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Marine algal natural products with anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer properties

Jin-Ching Lee, Ming-Feng Hou, Hurng-Wern Huang and 4 more

Cancer Cell International · 2013 · Review

Abstract

For their various bioactivities, biomaterials derived from marine algae are important ingredients in many products, such as cosmetics and drugs for treating cancer and other diseases. This mini-review comprehensively compares the bioactivities and biological functions of biomaterials from red, green, brown, and blue-green algae. The anti-oxidative effects and bioactivities of several different crude extracts of algae have been evaluated both in vitro a nd in vivo . Natural products derived from marine algae protect cells by modulating the effects of oxidative stress. Because oxidative stress plays important roles in inflammatory reactions and in carcinogenesis, marine algal natural products have potential for use in anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory drugs.

Full text

From PubMed Central, U.S. National Library of Medicine, as current on Oct 22, 2026. Paragraph numbers are ours, so an answer can point at one.

Introduction

1Various bioactive compounds from marine organisms have been experimentally tested to comprehensively study the biological effects of recently developed drugs. Marine algae are rich in dietary fiber, minerals, lipids, proteins, omega-3 fatty acids, essential amino acids, polysaccharides, and vitamins A, B, C, and E. Studies on the bioactivities of marine algae have revealed numerous health-promoting effects, including anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anti-cancer effects. This mini-review will evaluate the specific effects found with red (Rhodophyta), green (Chlorophyta), brown (Phaeophyta), and blue-green species of marine algae. Figure 1 provides a brief overview of this mini-review.

Bioactive components of marine algae

2The versatility of the functions of algae may derive from their abundant bioactive metabolites. Well-documented bioactive metabolites of marine algae include brominated phenols, brominated oxygen heterocyclics, nitrogen heterocyclics, kainic acids, guanidine derivatives, phenazine derivatives, amino acids and amines, sterols, sulfated polysaccharides, and prostaglandins. Fucoxanthin, a type of xanthophyll and an accessory pigment in the chloroplasts of algae, has also shown various beneficial effects. However, not all species of algae have health-promoting properties, as some are known to produce toxic metabolites that cause neurodegenerative disorders.

Cultivation environment of marine algae

3The cultivation environment may affect the bioactive metabolite content of an alga. For example, changes in cultivation conditions, such as spatial variations, can cause changes in the polyphenolic content in the Ascophyllum nodosum species of brown algae. Additionally, in three green algae species, Capsosiphon fulvescens, Enteromorpha prolifera, and Codium fragile, bioactive metabolite content varies with the time of harvest. Sulfated polysaccharides of the red alga Delesseria sanguinea (Hudson) Lamouroux can be collected throughout the year, although collection during the spring is optimal.

Antioxidant activities and bioactive components of marine algae extracts

4Antioxidant activities have been identified in various marine algae, including red, green, and brown algae species, and in their enzymatic extracts. The antioxidant properties of extracts and bioactive components of four common marine algae are discussed here.

Red algae

5Ethanol extracts of the Callophyllis japonica and Gracilaria tenuistipitata species of red algae reportedly have antioxidant effects. For example, ethanol extracts of C. japonica suppressed H2O2-induced cellular apoptosis and activated cellular antioxidant enzymes. Experiments performed with the H1299 cell line showed that treatment with an aqueous extract of G. tenuistipitata enhanced the recovery of these cells from H2O2-induced DNA damage, counteracts cellular proliferation, and induced G2/M arrest.

Green algae

6Free-radical-scavenging assays using green algae revealed antioxidant properties for the sesquiterpenoids from Ulva fasciata Delile. Ulva lactuca is rich in flavonoids and has potent antioxidant properties. Data obtained from animal model studies has started to shed light on the fact that the free radical scavenging effects of a hot water extract of Ulva reticulate reduced hepatic oxidative stress.

