No retraction, correction or concern found when last checked on Oct 21, 2026.

Reporting of complex interventions in clinical trials: development of a taxonomy to classify and describe fall-prevention interventions

The Taxonomy Investigators, Sarah E Lamb, Clemens Becker and 5 more (opens in a new tab)

Trials · 2011

doi:10.1186/1745-6215-12-125 (opens in a new tab)

Abstract

Background. Interventions for preventing falls in older people often involve several components, multidisciplinary teams, and implementation in a variety of settings. We have developed a classification system (taxonomy) to describe interventions used to prevent falls in older people, with the aim of improving the design and reporting of clinical trials of fall-prevention interventions, and synthesis of evidence from these trials.

Methods. Thirty three international experts in falls prevention and health services research participated in a series of meetings to develop consensus. Robust techniques were used including literature reviews, expert presentations, and structured consensus workshops moderated by experienced facilitators. The taxonomy was refined using an international test panel of five health care practitioners. We assessed the chance corrected agreement of the final version by comparing taxonomy completion for 10 randomly selected published papers describing a variety of fall-prevention interventions.

Results. The taxonomy consists of four domains, summarized as the "Approach", "Base", "Components" and "Descriptors" of an intervention. Sub-domains include; where participants are identified; the theoretical approach of the intervention; clinical targeting criteria; details on assessments; descriptions of the nature and intensity of interventions. Chance corrected agreement of the final version of the taxonomy was good to excellent for all items. Further independent evaluation of the taxonomy is required.

Conclusions. The taxonomy is a useful instrument for characterizing a broad range of interventions used in falls prevention. Investigators are encouraged to use the taxonomy to report their interventions.

Full text

From PubMed Central, U.S. National Library of Medicine, as current on Oct 21, 2026. Paragraph numbers are ours, so an answer can point at one.

Background

1Reduction of falls in older people is an important health care target in many countries. However, the aetiology of falls in older people is not fully understood. Although some falls result from a single factor, many are caused by an interaction between multiple factors. As a consequence, a wide variety of approaches to prevention and management have emerged, most of which are "complex interventions". Complex interventions are usually described as interventions that contain several interacting components. Despite many clinical trials which have identified effective interventions, translation into clinical practice has been slow. There are many potential barriers to implementation of new interventions. Poor reporting of interventions in clinical trials can result in practitioners being unable to replicate the intervention. Researchers evaluating interventions in meta-analysis lack an internationally agreed framework for conceptualizing the main forms and important components of fall-prevention techniques, limiting the ability to draw meaningful comparisons and identify factors associated with success.

2Several sets of international guidance have highlighted the importance of documenting and conceptualizing the influential components of an intervention, recognizing the importance of these steps in evaluation and understanding the potential for generalization of an intervention. However, this documentation and conceptualization is not simple, particularly when trials may be from countries with different health and social care services.

3The aim was to develop a classification system to characterize the major influential components of fall-prevention interventions and promote consistency of reporting across international boundaries. We wished to encourage investigators to report all fall prevention interventions in a standardised and comprehensive manner, and to produce a taxonomy that could be used to classify existing and future interventions. We report the process of development, involving repeated testing and refinement, from the initial stages of design through to the final version of the taxonomy.

4The study was developed through the Prevention of Falls Network Europe (ProFANE) project, a collaborative project to reduce the burden of fall injury in older people through excellence in research and promotion of best practice. The network activities were funded by the European Commission, but link clinicians, members of the public, and researchers worldwide.

Methods

5Classification systems are of two major types-typologies and taxonomies. Typologies are theoretically driven classification schemes. A taxonomy necessitates identifying characteristics that can be objectively measured in real-world circumstances, and have sufficient variance to demonstrate meaningful differences. We aimed to develop an internationally accepted taxonomy. Sartorius provides useful guidance on the development of taxonomies, highlighting the importance of broad agreement on the content and framework to ensure compliance with the intent and method of classification, and the need for an accompanying glossary defining operational terms. Our method was an iterative process, comprising a phase of development, followed by a period of refinement and finalisation. The process was informed and approved by international expert consensus throughout its span, the nature of the consensus building techniques varied during the project, but formal nominal group methods were implemented at key stages. The consensus panel included 33 representatives of the academic, policy, practice, and user communities drawn from a range of disciplines and countries in Australasia, Europe and North America (detailed at the end of the manuscript). Disciplines included were medicine, physiotherapy, occupational therapy, nursing, psychology, public health, exercise physiology, statistics and epidemiology.

