincing and therefore, a multicenter trial could be necessary.

Treatment after birth

24Whenever prenatal diagnosis is made, it is advisable to direct the mother to a tertiary perinatal center in which all the necessary obstetric, neonatal and surgical skills are concentrated. Gestation should be prolonged until near term if possible (this can be hard to achieve in cases with polyhydramnios) and, although it is often preferred, there is no evidence of the benefits of delivery by Cesarean section.

25When CDH becomes symptomatic after birth and in all cases diagnosed prenatally, a careful protocol of respiratory assistance should be implemented. Immediate postnatal intubation avoiding mask ventilation should be carried out, and small-volume, high frequency and reduced peak pressure mechanical ventilation should be started. Oxygen delivery has to be tailored for maintaining pre-established gasometric goals. Surfactant has been used in an attempt to compensate for biochemical immaturity in CDH babies, but this has not been beneficial. The stomach is emptied through a nasogastric tube and vascular accesses (peripheral and central veins, umbilical artery) are secured for infusion of fluids, drug administration and blood sampling. A bladder catheter is inserted and urine output is monitored. Then, a period of assessment of the chances of adequate gas exchange is started adapting all actions to the clinical findings. If arterial oxygenation is maintained above a preset minimum, the lung will probably be capable of adequate gas exchange. Pre-ductal and post-ductal percutaneous oxygen saturation measurements help in the assessment of both the adequacy of the lungs to sustain life and of the magnitude of right-to-left shunting. Inotropic drugs are used as necessary and cardiac function and heart anomalies are carefully evaluated. Persistent pulmonary hypertension may cause right ventricle dysfunction and in these cases, maintenance of the patency of the ductus arteriosus is indicated.

26After years of frustrating results of application of respiratory assistance goals usually applied to other conditions, it was realized that the hypoplastic and probably immature lung of CDH was severely damaged by excessive oxygen delivery and, particularly by excessive airway pressure that led to pneumothorax, barotrauma and volutrauma. Mortality decreased drastically and all these untoward consequences of ventilator assistance became milder when a policy of "gentle ventilation" was implemented. Spontaneous ventilation when possible or high frequency, low pressure ventilation (< 20-25 cm H2O), no relaxation, alkalinisation and adoption of modest gasometric goals (pre-ductal saturation of 80-95%, PaO2 around 60 mmHg and "permissive" hypercapnia of up to 60 mmHg) drastically changed the results. This policy progressively gained adepts and it is nowadays the standard in most developed countries.

27High-frequency, oscillatory ventilation is also widely used in these patients in whom it allows adequate oxygenation and CO2 elimination with very low airway pressures. Lung damage is apparently minimized while attaining the modest gasometric objectives set. A multicenter European trial is currently underway.

28For how long time these treatments are necessary varies widely from one patient to another depending on the degree of lung hypoplasia, on the arteriolar reactivity and therefore on the duration of persistent pulmonary hypertension and on the associated malformations, particularly the cardiovascular ones.

29The treatment of pulmonary hypertension is of particular concern because it determines shunting of non-oxygenated blood out of the lungs. Several medications have been used: tolazoline and prostacyclins were tried first but they did not produce good enough results. Prostaglandin 1E is occasionally used. Inhaled nitric oxide, a well known smooth muscle relaxant is, in turn, widely used with variable results although there is no strong evidence of its benefits. Inhibitors of phospho-diesterase like sildenafil, known for their vasodilator action, are currently used in some cases but, again, there is only anecdotal evidence of their benefits. These medications are coupled with inotropic agents, like dobutamine (up to 20 mg/kg/min), dopamine (< 10 mg/kg/min) and also, sometimes with peripheral vasoconstrictors, like adrenaline at low doses, aimed at reducing the shunting by increasing pressure in the systemic circulation.

ECMO

30Extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) may be a useful adjunct in the treatment of CDH. Cannulation of both the right carotid artery and jugular vein and connection to a circuit with a membrane gas exchange chamber allows oxygenation and CO2 disposal without participation of the lung which is preserved from any pressure insult. Alternatively, veno-venous ECMO avoids cannulation of the carotid artery while permitting adequate gas exchange.

31ECMO can be seen as a safety net maintained until proper gas exchange is demonstrated at weaning test periods. The fact that institutions, particularly in the US, which used ECMO liberally had results comparable to Canadian institutions that rarely, if ever, used it, casted some doubt on the actual need for this complicated and risky procedure. The criteria for ECMO indication are variable, but they can be summarized as follows: Inability to reach pre-ductal SatO2 > 85% or post-ductal SatO2 > 70%, oxygenation index (mean airway pressure × FiO2 × 100/PaO2) ≥ 40 or need for high peak inspiratory pressures or a-AdO2 greater than 600 for 6 to 8 hours. The main contraindication is, of course, the inability to obtain SatO2 > 80% at any moment of the initial treatment under FiO2 of 1. In fact, ECMO registries showed that the worst results were obtained precisely in the CDH group of patients. This, together with the limitations of the technique (required weight above 2000 g, need for heparinisation), somewhat tempered the initial enthusiasm and the proportion of patients so treated decreased everywhere to more reasonable figures. There is only weak evidence of the benefits of ECMO in this particular group of patients because only non-randomized trials have been carried out on them and the only RCT reported in the UK was not specifically directed to babies with CDH. This technique is probably a good adjunct in a limited number of patients in which predicted severe lung hypoplasia would make adequate gas exchange impossible or in those in whom reversal to the fetal pattern of circulation becomes unmanageable.

Surgical repair

32Surgical repair of CDH used to be in the past a life-saving emergency. It is presently accepted that it should be undertaken only after cardio-respiratory functions are stable. A policy of "delayed" surgery coupled with gentle ventilation and occasionally ECMO support yields the best results recorded. For how long surgery has to be delayed is unclear, but a few days and even weeks may be beneficial. The goal of all preoperative treatments is to obtain "stabilization" of the patient and this means acceptable oxygenation (PaO2 > 40 mmHg) and CO2 disposal (PaCO2 < 60 mmHg) with stable pulmonary pressures (< 50% of systemic pressure), tolerable shunting, good myocardial function and adequate renal clearance with reduced or withdrawn inotropic drugs. Obviously, there are no magic indicators of stabilization (this may also be impossible) and a decision to operate is only made after a consensus among all the actors of these treatments has been reached. Once again, when critically reviewed, even the alleged benefits of delayed repair are not consistently documented.

33In many institutions, the operation is carried out in the neonatal ICU in order to minimize changes that might increase stress. Under general anesthesia, a subcostal or transverse abdominal incision is made, the herniated viscera are carefully reduced into the abdomen and the diaphragmatic orifice is closed with interrupted sutures without leaving an intercostal tube. A tube was routinely used in the past until it was realized that underwater seals cause increased respiratory work and overdistension of the hypoplastic lung that may further reduce ventilation. A tubeless policy was then advised. When the defect is too large, a prosthetic patch is used to achieve closure. It is sutured to the rims of the orifice with interrupted sutures and, to avoid excessive tension and enlargement of the hemi-thorax, cone-shaping of the patch can be beneficial. The use of a patch seems to increase the risk of re-herniation although it should be acknowledged that patients requiring a patch have larger defects which entail higher morbidity. Abdominal wall or latissimus dorsi muscle flaps have also been used for CDH repair.

34Malrotation or non-rotation is usually present but this is rarely a problem in the newborn and the main concern of the surgeon after repair of the hernia is abdominal wall closure without excessive pressure. In some cases, another abdominal wall prosthetic patch is necessary to avoid abdominal compartment syndrome.

35Since the advent of minimally invasive surgery (MIS), thoracoscopic or laparoscopic approaches have been proposed for CDH repair. Both are indeed possible (with or without patch insertion), although it should never be disregarded that this repair comes only after stable conditions have been secured. Probably, MIS is a good approach in cases diagnosed during infancy or in outborns with less severe symptoms. Nevertheless, some concerns about this particular approach in the newborn period have been expressed on the basis of excessive perioperative hypercapnia and prolonged postoperative low brain oxygenation. The risk of recurrence after a minimally invasive approach has been found to be similar to that of open surgery by some reports but it was indeed increased in other series.

Prognosis

36The main outcome endpoint is, of course, survival and the wide range of figures reported is puzzling. When only hospital, postoperative results were reported, survival approached 70% or more. However, those institutions with attached maternity facilities that treated mostly inborns, reported higher mortalities. The introduction of ECMO, in parallel with advances in other aspects of treatment, improved the results and the top institutions reported survivals approaching 90% although, sometimes, their statistics excluded chromosomal aberrations, multiple malformations and even some patients that did not reach surgery. The truth is that still nowadays, if terminations of pregnancy, spontaneous abortions, stillborns, pre-hospital and/or preoperative deaths and surgical mortality are taken into account, real mortality is still between 50% and 60%. But if only hospital statistics are considered, there has been indeed a clearcut progress in the results. Many institutions and the multi-institutional registries report 70% to 80% survival with some institutions peaking at 90%. Right-sided hernias seem to have a worse prognosis than left-sided ones and may require more ECMO support.

37Other in-hospital complications can occur after CDH repair. Pleural effusions and chylothorax may require nutritional treatment, medication and drainage.

38Chronic respiratory tract disease is frequent in these patients. Lung hypoplasia can be caught up only in part during the first months of life and oxygen toxicity, barotrauma and volutrauma may occur even after gentle ventilation. True broncho-pulmonary dysplasia is relatively frequent in survivors, and a number of them require oxygen at home for long periods of time. Restrictive and obstructive lung diseases have been reported in CDH survivors many years after operation and diaphragmatic rigidity and thoracic deformities can also play a minor role in chronic lung disease.

39Gastroesophageal reflux is frequent in CDH survivors. The diaphragmatic sling may be malformed or absent and the repair changes the anatomy of the region. In addition, mal-rotation may delay gastric emptying, and the abnormal balance of pressures in the thorax and abdomen in the course of the respiratory cycle facilitates retrograde passage of gastric contents to the esophagus. Finally, there is evidence of abnormal enteric innervation in CDH and it is likely for esophago-gastric peristalsis to be abnormal. Reflux can complicate the pre-existing respiratory disease and, for all these reasons, a considerable proportion of these patients respond poorly to medical treatment and ultimately require anti-reflux surgery. Prophylactic fun-doplication during surgical repair has been proposed in patients with CDH

40Neurodevelopmental deficits are always possible in these patients in whom brain oxygenation was marginal for long periods of time and particularly when ECMO required major vascular occlusion. Neurosensorial deafness occurs in a small proportion of children surviving CDH. This is progressive and it is generally considered to be accounted for by prolonged antibiotic treatments. However, other newborns with similar treatments suffer this deafness more rarely and it should be acknowledged that perhaps CDH patients have a particular sensitivity or a developmental defect of the inner ear.

41Other sequelae are possible in this particular group of patients. This, and the frequent associated malformations, require long-term follow-up and permanent support.

Genetic counseling

42Most cases are sporadic but there are some reports of familial clusters that suggest multifactoral rather than autosomal recessive patterns of inheritance. Genetic aspects of CDH were recently addressed. Two thirds of these cases were males and the risk of recurrence in sibs is 2%.

Unresolved questions

43CDH remains one of the most difficult problems of perinatology and neonatal surgery. Its mechanisms are beginning to be unveiled, but the severity of the lung and other lesions require the use of the entire armamentarium of sophisticated neonatal care. This, together with the rarity of the condition, make the setting of solid evidence-based protocols of management very difficult. The perspectives of fetal manipulation or even of prophylactic drug treatment remain still at an embryonal stage and, most probably, this condition will remain a hot topic of research in the coming years.