Brown algae

7Assays of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)-radical scavenging have revealed antioxidant activities for the phlorotannins from the Eisenia bicyclis, Ecklonia cava, and Ecklonia kurome species of brown algae. Methanol extracts of Fucus vesiculosus and F. serratus are known to protect Caco-2 cells from DNA damage induced by H2O2, but not from DNA damage induced by tert-butyl hydroperoxide. Methanol extracts of Pelvetia canaliculata inhibited H2O2-induced superoxide dismutase depletion in Caco-2 cells.

Blue-green algae

8Analyses of DPPH radical scavenging activity have revealed antioxidant effects of a methanol extract of the Anabaena species of blue-green algae. Ascorbate/iron/H2O2 assays have also revealed antioxidant effects of phycobiliprotein phycocyanin in a Spirulina platensis extract. To date, the antinociceptive properties of blue-green algae have been less thoroughly investigated.

Anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive properties of marine algae extracts and components

9Oxidative stress plays important roles in endothelial dysfunction, lung disease, gastrointestinal dysfunction, and atherosclerosis, all of which involve inflammatory reactions. Many marine natural products that contain antioxidants are known to have anti-inflammatory effects. Examples of the anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive properties identified in extracts and bioactive components of different marine algae are discussed here.

Red algae

10The bioactivities of the Gracilaria spp. of red algae have been thoroughly reviewed. However, anti-inflammatory properties have been reported for only two species, G. verrucosa and G. textorii. Evidence of anti-inflammatory properties in other species of red algae is also increasing. For example, an aqueous extract of G. tenuistipitata suppressed virus-induced inflammation, a polysaccharide from Porphyridium sp. inhibited the replication of retroviruses, and an ethanol extract of Polyopes affinis suppressed asthmatic reactions. The anti-inflammatory effects of a methanol extract of Neorhodomela aculeata in neurological diseases included inhibiting cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, H2O2-induced lipid peroxidation, and inducible nitric oxide synthase.

11The anti-inflammatory effects of Laurencia glandulifera-derived neorogioltriol, a tricyclic brominated diterpenoid, have been demonstrated for cells that were stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Two Laurencia obtuse-derived C15 acetogenins, (12Z)-cis-maneonene-D and (12E)-cis-maneonene-E, mediated the apoptosis of neutrophils during the progression of inflammatory responses. A Porphyra yezoensis glycoprotein exhibited anti-inflammatory effects in LPS -stimulated macrophages. Two enone fatty acids of Gracilaria verrucosa, (E)-10-Oxooctadec-8-enoic acid and (E)-9-Oxooctadec-10-enoic acid, inhibited the production of the inflammatory markers nitric oxide, TNF-α, and IL-6. Multi-mineral aquamin derived from Lithothamnion corallioides had anti-inflammatory effects on glial-enriched primary cultures of rat cortex. Sulfated polysaccharides from Delesseria sanguinea (Hudson) Lamouroux also exhibited anti-inflammatory effects.

12Some red algae species exhibit both antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects. For example, a methanol extract of Bryothamnion triquetrum had both antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory properties in experiments that used Swiss mice. Antinociceptive activity was examined using an acetic acid-induced writhing test, a hot-plate test, and glutamate-/formalin-induced nociception. Anti-inflammatory effects were assessed by zymosan A-induced peritonitis analysis. Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities have also been reported for a sulfated polysaccharide fraction from Gracilaria caudate, a galactan from Gelidium crinale, a mucin-binding agglutinin from Hypnea cervicornis, and a lectin from Pterocladiella capillacea.

Green algae

13Crude extracts and purified components of some green algae species are also known to have anti-inflammatory properties. For example, Dunaliella bardawil is rich in antioxidant beta-carotene. Studies with rats have confirmed its protective effects against acetic acid-induced small bowel inflammation. Methanol extracts of Ulva conglobata and U. lactuca have shown anti-inflammatory effects in experiments that used a murine hippocampal HT22 cell line and rats. Studies of purified components include one on lycopene from Chlorella marina, which confirmed the anti-inflammatory effects of lycopene in a rat model of arthritis. A sheep model of inflammation-induced cytokine production demonstrated the inhibiting effects of a mixture of phytosterols from Dunaliella tertiolecta.

