No retraction, correction or concern found when last checked on Oct 22, 2026.

Intermittent fasting attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammation and memory impairment

Andrea R Vasconcelos, Lidia M Yshii, Tania A Viel and 4 more

Journal of Neuroinflammation · 2014

doi:10.1186/1742-2094-11-85

Abstract

Background. Systemic bacterial infections often result in enduring cognitive impairment and are a risk factor for dementia. There are currently no effective treatments for infection-induced cognitive impairment. Previous studies have shown that intermittent fasting (IF) can increase the resistance of neurons to injury and disease by stimulating adaptive cellular stress responses. However, the impact of IF on the cognitive sequelae of systemic and brain inflammation is unknown.

Methods. Rats on IF for 30 days received 1 mg/kg of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or saline intravenously. Half of the rats were subjected to behavioral tests and the other half were euthanized two hours after LPS administration and the hippocampus was dissected and frozen for analyses.

Results. Here, we report that IF ameliorates cognitive deficits in a rat model of sepsis by a mechanism involving NF-κB activation, suppression of the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and enhancement of neurotrophic support. Treatment of rats with LPS resulted in deficits in cognitive performance in the Barnes maze and inhibitory avoidance tests, without changing locomotor activity, that were ameliorated in rats that had been maintained on the IF diet. IF also resulted in reduced levels of mRNAs encoding the LPS receptor TLR4 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the hippocampus. Moreover, IF prevented LPS-induced elevation of IL-1α, IL-1β and TNF-α levels, and prevented the LPS-induced reduction of BDNF levels in the hippocampus. IF also significantly attenuated LPS-induced elevations of serum IL-1β, IFN-γ, RANTES, TNF-α and IL-6 levels.

Conclusions. Taken together, our results suggest that IF induces adaptive responses in the brain and periphery that can suppress inflammation and preserve cognitive function in an animal model of systemic bacterial infection.