Conclusions

44CDH is a complex condition probably caused by disturbed molecular signaling during organogenesis. The diaphragmatic orifice is invariably accompanied by pulmonary hypoplasia with vascular hyper-reactivity that causes deficient gas exchange and persistent pulmonary hypertension. In addition, other malformations that further complicate the clinical course may be present. All efforts are directed at enhancing antenatal lung growth in prenatally diagnosed cases and at protecting the lung during the intensive care pre and post-operative phases in all cases. Fetoscopic reversible tracheal obstruction seems promising before birth and gentle ventilation with occasional ECMO use yields the best results post-natally. Nevertheless, many aspects of the disease are still unknown and, given that the incidence is relatively high, that the expenses involved in the current treatments are overwhelming and that the sequelae are frequent, more research efforts into causation, prevention and treatment are warranted.

Competing interests

45The author declares that they have no competing interests.

References 302

1.
Irish MS Holm BA Glick PL Congenital diaphragmatic hernia. A historical reviewClin Perinatol1996 23625653
Not in our library
2.
Golombek SG The history of congenital diaphragmatic hernia from 1850s to the presentJ Perinatol2002 22242246
Not in our library10.1038/sj.jp.7210701
3.
McNamara JJ Eraklis AJ Gross RE Congenital posterolateral diaphragmatic hernia in the newbornJ Thorac Cardiovasc Surg1968 555559
Not in our library
4.
Harrison MR Bjordal RI Langmark F Knutrud O Congenital diaphragmatic hernia: the hidden mortalityJ Pediatr Surg1978 13227230
Not in our library10.1016/s0022-3468(78)80391-1
5.
Stege G Fenton A Jaffray B Nihilism in the 1990s: the true mortality of congenital diaphragmatic herniaPediatrics2003 112532535
Not in our library10.1542/peds.112.3.532
6.
Gallot D Boda C Ughetto S Perthus I Robert-Gnansia E Francannet C Laurichesse-Delmas H Jani J Coste K Deprest J Prenatal detection and outcome of congenital diaphragmatic hernia: a French registry-based studyUltrasound Obstet Gynecol2007 29276283
Not in our library10.1002/uog.3863
7.
Torfs CP Curry CJ Bateson TF Honore LH A population-based study of congenital diaphragmatic herniaTeratology1992 46555565
Not in our library10.1002/tera.1420460605
8.
Yang W Carmichael SL Harris JA Shaw GM Epidemiologic characteristics of congenital diaphragmatic hernia among 2.5 million California births, 1989-1997Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol2006 76170174
Not in our library10.1002/bdra.20230
9.
Sinha CK Islam S Patel S Nicolaides K Greenough A Davenport M Congenital diaphragmatic hernia: prognostic indices in the fetal endoluminal tracheal occlusion eraJ Pediatr Surg2009 44312316
Not in our library10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2008.10.078
10.
Wilson JM Lund DP Lillehei CW Vacanti JP Congenital diaphragmatic hernia--a tale of two cities: the Boston experienceJ Pediatr Surg1997 32401405
Not in our library10.1016/s0022-3468(97)90590-x
11.
Bedoyan JK Blackwell SC Treadwell MC Johnson A Klein MD Congenital diaphragmatic hernia: associated anomalies and antenatal diagnosis. Outcome-related variables at two Detroit hospitalsPediatr Surg Int2004 20170176
Not in our library10.1007/s00383-004-1138-2
12.
de Buys Roessingh AS Dinh-Xuan AT Congenital diaphragmatic hernia: current status and review of the literatureEur J Pediatr2009 168393406
Not in our library10.1007/s00431-008-0904-x
13.
Keijzer R Puri P Congenital diaphragmatic herniaSemin Pediatr Surg2010 19180185
Not in our library10.1053/j.sempedsurg.2010.03.001
14.
Johnston PW Liberman R Gangitano E Vogt J Ventilation parameters and arterial blood gases as a prediction of hypoplasia in congenital diaphragmatic herniaJ Pediatr Surg1990 25496499
Not in our library10.1016/0022-3468(90)90558-q
15.
Elhalaby EA Abo Sikeena MH Delayed presentation of congenital diaphragmatic herniaPediatr Surg Int2002 18480485
Not in our library10.1007/s00383-002-0743-1
16.
Numanoglu A Steiner Z Millar A Cywes S Delayed presentation of congenital diaphragmatic herniaS Afr J Surg1997 357476
Not in our library
17.
Stoll C Alembik Y Dott B Roth MP Associated malformations in cases with congenital diaphragmatic herniaGenet Couns2008 19331339
Not in our library
18.
Sweed Y Puri P Congenital diaphragmatic hernia: influence of associated malformations on survivalArch Dis Child1993 696870
Not in our library10.1136/adc.69.1_spec_no.68
19.
Migliazza L Otten C Xia H Rodriguez JI Diez-Pardo JA Tovar JA Cardiovascular malformations in congenital diaphragmatic hernia: human and experimental studiesJ Pediatr Surg1999 3413521358
Not in our library10.1016/s0022-3468(99)90010-6
20.
Lin AE Pober BR Adatia I Congenital diaphragmatic hernia and associated cardiovascular malformations: type, frequency, and impact on managementAm J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet2007 145C201216
Not in our library10.1002/ajmg.c.30131
21.
Siebert JR Haas JE Beckwith JB Left ventricular hypoplasia in congenital diaphragmatic herniaJ Pediatr Surg1984 19567571
Not in our library10.1016/s0022-3468(84)80105-0
22.
Baumgart S Paul JJ Huhta JC Left heart hypoplasia in neonates having congenital diaphragmatic hernia and treated with ECMOJ Pediatr Surg1998 331848
Not in our library10.1016/s0022-3468(98)90307-4
23.
Bollmann R Kalache K Mau H Chaoui R Tennstedt C Associated malformations and chromosomal defects in congenital diaphragmatic herniaFetal Diagn Ther1995 105259
Not in our library10.1159/000264193
24.
Migliazza L Xia H Diez-Pardo JA Tovar JA Skeletal malformations associated with congenital diaphragmatic hernia: experimental and human studiesJ Pediatr Surg1999 3416241629
Not in our library10.1016/s0022-3468(99)90630-9
25.
van Dooren MF Goemaere NN de Klein A Tibboel D de Krijger RR Postmortem findings and clinicopathological correlation in congenital diaphragmatic herniaPediatr Dev Pathol2004 7459467
Not in our library10.1007/s10024-004-1118-2
26.
Sabharwal AJ Davis CF Howatson AG Post-mortem findings in fetal and neonatal congenital diaphragmatic herniaEur J Pediatr Surg2000 109699
Not in our library10.1055/s-2008-1072334
27.
Brownlee EM Howatson AG Davis CF Sabharwal AJ The hidden mortality of congenital diaphragmatic hernia: a 20-year reviewJ Pediatr Surg2009 44317320
Not in our library10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2008.10.076
28.
Slavotinek AM Fryns syndrome: a review of the phenotype and diagnostic guidelinesAm J Med Genet A2004 124A427433
Not in our library10.1002/ajmg.a.20381
29.
Scott DA Cooper ML Stankiewicz P Patel A Potocki L Cheung SW Congenital diaphragmatic hernia in WAGR syndromeAm J Med Genet A2005 134430433
Not in our library10.1002/ajmg.a.30654
30.
Luis AL Pederiva F Encinas JL Ruiz E Rodriguez JI Martinez L Tovar JA Parafollicular C-Cells of the Thyroid are Decreased in Patients with Congenital Diaphragmatic HerniaEur J Pediatr Surg2011 21246249
Not in our library10.1055/s-0031-1273778
31.
Pederiva F Rodriguez JI Ruiz-Bravo E Martinez L Tovar JA Abnormal intrinsic esophageal innervation in congenital diaphragmatic hernia: a likely cause of motor dysfunctionJ Pediatr Surg2009 44496499
Not in our library10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2008.08.021
32.
Baoquan Q Diez-Pardo JA Tovar JA Intestinal rotation in experimental congenital diaphragmatic herniaJ Pediatr Surg1995 3014571462
Not in our library10.1016/0022-3468(95)90407-7
33.
Ford EG Senac MO Jr Srikanth MS Weitzman JJ Malrotation of the intestine in childrenAnn Surg1992 215172178
Not in our library10.1097/00000658-199202000-00013
34.
Zaiss I Kehl S Link K Neff W Schaible T Sutterlin M Siemer J Associated Malformations in Congenital Diaphragmatic HerniaAm J Perinatol2010
Not in our library10.1055/s-0030-1268235
35.
McPherson EW Ketterer DM Salsburey DJ Pallister-Killian and Fryns syndromes: nosologyAm J Med Genet1993 47241245
Not in our library10.1002/ajmg.1320470219
36.
Franceschini P Guala A Licata D Botta G Flora F Angeli G Di Cara G Franceschini D Gershoni-Baruch syndrome: report of a new family confirming autosomal recessive inheritanceAm J Med Genet A2003 122A174179
Not in our library10.1002/ajmg.a.20275
37.
Cho HY Lee BS Kang CH Kim WH Ha IS Cheong HI Choi Y Hydrothorax in a patient with Denys-Drash syndrome associated with a diaphragmatic defectPediatr Nephrol2006 2119091912
Not in our library10.1007/s00467-006-0273-5
38.
Martinez-Frias ML Bermejo E Felix V Jimenez N Gomez-Ullate J Lopez JA Aparicio P Ayala A Gairi JM Galan E [Brachmann-de-Lange syndrome in our population: clinical and epidemiological characteristics]An Esp Pediatr1998 48293298
Not in our library
39.
Kantarci S Donahoe PK Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) etiology as revealed by pathway geneticsAm J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet2007 145C217226
Not in our library10.1002/ajmg.c.30132
40.
van Dooren MF Brooks AS Hoogeboom AJ van den Hoonaard TL de Klein JE Wouters CH Tibboel D Early diagnosis of Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome triggered by a life-threatening event: congenital diaphragmatic herniaAm J Med Genet A2004 127A194196
Not in our library10.1002/ajmg.a.20613
41.
Blancato JK Hunt M George J Katz J Meck JM Prenatal diagnosis of tetrasomy 12p by in situ hybridization: varying levels of mosaicism in different fetal tissuesPrenat Diagn1992 12979983
Not in our library10.1002/pd.1970121202
42.
Klaassens M Scott DA van Dooren M Hochstenbach R Eussen HJ Cai WW Galjaard RJ Wouters C Poot M Laudy J Congenital diaphragmatic hernia associated with duplication of 11q23-qterAm J Med Genet A2006 14015801586
Not in our library10.1002/ajmg.a.31321
43.
Schlembach D Zenker M Trautmann U Ulmer R Beinder E Deletion 15q24-26 in prenatally detected diaphragmatic hernia: increasing evidence of a candidate region for diaphragmatic developmentPrenat Diagn2001 21289292
Not in our library10.1002/pd.50
44.
Biggio JR Jr Descartes MD Carroll AJ Holt RL Congenital diaphragmatic hernia: is 15q26.1-26.2 a candidate locus?Am J Med Genet A2004 126A183185
Not in our library10.1002/ajmg.a.20464
45.
Kantarci S Ackerman KG Russell MK Longoni M Sougnez C Noonan KM Hatchwell E Zhang X Pieretti Vanmarcke R Anyane-Yeboa K Characterization of the chromosome 1q41q42.12 region, and the candidate gene DISP1, in patients with CDHAm J Med Genet A2010 152A24932504