Stage 1: Developing the taxonomy

6The process for developing the taxonomy is summarized in Figure 1. In the initial stages, a draft hierarchical framework of classification that identified the major domains was developed by a small group of investigators (SEL, EJS, KP, CB). This draft framework included the domain headings: "Approach", "Base", "Components" and "Descriptors". These domains provide the overall structure and framework to the taxonomy. The proposed framework was discussed and approved by a meeting of 50 academics and practitioners engaged in research in falls prevention in Manchester in 2004. Definitions were developed for each domain, along with sub-domains. The intention was that sub-domains would represent meaningful differences in the ways in which interventions had or could be delivered. Within each sub-domain the taxonomy was further characterized to provide more detailed levels of information on the service delivery model which we labeled as categories. The development was informed by close reference to the published literature to ensure the taxonomy was sufficiently comprehensive to describe the variety of interventions, settings and service delivery models reported in the research literature. Firstly, we identified all trials published in full and in English included in Gillespie et al, and used a random sampling method to select half of these (N = 28,). We retained the remaining papers (N = 27) for validation studies in later components of the study. Second, we undertook a broader search of the non-randomised and grey literature search strategy reported in to identify new or untested approaches to fall prevention. Where possible, we utilized existing international classification systems to provide category definitions and headings, and sourced additional definitions from the Medical Subjects Headings (MeSH) browser of the US National Library of Medicine. In some domains of the taxonomy, there were no pre-existing classification systems, and these were developed by consulting members of the expert panel, matching expertise to the areas requiring development. At each stage of the process, the rationale, definitions and instructions for completion of the various components of the taxonomy was documented, and turned into a draft instruction manual.

Stage 2: Refining and agreeing the final version of the taxonomy and manual

7The first version of the taxonomy and manual was circulated prior to a formal two-day consensus meeting of 33 international experts. We utilized a modified nominal group technique, facilitated by experienced health services researchers, in which panel members were asked to consider eight questions relating to the proposed taxonomy (shown in Table 1). The relevance of the domains, sub-domains and categories were agreed and prioritized by consensus panel. Only the most important categories were retained in the taxonomy, recognizing the need to balance detail against practical issues of completion and ease of communication. The panel also considered the future use of the taxonomy and its capacity to assimilate new and emerging areas of practice.

8The taxonomy and manual were then tested using the remaining 27 articles retained after our search of trials published in the Cochrane review. Data on the intervention characteristics from these 27 papers were extracted by five academic health practitioners who had not been involved in development stages of the taxonomy (the test panel). These practitioners included disciplines of medicine, physiotherapy, occupational therapy, psychology and nursing. Each rater was provided with a copy of the taxonomy manual, and a recording form. In addition, a number of papers were replicated across the raters to enable estimation of the test re-test reliability of the taxonomy. A cut-off of poor agreement between raters (a cut of kappa <0.41 as per Landis and Koch) was used to indicate areas of the taxonomy and manual requiring revision. We also worked with individual raters to determine areas of the manual and taxonomy that lacked clarity, were difficult to complete, or were incomplete. Results of the panel test were reported back to a group of 12 of the original members of the expert panel to agree the final format and manual for the taxonomy.

9Finally, two independent reviewers completed a taxonomy for the interventions reported in ten randomised controlled trials selected at random from the systematic review of Gates et al, to determine the agreement and chance corrected agreement (kappa) for each sub-domain. Agreement was calculated over all categories included in each sub-domain, according to Landis and Koch. Chance corrected agreement (kappa) was then established using SPSS (version 17) for each sub-domain for all ten papers. For each paper we then determined the frequency of items (kappa values) contained within each kappa banding (poor, fair, moderate, good or very good) as described by Altman. The frequencies calculated were then added together across all ten papers and converted into a percentage. These results therefore show the percentage of items (kappa values) across all ten papers within each kappa banding.

Results

10The full taxonomy including the recording form and instruction manual are provided in Additional Files, 1 and 2. A description of the domains, sub-domains, and categories in each sub-domain are given in Table 2, along with a brief synopsis of the consensus justification for inclusion within the taxonomy. Agreement between the two independent raters for extraction for the final version of the taxonomy was good to excellent for all sub-domains. In over 90% of cases chance corrected agreement was very strong between the two independent raters (kappa = 0.81-1.00) (Table 3).

Discussion

11The evaluation of complex interventions is an infant science. An inability to identify, define and communicate the potentially important components of falls prevention interventions has the potential to hinder development of research and uptake into clinical practice. We have identified key characteristics of interventions that we believe should be described alongside the publication of a randomised controlled trial of fall-prevention interventions. Many of the domains, sub-domains and categories are transferable to other similar interventions.