14Crude extracts or purified components of some green algae species reportedly had both antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects. For example, several nociception models have shown both antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of aqueous and methanol extracts of Caulerpa mexicana. Both of these activities have also been demonstrated for a lectin and a sulfated polysaccharide from Caulerpa cupressoides.

Brown algae

15A murine asthma model showed that an ethanol extract of Ecklonia cava reduced allergic airway reactions and inflammation and inhibited LPS-induced inflammation in human endothelial cells. An ethanol extract of Ishige okamurae also showed anti-inflammatory effects.

16Studies of sulfated polysaccharides include animal models, which confirmed the anti-inflammatory effects of a sulfated galactofucan from Lobophora variegata. Alginic acid, an anionic polysaccharide in Sargassum wightii, exhibited anti-inflammatory effects in a rat study of adjuvant-induced arthritis. Fucoidan is known to enhance the probiotic effects of Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) by immunomodulation of an anti-allergic response. Fucans from Lobophora variegata, Sargassum vulgare, and Spatoglossum schroederi also have both anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects.

17Additionally, anti-inflammatory effects have been demonstrated for the Myagropsis myagroides-dervied carotenoid fucoxanthin, for Eisenia bicyclis, Ecklonia cava- and Ecklonia kurome-derived polyphenol phlorotannins, and for Sargassum siliquastrum-derived sargachromanol G. Phloroglucinol, a monomer of phlorotannins that is abundant in brown algae, reportedly had an anti-oxidative stress effect and inhibited the production of inflammatory mediators in LPS-stimulated cells.

Blue-green algae

18Blue-green algae have well-documented protective effects against viral and bacterial infections, cancer, allergies, diabetes, inflammation, and hyperlipidemia. For example, the spirulina alga had anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects when assessed using a non-alcoholic steatohepatitis model. C-phycocyanin, a biliprotein isolated from Spirulina platensis, suppressed inflammation by inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and by inhibiting the expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygeanase-2. To date, the antinociceptive properties of blue-green algae have been less thoroughly investigated.

Anti-cancer effects of marine algae extracts and components

19Because they modulate ROS generation, antioxidants have vital roles in carcinogenesis. For example, occupational and environmental exposures to metals reportedly induce ROS generation and are associated with carcinogenesis. ROS are also essential for inducing autophagy, which may be mediated by ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and AMP activated protein kinase (AMPK). Sirtuin 3 (SIRT3), a deacetylase, is considered to be a mitochondrial fidelity protein that modulates ROS metabolism during responses to stress, such as those due to aging and carcinogenesis. ROS overproduction may result in genomic instability and cellular damage, as well as carcinogenesis. ROS signaling can also be induced by estrogen to increase genomic instability and promote breast cancer carcinogenesis.

20Additionally, several drugs that may generate oxidative stress and trigger the expressions of several miRNAs and DNA damage responses have been reviewed. For example, cells that were treated with ferric nitrilotriacetate could generate ROS and induce the overexpression of miRNA-34a. In contrast, miRNA-34a downregulation by a small interfering RNA may have inhibited the proliferation of HeLa and MCF7 cancer cells. These results suggest that ROS and miRNAs are also involved in carcinogenesis.

21Inflammation also has molecular links to carcinogenesis. Therefore, pro-oxidant natural products are commonly chosen when developing anti-cancer drugs. Examples of the anti-cancer properties of extracts and bioactive components of four marine algae are discussed here.