Not in our library10.1002/ajmg.a.33618
46.
Wat MJ Shchelochkov OA Holder AM Breman AM Dagli A Bacino C Scaglia F Zori RT Cheung SW Scott DA Kang SH Chromosome 8p23.1 deletions as a cause of complex congenital heart defects and diaphragmatic herniaAm J Med Genet A2009 149A16611677
Not in our library10.1002/ajmg.a.32896
47.
Kim PC Mo R Hui Cc C Murine models of VACTERL syndrome: Role of sonic hedgehog signaling pathwayJ Pediatr Surg2001 36381384
Not in our library10.1053/jpsu.2001.20722
48.
Liu J Zhang L Wang D Shen H Jiang M Mei P Hayden PS Sedor JR Hu H Congenital diaphragmatic hernia, kidney agenesis and cardiac defects associated with Slit3-deficiency in miceMech Dev2003 12010591070
Not in our library10.1016/s0925-4773(03)00161-8
49.
Yuan W Rao Y Babiuk RP Greer JJ Wu JY Ornitz DM A genetic model for a central (septum transversum) congenital diaphragmatic hernia in mice lacking Slit3Proc Natl Acad Sci USA2003 10052175222
Not in our library10.1073/pnas.0730709100
50.
You LR Takamoto N Yu CT Tanaka T Kodama T Demayo FJ Tsai SY Tsai MJ Mouse lacking COUP-TFII as an animal model of Bochdalek-type congenital diaphragmatic herniaProc Natl Acad Sci USA2005 1021635116356
Not in our library10.1073/pnas.0507832102
51.
Fog2 Is Required for Normal Diaphragm and Lung Development in Mice and Humans · 2005
No notice
52.
Nordenskjold A Tapper-Persson M Anvret M No evidence of WT1 gene mutations in children with congenital diaphragmatic herniaJ Pediatr Surg1996 31925927
Not in our library10.1016/s0022-3468(96)90412-1
53.
LopezJimenez N Gerber S Popovici V Mirza S Copren K Ta L Shaw GM Trueb B Slavotinek AM Examination of FGFRL1 as a candidate gene for diaphragmatic defects at chromosome 4p16.3 shows that Fgfrl1 null mice have reduced expression of Tpm3, sarcomere genes and Lrtm1 in the diaphragmHum Genet2009 127325336
Not in our library10.1007/s00439-009-0777-8
54.
Kluth D Keijzer R Hertl M Tibboel D Embryology of congenital diaphragmatic herniaSemin Pediatr Surg1996 5224233
Not in our library
55.
Allan DW Greer JJ Pathogenesis of nitrofen-induced congenital diaphragmatic hernia in fetal ratsJ Appl Physiol1997 83338347
Not in our library10.1152/jappl.1997.83.2.338
56.
Greer JJ Allan DW Babiuk RP Lemke RP Recent advances in understanding the pathogenesis of nitrofen-induced congenital diaphragmatic herniaPediatr Pulmonol2000 29394399
Not in our library10.1002/(sici)1099-0496(200005)29:5<394::aid-ppul9>3.0.co;2-2
57.
Babiuk RP Zhang W Clugston R Allan DW Greer JJ Embryological origins and development of the rat diaphragmJ Comp Neurol2003 455477487
Not in our library10.1002/cne.10503
58.
Clark RH Hardin WD Jr Hirschl RB Jaksic T Lally KP Langham MR Jr Wilson JM Current surgical management of congenital diaphragmatic hernia: a report from the Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Study GroupJ Pediatr Surg1998 3310041009
Not in our library10.1016/s0022-3468(98)90522-x
59.
Lally KP Lally PA Lasky RE Tibboel D Jaksic T Wilson JM Frenckner B Van Meurs KP Bohn DJ Davis CF Hirschl RB Defect size determines survival in infants with congenital diaphragmatic herniaPediatrics2007 120e651657
Not in our library10.1542/peds.2006-3040
60.
Tsang TM Tam PK Dudley NE Stevens J Diaphragmatic agenesis as a distinct clinical entityJ Pediatr Surg1994 2914391441
Not in our library10.1016/0022-3468(94)90139-2
61.
Schnitzer JJ Control and regulation of pulmonary hypoplasia associated with congenital diaphragmatic herniaSemin Pediatr Surg2004 133743
Not in our library10.1053/j.sempedsurg.2003.09.006
62.
George DK Cooney TP Chiu BK Thurlbeck WM Hypoplasia and immaturity of the terminal lung unit (acinus) in congenital diaphragmatic herniaAm Rev Respir Dis1987 136947950
Not in our library10.1164/ajrccm/136.4.947
63.
Wigglesworth JS Desai R Guerrini P Fetal lung hypoplasia: biochemical and structural variations and their possible significanceArch Dis Child1981 56606615
Not in our library10.1136/adc.56.8.606
64.
Moya FR Thomas VL Romaguera J Mysore MR Maberry M Bernard A Freund M Fetal lung maturation in congenital diaphragmatic herniaAm J Obstet Gynecol1995 17314011405
Not in our library10.1016/0002-9378(95)90624-x
65.
Valls-i-Soler A Alfonso LF Arnaiz A Alvarez FJ Tovar JA Pulmonary surfactant dysfunction in congenital diaphragmatic hernia: experimental and clinical findingsBiol Neonate1996 69318326
Not in our library10.1159/000244326
66.
Surfactant maturation is not delayed in human fetuses with diaphragmatic hernia. · 2007
Not checked
67.
Shochat SJ Naeye RL Ford WD Whitman V Maisels MJ Congenital diaphragmatic hernia. New concept in managementAnn Surg1979 190332341
Not in our library10.1097/00000658-197909000-00008
68.
Yamataka T Puri P Pulmonary artery structural changes in pulmonary hypertension complicating congenital diaphragmatic herniaJ Pediatr Surg1997 32387390
Not in our library10.1016/s0022-3468(97)90587-x
69.
Ohi R Suzuki H Kato T Kasai M Development of the lung in fetal rabbits with experimental diaphragmatic herniaJ Pediatr Surg1976 11955959
Not in our library10.1016/s0022-3468(76)80073-5
70.
Fauza DO Tannuri U Ayoub AA Capelozzi VL Saldiva PH Maksoud JG Surgically produced congenital diaphragmatic hernia in fetal rabbitsJ Pediatr Surg1994 29882886
Not in our library10.1016/0022-3468(94)90008-6
71.
Wu J Yamamoto H Gratacos E Ge X Verbeken E Sueishi K Hashimoto S Vanamo K Lerut T Deprest J Lung development following diaphragmatic hernia in the fetal rabbitHum Reprod2000 1524832488
Not in our library10.1093/humrep/15.12.2483
72.
Harrison MR Bressack MA Churg AM de Lorimier AA Correction of congenital diaphragmatic hernia in utero. II. Simulated correction permits fetal lung growth with survival at birthSurgery1980 88260268
Not in our library
73.
Harrison MR Jester JA Ross NA Correction of congenital diaphragmatic hernia in utero. I. The model: intrathoracic balloon produces fatal pulmonary hypoplasiaSurgery1980 88174182
Not in our library
74.
Harrison MR Ross NA de Lorimier AA Correction of congenital diaphragmatic hernia in utero. III. Development of a successful surgical technique using abdominoplasty to avoid compromise of umbilical blood flowJ Pediatr Surg1981 16934942
Not in our library10.1016/s0022-3468(81)80849-4
75.
Deprest JA Lerut TE Vandenberghe K Operative fetoscopy: new perspective in fetal therapy?Prenat Diagn1997 1712471260
Not in our library
76.
Soper RT Pringle KC Scofield JC Creation and repair of diaphragmatic hernia in the fetal lamb: techniques and survivalJ Pediatr Surg1984 193340
Not in our library10.1016/s0022-3468(84)80011-1
77.
DiFiore JW Fauza DO Slavin R Peters CA Fackler JC Wilson JM Experimental fetal tracheal ligation reverses the structural and physiological effects of pulmonary hypoplasia in congenital diaphragmatic herniaJ Pediatr Surg1994 29248256
Not in our library10.1016/0022-3468(94)90328-x
78.
Hedrick MH Estes JM Sullivan KM Bealer JF Kitterman JA Flake AW Adzick NS Harrison MR Plug the lung until it grows (PLUG): a new method to treat congenital diaphragmatic hernia in uteroJ Pediatr Surg1994 29612617
Not in our library10.1016/0022-3468(94)90724-2
79.
Benachi A Dommergues M Delezoide AL Bourbon J Dumez Y Brunnelle F Tracheal obstruction in experimental diaphragmatic hernia: an endoscopic approach in the fetal lambPrenat Diagn1997 17629634
Not in our library
80.
Luks FI Wild YK Piasecki GJ De Paepe ME Short-term tracheal occlusion corrects pulmonary vascular anomalies in the fetal lamb with diaphragmatic herniaSurgery2000 128266272
Not in our library10.1067/msy.2000.107373
81.
Bratu I Flageole H Laberge JM Kovacs L Faucher D Piedboeuf B Lung function in lambs with diaphragmatic hernia after reversible fetal tracheal occlusionJ Pediatr Surg2004 3915241531
Not in our library10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2004.06.024
82.
Keijzer R Liu J Deimling J Tibboel D Post M Dual-hit hypothesis explains pulmonary hypoplasia in the nitrofen model of congenital diaphragmatic herniaAm J Pathol2000 15612991306
Not in our library10.1016/s0002-9440(10)65000-6
83.
Nose K Kamata S Sawai T Tazuke Y Usui N Kawahara H Okada A Airway anomalies in patients with congenital diaphragmatic herniaJ Pediatr Surg2000 3515621565
Not in our library10.1053/jpsu.2000.18310
84.
Alfonso LF Arnaiz A Alvarez FJ Qi B Diez-Pardo JA Vallis-i-Soler A Tovar JA Lung hypoplasia and surfactant system immaturity induced in the fetal rat by prenatal exposure to nitrofenBiol Neonate1996 6994100
Not in our library10.1159/000244283
85.
Geggel RL Murphy JD Langleben D Crone RK Vacanti JP Reid LM Congenital diaphragmatic hernia: arterial structural changes and persistent pulmonary hypertension after surgical repairJ Pediatr1985 107457464
Not in our library10.1016/s0022-3476(85)80534-5
86.
Mey J Babiuk RP Clugston R Zhang W Greer JJ Retinal dehydrogenase-2 is inhibited by compounds that induce congenital diaphragmatic hernias in rodentsAm J Pathol2003 162673679
Not in our library10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63861-8
87.
Kluth D Kangah R Reich P Tenbrinck R Tibboel D Lambrecht W Nitrofen-induced diaphragmatic hernias in rats: an animal modelJ Pediatr Surg1990 25850854
Not in our library10.1016/0022-3468(90)90190-k
88.
Tenbrinck R Tibboel D Gaillard JL Kluth D Bos AP Lachmann B Molenaar JC Experimentally induced congenital diaphragmatic hernia in ratsJ Pediatr Surg1990 25426429
Not in our library10.1016/0022-3468(90)90386-n
89.
Alfonso LF Vilanova J Aldazabal P Lopez de Torre B Tovar JA Lung growth and maturation in the rat model of experimentally induced congenital diaphragmatic herniaEur J Pediatr Surg1993 3611
Not in our library10.1055/s-2008-1063498
90.
Greer JJ Babiuk RP Thebaud B Etiology of congenital diaphragmatic hernia: the retinoid hypothesisPediatr Res2003 53726730
Not in our library10.1203/01.pdr.0000062660.12769.e6
91.
Van Tuyl M Blommaart PE Keijzer R Wert SE Ruijter JM Lamers WH Tibboel D Pulmonary surfactant protein A, B, and C mRNA and protein expression in the nitrofen-induced congenital diaphragmatic hernia rat modelPediatr Res2003 54641652
Not in our library10.1203/01.pdr.0000086906.19683.42
92.
Jesudason EC Smith NP Connell MG Spiller DG White MR Fernig DG Losty PD Peristalsis of airway smooth muscle is developmentally regulated and uncoupled from hypoplastic lung growthAm J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol2006 291L559565