12The taxonomy represents judgments in determining essential from non-essential information, and balances the need for brevity and simplicity against complexity and detail. There is no single accepted method to develop a taxonomy. Empirically based classification requires data, and in this case, data sources were publications of randomised controlled trials of fall-prevention interventions, meta-analyses and qualitative studies. This was supplemented by extensive involvement of experts, which is acknowledged as essential in developing taxonomies. Elicitation of expert knowledge from consensus methods can be problematic. We protected against predomination of individual's opinion by using a modified nominal group technique, guided by pre-specified questions and independent facilitation. The modified nominal group technique was selected in preference to the Delphi method, as it allows discussion between experts to gain consensus.

13The taxonomy went through several iterations, being refined by a diverse group of international experts at different time points. There were a number of internationally agreed classification systems already in existence, and we used these wherever possible. These included the controlled vocabulary (Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)) used to index MEDLINE. The performance of the draft taxonomy was assessed using retrospective data extraction from published papers. The validation sample contained a variety of intervention types. Whilst we have allowed for the possibility of new areas emerging within the taxonomy, further refinements will be required. For example, further refinement of the selection criteria section might include data on screening tools used, for example whether the tool intends to capture single or repeat fallers, or aims to identify osteoporotic fracture risk. We also accept that the sub-domains of the taxonomy may not be entirely distinctive in all situations, but that for the majority of situations it is fit for purpose. We intend to review the taxonomy in five years time and welcome feedback on the structure and content.

14The taxonomy is intended for a number of purposes, including to assist with data extraction alongside meta-analysis of research data, reporting of interventions tested in research studies, and in the process of development of interventions. The list is purposefully not exhaustive. The most recent update of the CONSORT guidelines for reporting clinical trials necessitates reporting on the main elements of complex interventions. The challenges of reporting complex interventions have been recognised for sometime. The Medical Research Council (MRC) first published a framework for reporting and evaluating complex interventions in 2000. Although the MRC framework stresses the importance of accurate reporting, little operational guidance is provided. A recent suggestion has been to use graphical techniques to present key features of the timeline and content of interventions, a technique which can be expanded to a number of non-pharmacological interventions. In comparison, our method, which has more limited application as it focuses on fall-prevention interventions, is structured to ensure ease of complete reporting (by way of yes/no answers), uses standard internationally transferable set of definitions to describe the intervention components, settings and populations tested; and provides a more detailed description of intervention. Replication of interventions should be easier to achieve, although this assumption requires testing. We anticipate that similar methods could be developed in other fields. The taxonomy is complementary to but does not replace the Consort Guidance on the reporting of complex interventions.

15Subsequently, the taxonomy has proved useful in a number of Cochrane and other high quality systematic reviews, and has enabled identification and pre-specification of important aspects of service configuration and intervention delivery. We have also used the taxonomy as the framework for a UK national survey of falls services. Authors of trials are encouraged to register details of their interventions using the taxonomy in a prospective format (open registration is available at http://www.warwick.ac.uk/go/fallstaxonomy), and to utilize the taxonomy to ensure accurate, complete and useful intervention reporting.

Conclusion

16We have developed a taxonomy to describe and classify fall-prevention interventions, with sufficient breadth to capture elements of the intervention that are thought influential in determining effectiveness. This was achieved through a mix of methods, including expert consensus, literature reviews, and validation by test panels.

Competing interests

17The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Authors' contributions

18SL and CB had the concept for the original study, study design and analysis. SL wrote the first draft of the paper and is the guarantor. LG contributed search strategies and to the study design, analysis and write up. JS and SF were independent reviewers in final testing process and performed the statistical analysis. KP developed and edited the different versions of the taxonomy and manual, and contributed to the drafting of the manuscript. RP participated in developing the taxonomy. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.