Red algae

22Aqueous extracts of Gracilaria corticata and Sargassum oligocystum inhibited the proliferation of human leukemic cell lines. Both ethanol and methanol extracts of Gracilaria tenuistipitata reportedly had anti-proliferative effects on Ca9-22 oral cancer cells and were involved in cellular apoptosis, DNA damage, and oxidative stress. Similarly, caspase-dependent apoptosis induced by a methanol extract of Plocamium telfairiae has been demonstrated using HT-29 colon cancer cells.

Green algae

23Among green algae, a hot water extract of Capsosiphon fulvescens that contained polysaccharides induced the apoptosis of gastric cancer cells via the PI3K/Akt pathway. Dimethylsulfoniopropionate, a tertiary sulfonium metabolite found in green algae and other algae species, exhibited anti-cancer effects in mice with Ehrlich ascites carcinoma.

Brown algae

24Studies of brown algae have shown that glycoproteins from Laminaria japonica and fucoidans from Sargassum hornery, Eclonia cava, and Costaria costata had anti-cancer effects on human colon cancer cells. Heterofucans from Sargassum filipendula exhibited anti-proliferative effects on cervical, prostate, and liver cancer cells. A carotenoid fucoxanthin cold inhibit the growth of LNCap prostate cancer cells by arresting these cells in the G1 phase via the GDD45A and SAPK/JNK pathways.

Blue-green algae

25Studies of blue-green algae have confirmed the anti-cancer effects of Spirulina preparations, recombinant glycoproteins, specifically microcystis viridis lectin (MVL), and cryptophycin.

Conclusion

26Marine algal natural products are rich sources of antioxidants. In fact, some marine algae are edible. The details for the fractionation of crude extracts described in this study showed that these extracts and their bioactive components had strong modulating effects on oxidative stress and on oxidative stress-related diseases and cancers. The antioxidant properties of several kinds of algae have been investigated for their anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, and anti-cancer effects. In the future, these marine algae-derived materials/compounds will be used more often in pre-clinical studies for drug discovery.