Not in our library10.1152/ajplung.00498.2005
93.
Montedonico S Nakazawa N Puri P Retinoic acid rescues lung hypoplasia in nitrofen-induced hypoplastic foetal rat lung explantsPediatr Surg Int2006 2228
Not in our library10.1007/s00383-005-1571-x
94.
Takayasu H Nakazawa N Montedonico S Puri P Reduced expression of aquaporin 5 water channel in nitrofen-induced hypoplastic lung with congenital diaphragmatic hernia rat modelJ Pediatr Surg2007 42415419
Not in our library10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2006.10.029
95.
Montedonico S Sugimoto K Felle P Bannigan J Puri P Prenatal treatment with retinoic acid promotes pulmonary alveologenesis in the nitrofen model of congenital diaphragmatic herniaJ Pediatr Surg2008 43500507
Not in our library10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2007.10.030
96.
Martinez L Pederiva F Martinez-Calonge W Aras-Lopez R Tovar JA The myenteric plexus of the esophagus is abnormal in an experimental congenital diaphragmatic hernia modelEur J Pediatr Surg2009 19163167
Not in our library10.1055/s-0029-1202854
97.
Dingemann J Doi T Ruttenstock E Puri P Expression of the Wilm's tumor gene WT1 during diaphragmatic development in the nitrofen model for congenital diaphragmatic herniaPediatr Surg Int2010
Not in our library10.1007/s00383-010-2795-y
98.
Clugston RD Zhang W Greer JJ Early development of the primordial mammalian diaphragm and cellular mechanisms of nitrofen-induced congenital diaphragmatic herniaBirth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol2010 881524
Not in our library10.1002/bdra.20613
99.
Dingemann J Doi T Ruttenstock EM Puri P Downregulation of FGFRL1 Contributes to the Development of the Diaphragmatic Defect in the Nitrofen Model of Congenital Diaphragmatic HerniaEur J Pediatr Surg
Not in our library10.1055/s-0030-1262853
100.
Andersen DH Effect of diet during pregnancy upon the incidence of congenital hereditary diaphragmatic hernia in the rat; failure to produce cystic fibrosis of the pancreas by maternal vitamin A deficiencyAm J Pathol1949 25163185
Not in our library
101.
Thebaud B Tibboel D Rambaud C Mercier JC Bourbon JR Dinh-Xuan AT Archer SL Vitamin A decreases the incidence and severity of nitrofen-induced congenital diaphragmatic hernia in ratsAm J Physiol1999 277L423429
Not in our library10.1152/ajplung.1999.277.2.l423
102.
Thebaud B Barlier-Mur AM Chailley-Heu B Henrion-Caude A Tibboel D Dinh-Xuan AT Bourbon JR Restoring effects of vitamin A on surfactant synthesis in nitrofen-induced congenital diaphragmatic hernia in ratsAm J Respir Crit Care Med2001 16410831089
Not in our library10.1164/ajrccm.164.6.2010115
103.
Babiuk RP Thebaud B Greer JJ Reductions in the incidence of nitrofen-induced diaphragmatic hernia by vitamin A and retinoic acidAm J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol2004 286L970973
Not in our library10.1152/ajplung.00403.2003
104.
Nakazawa N Takayasu H Montedonico S Puri P Altered regulation of retinoic acid synthesis in nitrofen-induced hypoplastic lungPediatr Surg Int2007 23391396
Not in our library10.1007/s00383-006-1848-8
105.
Nakazawa N Montedonico S Takayasu H Paradisi F Puri P Disturbance of retinol transportation causes nitrofen-induced hypoplastic lungJ Pediatr Surg2007 42345349
Not in our library10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2006.10.028
106.
Doi T Sugimoto K Puri P Prenatal retinoic acid up-regulates pulmonary gene expression of COUP-TFII, FOG2, and GATA4 in pulmonary hypoplasiaJ Pediatr Surg2009 4419331937
Not in our library10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2009.04.027
107.
Mendelsohn C Lohnes D Decimo D Lufkin T LeMeur M Chambon P Mark M Function of the retinoic acid receptors (RARs) during development (II). Multiple abnormalities at various stages of organogenesis in RAR double mutantsDevelopment1994 12027492771
Not in our library10.1242/dev.120.10.2749
108.
Clugston RD Zhang W Alvarez S de Lera AR Greer JJ Understanding abnormal retinoid signaling as a causative mechanism in congenital diaphragmatic herniaAm J Respir Cell Mol Biol2009 42276285
Not in our library10.1165/rcmb.2009-0076oc
109.
Cipollone D Cozzi DA Businaro R Marino B Congenital diaphragmatic hernia after exposure to a triple retinoic acid antagonist during pregnancyJ Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown)2010
Not in our library10.2459/jcm.0b013e3283410329
110.
Major D Cadenas M Fournier L Leclerc S Lefebvre M Cloutier R Retinol status of newborn infants with congenital diaphragmatic herniaPediatr Surg Int1998 13547549
Not in our library10.1007/s003830050399
111.
Beurskens LW Tibboel D Lindemans J Duvekot JJ Cohen-Overbeek TE Veenma DC de Klein A Greer JJ Steegers-Theunissen RP Retinol status of newborn infants is associated with congenital diaphragmatic herniaPediatrics2010 126712720
Not in our library10.1542/peds.2010-0521
112.
Goumy C Gouas L Marceau G Coste K Veronese L Gallot D Sapin V Vago P Tchirkov A Retinoid pathway and congenital diaphragmatic hernia: hypothesis from the analysis of chromosomal abnormalitiesFetal Diagn Ther2010 28129139
Not in our library10.1159/000313331
113.
Gallot D Marceau G Coste K Hadden H Robert-Gnansia E Laurichesse H Dechelotte PJ Labbe A Dastugue B Lemery D Sapin V Congenital diaphragmatic hernia: a retinoid-signaling pathway disruption during lung development?Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol2005 73523531
Not in our library10.1002/bdra.20151
114.
Holder AM Klaassens M Tibboel D de Klein A Lee B Scott DA Genetic factors in congenital diaphragmatic herniaAm J Hum Genet2007 80825845
Not in our library10.1086/513442
115.
Montedonico S Nakazawa N Puri P Congenital diaphragmatic hernia and retinoids: searching for an etiologyPediatr Surg Int2008 24755761
Not in our library10.1007/s00383-008-2140-x
116.
Kitano Y Flake AW Quinn TM Kanai M Davies P Sablich TJ Schneider C Adzick NS von Allmen D Lung growth induced by tracheal occlusion in the sheep is augmented by airway pressurizationJ Pediatr Surg2000 35216221
Not in our library10.1016/s0022-3468(00)90012-5
117.
Kitano Y Kanai M Davies P von Allmen D Yang EY Radu A Adzick NS Flake AW BAPS prize-1999: Lung growth induced by prenatal tracheal occlusion and its modifying factors: a study in the rat model of congenital diaphragmatic herniaJ Pediatr Surg2001 36251259
Not in our library10.1053/jpsu.2001.20683
118.
Fewell JE Hislop AA Kitterman JA Johnson P Effect of tracheostomy on lung development in fetal lambsJ Appl Physiol1983 5511031108
Not in our library10.1152/jappl.1983.55.4.1103
119.
Jesudason EC Exploiting mechanical stimuli to rescue growth of the hypoplastic lungPediatr Surg Int2007 23827836
Not in our library10.1007/s00383-007-1956-0
120.
Nakayama DK Harrison MR Chinn DH Callen PW Filly RA Golbus MS De Lorimier AA Prenatal diagnosis and natural history of the fetus with a congenital diaphragmatic hernia: initial clinical experienceJ Pediatr Surg1985 20118124
Not in our library10.1016/s0022-3468(85)80282-7
121.
Adzick NS Vacanti JP Lillehei CW O'Rourke PP Crone RK Wilson JM Fetal diaphragmatic hernia: ultrasound diagnosis and clinical outcome in 38 casesJ Pediatr Surg1989 24654657
Not in our library10.1016/s0022-3468(89)80713-4
122.
Knox E Lissauer D Khan K Kilby M Prenatal detection of pulmonary hypoplasia in fetuses with congenital diaphragmatic hernia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic studiesJ Matern Fetal Neonatal Med2010 23579588
Not in our library10.3109/14767050903551400
123.
Sandaite I Claus F De Keyzer F Done E Van Mieghem T Gucciardo L Dekoninck P Jani J Cannie M Deprest JA Examining the Relationship between the Lung-to-Head Ratio Measured on Ultrasound and Lung Volumetry by Magnetic Resonance in Fetuses with Isolated Congenital Diaphragmatic HerniaFetal Diagn Ther2010
Not in our library10.1159/000320204
124.
Harrison MR Sydorak RM Farrell JA Kitterman JA Filly RA Albanese CT Fetoscopic temporary tracheal occlusion for congenital diaphragmatic hernia: prelude to a randomized, controlled trialJ Pediatr Surg2003 3810121020
Not in our library10.1016/s0022-3468(03)00182-9
125.
Jani J Peralta CF Van Schoubroeck D Deprest J Nicolaides KH Relationship between lung-to-head ratio and lung volume in normal fetuses and fetuses with diaphragmatic herniaUltrasound Obstet Gynecol2006 27545550
Not in our library10.1002/uog.2735
126.
Usui N Okuyama H Sawai T Kamiyama M Kamata S Fukuzawa M Relationship between L/T ratio and LHR in the prenatal assessment of pulmonary hypoplasia in congenital diaphragmatic herniaPediatr Surg Int2007 23971976
Not in our library10.1007/s00383-007-1980-0
127.
Jani JC Benachi A Nicolaides KH Allegaert K Gratacos E Mazkereth R Matis J Tibboel D Van Heijst A Storme L Prenatal prediction of neonatal morbidity in survivors with congenital diaphragmatic hernia: a multicenter studyUltrasound Obstet Gynecol2009 336469
Not in our library10.1002/uog.6141
128.
Metkus AP Filly RA Stringer MD Harrison MR Adzick NS Sonographic predictors of survival in fetal diaphragmatic herniaJ Pediatr Surg1996 31148151
Not in our library10.1016/s0022-3468(96)90338-3
129.
Lipshutz GS Albanese CT Feldstein VA Jennings RW Housley HT Beech R Farrell JA Harrison MR Prospective analysis of lung-to-head ratio predicts survival for patients with prenatally diagnosed congenital diaphragmatic herniaJ Pediatr Surg1997 3216341636
Not in our library10.1016/s0022-3468(97)90471-1
130.
Heling KS Wauer RR Hammer H Bollmann R Chaoui R Reliability of the lung-to-head ratio in predicting outcome and neonatal ventilation parameters in fetuses with congenital diaphragmatic herniaUltrasound Obstet Gynecol2005 25112118
Not in our library10.1002/uog.1837
131.
Tsukimori K Masumoto K Morokuma S Yoshimura T Taguchi T Hara T Sakaguchi Y Takahashi S Wake N Suita S The lung-to-thorax transverse area ratio at term and near term correlates with survival in isolated congenital diaphragmatic herniaJ Ultrasound Med2008 27707713
Not in our library10.7863/jum.2008.27.5.707
132.
Mahieu-Caputo D Sonigo P Dommergues M Fournet JC Thalabard JC Abarca C Benachi A Brunelle F Dumez Y Fetal lung volume measurement by magnetic resonance imaging in congenital diaphragmatic herniaBJOG2001 108863868
Not in our library10.1111/j.1471-0528.2001.00184.x
133.