References 88

1.
Campbell AJ Borrie MJ Spears GF Risk factors for falls in a community-based prospective study of people 70 years and olderJ Gerontol1989 44M112M117
Not in our library10.1093/geronj/44.4.m112 (opens in a new tab)
2.
Craig P Dieppe P Macintyre S Michie S Nazareth I Petticrew M Medical Research Council GuidanceDeveloping and evaluating complex interventions: the new Medical Research Council guidanceBMJ2008 337a1655
Not in our library10.1136/bmj.a1655 (opens in a new tab)
3.
Lamb SE Fisher JD Gates S Potter R Cooke MW Carter YH A national survey of services for the prevention and management of falls in the UKBMC Health Serv Res2008 8233
Not in our library10.1186/1472-6963-8-233 (opens in a new tab)
4.
Perera R Heneghan C Yudkin P Graphical method for depicting randomised trials of complex interventionsBMJ2000 334127129
Not in our library10.1136/bmj.39045.396817.68 (opens in a new tab)
5.
Boutron I Moher D Altman DG Schulz KF Ravaud P CONSORT GroupExtending the CONSORT statement to randomized trials of nonpharmacologic treatment: explanation and elaborationAnn Intern Med2008 148295309
Not in our library10.7326/0003-4819-148-4-200802190-00008 (opens in a new tab)
6.
The Prevention of Falls Network Europehttp://www.profane.eu.org/
Not in our library
7.
Sartorius N Methodologic problems of common terminology, measurement, and classification. 11. Modifications and new approaches to taxonomy in long-term care: advantages and limitations of the ICDMed Care1976 14Suppl 5109115
Not in our library
8.
Black N Murphy M Lamping D McKee M Sanderson C Askham J Marteau T Consensus development methods. A review of best practice in creating clinical guidelinesJ Health Serv Res Policy1999 4236248
Not in our library10.1177/135581969900400410 (opens in a new tab)
9.
Gillespie LD Robertson MC Gillespie WJ Lamb SE Gates S Cumming RG Rowe BH Interventions for preventing falls in elderly peopleCochrane Database Syst Rev2003 4CD007146
Not in our library10.1002/14651858.cd000340 (opens in a new tab)
10.
Becker C Kron M Lindemann U Sturm E Eichner B Walter-Jung B Nikolaus T Effectiveness of a multifaceted intervention on falls in nursing home residentsJ Am Geriatr Soc2003 51306313
Not in our library10.1046/j.1532-5415.2003.51103.x (opens in a new tab)
11.
Bischoff HA Stähelin HB Dick W Akos R Knecht M Salis C Nebiker M Theiler R Pfeifer M Begerow B Lew RA Conzelmann M Effects of vitamin D and calcium supplementation on falls: a randomized controlled trialJ Bone Miner Res2003 18343351
Not in our library10.1359/jbmr.2003.18.2.343 (opens in a new tab)
12.
Carpenter GI Demopoulos GR Screening the elderly in the community: controlled trial of dependency surveillance using a questionnaire administered by volunteersBMJ1990 30012531256
Not in our library10.1136/bmj.300.6734.1253 (opens in a new tab)
13.
Carter ND Khan KM McKay HA Petit MA Waterman C Heinonen A Janssen PA Donaldson MG Mallinson A Riddell L Kruse K Prior JC Flicker L Community-based exercise program reduces risk factors for falls in 65-75 year old women with osteoporosis; Randomized controlled trialCMAJ2002 1679971004
Not in our library
14.
Close J Ellis M Hooper R Glucksman E Jackson S Swift C Prevention of falls in the elderly trial (PROFET): a randomised controlled trialLancet1999 3539397
Not in our library10.1016/s0140-6736(98)06119-4 (opens in a new tab)
15.
Dawson-Hughes B Harris SS Krall EA Dallal GE Effect of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on bone density in men and women 65 years of age or olderN Engl J Med1997 337670676
Not in our library10.1056/nejm199709043371003 (opens in a new tab)
16.
Day L Fildes B Gordon I Fitzharris M Flamer H Lord S Randomised factorial trial of falls prevention among older people living in their own homesBMJ2002 325128
Not in our library10.1136/bmj.325.7356.128 (opens in a new tab)
17.
Ebrahim S Thompson PW Baskaran V Evans K Randomized placebo-controlled trial of brisk walking in the prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosisAge Ageing1997 26253260
Not in our library10.1093/ageing/26.4.253 (opens in a new tab)
18.
Fabacher D Josephson K Pietruszka F Linderborn K Morley JE Rubenstien LZ An in-home preventive assessment program for independent older adults: a randomized controlled trialJ Am Geriatr Soc1994 42630638
Not in our library10.1111/j.1532-5415.1994.tb06862.x (opens in a new tab)
19.
