Skip to content
naulon
Get started

No retraction, correction or concern found when last checked on Oct 19, 2026.

Multiparametric and semiquantitative scoring systems for the evaluation of mouse model histopathology - a systematic review

Robert Klopfleisch

BMC Veterinary Research · 2013 · Systematic review

doi:10.1186/1746-6148-9-123

Abstract

Background. Histopathology has initially been and is still used to diagnose infectious, degenerative or neoplastic diseases in humans or animals. In addition to qualitative diagnoses semiquantitative scoring of a lesion`s magnitude on an ordinal scale is a commonly demanded task for histopathologists. Multiparametric, semiquantitative scoring systems for mouse models histopathology are a common approach to handle these questions and to include histopathologic information in biomedical research.

Results. Inclusion criteria for scoring systems were a first description of a multiparametric, semiquantiative scoring systems which comprehensibly describe an approach to evaluate morphologic lesion. A comprehensive literature search using these criteria identified 153 originally designed semiquantitative scoring systems for the analysis of morphologic changes in mouse models covering almost all organs systems and a wide variety of disease models. Of these, colitis, experimental autoimmune encephalitis, lupus nephritis and collagen induced osteoarthritis colitis were the disease models with the largest number of different scoring systems. Closer analysis of the identified scoring systems revealed a lack of a rationale for the selection of the scoring parameters or a correlation between scoring parameter value and the magnitude of the clinical symptoms in most studies.

Conclusion. Although a decision for a particular scoring system is clearly dependent on the respective scientific question this review gives an overview on currently available systems and may therefore allow for a better choice for the respective project.

Full text

From PubMed Central, U.S. National Library of Medicine, as current on Oct 19, 2026. Paragraph numbers are ours, so an answer can point at one.

Background

Histopathology has initially been and is still used today to diagnose infectious, degenerative or neoplastic diseases in humans or animals. These qualitative diagnoses are based on a sum of observable changes in the morphology of the analyzed tissue. The cognition of these changes is based on the pattern recognition of the observer and the comparison of these patterns with the known physiologic variation in tissue morphology in the respective species. Decades of experience in veterinary pathology show that this approach allows for reproducible qualitative diagnoses by the observer but can also be used for semiquantitative scoring of the lesions magnitude, i.e. on an ordinal scale for instance with a low, medium or high grade trichotomy which correlates with the clinical relevance of the lesions.

Absolute quantification of the lesions extent and severity is however difficult since two main problems hamper absolute quantification, i.e. on a rational scale with absolute values of 1, 2, 3 etc., using standard, non-automated histopathology. First, the detection method is not reliable enough. Despite intensive training and attempts to standardize nomenclature and the definition of lesions there are still unresolved issues in terms of interobserver variation which may be acceptable for qualitative and semiquantitative evaluation but not for absolute quantitation. Second, in most circumstances it is impossible to objectively justify the interval between two values, thus a read out of histopathologic scoring on a rational scale is impossible.

Image analysis by automated calculation of the tissue area affected or cells present per area have been introduced to overcome this problem. These approaches aim at a reliable and reproducible histopathology read out in a rational scale to allow proper statistical processing and at an exclusion of an observer bias. Image analysis approaches usually use one or only few two dimensional planar sections of the tissue of interest to measure three-dimensional objects. This two-dimensional approach thus may also lead to biased results. Stereology, which is based on systematic random sampling and estimates third dimensional information, has been developed to avoid this bias. It can therefore be seen as the most sophisticated method for the quantification of histologic information. It is however by comparison a laborious and complex method which is established in only few laboratories.

Semiquantitative scoring systems are therefore still the most widely used methods to include histopathologic information in biomedical research. These scoring systems usually include multiple parameters which are separately quantified on an ordinal scale and finally combined in a total score. Average scores of the different experimental groups can then be compared by non-parametric statistical tests. The selection of the parameters should be based on the scientific hypothesis or question together with the current knowledge on the morphologic outcome of the investigated disease model. It may therefore be useful to design individual scoring system for each study which in the best possible way answers the particular scientific question. Standard scoring systems for specific disease models on the other hand allow for the comparison of the results of different studies.

Several standard scoring systems for different mouse models have been introduced or emerged in the past 20 years. Histopathologists are therefore repeatedly requested by cooperating scientists to evaluate the outcome of animal studies using standard scoring systems or to elaborate project specific scoring systems. The present review is intended to give a comprehensive overview on the currently most commonly used multiparametric, semiquantitative scoring systems for mouse model histopathology.

Scoring systems for murine intestinal disease models

Eighteen original scoring systems for colitis models could be identified. Most of these scoring systems were designed for dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis models but 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis and several models of immunopathologic colitis were also used to establish scoring systems (Table 1, Figure 1). Eight scoring systems for DSS-induced colitis fulfilled all required parameters and were included in this review. Generally, all of the paper with original DSS colitis scoring systems had a high citation rate but the scoring system described by Cooper is one of the earliest system with the highest citation number up to date and can therefore be seen as a prototype for DSS-colitis scoring. It separates the colon into three segments which are then scored by the parameters of crypt loss, inflammation and affected area. Although later studies refined and increased the number of histopathologic parameters the value of this initial study is the separation of the colon in three segments and the sophisticated approach to the establishment of the scoring system. Remarkably, parameters in this study were chosen and tested according to their correlation with the clinical symptoms of the mice. This is contrast to the vast majority of scoring systems presented in this review, which only rarely stated the rational for choosing the included parameters and did not perform a correlation with the clinical symptoms.

When comparing all original colitis models it becomes obvious that a wide variety of appellation for the most common parameters inflammation, crypt and surface epithelial damage were used (Table 1). These differences in the nomenclature make it however difficult to directly compare the different scoring systems. Less often used parameters in the colitis scoring systems were goblet cell loss, regeneration, muscular and epithelial hyperplasia, edema and the separation between acute and chronic inflammation. In some cases these singularities of the respective scoring system seem to be dependent on the objectives of the study while in most cases the rationale for selection of the parameters was not given.

The number of identified scoring systems for small intestinal disease was significantly lower than for colitis models and had on average lesser citations (Table 1). Two independent scoring systems were identified for intestinal ischemia which include the comprehensible parameters of hyperemia and hemorrhage as well as inflammation and epithelial damage and in the case of the higher cited publication by Park et al. several other more sophisticated parameters. Only two scoring systems for small intestinal enteritis were detected which both included villous morphology, epithelial damage and inflammation as the main features (Table 1). Surprisingly, only one semiquantitative scoring system for gastritis was identified. Wang et al. scored the severity of Helicobacter-induced gastritis in a uniparametric scoring of five gastric areas. For the sake of completeness this studies was included in this review although it did not fulfill the criterion of multiple parameters.

Scoring systems for murine osteoarthritis models

Seventeen original semiquantitative, multiparametric scoring systems were identified for murine osteoarthritis models (Table 2). Three of these, designated as osteoarthritis in Table 2, are scoring systems for human idiopathic arthritis and were transferred to the murine model to allow for comparisons of the model with the human disease. Of these the the score developed by Mankin et al. has by far the highest citation number which is most probably influenced by its common application in the description of human osteoarthritic lesion. The majority of mouse specific systems were established in collagen-induced models while models of instability-induced or bacterial arthritis models were only rarely used. Of these, the scoring system by William et al. had the highest citation number. Twelve of the thirteen osteoarthritis scoring systems include an evaluation of cartilage damage, nine included an infiltration parameter, seven included changes in perichondral bone structure and six studies evaluated the extend of synovial infiltration (Table 2). Other parameters like tidemark integrity, proteoglycan content of the cartilage, pannus formation or synovial hyperplasia were used only in the minority or single scoring systems. Again, in most of these descriptions of original scoring systems no rational for inclusion of the respective parameters is given but their usefulness can be comprehended by reflecting the general pathogenesis of osteoarthritis.

Scoring systems for murine renal disease models

Fourteen original multiparametric, semiquantitative scoring systems for murine models of renal diseases fulfilled the required criteria for inclusion in this review (Table 3). Scoring systems for murine Lupus erythematous models were the dominant model in the category of renal disease models with four appearances. Austin et al. published the lupus nephritis score with the highest citation number. It uses a complex scoring system with 10 parameters and a scale width of four and five respectively and was thus more sophisticated than the other scoring systems which used only four different parameters.