References 92

1.
Fitó M Guxens M Corella D Sáez G Estruch R de la Torre R Francés F Cabezas C López-Sabater Mdel C Marrugat J García-Arellano A Arós F Ruiz-Gutierrez V Ros E Salas-Salvadó J Fiol M Solá R Covas MI PREDIMED Study InvestigatorsEffect of a traditional Mediterranean diet on lipoprotein oxidation: a randomized controlled trialArch Intern Med2007 16711951203
Not in our library10.1001/archinte.167.11.1195
2.
Ye SM Johnson RW Increased interleukin-6 expression by microglia from brain of aged miceJ Neuroimmunol1999 93139148
Not in our library10.1016/s0165-5728(98)00217-3
3.
Richwine AF Godbout JP Berg BM Chen J Escobar J Millard DK Johnson RW Improved psychomotor performance in aged mice fed diet high in antioxidants is associated with reduced ex vivo brain interleukin-6 productionBrain Behav Immun2005 19512520
Not in our library10.1016/j.bbi.2004.12.005
4.
DeLegge MH Smoke A Neurodegeneration and inflammationNutr Clin Pract2008 233541
Not in our library10.1177/011542650802300135
5.
Breitner JC Baker LD Montine TJ Meinert CL Lyketsos CG Ashe KH Brandt J Craft S Evans DE Green RC Ismail MS Martin BK Mullan MJ Sabbagh M Tariot PN ADAPT Research GroupExtended results of the Alzheimer’s disease anti-inflammatory prevention trialAlzheimers Dement2011 7402411
Not in our library10.1016/j.jalz.2010.12.014
6.
Dodel R Rominger A Bartenstein P Barkhof F Blennow K Förster S Winter Y Bach JP Popp J Alferink J Wiltfang J Buerger K Otto M Antuono P Jacoby M Richter R Stevens J Melamed I Goldstein J Haag S Wietek S Farlow M Jessen Intravenous immunoglobulin for treatment of mild-tomoderate Alzheimer’s disease: a phase 2, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-finding trialLancet Neurol2013 123233243
Not in our library10.1016/s1474-4422(13)70014-0
7.
Stewart WF Kawas C Corrada M Metter EJ Risk of Alzheimer’s disease and duration of NSAID useNeurology1997 48626632
Not in our library10.1212/wnl.48.3.626
8.
In t’ Veld B Ruitenberg A Hofman A Launer L van Duijn C Stijnen T Breteler M Stricker B Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and the risk of Alzheimer’s diseaseN Engl J Med2001 34515151521
Not in our library10.1056/nejmoa010178
9.
Vlad SC Miller DR Kowall NW Felson DT Protective effects of NSAIDs on the development of Alzheimer diseaseNeurology2008 7016721677
Not in our library10.1212/01.wnl.0000311269.57716.63
10.
Imbimbo BP Solfrizzi V Panza F Are NSAIDs useful to treat Alzheimer’s disease or mild cognitive impairment?Front Aging Neurosci2010 2
Not in our library10.3389/fnagi.2010.00019
11.
Hoffmann A Baltimore D Circuitry of nuclear factor kappaB signalingImmunol Rev2006 210171186
Not in our library10.1111/j.0105-2896.2006.00375.x
12.
Mattson MP Meffert MK Roles for NF-kappaB in nerve cell survival, plasticity, and diseaseCell Death Differ2006 13852860
Not in our library10.1038/sj.cdd.4401837
13.
Ghosh S May MJ Kopp EB NF-kappa B and Rel proteins: evolutionarily conserved mediators of immune responsesAnnu Rev Immunol1998 16225260
Not in our library10.1146/annurev.immunol.16.1.225
14.
Ghosh S Karin M Missing pieces in the NF-kappaB puzzleCell2002 109S81S96
Not in our library10.1016/s0092-8674(02)00703-1
15.
Kaltschmidt C Kaltschmidt B Neumann H Wekerle H Baeuerle PA Constitutive NF-kappa B activity in neuronsMol Cell Biol1994 1439813992
Not in our library10.1128/mcb.14.6.3981-3992.1994
16.
Camandola S Mattson MP NF-kappa B as a therapeutic target in neurodegenerative diseasesExpert Opin Ther Targets2007 11123132
Not in our library10.1517/14728222.11.2.123
17.
Weberpals M Hermes M Hermann S Kummer M Terwel D Semmler A Berger M Schäfers M Heneka M NOS2 gene deficiency protects from sepsis-induced long-term cognitive deficitsJ Neurosci2009 291417714184
Not in our library10.1523/jneurosci.3238-09.2009
18.
Evidence for a developmental role for TLR4 in learning and memory. · 2012
Not checked
19.
Walter S Letiembre M Liu Y Heine H Penke B Hao W Bode B Manietta N Walter J Schulz-Schuffer W Fassbender K Role of the toll-like receptor 4 in neuroinflammation in Alzheimer’s diseaseCell Physiol Biochem2007 206947956
Not in our library10.1159/000110455
20.