Gallagher EM Brunt H Head over heels: impact of a health promotion program to reduce falls in the elderlyCan J Aging1996 158496
Not in our library10.1017/s0714980800013301 (opens in a new tab)
20.
Hornbrook MC Stevens VJ Wingfield DJ Hollis JF Greenlick MR Ory MG Preventing falls among community-dwelling older persons: results from a randomized trialGerontologist1994 341623
Not in our library10.1093/geront/34.1.16 (opens in a new tab)
21.
Jitapunkul S A randomised controlled trial of regular surveillance in Thai elderly using a simple questionnaire administered by non-professional personnelJ Med Assoc Thai1998 81352356
Not in our library
22.
Latham NK Anderson CS Lee A Bennett DA Moseley A Cameron ID Fitness Collaborative GroupA Randomized, Controlled Trial of Quadriceps Resistance Exercise and Vitamin D in Frail Older People: The Frailty Interventions Trial in Elderly Subjects (FITNESS)J Am Geriatr Soc2003 51291299
Not in our library10.1046/j.1532-5415.2003.51101.x (opens in a new tab)
23.
Lord SR Ward JA Williams P Strudwick M The effect of a 12-month exercise trial on balance, strength, and falls in older women: a randomized controlled trialJ Am Geriatr Soc1995 4311981206
Not in our library10.1111/j.1532-5415.1995.tb07394.x (opens in a new tab)
24.
Mayo NE Gloutney L Levy AR A randomized trial of identification bracelets to prevent falls among patients in a rehabilitation hospitalArch Phys Med Rehabil1994 7513021308
Not in our library
25.
McMurdo ME Millar AM Daly F A randomized controlled trial of fall prevention strategies in old peoples' homesGerontology2000 468387
Not in our library10.1159/000022139 (opens in a new tab)
26.
Nikolaus T Bach M Preventing falls in community-dwelling frail older people using a home intervention team (HIT): results from the Randomized Falls-HIT TrialJ Am Geriatr Soc2003 51300305
Not in our library10.1046/j.1532-5415.2003.51102.x (opens in a new tab)
27.
Nowalk MP Prendergast JM Bayles CM D'Amico FJ Colvin GC A randomized trial of exercise programs among older individuals living in two long-term care facilities: the FallsFREE programJ Am Geriatr Soc2001 49859865
Not in our library10.1046/j.1532-5415.2001.49174.x (opens in a new tab)
28.
Pardessus V Puisieux F Di Pompeo C Gaudefroy C Thevenon A Dewailly P Benefits of home visits for falls and autonomy in the elderly. A randomized trial studyAm J Phys Med Rehabil2002 81247252
Not in our library10.1097/00002060-200204000-00002 (opens in a new tab)
29.
Reinsch S MacRae P Lachenbruch PA Tobis JS Attempts to prevent falls and injury: a prospective community studyGerontologist1992 32450456
Not in our library10.1093/geront/32.4.450 (opens in a new tab)
30.
Robertson MC Devlin N Gardner MM Campbell AJ Effectiveness and economic evaluation of a nurse delivered home exercise programme to prevent falls. 1: Randomised controlled trialBMJ2001 322697701
Not in our library10.1136/bmj.322.7288.697 (opens in a new tab)
31.
Rubenstein LZ Josephson KR Trueblood PR Loy S Harker JO Pietruszka FM Robbins AS Effects of a group exercise program on strength, mobility, and falls among fall-prone elderly menJ Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci2000 55M317M321
Not in our library10.1093/gerona/55.6.m317 (opens in a new tab)
32.
Sato Y Manabe S Kuno H Oizumi K Amelioration of osteopenia and hypovitaminosis D by 1 alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 in elderly patients with Parkinson's diseaseJ Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry1999 666468
Not in our library10.1136/jnnp.66.1.64 (opens in a new tab)
33.
Tideiksaar R Feiner CF Maby J Falls prevention: the efficacy of a bed alarm system in an acute-care settingMt Sinai J Med1993 60522527
Not in our library
34.
Tinetti ME Baker DI McAvay G Claus EB Garrett P Gottschalk M Koch ML Trainor K Horwitz RI A multifactorial intervention to reduce the risk of falling among elderly people living in the communityNew Eng J Med1994 331821827
Not in our library10.1056/nejm199409293311301 (opens in a new tab)
35.
van Haastregt JC Diedericks JP van Rossum E de Witte LP Voorhoeve PM Crebolder HF Effects of a programme of multifactorial home visits on falls and mobility impairments in elderly people at risk: randomised controlled trialBMJ2000 321994998
Not in our library10.1136/bmj.321.7267.994 (opens in a new tab)
36.
van Rossum E Frederiks CM Philipsen H Portengen K Wiskerke J Knipschild P Effects of preventive home visits to elderly peopleBMJ1993 3072732