Competing interests

27The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Authors’ contributions

28J-CL did the literature search, integrated different points, and drafted the manuscript. M-FH, H-WH, F-RC, and C-CY conceived the idea and did literature search on specific points. J-YT and H-WC were involved in discussion and editing the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Silva LM Lima V Holanda ML Pinheiro PG Rodrigues JA Lima ME Benevides NM Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of lectin from marine red alga Pterocladiella capillaceaBiol Pharm Bull2010 335830835
Not in our library10.1248/bpb.33.830
67.
Lavy A Naveh Y Coleman R Mokady S Werman MJ Dietary Dunaliella bardawil, a beta-carotene-rich alga, protects against acetic acid-induced small bowel inflammation in ratsInflamm Bowel Dis2003 96372379
Not in our library10.1097/00054725-200311000-00005
68.
Jin DQ Lim CS Sung JY Choi HG Ha I Han JS Ulva conglobata, a marine algae, has neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects in murine hippocampal and microglial cellsNeurosci Lett2006 4021–2154158
Not in our library10.1016/j.neulet.2006.03.068
69.
Margret RJ Kumaresan S Ravikumar S A preliminary study on the anti-inflammatory activity of methanol extract of Ulva lactuca in ratJ Environ Biol2009 305 Suppl899902
Not in our library
70.
Renju GL Muraleedhara Kurup G Saritha Kumari CH Anti-inflammatory activity of lycopene isolated from Chlorella marina on Type II Collagen induced arthritis in Sprague Dawley ratsImmunopharmacol Immunotoxicol2013 352282291
Not in our library10.3109/08923973.2012.742534
71.
Caroprese M Albenzio M Ciliberti MG Francavilla M Sevi A A mixture of phytosterols from Dunaliella tertiolecta affects proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells and cytokine production in sheepVet Immunol Immunopathol2012 1501–22735
Not in our library10.1016/j.vetimm.2012.08.002
72.
Bitencourt MA Dantas GR Lira DP Barbosa-Filho JM de Miranda GE Santos BV Souto JT Aqueous and methanolic extracts of Caulerpa mexicana suppress cell migration and ear edema induced by inflammatory agentsMar Drugs2011 9813321345
Not in our library10.3390/md9081332
73.
Vanderlei ES Patoilo KK Lima NA Lima AP Rodrigues JA Silva LM Lima ME Lima V Benevides NM Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of lectin from the marine green alga Caulerpa cupressoidesInt Immunopharmacol2010 10911131118
Not in our library10.1016/j.intimp.2010.06.014
74.
Rodrigues JA Vanderlei ES Silva LM Araujo IW Queiroz IN Paula GA Abreu TM Ribeiro NA Bezerra MM Chaves HV Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of a sulfated polysaccharide isolated from the green seaweed Caulerpa cupressoidesPharmacol Rep2012 642282292
Not in our library10.1016/s1734-1140(12)70766-1
75.
Kim SK Lee DY Jung WK Kim JH Choi I Park SG Seo SK Lee SW Lee CM Yea SS Effects of Ecklonia cava ethanolic extracts on airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammation in a murine asthma model: role of suppressor of cytokine signalingBiomed Pharmacother2008 625289296
Not in our library10.1016/j.biopha.2007.07.009
76.
Kim TH Bae JS Ecklonia cava extracts inhibit lipopolysaccharide induced inflammatory responses in human endothelial cellsFood Chem Toxicol2010 48616821687
Not in our library10.1016/j.fct.2010.03.045
77.
Kim MM Rajapakse N Kim SK Anti-inflammatory effect of Ishige okamurae ethanolic extract via inhibition of NF-kappaB transcription factor in RAW 264.7 cellsPhytother Res2009 235628634
Not in our library10.1002/ptr.2674
78.
Medeiros VP Queiroz KC Cardoso ML Monteiro GR Oliveira FW Chavante SF Guimaraes LA Rocha HA Leite EL Sulfated galactofucan from Lobophora variegata: anticoagulant and anti-inflammatory propertiesBiochemistry (Mosc)2008 73910181024
Not in our library10.1134/s0006297908090095
79.
Paiva AA Castro AJ Nascimento MS Will LS Santos ND Araujo RM Xavier CA Rocha FA Leite EL Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect of polysaccharides from Lobophora variegata on zymosan-induced arthritis in ratsInt Immunopharmacol2011 11912411250