Gorincour G Bouvenot J Mourot MG Sonigo P Chaumoitre K Garel C Guibaud L Rypens F Avni F Cassart M Prenatal prognosis of congenital diaphragmatic hernia using magnetic resonance imaging measurement of fetal lung volumeUltrasound Obstet Gynecol2005 26738744
Not in our library10.1002/uog.2618
134.
Jani J Breysem L Maes F Boulvain M Roubliova X Lewi L Vaast P Biard JM Cannie M Deprest J Accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging for measuring fetal sheep lungs and other organsUltrasound Obstet Gynecol2005 25270276
Not in our library10.1002/uog.1866
135.
Cannie M Jani JC De Keyzer F Devlieger R Van Schoubroeck D Witters I Marchal G Dymarkowski S Deprest JA Fetal body volume: use at MR imaging to quantify relative lung volume in fetuses suspected of having pulmonary hypoplasiaRadiology2006 241847853
Not in our library10.1148/radiol.2413051228
136.
Kilian AK Schaible T Hofmann V Brade J Neff KW Busing KA Congenital diaphragmatic hernia: predictive value of MRI relative lung-to-head ratio compared with MRI fetal lung volume and sonographic lung-to-head ratioAm J Roentgenol2009 192153158
Not in our library10.2214/ajr.08.1082
137.
Done E Gucciardo L Van Mieghem T Jani J Cannie M Van Schoubroeck D Devlieger R Catte LD Klaritsch P Mayer S Prenatal diagnosis, prediction of outcome and in utero therapy of isolated congenital diaphragmatic herniaPrenat Diagn2008 28581591
Not in our library10.1002/pd.2033
138.
Albanese CT Lopoo J Goldstein RB Filly RA Feldstein VA Calen PW Jennings RW Farrell JA Harrison MR Fetal liver position and perinatal outcome for congenital diaphragmatic herniaPrenat Diagn1998 1811381142
Not in our library10.1002/(sici)1097-0223(199811)18:11<1138::aid-pd416>3.0.co;2-a
139.
Deprest J Jani J Gratacos E Vandecruys H Naulaers G Delgado J Greenough A Nicolaides K Fetal intervention for congenital diaphragmatic hernia: the European experienceSemin Perinatol2005 2994103
Not in our library10.1053/j.semperi.2005.04.006
140.
Hedrick HL Danzer E Merchant A Bebbington MW Zhao H Flake AW Johnson MP Liechty KW Howell LJ Wilson RD Adzick NS Liver position and lung-to-head ratio for prediction of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and survival in isolated left congenital diaphragmatic herniaAm J Obstet Gynecol2007 197422e421-424
Not in our library10.1016/j.ajog.2007.07.001
141.
Goodfellow T Hyde I Burge DM Freeman NV Congenital diaphragmatic hernia: the prognostic significance of the site of the stomachBr J Radiol1987 60993995
Not in our library10.1259/0007-1285-60-718-993
142.
Laudy JA Van Gucht M Van Dooren MF Wladimiroff JW Tibboel D Congenital diaphragmatic hernia: an evaluation of the prognostic value of the lung-to-head ratio and other prenatal parametersPrenat Diagn2003 23634639
Not in our library10.1002/pd.654
143.
Takahashi H Hayashi S Miura Y Tsukamoto K Kosaki R Itoh Y Sago H Trisomy 9 mosaicism diagnosed in uteroObstet Gynecol Int2010
Not in our library10.1155/2010/379534
144.
Bohn D Tamura M Perrin D Barker G Rabinovitch M Ventilatory predictors of pulmonary hypoplasia in congenital diaphragmatic hernia, confirmed by morphologic assessmentJ Pediatr1987 111423431
Not in our library10.1016/s0022-3476(87)80474-2
145.
Wilson JM Lund DP Lillehei CW Vacanti JP Congenital diaphragmatic hernia: predictors of severity in the ECMO eraJ Pediatr Surg1991 2610281033
Not in our library10.1016/0022-3468(91)90667-i
146.
Haugen SE Linker D Eik-Nes S Kufaas T Vik T Eggen BM Brubakk AM Congenital diaphragmatic hernia: determination of the optimal time for operation by echocardiographic monitoring of the pulmonary arterial pressureJ Pediatr Surg1991 26560562
Not in our library10.1016/0022-3468(91)90707-z
147.
Tanabe M Yoshida H Iwai J Takahashi H Ohnuma N Terai M Doppler flow patterns through the ductus arteriosus in patients with congenital diaphragmatic herniaEur J Pediatr Surg2000 109295
Not in our library10.1055/s-2008-1072333
148.
Okazaki T Kohno S Hasegawa S Urushihara N Yoshida A Kawano S Saito A Tanaka Y Congenital diaphragmatic hernia: efficacy of ultrasound examination in its managementPediatr Surg Int2003 19176179
Not in our library10.1007/s00383-002-0913-1
149.
Suda K Bigras JL Bohn D Hornberger LK McCrindle BW Echocardiographic predictors of outcome in newborns with congenital diaphragmatic herniaPediatrics2000 10511061109
Not in our library10.1542/peds.105.5.1106
150.
Takahashi S Oishi Y Ito N Nanba Y Tsukamoto K Nakamura T Ito Y Hayashi S Sago H Kuroda T Honna T Evaluating mortality and disease severity in congenital diaphragmatic hernia using the McGoon and pulmonary artery indicesJ Pediatr Surg2009 4421012106
Not in our library10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2009.05.012
151.
Okamoto S Ikawa H Fukumoto H Masuyama H Konuma K Kohno M Nakamura T Takahashi H Patent ductus arteriosus flow patterns in the treatment of congenital diaphragmatic herniaPediatr Int2009 51555558
Not in our library10.1111/j.1442-200x.2009.02808.x
152.
Garne E Haeusler M Barisic I Gjergja R Stoll C Clementi M Congenital diaphragmatic hernia: evaluation of prenatal diagnosis in 20 European regionsUltrasound Obstet Gynecol2002 19329333
Not in our library10.1046/j.1469-0705.2002.00635.x
153.
Colvin J Bower C Dickinson JE Sokol J Outcomes of congenital diaphragmatic hernia: a population-based study in Western AustraliaPediatrics2005 116e356363
Not in our library10.1542/peds.2004-2845
154.
Richmond S Atkins J A population-based study of the prenatal diagnosis of congenital malformation over 16 yearsBJOG2005 11213491357
Not in our library10.1111/j.1471-0528.2005.00660.x
155.
Adzick NS Outwater KM Harrison MR Davies P Glick PL deLorimier AA Reid LM Correction of congenital diaphragmatic hernia in utero. IV. An early gestational fetal lamb model for pulmonary vascular morphometric analysisJ Pediatr Surg1985 20673680
Not in our library10.1016/s0022-3468(85)80022-1
156.
Harrison MR Langer JC Adzick NS Golbus MS Filly RA Anderson RL Rosen MA Callen PW Goldstein RB deLorimier AA Correction of congenital diaphragmatic hernia in utero, V. Initial clinical experienceJ Pediatr Surg1990 254755
Not in our library10.1016/s0022-3468(05)80163-0
157.
Harrison MR Adzick NS The fetus as a patient. Surgical considerationsAnn Surg1991 213279291
Not in our library10.1097/00000658-199104000-00002
158.
Harrison MR Adzick NS Bullard KM Farrell JA Howell LJ Rosen MA Sola A Goldberg JD Filly RA Correction of congenital diaphragmatic hernia in utero VII: a prospective trialJ Pediatr Surg1997 3216371642
Not in our library10.1016/s0022-3468(97)90472-3
159.
Harrison MR Adzick NS Flake AW VanderWall KJ Bealer JF Howell LJ Farrell JA Filly RA Rosen MA Sola A Goldberg JD Correction of congenital diaphragmatic hernia in utero VIII: Response of the hypoplastic lung to tracheal occlusionJ Pediatr Surg1996 3113391348
Not in our library10.1016/s0022-3468(96)90824-6
160.
Skarsgard ED Meuli M VanderWall KJ Bealer JF Adzick NS Harrison MR Fetal endoscopic tracheal occlusion ('Fetendo-PLUG') for congenital diaphragmatic herniaJ Pediatr Surg1996 3113351338
Not in our library10.1016/s0022-3468(96)90823-4
161.
VanderWall KJ Bruch SW Meuli M Kohl T Szabo Z Adzick NS Harrison MR Fetal endoscopic ('Fetendo') tracheal clipJ Pediatr Surg1996 3111011103
Not in our library10.1016/s0022-3468(96)90096-2
162.
VanderWall KJ Skarsgard ED Filly RA Eckert J Harrison MR Fetendo-clip: a fetal endoscopic tracheal clip procedure in a human fetusJ Pediatr Surg1997 32970972
Not in our library10.1016/s0022-3468(97)90379-1
163.
Harrison MR Mychaliska GB Albanese CT Jennings RW Farrell JA Hawgood S Sandberg P Levine AH Lobo E Filly RA Correction of congenital diaphragmatic hernia in utero IX: fetuses with poor prognosis (liver herniation and low lung-to-head ratio) can be saved by fetoscopic temporary tracheal occlusionJ Pediatr Surg1998 3310171022
Not in our library10.1016/s0022-3468(98)90524-3
164.
Harrison MR Keller RL Hawgood SB Kitterman JA Sandberg PL Farmer DL Lee H Filly RA Farrell JA Albanese CT A randomized trial of fetal endoscopic tracheal occlusion for severe fetal congenital diaphragmatic herniaN Engl J Med2003 34919161924
Not in our library10.1056/nejmoa035005
165.
Flageole H Evrard VA Piedboeuf B Laberge JM Lerut TE Deprest JA The plug-unplug sequence: an important step to achieve type II pneumocyte maturation in the fetal lamb modelJ Pediatr Surg1998 33299303
Not in our library10.1016/s0022-3468(98)90451-1
166.
Cannie MM Jani JC De Keyzer F Allegaert K Dymarkowski S Deprest J Evidence and patterns in lung response after fetal tracheal occlusion: clinical controlled studyRadiology2009 252526533
Not in our library10.1148/radiol.2522081955
167.
Suen HC Catlin EA Ryan DP Wain JC Donahoe PK Biochemical immaturity of lungs in congenital diaphragmatic herniaJ Pediatr Surg1993 28471475
Not in our library10.1016/0022-3468(93)90250-o
168.
Suen HC Bloch KD Donahoe PK Antenatal glucocorticoid corrects pulmonary immaturity in experimentally induced congenital diaphragmatic hernia in ratsPediatr Res1994 35523529
Not in our library10.1203/00006450-199405000-00002
169.
Losty PD Suen HC Manganaro TF Donahoe PK Schnitzer JJ Prenatal hormonal therapy improves pulmonary compliance in the nitrofen-induced CDH rat modelJ Pediatr Surg1995 30420426
Not in our library10.1016/0022-3468(95)90046-2
170.
Lally KP Bagolan P Hosie S Lally PA Stewart M Cotten CM Van Meurs KP Alexander G Corticosteroids for fetuses with congenital diaphragmatic hernia: can we show benefit?J Pediatr Surg2006 41668674
Not in our library10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2005.12.007
171.
Logan JW Rice HE Goldberg RN Cotten CM Congenital diaphragmatic hernia: a systematic review and summary of best-evidence practice strategiesJ Perinatol2007 27535549
Not in our library10.1038/sj.jp.7211794
172.
Keijzer R van Tuyl M Tibboel D Hormonal modulation of fetal pulmonary development: relevance for the fetus with diaphragmatic herniaEur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol2000 92127133
Not in our library10.1016/s0301-2115(00)00436-x
173.
Shaw KS Filiatrault D Yazbeck S St-Vil D Improved survival for congenital diaphragmatic hernia, based on prenatal ultrasound diagnosis and referral to a combined obstetric-pediatric surgical centerJ Pediatr Surg1994 2912681269
Not in our library10.1016/0022-3468(94)90821-4
174.
Stevens TP van Wijngaarden E Ackerman KG Lally PA Lally KP Timing of delivery and survival rates for infants with prenatal diagnoses of congenital diaphragmatic herniaPediatrics2009 123494502