Not in our library10.1136/bmj.307.6895.27 (opens in a new tab)
37.
Wolf SL Barnhart HX Kutner NG McNeely E Coogler C Xu T Reducing frailty and falls in older persons: an investigation of Tai Chi and computerized balance training. Atlanta FICSIT Group. Frailty and Injuries: Cooperative Studies of Intervention TechniquesJ Am Geriatr Soc1996 44489497
Not in our library10.1111/j.1532-5415.1996.tb01432.x (opens in a new tab)
38.
Lamb S Gates S Fisher J Cooke M Carter YH McCabe C Scoping Exercise on Fallers' Clinics. Report to the National Co-ordinating Centre for NHS Service Delivery and Organisation R & D (NCCSDO)2007 http://www.sdo.nihr.ac.uk/files/project/139-final-report.pdf
Not in our library
39.
International Organization for StandardizationTechnical Aids for Persons with Disabilities - Classification and Terminology (ISO9999)2002 3Geneva
Not in our library
40.
International Labour Office (ILO)International Standard Classification of Occupations: ISCO-881988 Geneva
Not in our library
41.
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)Classification of Providers of Health Care (ICHA-HP)International Classification for Health Accounts 1.02000 Paris
Not in our library
42.
ATC/DDD Indexhttp://www.whocc.no/atcddd/
Not in our library
43.
ICF - International Classification of Functioning, Disabilty and Healthhttp://www.who.int/classification/icf/en
Not in our library10.1016/j.healthpol.2012.07.011 (opens in a new tab)
44.
Armstrong AL Oborne J Coupland CA Macpherson MB Bassey EJ Wallace WA Effects of hormone replacement therapy on muscle performance and balance in post-menopausal womenCli Sci (Lond)1996 91685690
Not in our library10.1042/cs0910685 (opens in a new tab)
45.
Buchner DM Cress ME de Lateur BJ Esselman PC Margherita AJ Price R Wagner EH The effect on strength and endurance training on gait, balance, fall risk, and health services use in community-living older adultsJ Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci1997 52M218M224
Not in our library10.1093/gerona/52a.4.m218 (opens in a new tab)
46.
Campbell AJ Robertson MC Gardner MM Norton RN Tilyard MW Buchner DM Randomised controlled trial of a general practice programme of home based exercise to prevent falls in elderly womenBMJ1997 31510651069
Not in our library10.1136/bmj.315.7115.1065 (opens in a new tab)
47.
Campbell AJ Robertson MC Gardner MM Norton RN Buchner DM Psychotropic medication withdrawal and a home-based exercise program to prevent falls: a randomized, controlled trialJ Am Geriatr Soc1999 47850853
Not in our library10.1111/j.1532-5415.1999.tb03843.x (opens in a new tab)
48.
Coleman EA Grothaus LC Sandhu N Wagner EH Chronic care clinics: a randomized controlled trial of a new model of primary care for frail older adultsJ Am Geriatr Soc1999 47775783
Not in our library10.1111/j.1532-5415.1999.tb03832.x (opens in a new tab)
49.
Cumming RG Thomas M Szonyi G Salkeld G O'Neill E Westbury C Frampton G Home visits by an occupational therapist for assessment and modification of environmental hazards: a randomized trial of falls preventionJ Am Geriatr Soc1999 4713971402
Not in our library10.1111/j.1532-5415.1999.tb01556.x (opens in a new tab)
50.
Donald IP Pitt K Armstrong E Shuttleworth H Preventing falls on an elderly care rehabilitation wardClin Rehabil2000 14178185
Not in our library10.1191/026921500677888641 (opens in a new tab)
51.
Gray-Donald K Payette H Boutier V Randomized clinical trial of nutritional supplementation shows little effect on functional status among free-living frail elderlyJ Nutr1995 12529652971
Not in our library10.1093/jn/125.12.2965 (opens in a new tab)
52.
Jensen J Lundin-Olsson L Nyberg L Gustafson Y Fall and injury prevention in older people living in residential care facilities. A cluster randomized trialAnn Intern Med2002 136733741
Not in our library10.7326/0003-4819-136-10-200205210-00008 (opens in a new tab)
53.
Kenny RA Richardson DA Steen N Bexton RS Shaw FE Bond J Carotid sinus syndrome: a modifiable risk factor for nonaccidental falls in older adults (SAFE PACE)J Am Coll Cardiol2001 3814911496
Not in our library10.1016/s0735-1097(01)01537-6 (opens in a new tab)
54.
Kingston P Jones M Lally F Crome P Older people and falls: A randomized controlled trial of a health visitor (HV) interventionRev Clin Gerontol2001 11209214
Not in our library
55.