Not in our library10.1016/j.intimp.2011.04.003
80.
Sarithakumari CH Renju GL Kurup GM Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potential of alginic acid isolated from the marine algae, Sargassum wightii on adjuvant-induced arthritic ratsInflammopharmacology2012 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23179138
Not in our library10.1007/s10787-012-0159-z
81.
Kawashima T Murakami K Nishimura I Nakano T Obata A A sulfated polysaccharide, fucoidan, enhances the immunomodulatory effects of lactic acid bacteriaInt J Mol Med2012 293447453
Not in our library10.3892/ijmm.2011.854
82.
Siqueira RC da Silva MS de Alencar DB Pires Ade F de Alencar NM Pereira MG Cavada BS Sampaio AH Farias WR Assreuy AM In vivo anti-inflammatory effect of a sulfated polysaccharide isolated from the marine brown algae Lobophora variegataPharm Biol2011 492167174
Not in our library10.3109/13880209.2010.505605
83.
Dore CM Faustino Alves MG Will LS Costa TG Sabry DA de Souza Rego LA Accardo CM Rocha HA Filgueira LG Leite EL A sulfated polysaccharide, fucans, isolated from brown algae Sargassum vulgare with anticoagulant, antithrombotic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effectsCarbohydr Polym2013 911467475
Not in our library10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.07.075
84.
Farias WR Lima PC Rodrigues NV Siqueira RC Amorim RM Pereira MG Assreuy AM A novel antinociceptive sulphated polysaccharide of the brown marine alga Spatoglossum schroederiNat Prod Commun2011 66863866
Not in our library
85.
Heo SJ Yoon WJ Kim KN Ahn GN Kang SM Kang DH Affan A Oh C Jung WK Jeon YJ Evaluation of anti-inflammatory effect of fucoxanthin isolated from brown algae in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophagesFood Chem Toxicol2010 488–920452051
Not in our library10.1016/j.fct.2010.05.003
86.
Kim SK Himaya SW Medicinal effects of phlorotannins from marine brown algaeAdv Food Nutr Res2011 6497109
Not in our library10.1016/b978-0-12-387669-0.00008-9
87.
Yoon WJ Heo SJ Han SC Lee HJ Kang GJ Kang HK Hyun JW Koh YS Yoo ES Anti-inflammatory effect of sargachromanol G isolated from Sargassum siliquastrum in RAW 264.7 cellsArch Pharm Res2012 35814211430
Not in our library10.1007/s12272-012-0812-5
88.
Kim MM Kim SK Effect of phloroglucinol on oxidative stress and inflammationFood Chem Toxicol2010 481029252933
Not in our library10.1016/j.fct.2010.07.029
89.
Shih CM Cheng SN Wong CS Kuo YL Chou TC Antiinflammatory and antihyperalgesic activity of C-phycocyaninAnesth Analg2009 108413031310
Not in our library10.1213/ane.0b013e318193e919
90.
Lee JC Son YO Pratheeshkumar P Shi X Oxidative stress and metal carcinogenesisFree Radic Biol Med2012 534742757
Not in our library10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.06.002
91.
The interplay between autophagy and ROS in tumorigenesis · 2012
No notice
92.
Park SH Ozden O Jiang H Cha YI Pennington JD Aykin-Burns N Spitz DR Gius D Kim HS Sirt3, mitochondrial ROS, ageing, and carcinogenesisInt J Mol Sci2011 12962266239
Not in our library10.3390/ijms12096226
93.
Okoh V Deoraj A Roy D Estrogen-induced reactive oxygen species-mediated signalings contribute to breast cancerBiochim Biophys Acta2011 18151115133
Not in our library10.1016/j.bbcan.2010.10.005
94.
Aykin-Burns N Ahmad IM Zhu Y Oberley LW Spitz DR Increased levels of superoxide and H2O2 mediate the differential susceptibility of cancer cells versus normal cells to glucose deprivationBiochem J2009 41812937
Not in our library10.1042/bj20081258
95.
Fayyaz S Farooqi AA miRNA and TMPRSS2-ERG do not mind their own business in prostate cancer cellsImmunogenetics2013 655315332
Not in our library10.1007/s00251-012-0677-2
96.
Farooqi AA Fayyaz S Rashid S Upon the tightrope in prostate cancer: two acrobats on the same tightrope to cross the finishlineMol Cell Biochem2012 3641–25357
Not in our library10.1007/s11010-011-1204-8
97.