Glomerular cellularity and proliferation were the terms most commonly used in all renal scoring systems except one scoring system for obstructive nephropathy model. In addition, one half of the systems included tubulointerstitial infiltration and fibrosis in the scoring system.

Scoring systems for murine models of neurologic disease

Twenty-two original scoring systems for murine models of central nervous system (CNS) disease were identified (Table 4). Scoring systems for experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and stroke clearly dominated results. Due to the wide variety of diseases covered by the system the selection of parameters to be analyzed also had a wide variation and was clearly dependent on the pathophysiology of the disease. But again, the rationale for inclusion of parameters was not consistently given.

A striking feature of CNS disease scoring systems was the relatively low number of ordinal scales for parameter´s magnitudes and the common inclusion of multiple anatomical sites into the scoring system (Table 4). This discrepancy is not addressed in the respective publications but may be based on the anatomical diversity of the CNS. Furthermore, the inclusion of absolute values like lesions/mm2 occurred significantly more often in CNS disease scoring than for other organs although this is not comprehensible in each case. Only one scoring system occurred for a peripheral nerve system disease which has been developed to evaluate peripheral nerve ischemia in a relatively simple two-tier system with a zero to four-scale.

Scoring systems for murine models of pulmonary diseases

Fourteen original semiquantitative, multiparametric scoring systems were identified for pulmonary diseases (Table 5). Of these pulmonary fibrosis and pulmonary inflammation were diseases with the highest number scoring systems and citations. For instance, the scoring system developed by Ashcroft, which is a relatively simple multiparametric but single scaled system, is commonly used for the evaluation of lung fibrosis. Three scoring systems were developed for models of general acute lung inflammation (Table 5). They used the parameters of edema and anatomical site specific inflammation as parameters to evaluate the relative amount of inflammatory response. Similar parameters in a wide variety of combinations were used to develop scoring systems for diverse infectious pneumonia models. This variation is again in most cases not based on reasonable argument for the inclusion of a certain parameter in a certain model and therefore not in all cases clearly associated with the supposed pathogen-associated pathogenesis of the respective pneumonia.

Scoring systems for myocardial, vascular and muscular disease models

Three original scoring systems for the evaluation of viral myocarditis were identified. All of them included the evaluation of the parameters of myocardial necrosis and inflammation (Table 6). In addition, two of them also included calcification as a parameter while fibrosis and Evans blue-staining as a marker of myofiber damage were used as a parameter of myocardial disease only once.

Three semiquantitative scoring systems for the most important human vascular diseases were identified: atherosclerosis, aneurysms and vasculitis (Table 6). They all cover several aspects of the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of the diseases but have been generally rarely cited yet. The aneurysm scoring system grades the severity of the disease by the extent of medial and adventitial lesion together with the general size of the lesion. The atherosclerosis scoring systems uses a 5-tier system with a 0–1 scale width, whereas the vasculitis score uses the parameters infiltration, elastic lamina destruction and intimal thickening, thus indicating that the system may only be useful for evaluation of larger vessel types.

Two scoring systems for muscular disease models were identified (Table 6). One recently published scoring system evaluated the extent of Trypanosoma-induced myositis while the other scoring system was developed to quantify the extent of ischemia-induced muscle necrosis by the parameters necrosis, infiltration and hemorrhage.

Scoring systems for hepatic and pancreatic diseases

Ten original scoring systems for chronic hepatitis have been developed or used for the quantification chronic hepatic disease (Table 7). The scoring systems by Ishak and Knodell are both highly cited scoring systems and cover almost all possible histomorphologic changes in chronically inflamed livers. The two identified scoring systems for acute hepatitis quantify lesions by grading the extent of inflammation and necrosis, similar to the Ishak system for chronic hepatitis.

Five scoring systems for the evaluation of acute pancreatitis have been identified (Table 7). The first and most commonly cited scoring system was published by Schmidt et al.. It uses the five parameters edema, necrosis, inflammation, hemorrhage and fat necrosis to score the extent of pancreatic lesions. All four later developed scoring systems only marginally modified the parameters by omitting a single parameter or including vacuolization as an additional marker (Table 7). In addition, one multiparametric but several uniparametric (data not shown) scoring systems were identified for the quantification of insulitis in mice models. The scoring system by Papaccio et al. uses islet infiltration, atrophy and destruction as parameters for the evaluation of Isle of Langerhans inflammation.

Scoring systems for skin and ocular diseases and miscellaneous disease models

Murine psoriasis models are the only skin disease model with more than one identified scoring system (Table 8). Both scoring systems offer a wide variety of parameters for the evaluation of epidermal and dermal changes in models of this relevant human disease. In addition, scoring systems for dermal sclerosis, burn scars, atopic dermatitis and epithelial irritation were identified (Table 8).

Five original scoring systems for the evaluation of ocular diseases were identified. Two of these systems use only one parameter for the evaluation of autoimmune and endotoxin uveitis. For the sake of completeness these scoring systems are also displayed in Table 8, although they do not fulfill requirements for inclusion. Furthermore, the identified scoring system for diabetic retinopathy uses two parameters evaluated in absolute numbers of leukocytes per area.

Three scoring systems for the evaluation of abdominal adhesions after traumatic or toxic irritation of the peritoneum could be identified. Interestingly, not all scoring systems for abdominal adhesion use fibrosis as a parameter for the grading of the adhesions. Finally, very helpful scoring systems for the evaluation of embryonic development and wound healing could be identified (Table 8).

Scoring systems for systemic diseases and transplant rejection

Three original scoring systems analyzing lesions associated with graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) are available (Table 9). The most cited scoring system by Hill et al. exclusively covers intestinal lesions associated with GvHD. This system allows a very thorough analysis of intestinal lesion using a wide variety of parameters in the small and large intestine. The other two systems also cover intestinal lesions but provide additional parameters for the analysis of hepatic or hepatic and skin lesions.

Three original scoring systems have been developed for the analysis lesions associated with hemorrhagic shock (Table 9). The scoring system with the highest citation number only focusses on the pulmonary lesion and offers a variety of parameters for the evaluation of shock-induced lesions in the lung. The other two scoring system also include parameters for lung evaluation but both offer additional parameters for the quantification of intestinal changes or in one case offer scoring systems for renal and hepatic lesions associated with hemorrhagic shock.

The identified scoring system for immunotoxicity of toxins more or less demands the analysis of all immune organs but gives a good guideline in terms of the nomenclature of morphologic changes associated with the toxin application (Table 9).

Finally, the three scoring systems which have been used for murine transplant rejection models have consistently been developed for the evaluation of tissues from human patients (Table 9). They are all used in mouse models unmodified to allow for better conclusions from the mouse models for the situation in the human patient.

Discussion

Extensive research of the literature identified 146 originally designed semiquantitative, multiparametric scoring systems for the histopathology of mouse models. These scoring systems cover almost all organs systems and a wide variety of disease models. Colitis and especially ulcerative colitis was the disease model with the largest number of different scoring system closely followed by experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE), lupus nephritis and collagen induced osteoarthritis.

The number of citations for the publication including the scoring system varied between few citations and up to 2176. The citation number clearly reflects the value of the scientific work shown in the papers and thus also indirectly reflects the quality of the included scoring systems. In some cases there is even clear evidence that the high citation number is directly based on the “gold” standard character of the scoring system and its regular use in mouse models or human tissues, for instance the score from Mankin et al. for osteoarthritis evaluation and the scores developed by Knodell and Ishak et al. for chronic hepatitis or the score by Cooper et al. for DSS-colitis. Nevertheless, after careful analysis of the publication it also became obvious that scoring systems in publications with a small number of citation also proofed to be of expedience for certain scientific question.

Assuming that the main function of scoring systems is the analysis of the influences of experimental factors on the microscopical tissue morphology the selected parameters should be consciously chosen to be able to reflect the potential changes. The lack of a rationale for the selection of the parameters was therefore an emerging and surprising finding during the literature search for this study. Although the selection of parameters in most scoring systems is comprehensibly based on the common knowledge on the pathogenesis of the disease modeled in the mouse, there is only rarely a clear statement or a line of argument for choosing a parameter. Even less often the correlation between scoring parameter value and the magnitude of the clinical symptoms or the differences in the extent of the experimental factor is given as for instance in the excellent study of Cooper et al.. This lack is most probably due to the time-consuming work involved, but it may however tremendously increase the value and the scientific merit of the scoring system.