Tang S Lathia J Selvaraj P Jo D Mughal M Cheng A Siler D Markesbery W Arumugam T Mattson M Toll-like receptor-4 mediates neuronal apoptosis induced by amyloid beta-peptide and the membrane lipid peroxidation product 4-hydroxynonenalExp Neurol2008 213114121
Not in our library10.1016/j.expneurol.2008.05.014
21.
Tang SC Arumugam TV Xu X Cheng A Mughal MR Jo DG Lathia JD Siler DA Chigurupati S Ouyang X Magnus T Camandola S Mattson MP Pivotal role for neuronal Toll-like receptors in ischemic brain injury and functional deficitsProc Natl Acad Sci U S A2007 1041379813803
Not in our library10.1073/pnas.0702553104
22.
Schnydrig S Korner L Landweer S Ernst B Walker G Otten U Kunz D Peripheral lipopolysaccharide administration transiently affects expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, corticotropin and proopiomelanocortin in mouse brainNeurosci Lett2007 4296973
Not in our library10.1016/j.neulet.2007.09.067
23.
TNF-α protein synthesis inhibitor restores neuronal function and reverses cognitive deficits induced by chronic neuroinflammation · 2012
No notice
24.
A single intraperitoneal injection of endotoxin in rats induces long-lasting modifications in behavior and brain protein levels of TNF-α and IL-18 · 2012
No notice
25.
Semmler A Frisch C Debeir T Ramanathan M Okulla T Klockgether T Heneka M Long-term cognitive impairment, neuronal loss and reduced cortical cholinergic innervation after recovery from sepsis in a rodent modelExp Neurol2007 204733740
Not in our library10.1016/j.expneurol.2007.01.003
26.
Rosi S Vazdarjanova A Ramirez-Amaya V Worley PF Barnes CA Wenk GL Memantine protects against LPS-induced neuroinflammation, restores behaviorally-induced gene expression and spatial learning in the ratNeuroscience2006 14213031315
Not in our library10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.08.017
27.
Liu X Wu Z Hayashi Y Nakanishi H Age-dependent neuroinflammatory responses and deficits in long-term potentiation in the hippocampus during systemic inflammationNeuroscience2012 216133142
Not in our library10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.04.050
28.
Thomson L Sutherland R Systemic administration of lipopolysaccharide and interleukin-1beta have different effects on memory consolidationBrain Res Bull2005 672429
Not in our library10.1016/j.brainresbull.2005.05.024
29.
Kim JJ Diamond DM The stressed hippocampus, synaptic plasticity and lost memoriesNature Rev Neurosci2002 3453462
Not in our library10.1038/nrn849
30.
Seguin JA Brennan J Mangano E Hayley S Proinflammatory cytokines differentially influence adult hippocampal cell proliferation depending upon the route and chronicity of administrationNeuropsychiatr Dis Treat2009 5514
Not in our library
31.
Bruce-Keller AJ Umberger G McFall R Mattson MP Food restriction reduces brain damage and improves behavioral outcome following excitotoxic and metabolic insultsAnn Neurol1999 45815
Not in our library
32.
Halagappa VK Guo Z Pearson M Matsuoka Y Cutler RG Laferla FM Mattson MP Intermittent fasting and caloric restriction ameliorate age-related behavioral deficits in the triple-transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer’s diseaseNeurobiol Dis2007 26212220
Not in our library10.1016/j.nbd.2006.12.019
33.
Singh R Lakhanpal D Kumar S Sharma S Kataria H Kaur M Kaur G Late-onset intermittent fasting dietary restriction as a potential intervention to retard age-associated brain function impairments in male ratsAge (Dordr)2012 34917933
Not in our library10.1007/s11357-011-9289-2
34.
Arumugam T Phillips T Cheng A Morrell C Mattson M R W: Age and energy intake interact to modify multiple cellular stress response pathways involved in ischemic stroke outcomeAnn Neurol2010 674152
Not in our library10.1002/ana.21798
35.
Glezer I Munhoz CD Kawamoto EM Marcourakis T Avellar MC Scavone C MK-801 and 7-Ni attenuate the activation of brain NF-kappa B induced by LPSNeuropharmacology2003 4511201129
Not in our library10.1016/s0028-3908(03)00279-x
36.
Baraldi T Schöwe N Balthazar J Monteiro-Silva K Albuquerque M Buck H Viel T Cognitive stimulation during lifetime and in the aged phase improved spatial memory, and altered neuroplasticity and cholinergic markers of miceExp Gerontol2013 48831838
Not in our library10.1016/j.exger.2013.05.055
37.