Lightbody E Watkins C Leathley M Sharma A Lye M Evaluation of a nurse-led falls prevention programme versus usual care: a randomized controlled trialAge Ageing2002 31203210
Not in our library10.1093/ageing/31.3.203 (opens in a new tab)
56.
McMurdo ME Mole PA Paterson CR Controlled trial of weight bearing exercise in older women in relation to bone density and fallsBMJ1997 314569
Not in our library10.1136/bmj.314.7080.569 (opens in a new tab)
57.
Means KM Rodell DE O'Sullivan PS Cranford LA Rehabilitation of elderly fallers: pilot study of a low to moderate intensity exercise programArch Phys Med Rehabil1996 7710301036
Not in our library10.1016/s0003-9993(96)90064-7 (opens in a new tab)
58.
Mulrow CD Gerety MB Kanten D Cornell JE DeNino LA Chiodo L Aguilar C O'Neil MB Rosenberg J Solis RM A randomized trial of physical rehabilitation for very frail nursing home residentsJAMA1994 271519524
Not in our library10.1001/jama.271.7.519 (opens in a new tab)
59.
Newbury JW Marley JE Beilby JJ A randomised controlled trial of the outcome of health assessment of people aged 75 years and overMed J Aust2001 175104107
Not in our library10.5694/j.1326-5377.2001.tb143541.x (opens in a new tab)
60.
Pereira MA Kriska AM Day RD Cauley JA LaPorte RE Kuller LH A randomized walking trial in postmenopausal women: effects on physical activity and health 10 years laterArch Intern Med1998 15816951701
Not in our library10.1001/archinte.158.15.1695 (opens in a new tab)
61.
Pfeifer M Begerow B Minne HW Abrams C Nachtigall D Hansen C Effects of a short-term vitamin D and calcium supplementation on body sway and secondary hyperparathyroidism in elderly womenJ Bone Miner Res2000 1511131118
Not in our library10.1359/jbmr.2000.15.6.1113 (opens in a new tab)
62.
Ray WA Taylor JA Meador KG Thapa PB Brown AK Kajihara HK Davis C Gideon P Griffin MR A Randomized Trial of a Consultation Service to Reduce Falls in Nursing HomesJAMA1997 278557562
Not in our library10.1001/jama.278.7.557 (opens in a new tab)
63.
Rubenstein LZ Robbins AS Josephson KR Schulman BL Osterweil D The value of assessing falls in an elderly population. A randomized clinical trialAnn Intern Med1990 113308316
Not in our library10.7326/0003-4819-113-4-308 (opens in a new tab)
64.
Ryan JW Spellbring AM Implementing strategies to decrease risk of falls in older womenJ Gerontol Nurs1996 222531
Not in our library10.3928/0098-9134-19961201-10 (opens in a new tab)
65.
Schnelle JF Kapur K Alessi C Osterweil D Beck JG Al-Samarrai NR Ouslander JG Does an exercise and incontinence intervention save healthcare costs in a nursing home population?J Am Geriatr Soc2003 51161168
Not in our library10.1046/j.1532-5415.2003.51053.x (opens in a new tab)
66.
Shaw FE Bond J Richardson DA Dawson P Steen IN McKeith IG Kenny RA Multifactorial intervention after a fall in older people with cognitive impairment and dementia presenting to the accident and emergency department: randomised controlled trialBMJ2003 3267375
Not in our library10.1136/bmj.326.7380.73 (opens in a new tab)
67.
Steinberg M Cartwright C Peel N Williams G A sustainable programme to prevent falls and near falls in community dwelling older people: results of a randomised trialJ Epidemiol Community Health2000 54227232
Not in our library10.1136/jech.54.3.227 (opens in a new tab)
68.
Stevens M Holman CD Bennett N de Klerk N Preventing falls in older people: outcome evaluation of a randomized controlled trialJ Am Geriatr Soc2001 4914481455
Not in our library10.1046/j.1532-5415.2001.4911236.x (opens in a new tab)
69.
Vetter NJ Lewis PA Ford D Can health visitors prevent fractures in elderly people?BMJ1992 304888890
Not in our library10.1136/bmj.304.6831.888 (opens in a new tab)
70.
Wagner EH La Croix AZ Grothaus L Leveille SG Hecht JA Artz K Odle K Buchner DM Preventing disability and falls in older adults: a population-based randomized trialAm J Public Health1994 8418001806
Not in our library10.2105/ajph.84.11.1800 (opens in a new tab)
71.
Landis JR Koch GG The measurement of observer agreement for categorical dataBiometrics1977 33159174
Not in our library10.2307/2529310 (opens in a new tab)
72.
Gates S Fisher JD Cooke MW Carter YH Lamb SE Multifactorial assessment and targeted intervention for preventing falls and injuries among older people in community and emergency care settings: systematic review and meta-analysisBMJ2008 336130133
Not in our library10.1136/bmj.39412.525243.be (opens in a new tab)