Conclusion

In summary, a final judgment of the quality and the usefulness of the scoring systems presented was not an aim of this study and is after all most probably not possible since the value of a scoring system clearly depends on the scientific question, the underlying hypothesis, the model characteristics and the pathogenesis of the disease. This review may however give an overview on currently available scoring systems and may therefore allow for a better choice for the respective project.

Selection of scoring systems

The systematic review was prepared according to the PRISMA guidelines. All items were considered and can be viewed in Additional file 1. Scoring systems were identified by a comprehensive Pubmed search (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/) using a combination of the search terms “mouse”, “score”, “histopathology”. This led to the identification of 1479 publication by October 30, 2012 (Figure 1). Full text versions of all publications were obtained and analyzed for the description of multiparametric, semiquantitative, scoring systems for the histopathology of mouse models. Inclusion of a mouse scoring system in this overview was based on the fulfillment of six parameters.

First, the scoring system had to be based on the semiquantitative evaluation of histopathologic changes in murine tissues. Thus, approaches using digital image analysis for absolute quantification of lesion area, cell number or immunohistochemical signals or scoring systems with dominance of immunohistochemical markers as evaluation parameters were not included.

Second, only scoring systems evaluating more than one histomorphologic parameter were included in the review. Nevertheless, scoring systems with high citation numbers which combined several parameters in a uniparametric score were also included. For instance, if a highly cited scoring system integrated the presence and extent of crypt abscesses, epithelial sloughing and submucosal infiltration into a single score of 0 to 4 the study was also included.

Third, the scoring approach had to be comprehensibly described to allow for reproduction by the reader.

Fourth, the scoring system had to be originally designed for the presented study without citation of former publications. If former publications were cited as the source of the scoring system, the string of citations was followed back to the study originally describing the scoring systems. If scorings systems were not referenced to older studies but similar approaches were detected in earlier publication, only the older study was included in this review.

Fifth, the scoring systems were generally grouped by the organ affected and analyzed. Systemic diseases and transplantation models were included in separate groups. If the number of identified scoring systems for a specific disease model exceeded ten, only the then most cited scoring systems were included in this review.

Citation number was obtained using Thomson Reuters Web Science© (http://apps.webofknowledge.com).

Competing interests

The author declares that he has no competing interests.

Author’s contributions

RK had the idea of the project, performed the internet search, the data analysis and wrote the abstract.

References 157

  1. 1.

    Renshaw AA Gould EW Measuring errors in surgical pathology in real-life practice - Defining what does and does not matterAm J Clin Pathol2007 1271144152

    Not in our library10.1309/5kf89p63f4f6euhb

  2. 2.

    Riber-Hansen R Vainer B Steiniche T Digital image analysis: a review of reproducibility, stability and basic requirements for optimal resultsAPMIS2012 1204276289

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1600-0463.2011.02854.x

  3. 3.

    Boyce RW Dorph-Petersen KA Lyck L Gundersen HJG Design-based Stereology: Introduction to Basic Concepts and Practical Approaches for Estimation of Cell NumberToxicol Pathol2010 38710111025

    Not in our library10.1177/0192623310385140

  4. 4.

    Cooper HS Murthy SNS Shah RS Sedergran DJ Clinicopathological Study of Dextran Sulfate Sodium Experimental Murine ColitisLab Invest1993 692238249

    Not in our library

  5. 5.

    Dieleman LA Ridwan BU Tennyson GS Beagley KW Bucy RP Elson CO Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colitis Occurs in Severe Combined Immunodeficient MiceGastroenterology1994 107616431652

    Not in our library10.1016/0016-5085(94)90803-6

  6. 6.

    Dieleman LA Palmen MJHJ Akol H Bloemena E Pena AS Meuwissen SGM van Rees EP Chronic experimental colitis induced by dextran sulphate sodium (DSS) is characterized by Th1 and Th2 cytokinesClin Exp Immunol1998 1143385391

    Not in our library10.1046/j.1365-2249.1998.00728.x

  7. 7.

    Murthy SNS Cooper HS Shim H Shah RS Ibrahim SA Sedergran DJ Treatment of Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Murine Colitis by Intracolonic CyclosporineDigest Dis Sci1993 38917221734

    Not in our library10.1007/bf01303184

  8. 8.

    Mahler M Bristol IJ Leiter EH Workman AE Birkenmeier EH Elson CO Sundberg JP Differential susceptibility of inbred mouse strains to dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitisAm J Physiol-Gastr L1998 2743G544G551

    Not in our library10.1152/ajpgi.1998.274.3.g544

  9. 9.

    Hudert CA Weylandt KH Lu Y Wang JD Hong S Dignass A Serhan CN Kang JX Transgenic mice rich in endogenous omega-3 fatty acids are protected from colitisP Natl Acad Sci USA2006 103301127611281

    Not in our library10.1073/pnas.0601280103

  10. 10.

    Obermeier F Kojouharoff G Hans W Scholmerich J Gross V Falk W Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)- and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-induced nitric oxide as toxic effector molecule in chronic dextran sulphate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in miceClin Exp Immunol1999 1162238245

    Not in our library10.1046/j.1365-2249.1999.00878.x

  11. 11.

    Hartmann G Bidlingmaier C Siegmund B Albrich S Schulze J Tschoep K Eigler A Lehr HA Endres S Specific type IV phosphodiesterase inhibitor rolipram mitigates experimental colitis in miceJ Pharmacol Exp Ther2000 29212230

    Not in our library

  12. 12.

    Neurath MF Fuss I Kelsall BL Stuber E Strober W Antibodies to Interleukin-12 Abrogate Established Experimental Colitis in MiceJ Exp Med1995 182512811290

    Not in our library10.1084/jem.182.5.1281

  13. 13.

    Dohi T Fujihashi K Rennert PD Iwatani K Kiyono H McGhee JR Hapten-induced colitis is associated with colonic patch hypertrophy and T helper cell 2-type responsesJ Exp Med1999 189811691179

    Not in our library10.1084/jem.189.8.1169

  14. 14.

    Appleyard CB Wallace JL Reactivation of Hapten-Induced Colitis and Its Prevention by Antiinflammatory DrugsAm J Physiol-Gastr L1995 2691G119G125

    Not in our library10.1152/ajpgi.1995.269.1.g119

  15. 15.

    Macpherson BR Pfeiffer CJ Experimental Production of Diffuse Colitis in RatsDigestion1978 172135150

    Not in our library10.1159/000198104

  16. 16.

    ten Hove T van den Blink B Pronk I Drillenburg P Peppelenbosch MP van Deventer SJH Dichotomal role of inhibition of p38 MAPK with SB 203580 in experimental colitisGut2002 504507512

    Not in our library10.1136/gut.50.4.507

  17. 17.

    Rath HC Herfarth HH Ikeda JS Grenther WB Hamm TE Balish E Taurog JD Hammer RE Wilson KH Sartor RB Normal luminal bacteria, especially bacteroides species, mediate chronic colitis, gastritis, and arthritis in HLA-B27/human beta(2) microglobulin transgenic ratsJ Clin Invest1996 984945953

    Not in our library10.1172/jci118878

  18. 18.

    Madsen KL Doyle JS Jewell LD Tavernini MM Fedorak RN Lactobacillus species prevents colitis in interleukin 10 gene-deficient miceGastroenterology1999 116511071114

    Not in our library10.1016/s0016-5085(99)70013-2

  19. 19.

    Berg DJ Davidson N Kuhn R Muller W Menon S Holland G ThompsonSnipes L Leach MW Rennick D Enterocolitis and colon cancer in interleukin-10-deficient mice are associated with aberrant cytokine production and CD4(+) TH1-like responsesJ Clin Invest1996 98410101020

    Not in our library10.1172/jci118861

  20. 20.