Rong Y Baudry M Seizure activity results in a rapid induction of nuclear factor-kappa B in adult but not juvenile rat limbic structuresJ Neurochem1996 67662668
Not in our library10.1046/j.1471-4159.1996.67020662.x
38.
Bradford MM A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye bindingAnal Biochem1976 72248254
Not in our library10.1016/0003-2697(76)90527-3
39.
Salinovich O Montelaro RC Reversible staining and peptide mapping of proteins transferred to nitrocellulose after separation by sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresisAnal Biochem1986 156341347
Not in our library10.1016/0003-2697(86)90263-0
40.
Pfaffl MW Horgan GW Dempfle L Relative expression software tool (REST) for group-wise comparison and statistical analysis of relative expression results in real-time PCRNucleic Acids Res2002 30e36
Not in our library10.1093/nar/30.9.e36
41.
Qin L Wu X Block M Liu Y Breese G Hong J Knapp D Crews F Systemic LPS causes chronic neuroinflammation and progressive neurodegenerationGlia2007 55453462
Not in our library10.1002/glia.20467
42.
Contestabile A Monti B Ciani E Brain nitric oxide and its dual role in neurodegeneration/neuroprotection: understanding molecular mechanisms to devise drug approachesCurr Med Chem2003 1021472174
Not in our library10.2174/0929867033456792
43.
Calabrese V Mancuso C Calvani M Rizzarelli E Butterfield DA Stella AM Nitric oxide in the central nervous system: neuroprotection versus neurotoxicityNat Rev Neurosci2007 8766775
Not in our library10.1038/nrn2214
44.
Ownby RL Neuroinflammation and cognitive agingCurr Psychiat Rep2010 123945
Not in our library10.1007/s11920-009-0082-1
45.
Ren L Lubrich B Biber K Gebicke-Haerter PJ Differential expression of inflammatory mediators in rat microglia cultured from different brain regionsBrain Res Mol Brain Res1999 65198205
Not in our library10.1016/s0169-328x(99)00016-9
46.
McGeer PL McGeer EG Inflammation and the degenerative diseases of agingAnn N Y Acad Sci2004 1035104116
Not in our library10.1196/annals.1332.007
47.
Mattson MP Glutamate and neurotrophic factors in neuronal plasticity and diseaseAnn N Y Acad Sci2008 114497112
Not in our library10.1196/annals.1418.005
48.
Mattson MP Wan R Beneficial effects of intermittent fasting and caloric restriction on the cardiovascular and cerebrovascular systemsJ Nutr Biochem2005 16129137
Not in our library10.1016/j.jnutbio.2004.12.007
49.
Semmler A Widmann C Okulla T Urbach H Kaiser M Widman G Mormann F Weide J Fliessbach K Hoeft A Andreas H Jessen F Putensen C Heneka M Persistent cognitive impairment, hippocampal atrophy and EEG changes in sepsis survivorsJ Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry2013 846269
Not in our library10.1136/jnnp-2012-302883
50.
Barnes CA Memory deficits associated with senescence: a neurophysiological and behavioral study in the ratJ Comp Physiol Psychol1979 9374104
Not in our library10.1037/h0077579
51.
Harrison FE Hosseini AH McDonald MP Endogenous anxiety and stress responses in water maze and Barnes maze spatial memory tasksBehav Brain Res2009 198247251
Not in our library10.1016/j.bbr.2008.10.015
52.
Bach ME Hawkins RD Osman M Kandel ER Mayford M Impairment of spatial but not contextual memory in CaMKII mutant mice with a selective loss of hippocampal LTP in the range of the theta frequencyCell1995 81905915
Not in our library10.1016/0092-8674(95)90010-1
53.
Dawood MY Lumley LA Robison CL Saviolakis GA Meyerhoff JL Accelerated Barnes maze test in mice for assessment of stress effects on memoryAnn N Y Acad Sci2004 1032304307
Not in our library10.1196/annals.1314.047
54.
Izquierdo I Medina JH Vianna MR Izquierdo LA Barros DM Separate mechanisms for short- and long-term memoryBehav Brain Res1999 103111
Not in our library10.1016/s0166-4328(99)00036-4
55.
Jarvik ME Kopp R An improved one-trial passive avoidance learning situationPsychol Rep1967 21221224
Not in our library10.2466/pr0.1967.21.1.221
56.
Munhoz CD Lepsch LB Kawamoto EM Malta MB de Sá Lima L Avellar MCW Sapolsky RM Scavone C Chronic unpredictable stress exacerbates lipopolysaccharide-induced activation of nuclear factor-κB in the frontal cortex and hippocampus via glucocorticoid secretionJ Neurosci2006 2638133820
Not in our library10.1523/jneurosci.4398-05.2006
57.