Not in our library10.1542/peds.2008-0528
175.
Betremieux P Gaillot T de la Pintiere A Beuchee A Pasquier L Habonimana E Le Bouar G Branger B Milon J Fremond B Congenital diaphragmatic hernia: prenatal diagnosis permits immediate intensive care with high survival rate in isolated cases. A population-based studyPrenat Diagn2004 24487493
Not in our library10.1002/pd.909
176.
Frenckner BP Lally PA Hintz SR Lally KP Prenatal diagnosis of congenital diaphragmatic hernia: how should the babies be delivered?J Pediatr Surg2007 4215331538
Not in our library10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2007.04.016
177.
Safavi A Lin Y Skarsgard ED Perinatal management of congenital diaphragmatic hernia: when and how should babies be delivered? Results from the Canadian Pediatric Surgery NetworkJ Pediatr Surg2010 4523342339
Not in our library10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2010.08.026
178.
Glick PL Leach CL Besner GE Egan EA Morin FC Malanowska-Kantoch A Robinson LK Brody A Lele AS McDonnell M Pathophysiology of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. III: Exogenous surfactant therapy for the high-risk neonate with CDHJ Pediatr Surg1992 27866869
Not in our library10.1016/0022-3468(92)90386-l
179.
Bae CW Jang CK Chung SJ Choi YM Oh SM Lee TS Shin OY Exogenous pulmonary surfactant replacement therapy in a neonate with pulmonary hypoplasia accompanying congenital diaphragmatic hernia--a case reportJ Korean Med Sci1996 11265270
Not in our library10.3346/jkms.1996.11.3.265
180.
Colby CE Lally KP Hintz SR Lally PA Tibboel D Moya FR VanMeurs KP Surfactant replacement therapy on ECMO does not improve outcome in neonates with congenital diaphragmatic herniaJ Pediatr Surg2004 3916321637
Not in our library10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2004.07.005
181.
Van Meurs K Is surfactant therapy beneficial in the treatment of the term newborn infant with congenital diaphragmatic hernia?J Pediatr2004 145312316
Not in our library10.1016/j.jpeds.2004.04.056
182.
Mohseni-Bod H Bohn D Pulmonary hypertension in congenital diaphragmatic herniaSemin Pediatr Surg2007 16126133
Not in our library10.1053/j.sempedsurg.2007.01.008
183.
Sakurai Y Azarow K Cutz E Messineo A Pearl R Bohn D Pulmonary barotrauma in congenital diaphragmatic hernia: a clinicopathological correlationJ Pediatr Surg1999 3418131817
Not in our library10.1016/s0022-3468(99)90319-6
184.
Langham MR Jr Kays DW Beierle EA Chen MK Mullet TC Rieger K Wood CE Talbert JL Twenty years of progress in congenital diaphragmatic hernia at the University of FloridaAm Surg2003 694552
Not in our library
185.
Wung JT Sahni R Moffitt ST Lipsitz E Stolar CJ Congenital diaphragmatic hernia: survival treated with very delayed surgery, spontaneous respiration, and no chest tubeJ Pediatr Surg1995 30406409
Not in our library10.1016/0022-3468(95)90042-x
186.
Boloker J Bateman DA Wung JT Stolar CJ Congenital diaphragmatic hernia in 120 infants treated consecutively with permissive hypercapnea/spontaneous respiration/elective repairJ Pediatr Surg2002 37357366
Not in our library10.1053/jpsu.2002.30834
187.
Frenckner B Ehren H Granholm T Linden V Palmer K Improved results in patients who have congenital diaphragmatic hernia using preoperative stabilization, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, and delayed surgeryJ Pediatr Surg1997 3211851189
Not in our library10.1016/s0022-3468(97)90679-5
188.
Bagolan P Casaccia G Crescenzi F Nahom A Trucchi A Giorlandino C Impact of a current treatment protocol on outcome of high-risk congenital diaphragmatic herniaJ Pediatr Surg2004 39313318
Not in our library10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2003.11.009
189.
Waag KL Loff S Zahn K Ali M Hien S Kratz M Neff W Schaffelder R Schaible T Congenital diaphragmatic hernia: a modern day approachSemin Pediatr Surg2008 17244254
Not in our library10.1053/j.sempedsurg.2008.07.009
190.
Karl SR Ballantine TV Snider MT High-frequency ventilation at rates of 375 to 1800 cycles per minute in four neonates with congenital diaphragmatic herniaJ Pediatr Surg1983 18822828
Not in our library10.1016/s0022-3468(83)80030-x
191.
Tamura M Tsuchida Y Kawano T Honna T Ishibashi R Iwanaka T Morita Y Hashimoto H Tada H Miyasaka K Piston-pump-type high frequency oscillatory ventilation for neonates with congenital diaphragmatic hernia: a new protocolJ Pediatr Surg1988 23478482
Not in our library10.1016/s0022-3468(88)80453-6
192.
Fujino Y Takezawa J Nishimura M Imanaka H Taenaka N Yoshiya I High-frequency oscillation for persistent fetal circulation after repair of congenital diaphragmatic herniaCrit Care Med1989 17376377
Not in our library10.1097/00003246-198904000-00016
193.
Schnitzer JJ Thompson JE Hedrick HL A new ventilator improves CO2 removal in newborn lambs with congenital diaphragmatic herniaCrit Care Med1999 27109112
Not in our library10.1097/00003246-199901000-00037
194.
Reiss I Schaible T van den Hout L Capolupo I Allegaert K van Heijst A Gorett Silva M Greenough A Tibboel D Standardized postnatal management of infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia in Europe: the CDH EURO Consortium consensusNeonatology2010 98354364
Not in our library10.1159/000320622
195.
Collins DL Pomerance JJ Travis KW Turner SW Pappelbaum SJ A new approach to congenital posterolateral diaphragmatic herniaJ Pediatr Surg1977 12149156
Not in our library10.1016/s0022-3468(77)80001-8
196.
Sumner E Frank JD Tolazoline in the treatment of congenital diaphragmatic herniasArch Dis Child1981 56350353
Not in our library10.1136/adc.56.5.350
197.
Bos AP Tibboel D Koot VC Hazebroek FW Molenaar JC Persistent pulmonary hypertension in high-risk congenital diaphragmatic hernia patients: incidence and vasodilator therapyJ Pediatr Surg1993 2814631465
Not in our library10.1016/0022-3468(93)90431-j
198.
Weinberger B Weiss K Heck DE Laskin DL Laskin JD Pharmacologic therapy of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newbornPharmacol Ther2001 896779
Not in our library10.1016/s0163-7258(00)00104-2
199.
Buss M Williams G Dilley A Jones O Prevention of heart failure in the management of congenital diaphragmatic hernia by maintaining ductal patency. A case reportJ Pediatr Surg2006 41e911
Not in our library10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2006.01.003
200.
Finer NN Etches PC Kamstra B Tierney AJ Peliowski A Ryan CA Inhaled nitric oxide in infants referred for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: dose responseJ Pediatr1994 124302308
Not in our library10.1016/s0022-3476(94)70324-8
201.
Karamanoukian HL Glick PL Zayek M Steinhorn RH Zwass MS Fineman JR Morin FC Inhaled nitric oxide in congenital hypoplasia of the lungs due to diaphragmatic hernia or oligohydramniosPediatrics1994 94715718
Not in our library
202.
Shah N Jacob T Exler R Morrow S Ford H Albanese C Wiener E Rowe M Billiar T Simmons R Inhaled nitric oxide in congenital diaphragmatic herniaJ Pediatr Surg1994 2910101014
Not in our library10.1016/0022-3468(94)90269-0
203.
Kinsella JP Parker TA Ivy DD Abman SH Noninvasive delivery of inhaled nitric oxide therapy for late pulmonary hypertension in newborn infants with congenital diaphragmatic herniaJ Pediatr2003 142397401
Not in our library10.1067/mpd.2003.140
204.
Lally KP Congenital diaphragmatic herniaCurr Opin Pediatr2002 14486490
Not in our library10.1097/00008480-200208000-00022
205.
Hunter L Richens T Davis C Walker G Simpson JH Sildenafil use in congenital diaphragmatic herniaArch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed2009 94F467
Not in our library10.1136/adc.2008.153684
206.
Masumoto K Teshiba R Esumi G Nagata K Takahata Y Hikino S Hara T Hojo S Tsukimori K Wake N Improvement in the outcome of patients with antenatally diagnosed congenital diaphragmatic hernia using gentle ventilation and circulatory stabilizationPediatr Surg Int2009 25487492
Not in our library10.1007/s00383-009-2370-6
207.
Bartlett RH Gazzaniga AB Toomasian J Coran AG Roloff D Rucker R Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in neonatal respiratory failure. 100 casesAnn Surg1986 204236245
Not in our library10.1097/00000658-198609000-00003
208.
Dimmitt RA Moss RL Rhine WD Benitz WE Henry MC Vanmeurs KP Venoarterial versus venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in congenital diaphragmatic hernia: the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization Registry, 1990-1999J Pediatr Surg2001 3611991204
Not in our library10.1053/jpsu.2001.25762
209.
Guner YS Khemani RG Qureshi FG Wee CP Austin MT Dorey F Rycus PT Ford HR Friedlich P Stein JE Outcome analysis of neonates with congenital diaphragmatic hernia treated with venovenous vs venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenationJ Pediatr Surg2009 4416911701
Not in our library10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2009.01.017
210.
Keckler SJ Laituri CA Ostlie DJ St Peter SD A review of venovenous and venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in neonates and childrenEur J Pediatr Surg2009 2014
Not in our library10.1055/s-0029-1231053
211.
Azarow K Messineo A Pearl R Filler R Barker G Bohn D Congenital diaphragmatic hernia--a tale of two cities: the Toronto experienceJ Pediatr Surg1997 32395400
Not in our library10.1016/s0022-3468(97)90589-3
212.
Morini F Goldman A Pierro A Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia: a systematic review of the evidenceEur J Pediatr Surg2006 16385391
Not in our library10.1055/s-2006-924751
213.
Stolar CJ Snedecor SM Bartlett RH Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and neonatal respiratory failure: experience from the extracorporeal life support organizationJ Pediatr Surg1991 26563571
Not in our library10.1016/0022-3468(91)90708-2
214.
Payne NR Kriesmer P Mammel M Meyer CL Comparison of six ECMO selection criteria and analysis of factors influencing their accuracyPediatr Pulmonol1991 11223232
Not in our library10.1002/ppul.1950110308
215.
Karimova A Brown K Ridout D Beierlein W Cassidy J Smith J Pandya H Firmin R Liddell M Davis C Goldman A Neonatal extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: practice patterns and predictors of outcome in the UKArch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed2009 94F129132
Not in our library10.1136/adc.2008.141051
216.