    Burns RC Rivera-Nieves J Moskaluk CA Matsumoto S Cominelli F Ley K Antibody blockade of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 ameliorates inflammation in the SAMP-1/Yit adoptive transfer model of Crohn's disease in miceGastroenterology2001 121614281436

    Not in our library10.1053/gast.2001.29568

  21. 21.

    Houpt ER Glembocki DJ Obrig TG Moskaluk CA Lockhart LA Wright RL Seaner RM Keepers TF Wilkins TD Petri WA The mouse model of amebic colitis reveals mouse strain susceptibility to infection and exacerbation of disease by CD4(+) T cellsJ Immunol2002 169844964503

    Not in our library10.4049/jimmunol.169.8.4496

  22. 22.

    Pothoulakis C Castagliuolo I Lamont JT Jaffer A Okeane JC Snider RM Leeman SE Cp-96,345, a Substance-P Antagonist, Inhibits Rat Intestinal Responses to Clostridium-Difficile Toxin-a but Not Cholera-ToxinP Natl Acad Sci USA1994 913947951

    Not in our library10.1073/pnas.91.3.947

  23. 23.

    Park PO Haglund U Bulkley GB Falt K The Sequence of Development of Intestinal Tissue-Injury after Strangulation Ischemia and ReperfusionSurgery1990 1075574580

    Not in our library

  24. 24.

    Lane JS Todd KE Lewis MPN Gloor B Ashley SW Reber HA McFadden DW Chandler CF Interleukin-10 reduces the systemic inflammatory response in a murine model of intestinal ischemia/reperfusionSurgery1997 1222288294

    Not in our library10.1016/s0039-6060(97)90020-9

  25. 25.

    de Koning BAE van Dieren JM Lindenbergh-Kortleve DJ van der Sluis M Matsumoto T Yamaguchi K Einerhand AW Samsom JN Pieters R Nieuwenhuis EES Contributions of mucosal immune cells to methotrexate-induced mucositisInt Immunol2006 186941949

    Not in our library10.1093/intimm/dxl030

  26. 26.

    Stewart-Tull DES Coote JG Thompson DH Candlish D Wardlaw AC Candlish A Virulence spectra of typed strains of Campylobacter jejuni from different sources: a blinded in vivo studyJ Med Microbiol2009 585546553

    Not in our library10.1099/jmm.0.005611-0

  27. 27.

    Wang X Sturegard E Rupar R Nilsson HO Aleljung PA Carlen B Willen R Wadstrom T Infection of BALB/c a mice by spiral and coccoid forms of Helicobacter pyloriJ Med Microbiol1997 468657663

    Not in our library10.1099/00222615-46-8-657

  28. 28.

    Mankin HJ Dorfman H Lippiell L Zarins A Biochemical and Metabolic Abnormalities in Articular Cartilage from Osteo-Arthritic Human Hips.2. Correlation of Morphology with Biochemical and Metabolic DataJ Bone Joint Surg Am1971 533523

    Not in our library

  29. 29.

    Williams RO Feldmann M Maini RN Antitumor Necrosis Factor Ameliorates Joint Disease in Murine Collagen-Induced ArthritisP Natl Acad Sci USA1992 892097849788

    Not in our library10.1073/pnas.89.20.9784

  30. 30.

    Pritzker KPH Gay S Jimenez SA Ostergaard K Pelletier JP Revell PA Salter D van den Berg WB Osteoarthritis cartilage histopathology: grading and stagingOsteoarthr Cartilage2006 1411329

    Not in our library10.1016/j.joca.2005.07.014

  31. 31.

    Krenn V Morawietz L Burmester GR Kinne RW Mueller-Ladner U Muller B Haupl T Synovitis score: discrimination between chronic low-grade and high-grade synovitisHistopathology2006 494358364

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1365-2559.2006.02508.x

  32. 32.

    Joosten LAB Helsen MMA Saxne T van de Loo FAJ Heinegard D van den Berg WB IL-1 alpha beta blockade prevents cartilage and bone destruction in murine type II collagen-induced arthritis, whereas TNF-alpha blockade only ameliorates joint inflammationJ Immunol1999 163950495055

    Not in our library

  33. 33.

    Delgado M Abad C Martinez C Laceta J Gomariz RP Vasoactive intestinal peptide prevents experimental arthritis by downregulating both autoimmune and inflammatory components of the diseaseNat Med2001 75563568

    Not in our library10.1038/87887

  34. 34.

    Adkison AM Raptis SZ Kelley DG Pham CTN Dipeptidyl peptidase I activates neutrophil-derived serine proteases and regulates the development of acute experimental arthritisJ Clin Invest2002 1093363371

    Not in our library10.1172/jci13462

  35. 35.

    Bendele A McComb J Gould T McAbee T Sennello G Chlipala E Guy M Animal models of arthritis: Relevance to human diseaseToxicol Pathol1999 271134142

    Not in our library10.1177/019262339902700125

  36. 36.

    Taniguchi K Kohsaka H Inoue N Terada Y Ito H Hirokawa K Miyasaka N Induction of the p16(INK4a) senescence gene as a new therapeutic strategy for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritisNat Med1999 57760767

    Not in our library10.1038/10480

  37. 37.

    Helyes Z Szabo A Nemeth J Jakab B Pinter E Banvolgyi A Kereskai L Keri G Szolcsanyi J Antiinflammatory and analgesic effects of somatostatin released from capsaicin-sensitive sensory nerve terminals in a Freund's adjuvant-induced chronic arthritis model in the ratArthritis Rheum2004 50516771685

    Not in our library10.1002/art.20184

  38. 38.
    The human anti-IL-1β monoclonal antibody ACZ885 is effective in joint inflammation models in mice and in a proof-of-concept study in patients with rheumatoid arthritis · 2008
    No notice
  39. 39.

    Rudolphi K Gerwin N Verzijl N van der Kraan P van den Berg W Pralnacasan, an inhibitor of interleukin-1 beta converting enzyme, reduces joint damage in two murine models of osteoarthritisOsteoarthr Cartilage2003 1110738746

    Not in our library10.1016/s1063-4584(03)00153-5

  40. 40.

    Kamekura S Hoshi K Shimoaka T Chung U Chikuda H Yamada T Uchida M Ogata N Seichi A Nakamura K Osteoarthritis development in novel experimental mouse models induced by knee joint instabilityOsteoarthr Cartilage2005 137632641

    Not in our library10.1016/j.joca.2005.03.004

  41. 41.

    Huebner JL Hanest MA Beekman B TeKoppele JM Kraus VB A comparative analysis of bone and cartilage metabolism in two strains of guinea-pig with varying degrees of naturally occurring osteoarthritisOsteoarthr Cartilage2002 1010758767

    Not in our library10.1053/joca.2002.0821

  42. 42.

    Bremell T Abdelnour A Tarkowski A Histopathological and Serological Progression of Experimental Staphylococcus-Aureus ArthritisInfect Immun1992 60729762985

    Not in our library10.1128/iai.60.7.2976-2985.1992

  43. 43.

    Wakitani S Goto T Pineda SJ Young RG Mansour JM Caplan AI Goldberg VM Mesenchymal cell-based repair of large, full-thickness defects of articular cartilageJ Bone Joint Surg Am1994 764579592

    Not in our library10.2106/00004623-199404000-00013

  44. 44.

    O'Driscoll SW Keeley FW Salter RB The chondrogenic potential of free autogenous periosteal grafts for biological resurfacing of major full-thickness defects in joint surfaces under the influence of continuous passive motion. An experimental investigation in the rabbitJ Bone Joint Surg Am1986 68710171035

    Not in our library

  45. 45.

    Sellers RS Peluso D Morris EA The effect of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) on the healing of full-thickness defects of articular cartilageJ Bone Joint Surg Am1997 791014521463

    Not in our library10.2106/00004623-199710000-00002

  46. 46.

    Fortier LA Mohammed HO Lust G Nixon AJ Insulin-like growth factor-I enhances cell-based repair of articular cartilageJ Bone Joint Surg Br2002 842276288

    Not in our library10.1302/0301-620x.84b2.11167

  47. 47.

    Pineda S Pollack A Stevenson S Goldberg V Caplan A A semiquantitative scale for histologic grading of articular cartilage repairActa Anat (Basel)1992 1434335340

    Not in our library10.1159/000147272

  48. 48.