Frank M Baratta M Sprunger D Watkins L Maier S Microglia serve as a neuroimmune substrate for stress-induced potentiation of CNS pro-inflammatory cytokine responsesBrain Behav Immun2007 214759
Not in our library10.1016/j.bbi.2006.03.005
58.
Mattson MP Energy intake and exercise as determinants of brain health and vulnerability to injury and diseaseCell Metab2012 166706722doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2012.08.012. Epub 2012 Nov 15
Not in our library10.1016/j.cmet.2012.08.012
59.
Okun E Griffioen K Barak B Roberts NJ Castro K Pita MA Cheng A Mughal MR Wan R Ashery U Mattson MP Toll-like receptor 3 inhibits memory retention and constrains adult hippocampal neurogenesisProc Natl Acad Sci U S A2010 1071562515630
Not in our library10.1073/pnas.1005807107
60.
Rolls A Shechter R London A Ziv Y Ronen A Levy R Schwartz M Toll-like receptors modulate adult hippocampal neurogenesisNat Cell Biol2007 910811088
Not in our library10.1038/ncb1629
61.
Kawai T Akira S The role of pattern-recognition receptors in innate immunity: update on Toll-like receptorsNat Immunol2010 11373384
Not in our library10.1038/ni.1863
62.
Moncada S Bolanos JP Nitric oxide, cell bioenergetics and neurodegenerationJ Neurochem2006 9716761689
Not in our library10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.03988.x
63.
Zanelli SA Trimmer PA Solenski NJ Nitric oxide impairs mitochondrial movement in cortical neurons during hypoxiaJ Neurochem2006 97724736
Not in our library10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.03767.x
64.
Guix FX Uribesalgo I Coma M Munoz FJ The physiology and pathophysiology of nitric oxide in the brainProg Neurobiol2005 76126152
Not in our library10.1016/j.pneurobio.2005.06.001
65.
Ksontini R MacKay SL Moldawer LL Revisiting the role of tumor necrosis factor alpha and the response to surgical injury and inflammationArch Surg1998 133558567
Not in our library10.1001/archsurg.133.5.558
66.
Moore KW de Waal MR Coffman RL O’Garra A Interleukin-10 and the interleukin-10 receptorAnnu Rev Immunol2001 19683765
Not in our library10.1146/annurev.immunol.19.1.683
67.
Strle K Zhou JH Shen WH Broussard SR Johnson RW Freund GG Dantzer R Kelley KW Interleukin-10 in the brainCrit Rev Immunol2001 21427449
Not in our library
68.
Schottelius AJ Mayo MW Sartor RB Baldwin AS Jr Interleukin-10 signaling blocks inhibitor of kappaB kinase activity and nuclear factor kappaB DNA bindingJ Biol Chem1999 2743186831874
Not in our library10.1074/jbc.274.45.31868
69.
Increased isoprostane and prostaglandin are prominent in neurons in Alzheimer disease · 2007
Not checked
70.
Griffin WS Stanley LC Ling C White L MacLeod V Perrot LJ White CL 3rd Araoz C Brain interleukin 1 and S-100 immunoreactivity are elevated in Down syndrome and Alzheimer diseaseProc Natl Acad Sci U S A1989 8676117615
Not in our library10.1073/pnas.86.19.7611
71.
Montine TJ Sidell KR Crews BC Markesbery WR Marnett LJ Roberts LJ 2nd Morrow JD Elevated CSF prostaglandin E2 levels in patients with probable ADNeurology1999 5314951498
Not in our library10.1212/wnl.53.7.1495
72.
Ben Menachem-Zidon O Goshen I Kreisel T Ben Menahem Y Reinhartz E Ben Hur T Yirmiya R Intrahippocampal transplantation of transgenic neural precursor cells overexpressing interleukin-1 receptor antagonist blocks chronic isolation-induced impairment in memory and neurogenesisNeuropsychopharmacology2008 3322512262
Not in our library10.1038/sj.npp.1301606
73.
Richwine AF Sparkman NL Dilger RN Buchanan JB Johnson RW Cognitive deficits in interleukin-10-deficient mice after peripheral injection of lipopolysaccharideBrain Behav Immun2009 23794802
Not in our library10.1016/j.bbi.2009.02.020
74.
Hein AM Stasko MR Matousek SB Scott-McKean JJ Maier SF Olschowka JA Costa AC O’Banion MK Sustained hippocampal IL-1beta overexpression impairs contextual and spatial memory in transgenic miceBrain Behav Immun2010 24243253
Not in our library10.1016/j.bbi.2009.10.002
75.
Shaftel SS Kyrkanides S Olschowka JA Miller JN Johnson RE O’Banion MK Sustained hippocampal IL-1 beta overexpression mediates chronic neuroinflammation and ameliorates Alzheimer plaque pathologyJ Clin Invest2007 11715951604
Not in our library10.1172/jci31450
76.