Mugford M Elbourne D Field D Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for severe respiratory failure in newborn infantsCochrane Database Syst Rev2008 CD001340
Not in our library10.1002/14651858.cd001340.pub2
217.
UK collaborative randomised trial of neonatal extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. UK Collaborative ECMO Trail GroupLancet1996 3487582
Not in our library
218.
Moyer V Moya F Tibboel R Losty P Nagaya M Lally KP Late versus early surgical correction for congenital diaphragmatic hernia in newborn infantsCochrane Database Syst Rev2002 CD001695
Not in our library10.1002/14651858.cd001695
219.
Liem NT Dien TM Ung NQ Thoracoscopic repair in the neonatal intensive care unit for congenital diaphragmatic hernia during high-frequency oscillatory ventilationJ Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A2009 20111114
Not in our library10.1089/lap.2008.0412
220.
Gavilanes AW Heineman E Herpers MJ Blanco CE Use of neonatal intensive care unit as a safe place for neonatal surgeryArch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed1997 76F5153
Not in our library10.1136/fn.76.1.f51
221.
Lago P Meneghini L Chiandetti L Tormena F Metrangolo S Gamba P Congenital diaphragmatic hernia: intensive care unit or operating room?Am J Perinatol2005 22189197
Not in our library10.1055/s-2005-866602
222.
Tyson KR Schwartz MZ Marr CC "Balanced" thoracic drainage is the method of choice to control intrathoracic pressure following repair of diaphragmatic herniaJ Pediatr Surg1985 20415417
Not in our library10.1016/s0022-3468(85)80231-1
223.
Migliazza L Bellan C Alberti D Auriemma A Burgio G Locatelli G Colombo A Retrospective study of 111 cases of congenital diaphragmatic hernia treated with early high-frequency oscillatory ventilation and presurgical stabilizationJ Pediatr Surg2007 4215261532
Not in our library10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2007.04.015
224.
Grethel EJ Cortes RA Wagner AJ Clifton MS Lee H Farmer DL Harrison MR Keller RL Nobuhara KK Prosthetic patches for congenital diaphragmatic hernia repair: Surgisis vs Gore-TexJ Pediatr Surg2006 412933
Not in our library10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2005.10.005
225.
Fei L Saviano C Moccia F del Genio G Trapani V Nunziale A Lombardi G Cecchi M ePTFE soft tissue patch reconstruction of hemidiaphragmatic agenesis with late clinical presentationHernia2008 12103106
Not in our library10.1007/s10029-007-0254-z
226.
Loff S Wirth H Jester I Hosie S Wollmann C Schaible T Ataman O Waag KL Implantation of a cone-shaped double-fixed patch increases abdominal space and prevents recurrence of large defects in congenital diaphragmatic herniaJ Pediatr Surg2005 4017011705
Not in our library10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2005.07.007
227.
Atkinson JB Poon MW ECMO and the management of congenital diaphragmatic hernia with large diaphragmatic defects requiring a prosthetic patchJ Pediatr Surg1992 27754756
Not in our library10.1016/s0022-3468(05)80109-5
228.
Van Meurs KP Robbins ST Reed VL Karr SS Wagner AE Glass P Anderson KD Short BL Congenital diaphragmatic hernia: long-term outcome in neonates treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenationJ Pediatr1993 122893899
Not in our library10.1016/s0022-3476(09)90013-0
229.
Moss RL Chen CM Harrison MR Prosthetic patch durability in congenital diaphragmatic hernia: a long-term follow-up studyJ Pediatr Surg2001 36152154
Not in our library10.1053/jpsu.2001.20037
230.
Laituri CA Garey CL Valusek PA Fike FB Kaye AJ Ostlie DJ Snyder CL St Peter SD Outcome of congenital diaphragmatic hernia repair depending on patch typeEur J Pediatr Surg2010 20363365
Not in our library10.1055/s-0030-1261939
231.
Nasr A Struijs MC Ein SH Langer JC Chiu PP Outcomes after muscle flap vs prosthetic patch repair for large congenital diaphragmatic herniasJ Pediatr Surg2010 45151154
Not in our library10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2009.10.024
232.
Scaife ER Johnson DG Meyers RL Johnson SM Matlak ME The split abdominal wall muscle flap--a simple, mesh-free approach to repair large diaphragmatic herniaJ Pediatr Surg2003 3817481751
Not in our library10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2003.08.045
233.
Sydorak RM Hoffman W Lee H Yingling CD Longaker M Chang J Smith B Harrison MR Albanese CT Reversed latissimus dorsi muscle flap for repair of recurrent congenital diaphragmatic herniaJ Pediatr Surg2003 38296300
Not in our library10.1053/jpsu.2003.50097
234.
Joshi SB Sen S Chacko J Thomas G Karl S Abdominal muscle flap repair for large defects of the diaphragmPediatr Surg Int2005 21677680
Not in our library10.1007/s00383-005-1438-1
235.
Hosgor M Karaca I Karkiner A Ucan B Temir G Erdag G Fescekoglu O Associated malformations in delayed presentation of congenital diaphragmatic herniaJ Pediatr Surg2004 3910731076
Not in our library10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2004.03.050
236.
Imamoglu M Cay A Kosucu P Ozdemir O Orhan F Sapan L Sarihan H Congenital paraesophageal hiatal hernia: pitfalls in the diagnosis and treatmentJ Pediatr Surg2005 4011281133
Not in our library10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2005.03.060
237.
Schnitzer JJ Kikiros CS Short BL O'Brien A Anderson KD Newman KD Experience with abdominal wall closure for patients with congenital diaphragmatic hernia repaired on ECMOJ Pediatr Surg1995 301922
Not in our library10.1016/0022-3468(95)90600-2
238.
Hasegawa T Yoshioka Y Sasaki T Iwasaki Y Tazuke Y Sumimura J Ban H Dezawa T Abdominal wall plasty for a premature infant with congenital diaphragmatic herniaPediatr Surg Int1998 134851
Not in our library10.1007/s003830050242
239.
Kyzer S Sirota L Chaimoff C Abdominal wall closure with a silastic patch after repair of congenital diaphragmatic herniaArch Surg2004 139296298
Not in our library10.1001/archsurg.139.3.296
240.
Nguyen TL Le AD Thoracoscopic repair for congenital diaphragmatic hernia: lessons from 45 casesJ Pediatr Surg2006 4117131715
Not in our library10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2006.05.043
241.
Becmeur F Reinberg O Dimitriu C Moog R Philippe P Thoracoscopic repair of congenital diaphragmatic hernia in childrenSemin Pediatr Surg2007 16238244
Not in our library10.1053/j.sempedsurg.2007.06.005
242.
Shalaby R Gabr K Al-Saied G Ibrahem M Shams AM Dorgham A Ismail M Thoracoscopic repair of diaphragmatic hernia in neonates and children: a new simplified techniquePediatr Surg Int2008 24543547
Not in our library10.1007/s00383-008-2128-6
243.
Cho SD Krishnaswami S McKee JC Zallen G Silen ML Bliss DW Analysis of 29 consecutive thoracoscopic repairs of congenital diaphragmatic hernia in neonates compared to historical controlsJ Pediatr Surg2009 448086
Not in our library10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2008.10.013
244.
Gourlay DM Cassidy LD Sato TT Lal DR Arca MJ Beyond feasibility: a comparison of newborns undergoing thoracoscopic and open repair of congenital diaphragmatic herniasJ Pediatr Surg2009 4417021707
Not in our library10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2008.11.030
245.
Kim AC Bryner BS Akay B Geiger JD Hirschl RB Mychaliska GB Thoracoscopic repair of congenital diaphragmatic hernia in neonates: lessons learnedJ Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A2009 19575580
Not in our library10.1089/lap.2009.0129
246.
Keijzer R van de Ven C Vlot J Sloots C Madern G Tibboel D Bax K Thoracoscopic repair in congenital diaphragmatic hernia: patching is safe and reduces the recurrence rateJ Pediatr Surg2010 45953957
Not in our library10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2010.02.017
247.
Meehan JJ Sandler A Robotic repair of a Bochdalek congenital diaphragmatic hernia in a small neonate: robotic advantages and limitationsJ Pediatr Surg2007 4217571760
Not in our library10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2007.06.013
248.
McHoney M Giacomello L Nah SA De Coppi P Kiely EM Curry JI Drake DP Eaton S Pierro A Thoracoscopic repair of congenital diaphragmatic hernia: intraoperative ventilation and recurrenceJ Pediatr Surg2010 45355359
Not in our library10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2009.10.072
249.
Lansdale N Alam S Losty PD Jesudason EC Neonatal endosurgical congenital diaphragmatic hernia repair: a systematic review and meta-analysisAnn Surg2522026
Not in our library10.1097/sla.0b013e3181dca0e8
250.
van den Hout L Reiss I Felix JF Hop WC Lally PA Lally KP Tibboel D Risk factors for chronic lung disease and mortality in newborns with congenital diaphragmatic herniaNeonatology2010 98370380
Not in our library10.1159/000316974
251.
Downard CD Jaksic T Garza JJ Dzakovic A Nemes L Jennings RW Wilson JM Analysis of an improved survival rate for congenital diaphragmatic herniaJ Pediatr Surg2003 38729732
Not in our library10.1016/jpsu.2003.50194
252.
Doyle NM Lally KP The CDH Study Group and advances in the clinical care of the patient with congenital diaphragmatic herniaSemin Perinatol2004 28174184
Not in our library10.1053/j.semperi.2004.03.009
253.
Hedrick HL Crombleholme TM Flake AW Nance ML von Allmen D Howell LJ Johnson MP Wilson RD Adzick NS Right congenital diaphragmatic hernia: Prenatal assessment and outcomeJ Pediatr Surg2004 39319323
Not in our library10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2003.11.006
254.
Fisher JC Jefferson RA Arkovitz MS Stolar CJ Redefining outcomes in right congenital diaphragmatic herniaJ Pediatr Surg2008 43373379
Not in our library10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2007.10.049
255.
Bryner BS Kim AC Khouri JS Drongowski RA Bruch SW Hirschl RB Mychaliska GB Right-sided congenital diaphragmatic hernia: high utilization of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and high survivalJ Pediatr Surg2009 44883887
Not in our library10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2009.01.037
256.
Kamiyama M Usui N Tani G Soh H Kamata S Nose K Kubota A Fukuzawa M Postoperative chylothorax in congenital diaphragmatic herniaEur J Pediatr Surg2010 20391394
Not in our library10.1055/s-0030-1261956
257.
Zavala A Campos JM Riutort C Skorin I Godoy L Faunes M Kattan J Chylothorax in congenital diaphragmatic herniaPediatr Surg Int2010 26919922
Not in our library10.1007/s00383-010-2677-3
258.
Kavvadia V Greenough A Davenport M Karani J Nicolaides KH Chylothorax after repair of congenital diaphragmatic hernia--risk factors and morbidityJ Pediatr Surg1998 33500502