    Austin HA Muenz LR Joyce KM Antonovych TA Kullick ME Klippel JH Decker JL Balow JE Prognostic Factors in Lupus Nephritis - Contribution of Renal Histologic DataAm J Med1983 753382391

    Not in our library10.1016/0002-9343(83)90338-8

  49. 49.
    Effective treatment of autoimmune disease and progressive renal disease by mixed bone-marrow transplantation that establishes a stable mixed chimerism in BXSB recipient mice · 1999
    Not checked
  50. 50.

    Miyazaki T Ono M Qu WM Zhang MC Mori S Nakatsuru S Nakamura Y Sawasaki T Endo Y Nose M Implication of allelic polymorphism of osteopontin in the development of lupus nephritis in MRL/lpr miceEur J Immunol2005 35515101520

    Not in our library10.1002/eji.200425672

  51. 51.

    Keil DE Peden-Adams MM Wallace S Ruiz P Gilkeson GS Assessment of trichloroethylene (TCE) exposure in murine strains genetically-prone and non-prone to develop autoimmune diseaseJ Environ Sci Heal A2009 445443453

    Not in our library10.1080/10934520902719738

  52. 52.

    Chen SM Mukoyama T Sato N Yamagata SI Arai Y Satoh N Ueda S Induction of nephrotoxic serum nephritis in inbred mice and suppressive effect of colchicine on the development of this nephritisPharmacol Res2002 454319324

    Not in our library10.1006/phrs.2002.0948

  53. 53.

    Zheng ZY Schmidt-Ott KM Chua S Foster KA Frankel RZ Pavlidis P Barasch J D'Agati VD Gharavi AG A Mendelian locus on chromosome 16 determines susceptibility to doxorubicin nephropathy in the mouseP Natl Acad Sci USA2005 102725022507

    Not in our library10.1073/pnas.0409786102

  54. 54.

    Raij L Azar S Keane W Mesangial Immune Injury, Hypertension, and Progressive Glomerular Damage in Dahl RatsKidney Int1984 262137143

    Not in our library10.1038/ki.1984.147

  55. 55.

    Bader R Bader H Grund KE Mackensenhaen S Christ H Bohle A Structure and Function of the Kidney in Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis Correlations between Morphological and Functional ParametersPathol Res Pract1980 1672–4204216

    Not in our library10.1016/s0344-0338(80)80051-3

  56. 56.

    Yabuki A Tahara T Taniguchi K Matsumoto M Suzuki S Neuronal nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 in diabetic nephropathy of type 2 diabetic OLETF ratsExp Anim Tokyo2006 5511725

    Not in our library10.1538/expanim.55.17

  57. 57.

    Lai PC Smith J Bhangal G Chaudhry KA Chaudhry AN Keith JC Tam FWK Pusey CD Cook HT Interleukin-11 reduces renal injury and glomerular NF-Kappa B activity in murine experimental glomerulonephritisNephron Exp Nephrol2005 1014E146E154

    Not in our library10.1159/000087938

  58. 58.

    Watson ML Rao JK Gilkeson GS Ruiz P Eicher EM Pisetsky DS Matsuzawa A Rochelle JM Seldin MF Genetic-Analysis of Mrl-Lpr Mice - Relationship of the Fas Apoptosis Gene to Disease Manifestations and Renal Disease-Modifying LociJ Exp Med1992 176616451656

    Not in our library10.1084/jem.176.6.1645

  59. 59.

    Yumura W Sugino N Nagasawa R Kubo S Hirokawa K Maruyama N Age-Associated Changes in Renal Glomeruli of MiceExp Gerontol1989 243237249

    Not in our library10.1016/0531-5565(89)90015-6

  60. 60.

    Gharavi AG Ahmad T Wong RD Hooshyar R Vaughn J Oller S Frankel RZ Bruggeman LA D'Agati VD Klotman PE Mapping a locus for susceptibility to HIV-1-associated nephropathy to mouse chromosome 3P Natl Acad Sci USA2004 101824882493

    Not in our library10.1073/pnas.0308649100

  61. 61.

    Park HC Yasuda K Ratliff B Stoessel A Sharkovska Y Yamamoto I Jasmin JF Bachmann S Lisanti MP Chander P Postobstructive regeneration of kidney is derailed when surge in renal stem cells during course of unilateral ureteral obstruction is haltedAm J Physiol-Renal2010 2982F357F364

    Not in our library10.1152/ajprenal.00542.2009

  62. 62.

    Pulsinelli WA Levy DE Duffy TE Regional Cerebral Blood-Flow and Glucose-Metabolism Following Transient Forebrain IschemiaAnn Neurol1982 115499509

    Not in our library10.1002/ana.410110510

  63. 63.

    Barber PA Hoyte L Colbourne F Buchan AM Temperature-regulated model of focal ischemia in the mouse: a study with histopathological and behavioral outcomesStroke2004 35717201725

    Not in our library10.1161/01.str.0000129653.22241.d7

  64. 64.

    Thoresen M Bagenholm R Loberg EM Apricena F Kjellmer I Posthypoxic cooling of neonatal rats provides protection against brain injuryArch Dis Child1996 741F3F9

    Not in our library10.1136/fn.74.1.f3

  65. 65.

    Sheldon RA Sedik C Ferriero DM Strain-related brain injury in neonatal mice subjected to hypoxia-ischemiaBrain Res1998 8101–2114122

    Not in our library10.1016/s0006-8993(98)00892-0

  66. 66.

    Iida H Schmelzer JD Schmeichel AM Wang Y Low PA Peripheral nerve ischemia: reperfusion injury and fiber regenerationExp Neurol2003 18429971002

    Not in our library10.1016/s0014-4886(03)00385-6

  67. 67.

    Fenyk-Melody JE Garrison AE Brunnert SR Weidner JR Shen F Shelton BA Mudgett JS Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis is exacerbated in mice lacking the NOS2 geneJ Immunol1998 160629402946

    Not in our library

  68. 68.

    Kassis I Grigoriadis N Gowda-Kurkalli B Mizrachi-Kol R Ben-Hur T Slavin S Abramsky O Karussis D Neuroprotection and immunomodulation with mesenchymal stem cells in chronic experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitisArch Neurol-Chicago2008 656753761

    Not in our library10.1001/archneur.65.6.753

  69. 69.

    Butterfield RJ Blankenhorn EP Roper RJ Zachary JF Doerge RW Teuscher C Identification of genetic loci controlling the characteristics and severity of brain and spinal cord lesions in experimental allergic encephalomyelitisAm J Pathol2000 1572637645

    Not in our library10.1016/s0002-9440(10)64574-9

  70. 70.

    Murray PD McGavern DB Lin XQ Njenga MK Leibowitz J Pease LR Rodriguez M Perforin-dependent neurologic injury in a viral model of multiple sclerosisJ Neurosci1998 181873067314

    Not in our library10.1523/jneurosci.18-18-07306.1998

  71. 71.

    Bright JJ Du CG Coon M Sriram S Klaus SJ Prevention of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis via inhibition IL-12 signaling and IL-12-mediated Th1 differentiation: An effect of the novel anti-inflammatory drug lisofyllineJ Immunol1998 1611270157022

    Not in our library

  72. 72.

    Soilu-Hanninen M Roytta M Salmi A Salonen R Therapy with antibody against leukocyte integrin VLA-4 (CD49d) is effective and safe in virus-facilitated experimental allergic encephalomyelitisJ Neuroimmunol1997 72195105

    Not in our library10.1016/s0165-5728(96)00158-0

  73. 73.

    Zhang J Li Y Cui YS Chen JL Lu M Elias SB Chopp M Erythropoietin treatment improves neurological functional recovery in EAE miceBrain Res2005 10341–23439

    Not in our library10.1016/j.brainres.2004.11.036

  74. 74.

    Tsunoda I Kuang LQ Theil DJ Fujinami RS Antibody association with a novel model for primary progressive multiple sclerosis: Induction of relapsing-remitting and progressive forms of EAE in H2(s) mouse strainsBrain Pathol2000 103402418

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1750-3639.2000.tb00272.x

  75. 75.

    Lu ZQ Hu XQ Zhu CS Wang DJ Zheng XP Liu QT Overexpression of CNTF in Mesenchymal Stem Cells reduces demyelination and induces clinical recovery in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis miceJ Neuroimmunol2009 2061–25869

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jneuroim.2008.10.014

  76. 76.