Fiore M Angelucci F Alleva E Branchi I Probert L Aloe L Learning performances, brain NGF distribution and NPY levels in transgenic mice expressing TNF-alphaBehav Brain Res2000 112165175
Not in our library10.1016/s0166-4328(00)00180-7
77.
Progressive decline in avoidance learning paralleled by inflammatory neurodegeneration in transgenic mice expressing interleukin 6 in the brain · 1997
Not checked
78.
Hein AM Stutzman DL Bland ST Barrientos RM Watkins LR Rudy JW Maier SF Prostaglandins are necessary and sufficient to induce contextual fear learning impairments after interleukin-1 beta injections into the dorsal hippocampusNeuroscience2007 150754763
Not in our library10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.10.003
79.
Oitzl MS van Oers H Schobitz B de Kloet ER Interleukin-1 beta, but not interleukin-6, impairs spatial navigation learningBrain Res1993 613160163
Not in our library10.1016/0006-8993(93)90468-3
80.
Gibertini M Newton C Friedman H Klein TW Spatial learning impairment in mice infected with Legionella pneumophila or administered exogenous interleukin-1-betaBrain Behav Immun1995 9113128
Not in our library10.1006/brbi.1995.1012
81.
Pugh CR Kumagawa K Fleshner M Watkins LR Maier SF Rudy JW Selective effects of peripheral lipopolysaccharide administration on contextual and auditory-cue fear conditioningBrain Behav Immun1998 12212229
Not in our library10.1006/brbi.1998.0524
82.
Rachal Pugh C Fleshner M Watkins LR Maier SF Rudy JW The immune system and memory consolidation: a role for the cytokine IL-1betaNeurosci Biobehav Rev2001 252941
Not in our library10.1016/s0149-7634(00)00048-8
83.
Esposito K Pontillo A Di Palo C Giugliano G Masella M Marfella R Giugliano D Effect of weight loss and lifestyle changes on vascular inflammatory markers in obese women: a randomized trialJAMA2003 28917991804
Not in our library10.1001/jama.289.14.1799
84.
Sharman MJ Volek JS Weight loss leads to reductions in inflammatory biomarkers after a very-low-carbohydrate diet and a low-fat diet in overweight menClin Sci (Lond)2004 107365369
Not in our library10.1042/cs20040111
85.
Ugochukwu NH Figgers CL Caloric restriction inhibits up-regulation of inflammatory cytokines and TNF-alpha, and activates IL-10 and haptoglobin in the plasma of streptozotocin-induced diabetic ratsJ Nutr Biochem2007 18120126
Not in our library10.1016/j.jnutbio.2006.03.008
86.
Thackray AM McKenzie AN Klein MA Lauder A Bujdoso R Accelerated prion disease in the absence of interleukin-10J Virol2004 781369713707
Not in our library10.1128/jvi.78.24.13697-13707.2004
87.
Nadel L Hardt O Update on memory systems and processesNeuropsychopharmacology2011 36251273
Not in our library10.1038/npp.2010.169
88.
Lapchak PA Araujo DM Hefti F Systemic interleukin-1 beta decreases brain-derived neurotrophic factor messenger RNA expression in the rat hippocampal formationNeuroscience1993 53297301
Not in our library10.1016/0306-4522(93)90196-m
89.
Lipsky RH Xu K Zhu D Kelly C Terhakopian A Novelli A Marini AM Nuclear factor kappaB is a critical determinant in N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-mediated neuroprotectionJ Neurochem2001 78254264
Not in our library10.1046/j.1471-4159.2001.00386.x
90.
Jiang X Tian F Mearow K Okagaki P Lipsky RH Marini AM The excitoprotective effect of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors is mediated by a brain-derived neurotrophic factor autocrine loop in cultured hippocampal neuronsJ Neurochem2005 94713722
Not in our library10.1111/j.1471-4159.2005.03200.x
91.
Cocaine induces cell death and activates the transcription nuclear factor kappa-b in pc12 cells · 2009
Not checked
92.
Kawamoto EM Lepsch LB Boaventura MF Munhoz CD Lima LS Yshii LM Avellar MC Curi R Mattson MP Scavone C Amyloid beta-peptide activates nuclear factor-kappaB through an N-methyl-D-aspartate signaling pathway in cultured cerebellar cellsJ Neurosci Res2008 86845860
Not in our library10.1002/jnr.21548

Cited by papers we hold 2

Reads

Read by people on this page

None yet.

Checked or read by AI through naulon

None yet.

A person counts once a day per paper. We keep no cookie and no address: a reader is a hash that changes every day. Any month under five reads shows no number.

Are you an author?

Is this your paper?

Claim it to add your note and be paid when agents cite it. Free.