Not in our library10.1016/s0022-3468(98)90097-5
259.
Goyal A Smith NP Jesudason EC Kerr S Losty PD Octreotide for treatment of chylothorax after repair of congenital diaphragmatic herniaJ Pediatr Surg2003 38E1920
Not in our library10.1016/s0022-3468(03)00294-x
260.
Casaccia G Crescenzi F Palamides S Catalano OA Bagolan P Pleural effusion requiring drainage in congenital diaphragmatic hernia: incidence, aetiology and treatmentPediatr Surg Int2006 22585588
Not in our library10.1007/s00383-006-1706-8
261.
Ijsselstijn H Tibboel D Hop WJ Molenaar JC de Jongste JC Long-term pulmonary sequelae in children with congenital diaphragmatic herniaAm J Respir Crit Care Med1997 155174180
Not in our library10.1164/ajrccm.155.1.9001308
262.
Nakayama DK Motoyama EK Mutich RL Koumbourlis AC Pulmonary function in newborns after repair of congenital diaphragmatic herniaPediatr Pulmonol1991 114955
Not in our library10.1002/ppul.1950110109
263.
Vanamo K Rintala R Sovijarvi A Jaaskelainen J Turpeinen M Lindahl H Louhimo I Long-term pulmonary sequelae in survivors of congenital diaphragmatic defectsJ Pediatr Surg1996 3110961099
Not in our library10.1016/s0022-3468(96)90095-0
264.
Peetsold MG Heij HA Kneepkens CM Nagelkerke AF Huisman J Gemke RJ The long-term follow-up of patients with a congenital diaphragmatic hernia: a broad spectrum of morbidityPediatr Surg Int2009 25117
Not in our library10.1007/s00383-008-2257-y
265.
Muratore CS Kharasch V Lund DP Sheils C Friedman S Brown C Utter S Jaksic T Wilson JM Pulmonary morbidity in 100 survivors of congenital diaphragmatic hernia monitored in a multidisciplinary clinicJ Pediatr Surg2001 36133140
Not in our library10.1053/jpsu.2001.20031
266.
Lund DP Mitchell J Kharasch V Quigley S Kuehn M Wilson JM Congenital diaphragmatic hernia: the hidden morbidityJ Pediatr Surg1994 29258262
Not in our library10.1016/0022-3468(94)90329-8
267.
Vanamo K Peltonen J Rintala R Lindahl H Jaaskelainen J Louhimo I Chest wall and spinal deformities in adults with congenital diaphragmatic defectsJ Pediatr Surg1996 31851854
Not in our library10.1016/s0022-3468(96)90152-9
268.
Trachsel D Selvadurai H Bohn D Langer JC Coates AL Long-term pulmonary morbidity in survivors of congenital diaphragmatic herniaPediatr Pulmonol2005 39433439
Not in our library10.1002/ppul.20193
269.
Qi B Soto C Diez-Pardo JA Tovar JA An experimental study on the pathogenesis of gastroesophageal reflux after repair of diaphragmatic herniaJ Pediatr Surg1997 3213101313
Not in our library10.1016/s0022-3468(97)90309-2
270.
Martinez L Gonzalez-Reyes S Burgos E Tovar JA The vagus and recurrent laryngeal nerves in experimental congenital diaphragmatic herniaPediatr Surg Int2004 20253257
Not in our library10.1007/s00383-003-1121-3
271.
Stolar CJ Berdon WE Dillon PW Reyes C Abramson SJ Amodio JB Esophageal dilatation and reflux in neonates supported by ECMO after diaphragmatic hernia repairAJR Am J Roentgenol1988 151135137
Not in our library10.2214/ajr.151.1.135
272.
Stolar CJ Levy JP Dillon PW Reyes C Belamarich P Berdon WE Anatomic and functional abnormalities of the esophagus in infants surviving congenital diaphragmatic herniaAm J Surg1990 159204207
Not in our library10.1016/s0002-9610(05)80261-2
273.
Lally KP Paranka MS Roden J Georgeson KE Wilson JM Lillehei CW Breaux CW Jr Poon M Clark RH Atkinson JB Congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Stabilization and repair on ECMOAnn Surg1992 216569573
Not in our library10.1097/00000658-199211000-00008
274.
Vanamo K Rintala RJ Lindahl H Louhimo I Long-term gastrointestinal morbidity in patients with congenital diaphragmatic defectsJ Pediatr Surg1996 31551554
Not in our library10.1016/s0022-3468(96)90494-7
275.
Fasching G Huber A Uray E Sorantin E Lindbichler F Mayr J Gastroesophageal reflux and diaphragmatic motility after repair of congenital diaphragmatic herniaEur J Pediatr Surg2000 10360364
Not in our library10.1055/s-2008-1072391
276.
Tovar JA Luis AL Encinas JL Burgos L Pederiva F Martinez L Olivares P Pediatric surgeons and gastroesophageal refluxJ Pediatr Surg2007 42277283
Not in our library10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2006.10.025
277.
Dariel A Roze JC Piloquet H Podevin G Impact of prophylactic fundoplication on survival without growth disorder in left congenital diaphragmatic hernia requiring a patch repairJ Pediatr2010 157688690690 e681
Not in our library10.1016/j.jpeds.2010.06.009
278.
D'Agostino JA Bernbaum JC Gerdes M Schwartz IP Coburn CE Hirschl RB Baumgart S Polin RA Outcome for infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: the first yearJ Pediatr Surg1995 301015
Not in our library10.1016/0022-3468(95)90598-7
279.
Ahmad A Gangitano E Odell RM Doran R Durand M Survival, intracranial lesions, and neurodevelopmental outcome in infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenationJ Perinatol1999 19436440
Not in our library10.1038/sj.jp.7200242
280.
Rasheed A Tindall S Cueny DL Klein MD Delaney-Black V Neurodevelopmental outcome after congenital diaphragmatic hernia: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation before and after surgeryJ Pediatr Surg2001 36539544
Not in our library10.1053/jpsu.2001.22278
281.
Bagolan P Morini F Long-term follow up of infants with congenital diaphragmatic herniaSemin Pediatr Surg2007 16134144
Not in our library10.1053/j.sempedsurg.2007.01.009
282.
Friedman S Chen C Chapman JS Jeruss S Terrin N Tighiouart H Parsons SK Wilson JM Neurodevelopmental outcomes of congenital diaphragmatic hernia survivors followed in a multidisciplinary clinic at ages 1 and 3J Pediatr Surg2008 4310351043
Not in our library10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2008.02.029
283.
Lally KP Engle W Postdischarge follow-up of infants with congenital diaphragmatic herniaPediatrics2008 121627632
Not in our library10.1542/peds.2007-3282
284.
The collaborative UK ECMO (Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation) trial: follow-up to 1 year of agePediatrics1998 101E1
Not in our library10.1542/peds.101.4.e1
285.
Lasky RE Wiorek L Becker TR Hearing loss in survivors of neonatal extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) therapy and high-frequency oscillatory (HFO) therapyJ Am Acad Audiol1998 94758
Not in our library
286.
Kuga T Taniguchi S Inoue T Zempo N Esato K Hearing loss in infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia treated without extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: report of two casesJ Pediatr Surg2000 35621623
Not in our library10.1053/jpsu.2000.0350621
287.
Robertson CM Tyebkhan JM Hagler ME Cheung PY Peliowski A Etches PC Late-onset, progressive sensorineural hearing loss after severe neonatal respiratory failureOtol Neurotol2002 23353356
Not in our library10.1097/00129492-200205000-00022
288.
Fligor BJ Neault MW Mullen CH Feldman HA Jones DT Factors associated with sensorineural hearing loss among survivors of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation therapyPediatrics2005 11515191528
Not in our library10.1542/peds.2004-0247
289.
Masumoto K Nagata K Uesugi T Yamada T Taguchi T Risk factors for sensorineural hearing loss in survivors with severe congenital diaphragmatic herniaEur J Pediatr2007 166607612
Not in our library10.1007/s00431-006-0300-3
290.
Morini F Capolupo I Masi R Ronchetti MP Locatelli M Corchia C Bagolan P Hearing impairment in congenital diaphragmatic hernia: the inaudible and noiseless foot of timeJ Pediatr Surg2008 43380384
Not in our library10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2007.10.048
291.
Javidnia H Vaccani JP Progressive sensorineural hearing loss in children with congenital diaphragmatic herniasJ Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg2009 382931
Not in our library
292.
Crane JP Familial congenital diaphragmatic hernia: prenatal diagnostic approach and analysis of twelve familiesClin Genet1979 16244252
Not in our library10.1111/j.1399-0004.1979.tb00996.x
293.
Wolff G Familial congenital diaphragmatic defect: review and conclusionsHum Genet1980 5415
Not in our library10.1007/bf00279041
294.
Norio R Kaariainen H Rapola J Herva R Kekomaki M Familial congenital diaphragmatic defects: aspects of etiology, prenatal diagnosis, and treatmentAm J Med Genet1984 17471483
Not in our library10.1002/ajmg.1320170210
295.
Mishalany H Gordo J Congenital diaphragmatic hernia in monozygotic twinsJ Pediatr Surg1986 21372374
Not in our library10.1016/s0022-3468(86)80208-1
296.
Frey P Glanzmann R Nars P Herzog B Familial congenital diaphragmatic defect: transmission from father to daughterJ Pediatr Surg1991 2613961398
Not in our library10.1016/0022-3468(91)91044-y
297.
Hitch DC Carson JA Smith EI Sarale DC Rennert OM Familial congenital diaphragmatic hernia is an autosomal recessive variantJ Pediatr Surg1989 24860864
Not in our library10.1016/s0022-3468(89)80582-2
298.
Gibbs DL Rice HE Farrell JA Adzick NS Harrison MR Familial diaphragmatic agenesis: an autosomal-recessive syndrome with a poor prognosisJ Pediatr Surg1997 32366368
Not in our library10.1016/s0022-3468(97)90212-8
299.
Pober BR Lin A Russell M Ackerman KG Chakravorty S Strauss B Westgate MN Wilson J Donahoe PK Holmes LB Infants with Bochdalek diaphragmatic hernia: sibling precurrence and monozygotic twin discordance in a hospital-based malformation surveillance programAm J Med Genet A2005 138A8188
Not in our library10.1002/ajmg.a.30904
300.
Pober BR Overview of epidemiology, genetics, birth defects, and chromosome abnormalities associated with CDHAm J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet2007 145C158171
Not in our library10.1002/ajmg.c.30126
301.
Bielinska M Jay PY Erlich JM Mannisto S Urban Z Heikinheimo M Wilson DB Molecular genetics of congenital diaphragmatic defectsAnn Med2007 39261274
Not in our library10.1080/07853890701326883
302.
Pober BR Genetic aspects of human congenital diaphragmatic herniaClin Genet2008 74115
Not in our library10.1111/j.1399-0004.2008.01031.x

Reads

Read by people on this page

None yet.

Checked or read by AI through naulon

None yet.

A person counts once a day per paper. We keep no cookie and no address: a reader is a hash that changes every day. Any month under five reads shows no number.

Are you an author?

Is this your paper?

Claim it to add your note and be paid when agents cite it. Free.