    Sirin BH Ortac R Cerrahoglu M Saribulbul O Baltalarli A Celebisoy N Iskesen I Rendeci O Ischaemic preconditioning reduces spinal cord injury in transient ischaemiaActa Cardiol2002 574279285

    Not in our library10.2143/ac.57.4.2005427

  77. 77.

    Sheng HX Spasojevic I Warner DS Batinic-Haberle I Mouse spinal cord compression injury is ameliorated by intrathecal cationic manganese (III) porphyrin catalytic antioxidant therapyNeurosci Lett2004 3662220225

    Not in our library10.1016/j.neulet.2004.05.050

  78. 78.

    Gerber J Raivich G Wellmer A Noeske C Kunst T Werner A Bruck W Nau R A mouse model of Streptococcus pneumoniae meningitis mimicking several features of human diseaseActa Neuropathol2001 1015499508

    Not in our library10.1007/s004010000326

  79. 79.
    A substance P antagonist, RP-67,580, ameliorates a mouse meningoencephalitic response to Trypanosoma brucei brucei · 1997
    Not checked
  80. 80.

    Sheldon RA Jiang XN Francisco C Christen S Vexler ZS Tauber MG Ferriero DM Manipulation of antioxidant pathways in neonatal murine brainPediatr Res2004 564656662

    Not in our library10.1203/01.pdr.0000139413.27864.50

  81. 81.

    Chan YC Hosoda K Tsai CJ Yamamoto S Wang MF Favorable effects of tea on reducing the cognitive deficits and brain morphological changes in senescence-accelerated miceJ Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo)2006 524266273

    Not in our library10.3177/jnsv.52.266

  82. 82.

    Oz G Nelson CD Koski DM Henry PG Marjanska M Deelchand DK Shanley R Eberly LE Orr HT Clark HB Noninvasive detection of presymptomatic and progressive neurodegeneration in a mouse model of spinocerebellar ataxia type 1J Neurosci2010 301038313838

    Not in our library10.1523/jneurosci.5612-09.2010

  83. 83.

    Ashcroft T Simpson JM Timbrell V Simple Method of Estimating Severity of Pulmonary Fibrosis on a Numerical ScaleJ Clin Pathol1988 414467470

    Not in our library10.1136/jcp.41.4.467

  84. 84.

    Nicholson AG Fulford LG Colby TV du Bois RM Hansell DM Wells AU The relationship between individual histologic features and disease progression in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosisAm J Resp Crit Care2002 1662173177

    Not in our library10.1164/rccm.2109039

  85. 85.

    Davidson DJ Dorin JR Mclachlan G Ranaldi V Lamb D Doherty C Govan J Porteous DJ Lung-Disease in the Cystic-Fibrosis Mouse Exposed to Bacterial PathogensNat Genet1995 94351357

    Not in our library10.1038/ng0495-351

  86. 86.

    Nishina K Mikawa K Takao Y Shiga M Maekawa N Obara H Intravenous lidocaine attenuates acute lung injury induced by hydrochloric acid aspiration in rabbitsAnesthesiology1998 88513001309

    Not in our library10.1097/00000542-199805000-00022

  87. 87.

    Makiuchi A Yamaura K Mizuno S Matsumoto K Nakamura T Amano J Ito KI Hepatocyte growth factor prevents pulmonary ischernia-reperfusion injury in miceJ Heart Lung Transpl2007 269935943

    Not in our library10.1016/j.healun.2007.06.010

  88. 88.

    Yang YL Tang GJ Wu YL Yien HW Lee TS Kou YR Exacerbation of wood smoke-induced acute lung injury by mechanical ventilation using moderately high tidal volume in miceResp Physiol Neurobi2008 160199108

    Not in our library10.1016/j.resp.2007.09.011

  89. 89.

    Zeldin DC Wohlford-Lenane C Chulada P Bradbury JA Scarborough PE Roggli V Langenbach R Schwartz DA Airway inflammation and responsiveness in prostaglandin H synthase-deficient mice exposed to bacterial lipopolysaccharideAm J Respir Cell Mol Biol2001 254457465

    Not in our library10.1165/ajrcmb.25.4.4505

  90. 90.

    Curtis JL Byrd PK Warnock ML Kaltreider HB Requirement of Cd4-Positive T-Cells for Cellular Recruitment to the Lungs of Mice in Response to a Particulate Intratracheal AntigenJ Clin Invest1991 88412441254

    Not in our library10.1172/jci115428

  91. 91.

    Eveillard M Soltner C Kempf M Saint-Andre JP Lemarie C Randrianarivelo C Seifert H Wolff M Joly-Guillou ML The virulence variability of different Acinetobacter baumannii strains in experimental pneumoniaJ Infection2010 602154161

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jinf.2009.09.004

  92. 92.

    Barends M van Oosten M de Rond CGH Dormans JAMA Osterhaus ADME Neijens HJ Kimman TG Timing of infection and prior immunization with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in RSV-enhanced allergic inflammationJ Infect Dis2004 1891018661872

    Not in our library10.1086/386341

  93. 93.

    Cimolai N Taylor GP Mah D Morrison BJ Definition and Application of a Histopathological Scoring Scheme for an Animal-Model of Acute Mycoplasma-Pneumoniae Pulmonary InfectionMicrobiol Immunol1992 365465478

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1348-0421.1992.tb02045.x

  94. 94.

    Beck JM Warnock ML Curtis JL Sniezek MJ Arraj-Peffer SM Kaltreider HB Shellito JE Inflammatory responses to Pneumocystis carinii in mice selectively depleted of helper T lymphocytesAm J Respir Cell Mol Biol1991 52186197

    Not in our library10.1165/ajrcmb/5.2.186

  95. 95.

    Lammers AJ de Porto AP de Boer OJ Florquin S van der Poll T The role of TLR2 in the host response to pneumococcal pneumoniain absence of the spleenBMC Infect Dis2012 121139

    Not in our library10.1186/1471-2334-12-139

  96. 96.

    Dong R Liu P Wee L Butany J Sole MJ Verapamil Ameliorates the Clinical and Pathological Course of Murine MyocarditisJ Clin Invest1992 90520222030

    Not in our library10.1172/jci116082

  97. 97.

    Hiraoka Y Kishimoto C Kurokawa M Ochiai H Sasayama S Effects of Polyethylene-Glycol Conjugated Superoxide-Dismutase on Coxsackievirus B3 Myocarditis in MiceCardiovasc Res1992 2610956961

    Not in our library10.1093/cvr/26.10.956

  98. 98.

    Wang YX Da Cunha V Vincelette J White K Velichko S Xu Y Gross C Fitch RM Halks-Miller M Larsen BR Antiviral and myocyte protective effects of murine interferon-beta and -alpha 2 in coxsackievirus B3-induced myocarditis and epicarditis in Balb/c miceAm J Physiol-Heart C2007 2931H69H76

    Not in our library10.1152/ajpheart.00154.2007

  99. 99.

    Kanda T Araki M Nakano M Imai S Suzuki T Murata K Kobayashi I Chronic Effect of Losartan in a Murine Model of Dilated Cardiomyopathy - Comparison with CaptoprilJ Pharmacol Exp Ther1995 2732955958

    Not in our library

  100. 100.

    Rahman A More N Schein PS Doxorubicin-Induced Chronic Cardiotoxicity and Its Protection by Liposomal AdministrationCancer Res1982 42518171825

    Not in our library

  101. 101.

    Ghazalpour A Wang XP Lusis AJ Mehrabian M Complex inheritance of the 5-lipoxygenase locus influencing atherosclerosis in miceGenetics2006 1732943951

    Not in our library10.1534/genetics.106.057455

  102. 102.

    Bennett BJ Wang SS Wang XP Wu XH Lusis AJ Genetic Regulation of Atherosclerotic Plaque Size and Morphology in the Innominate Artery of Hyperlipidemic MiceArterioscl Throm Vas2009 293348A318

    Not in our library10.1161/atvbaha.108.176685

  103. 103.