73.
Bischoff-Ferrari HA Orav EJ Dawson-Hughes B Additive benefit of higher testosterone levels and vitamin D plus calcium supplementation in regard to fall risk reduction among older men and womenOsteoporos Int2008 1913071314
Not in our library10.1007/s00198-008-0573-7 (opens in a new tab)
74.
Broe KE Chen TC Weinberg J Bischoff-Ferrari HA Holick MF Kiel DP A higher dose of vitamin d reduces the risk of falls in nursing home residents: a randomized, multiple-dose studyJ Am Geriatr Soc2007 55234239
Not in our library10.1111/j.1532-5415.2007.01048.x (opens in a new tab)
75.
Bunout D Barrera G Avendaño M de la Maza P Gattas V Leiva L Hirsch S Results of a community-based weight-bearing resistance training programme for healthy Chilean elderly subjectsAge Ageing2005 348083
Not in our library10.1093/ageing/afi005 (opens in a new tab)
76.
Carter ND Khan KM McKay HA Petit MA Waterman C Heinonen A Janssen PA Donaldson MG Mallinson A Riddell L Kruse K Prior JC Flicker L Community-based exercise program reduces risk factors for falls in 65- to 75-year-old women with osteoporosis: randomized controlled trialCMAJ2000 1679971004
Not in our library
77.
Close J Ellis M Hooper R Glucksman E Jackson S Swift C Prevention of falls in the elderly trial (PROFET): a randomised controlled trialLancet1999 3539397
Not in our library10.1016/s0140-6736(98)06119-4 (opens in a new tab)
78.
Cumming RG Ivers R Clemson L Cullen J Hayes MF Tanzer M Mitchell P Improving vision to prevent falls in frail older people: a randomized trialJ Am Geriatr Soc2007 55175181
Not in our library10.1111/j.1532-5415.2007.01046.x (opens in a new tab)
79.
Harwood RH Foss AJ Osborn F Gregson RM Zaman A Masud T Falls and health status in elderly women following first eye cataract surgery: a randomised controlled trialBr J Opthalmol2005 895359
Not in our library10.1136/bjo.2004.049478 (opens in a new tab)
80.
Rubenstein LZ Josephson KR Trueblood PR Loy S Harker JO Pietruszka FM Robbins AS Effects of a group exercise program on strength, mobility, and falls among fall-prone elderly menJ Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci2000 55M317M321
Not in our library10.1093/gerona/55.6.m317 (opens in a new tab)
81.
Schoenfelder DP Rubenstein LM An exercise program to improve fall-related outcomes in elderly nursing home residentsAppl Nurs Res2004 172131
Not in our library10.1016/j.apnr.2003.10.008 (opens in a new tab)
82.
Skelton D Dinan S Campbell M Rutherford O Tailored group exercise (Falls Management Exercise -- FaME) reduces falls in community-dwelling older frequent fallers (an RCT)Age Ageing2005 34636639
Not in our library10.1093/ageing/afi174 (opens in a new tab)
83.
Altman DG Practical Statistics for Medical Research1991 1New York: Chapman and Hall404
Not in our library
84.
Schulz R Czaja SJ McKay JR Ory MG Belle SH Intervention taxonomy (ITAX): describing essential features of interventionsAm J Health Behav2010 34811821
Not in our library10.5993/ajhb.34.6.15 (opens in a new tab)
85.
A Framework for development and evaluation of RCTs for Complex Interventions to Improve Healthhttp://www.mrc.ac.uk/Utilities/Documentrecord/index.htm?d=MRC003372
Not in our library
86.
Howe TE Rochester L Jackson A Banks PM Blair VA Exercise for improving balance in older peopleCochrane Database Syst Rev2007 4CD004963
Not in our library10.1002/14651858.cd004963.pub2 (opens in a new tab)
87.
Cameron ID Murray GR Gillespie LD Robertson MC Hill KD Cumming RG Kerse N Interventions for preventing falls in older people in nursing care facilities and hospitalsCochrane Database Syst Rev2010 1CD005465
Not in our library10.1002/14651858.cd005465.pub2 (opens in a new tab)
88.
Gillespie LD Robertson MC Gillespie WJ Lamb SE Gates S Cumming RG Rowe BH Interventions for preventing falls in elderly peopleCochrane Database Syst Rev2009 15CD007146
Not in our library10.1002/14651858.cd007146.pub2 (opens in a new tab)

Cited by papers we hold 5

Questions about this paper

We email you if it is retracted, withdrawn, corrected or flagged.

Reads

Read by people on this page

None yet.

Checked or read by AI through naulon

None yet.

A person counts once a day per paper. We keep no cookie and no address: a reader is a hash that changes every day. Any month under five reads shows no number.

Are you an author?

Is this your paper?

Claim it to add your note and be paid when agents cite it. Free.