    Yamada A Miyazaki T Lu LM Ono M Ito MR Terada M Mori S Hata K Nozaki Y Nakatsuru S Genetic basis of tissue specificity of vasculitis in MRL/lpr miceArthritis Rheum2003 48514451451

    Not in our library10.1002/art.10952

  104. 104.

    Carter WO Bull C Bortolon E Yang L Jesmok GJ Gundel RH A murine skeletal muscle ischemia-reperfusion injury model: differential pathology in BALB/c and DBA/2N miceJ Appl Physiol1998 85516761683

    Not in our library10.1152/jappl.1998.85.5.1676

  105. 105.

    Nascentes GAN Meira WSF Lages-Silva E Ramirez LE Immunization of Mice with a Trypanosoma cruzi-Like Strain Isolated from a Bat: Predictive Factors for Involvement of Eosinophiles in Tissue DamageVector-Borne Zoonot2010 1010989997

    Not in our library10.1089/vbz.2009.0185

  106. 106.

    Ishak K Baptista A Bianchi L Callea F De Groote J Gudat F Denk H Desmet V Korb G MacSween RN Histological grading and staging of chronic hepatitisJ Hepatol1995 226696699

    Not in our library10.1016/0168-8278(95)80226-6

  107. 107.

    Knodell RG Ishak KG Black WC Chen TS Craig R Kaplowitz N Kiernan TW Wollman J Formulation and Application of a Numerical Scoring System for Assessing Histological Activity in Asymptomatic Chronic Active HepatitisHepatology1981 15431435

    Not in our library10.1002/hep.1840010511

  108. 108.

    Chevallier M Guerret S Chossegros P Gerard F Grimaud JA A histological semiquantitative scoring system for evaluation of hepatic fibrosis in needle liver biopsy specimens: comparison with morphometric studiesHepatology1994 202349355

    Not in our library

  109. 109.

    Siegmund B Lear-Kaul KC Faggioni R Fantuzzi G Leptin deficiency, not obesity, protects mice from Con A-induced hepatitisEur J Immunol2002 322552560

    Not in our library10.1002/1521-4141(200202)32:2<552::aid-immu552>3.0.co;2-h

  110. 110.

    VanNieuwkerk CMJ Elferink RPJO Groen AK Ottenhoff R Tytgat GNJ Dingemans KP Weerman MAVB Offerhaus GJA Effects of ursodeoxycholate and cholate feeding on liver disease in FVB mice with a disrupted mdr2 P-glycoprotein geneGastroenterology1996 1111165171

    Not in our library10.1053/gast.1996.v111.pm8698195

  111. 111.

    Nanji AA Khettry U Sadrzadeh SMH Lactobacillus Feeding Reduces Endotoxemia and Severity of Experimental Alcoholic Liver (Disease)P Soc Exp Biol Med1994 2053243247

    Not in our library10.3181/00379727-205-43703

  112. 112.

    Curran TJ Uzoaru I Das JB Ansari G Raffensperger JG The Effect of Cholecystokinin-Octapeptide on the Hepatobiliary Dysfunction Caused by Total Parenteral-NutritionJ Pediatr Surg1995 302242247

    Not in our library10.1016/0022-3468(95)90568-5

  113. 113.

    Sancho-Bru P Bataller R Fernandez-Varo G Moreno M Ramalho LN Colmenero J Mari M Claria J Jimenez W Arroyo V Bradykinin attenuates hepatocellular damage and fibrosis in rats with chronic liver injuryGastroenterology2007 133620192028

    Not in our library10.1053/j.gastro.2007.09.023

  114. 114.

    Kleiner DE Brunt EM Van Natta M Behling C Contos MJ Cummings OW Ferrell LD Liu YC Torbenson MS Unalp-Arida A Design and validation of a histological scoring system for nonalcoholic fatty liver diseaseHepatology2005 41613131321

    Not in our library10.1002/hep.20701

  115. 115.

    Cavalieri B Perrelli MG Aragno M Ramadori P Poli G Cutrin JC Ischaemic preconditioning modulates the activity of Kupffer cells during in vivo reperfusion injury of rat liverCell Biochem Funct2003 214299305

    Not in our library10.1002/cbf.1028

  116. 116.

    Schmidt J Rattner DW Lewandrowski K Compton CC Mandavilli U Knoefel WT Warshaw AL A Better Model of Acute-Pancreatitis for Evaluating TherapyAnn Surg1992 21514456

    Not in our library10.1097/00000658-199201000-00007

  117. 117.

    Rongione AJ Kusske AM Kwan K Ashley SW Reber HA McFadden DW Interleukin 10 reduces the severity of acute pancreatitis in ratsGastroenterology1997 1123960967

    Not in our library10.1053/gast.1997.v112.pm9041259

  118. 118.

    Kusske AM Rongione AJ Ashley SW McFadden DW Reber HA Interleukin-10 prevents death in lethal necrotizing pancreatitis in miceSurgery1996 1202284289

    Not in our library10.1016/s0039-6060(96)80299-6

  119. 119.

    Cuzzocrea S Mazzon E Dugo L Serraino I Centorrino T Ciccolo A Van de Loo FAJ Britti D Caputi AP Thiemermann C Inducible nitric oxide synthase-deficient mice exhibit resistance to the acute pancreatitis induced by ceruleinShock2002 175416422

    Not in our library10.1097/00024382-200205000-00013

  120. 120.

    Dembinski A Warzecha Z Ceranowicz P Dembinski M Cieszkowski J Pawlik WW Tomaszewska R Konturek SJ Konturek PC Effect of ischemic preconditioning on pancreatic regeneration and pancreatic expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and platelet-derived growth factor-A in ischemia/reperfusion-induced pancreatitisJ Physiol Pharmacol2006 5713958

    Not in our library

  121. 121.

    Kanno H Nose M Itoh J Taniguchi Y Kyogoku M Spontaneous Development of Pancreatitis in the Mrl/Mp Strain of Mice in Autoimmune MechanismClin Exp Immunol1992 8916873

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1365-2249.1992.tb06879.x

  122. 122.

    Papaccio G Nicoletti F Pisanti FA Bendtzen K Galdieri M Prevention of spontaneous autoimmune diabetes in NOD mice by transferring in vitro antigen-pulsed syngeneic dendritic cellsEndocrinology2000 141415001505

    Not in our library10.1210/endo.141.4.7437

  123. 123.

    Baker BS Brent L Valdimarsson H Powles AV Alimara L Walker M Fry L Is Epidermal-Cell Proliferation in Psoriatic Skin-Grafts on Nude-Mice Driven by T-Cell Derived CytokinesBrit J Dermatol1992 1262105110

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1365-2133.1992.tb07805.x

  124. 124.
    Comparison of the effects of vitamin D products in a psoriasis plaque test and a murine psoriasis xenograft model · 2009
    Not checked
  125. 125.

    Singer AJ Thode HC McClain SA Development of a histomorphologic scale to quantify cutaneous scars after burnsAcad Emerg Med2000 71010831088

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1553-2712.2000.tb01256.x

  126. 126.

    Yamamoto T Takagawa S Katayama I Mizushima Y Nishioka K Effect of superoxide dismutase on bleomycin-induced dermal sclerosis: Implications for the treatment of systemic sclerosisJ Invest Dermatol1999 1135843847

    Not in our library10.1046/j.1523-1747.1999.00758.x

  127. 127.

    Watanabe T Hamada K Tategaki A Kishida H Tanaka H Kitano M Miyamoto T Oral Administration of Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated from Traditional South Asian Fermented Milk 'Dahi' Inhibits the Development of Atopic Dermatitis in NC/Nga MiceJ Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo)2009 553271278

    Not in our library10.3177/jnsv.55.271

  128. 128.

    Lee HJ Kim JS Song MS Seo HS Moon CJ Kim JC Jo SK Jang JS Kim SH Photoprotective Effect of Red Ginseng against Ultraviolet Radiation-induced Chronic Skin Damage in the Hairless MousePhytother Res2009 233399403

    Not in our library10.1002/ptr.2640

  129. 129.

    Hjortsjo C Saxegaard E Young A Dahl JE In vivo and in vitro irritation testing of low concentrations of hydrofluoric acidActa Odontol Scand2009 676360365

    Not in our library10.1080/00016350903117118

  130. 130.

    Gubitosi-Klug RA Talahalli R Du YP Nadler JL Kern TS 5-lipoxygenase, but not 12/15-lipoxygenase, contributes to degeneration of retinal capillaries in a mouse model of diabetic retinopathyDiabetes2008 57513871393

    Not in our library10.2337/db07-1217

  131. 131.

    Higgins RD Yu K Sanders RJ Nandgaonkar BN Rotschild T Rifkin DB Diltiazem reduces retinal neovascularization in a mouse model of oxygen induced retinopathyCurr Eye Res1999 1812027

    Not in our library10.1076/ceyr.18.1.20.5390

  132. 132.

    Ramadan RT Ramirez R Novosad BD Callegan MC Acute inflammation and loss of retinal architecture and function during experimental Bacillus endophthalmitisCurr Eye Res2006 3111955965

    Not in our library10.1080/02713680600976925

  133. 133.

    Caspi RR Roberge FG Chan CC Wiggert B Chader GJ Rozenszajn LA Lando Z Nussenblatt RB A New Model of Autoimmune-Disease - Experimental Autoimmune Uveoretinitis Induced in Mice with 2 Different Retinal AntigensJ Immunol1988 140514901495

    Not in our library

  134. 134.

    Cousins SW Guss RB Howes EL Rosenbaum JT Endotoxin-Induced Uveitis in the Rat - Observations on Altered Vascular-Permeability, Clinical Findings, and HistologyExp Eye Res1984 395665676

    Not in our library10.1016/0014-4835(84)90065-4

  135. 135.

    Tyrell J Silberman H Chandrasoma P Niland J Shull J Absorbable Versus Permanent Mesh in Abdominal OperationsSurg Gynecol Obstet1989 1683227232

    Not in our library

  136. 136.

    Corona R Verguts J Schonman R Binda MM Mailova K Koninckx PR Postoperative inflammation in the abdominal cavity increases adhesion formation in a laparoscopic mouse modelFertil Steril2011 95412241228

    Not in our library10.1016/j.fertnstert.2011.01.004

  137. 137.

    Suga H Teraoka S Ota K Komemushi S Furutani S Yamauchi S Margolin S Preventive effect of pirfenidone against experimental sclerosing peritonitis in ratsExp Toxicol Pathol1995 474287291

    Not in our library10.1016/s0940-2993(11)80261-7

  138. 138.

    Brown NA Fabro S Quantitation of Rat Embryonic-Development Invitro - a Morphological Scoring SystemTeratology1981 2416578

    Not in our library10.1002/tera.1420240108

  139. 139.

    Greenhalgh DG Sprugel KH Murray MJ Ross R Pdgf and Fgf Stimulate Wound-Healing in the Genetically Diabetic MouseAm J Pathol1990 136612351246

    Not in our library

  140. 140.

    Braley-Mullen H Sharp GC Medling B Tang HW Spontaneous autoimmune thyroiditis in NOD.H-2h4 miceJ Autoimmun1999 123157165

    Not in our library10.1006/jaut.1999.0272

  141. 141.

    Eckstein P Jackson MCN Millman N Sobrero AJ Comparison of Vaginal Tolerance Tests of Spermicidal Preparations in Rabbits and MonkeysJ Reprod Fertil1969 20185

    Not in our library10.1530/jrf.0.0200085

  142. 142.

    Poplawski C Sosnowski D Szaflarska-Poplawska A Sarosiek J McCallum R Bartuzi Z Role of bile acids, prostaglandins and COX inhibitors in chronic esophagitis in a mouse modelWorld J Gastroentero2006 121117391742

    Not in our library10.3748/wjg.v12.i11.1739

  143. 143.

    Bondarenko A Hewicker-Trautwein M Erdmann N Angrisani N Reifenrath J Meyer-Lindenberg A Comparison of morphological changes in efferent lymph nodes after implantation of resorbable and non-resorbable implants in rabbitsBiomed Eng Online2011 1032

    Not in our library10.1186/1475-925x-10-32

  144. 144.

    Johnsen SG Testicular biopsy score count a method for registration of spermatogenesis in human testes. Normal values and results in 335 hypogonadal malesHormones1970 1225

    Not in our library10.1159/000178170

  145. 145.

    Hill GR Crawford JM Cooke KR Brinson YS Pan LY Ferrara JLM Total body irradiation and acute graft-versus-host disease: The role of gastrointestinal damage and inflammatory cytokinesBlood1997 90832043213

    Not in our library

  146. 146.

    Cooke KR Hill GR Crawford JM Bungard D Brinson YS Delmonte J Ferrara JLM Tumor necrosis factor-alpha production to lipopolysaccharide stimulation by donor cells predicts the severity of experimental acute graft-versus-host diseaseJ Clin Invest1998 1021018821891

    Not in our library10.1172/jci4285

  147. 147.

    Kaplan DH Anderson BE McNiff JM Jain D Shlomchik MJ Shlomchik WD Target antigens determine graft-versus-host disease phenotypeJ Immunol2004 173954675475

    Not in our library10.4049/jimmunol.173.9.5467

  148. 148.

    Murao Y Loomis W Wolf P Hoyt DB Junger WG Effect of dose of hypertonic saline on its potential to prevent lung tissue damage in a mouse model of hemorrhagic shockShock2003 2012934

    Not in our library10.1097/01.shk.0000071060.78689.f1

  149. 149.

    Ahmadi-Yazdi C Williams B Oakes S Moore FD Attenuation of the Effects of Rat Hemorrhagic Shock with a Reperfusion Injury-Inhibiting Agent Specific to MiceShock2009 323295301

    Not in our library10.1097/shk.0b013e3181995e0c

  150. 150.

    Mees ST Gwinner M Marx K Faendrich F Schroeder J Haier J Kahlke V Influence of sex and age on morphological organ damage after hemorrhagic shockShock2008 296670674

    Not in our library10.1097/shk.0b013e31815c3ea0

  151. 151.

    Kuper CF Harleman JH Richter-Reichelm HB Vos JG Histopathologic approaches to detect changes indicative of immunotoxicityToxicol Pathol2000 283454466

    Not in our library10.1177/019262330002800317

  152. 152.

    Racusen LC Solez K Colvin RB Bonsib SM Castro MC Cavallo T Croker BP Demetris AJ Drachenberg CB Fogo AB The Banff 97 working classification of renal allograft pathologyKidney Int1999 552713723

    Not in our library10.1046/j.1523-1755.1999.00299.x

  153. 153.

    Billingham ME Cary NR Hammond ME Kemnitz J Marboe C McCallister HA Snovar DC Winters GL Zerbe A A working formulation for the standardization of nomenclature in the diagnosis of heart and lung rejection: Heart Rejection Study Group. The International Society for Heart TransplantationJ Heart Transplant1990 96587593

    Not in our library

  154. 154.

    Stewart S Winters GL Fishbein MC Tazelaar HD Kobashigawa J Abrams J Andersen CB Angelini A Berry GJ Burke MM Revision of the 1990 working formulation for the standardization of nomenclature in the diagnosis of heart rejectionJ Heart Lung Transpl2005 241117101720

    Not in our library10.1016/j.healun.2005.03.019

  155. 155.

    Yousem SA Berry GJ Brunt EM Chamberlain D Hruban RH Sibley RK Stewart S Tazelaar HD A Working Formulation for the Standardization of Nomenclature in the Diagnosis of Heart and Lung Rejection - Lung Rejection Study-GroupJ Heart Transplant1990 96593601

    Not in our library

  156. 156.

    Gaucher S Nicco C Jarraya M Batteux F Viability and Efficacy of Coverage of Cryopreserved Human Skin Allografts in MiceInt J Low Extr Wound2010 93132140

    Not in our library10.1177/1534734610380024

  157. 157.

    Moher D Liberati A Tetzlaff J Altman DG Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statementJ Clin Epidemiol2009 621010061012

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jclinepi.2009.06.005

Cited by papers we hold 3

Reads

Read by people on this page

None yet.

Checked or read by AI through naulon

None yet.

A person counts once a day per paper. We keep no cookie and no address: a reader is a hash that changes every day. Any month under five reads shows no number.

Are you an author?

Is this your paper?

Claim it to add your note and be paid when agents cite it. Free.