Dutta KK Zhong Y Liu YT Yamada T Akatsuka S Hu Q Yoshihara M Ohara H Takehashi M Shinohara T Association of microRNA-34a overexpression with proliferation is cell type-dependentCancer Sci2007 981218451852
Not in our library10.1111/j.1349-7006.2007.00619.x
98.
Vendramini-Costa DB Carvalho JE Molecular link mechanisms between inflammation and cancerCurr Pharm Des2012 182638313852
Not in our library10.2174/138161212802083707
99.
Poehlmann A Kuester D Malfertheiner P Guenther T Roessner A Inflammation and Barrett’s carcinogenesisPathol Res Pract2012 2085269280
Not in our library10.1016/j.prp.2012.03.007
100.
Martin-Cordero C Leon-Gonzalez AJ Calderon-Montano JM Burgos-Moron E Lopez-Lazaro M Pro-oxidant natural products as anticancer agentsCurr Drug Targets2012 13810061028
Not in our library10.2174/138945012802009044
101.
Algae extracts and methyl jasmonate anti-cancer activities in prostate cancer: choreographers of ‘the dance macabre’ · 2012
Not checked
102.
Yen CY Chiu CC Haung RW Yeh CC Huang KJ Chang KF Hseu YC Chang FR Chang HW Wu YC Antiproliferative effects of goniothalamin on Ca9-22 oral cancer cells through apoptosis; DNA damage and ROS inductionMutat Res2012 7472253258
Not in our library10.1016/j.mrgentox.2012.06.003
103.
Zandi K Tajbakhsh S Nabipour I Rastian Z Yousefi F Sharafian S Sartavi K In vitro antitumor activity of Gracilaria corticata (a red alga) against Jurkat and molt-4 human cancer cell linesAfr J Biotechnol2010 94067876790
Not in our library
104.
Zandi K Ahmadzadeh S Tajbakhsh S Rastian Z Yousefi F Farshadpour F Sartavi K Anticancer activity of Sargassum oligocystum water extract against human cancer cell linesEur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci2010 148669673
Not in our library
105.
Yeh CC Yang JI Lee JC Tseng CN Chan YC Hseu YC Tang JY Chuang LY Huang HW Chang FR Anti-proliferative effect of methanolic extract of Gracilaria tenuistipitata on oral cancer cells involves apoptosis, DNA damage, and oxidative stressBMC Complement Altern Med2012 121142
Not in our library10.1186/1472-6882-12-142
106.
Kim JY Yoon MY Cha MR Hwang JH Park E Choi SU Park HR Hwang YI Methanolic extracts of Plocamium telfairiae induce cytotoxicity and caspase-dependent apoptosis in HT-29 human colon carcinoma cellsJ Med Food2007 104587593
Not in our library10.1089/jmf.2007.002
107.
Park HY Lim CW Kim YK Yoon HD Lee KJ Immunostimulating and anticancer activities of hot water extract from Capsosiphon fulvescensJ Korean Soc Appl Biol Chem2006 49343348
Not in our library
108.
Kwon MJ Nam TJ A polysaccharide of the marine alga Capsosiphon fulvescens induces apoptosis in AGS gastric cancer cells via an IGF-IR-mediated PI3K/Akt pathwayCell Biol Int2007 318768775
Not in our library10.1016/j.cellbi.2007.01.010
109.
Kim YM Kim IH Nam TJ Induction of apoptosis signaling by glycoprotein of Capsosiphon fulvescens in human gastric cancer (AGS) cellsNutr Cancer2012 645761769
Not in our library10.1080/01635581.2012.683228
110.
Nakajima K Yokoyama A Nakajima Y Anticancer effects of a tertiary sulfonium compound, dimethylsulfoniopropionate, in green sea algae on Ehrlich ascites carcinoma-bearing miceJ Nutr Sci Vitaminol2009 555434438
Not in our library10.3177/jnsv.55.434
111.
Go H Hwang HJ Nam TJ A glycoprotein from Laminaria japonica induces apoptosis in HT-29 colon cancer cellsToxicol In Vitro2010 24615461553
Not in our library10.1016/j.tiv.2010.06.018
112.
Ermakova S Sokolova R Kim SM Um BH Isakov V Zvyagintseva T Fucoidans from brown seaweeds Sargassum hornery, Eclonia cava, Costaria costata: structural characteristics and anticancer activityAppl Biochem Biotechnol2011 1646841850
Not in our library10.1007/s12010-011-9178-2
113.
Costa LS Fidelis GP Telles CB Dantas-Santos N Camara RB Cordeiro SL Costa MS Almeida-Lima J Melo-Silveira RF Oliveira RM Antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of heterofucans from the seaweed Sargassum filipendulaMar Drugs2011 96952966
Not in our library10.3390/md9060952
114.
Satomi Y Fucoxanthin induces GADD45A expression and G1 arrest with SAPK/JNK activation in LNCap human prostate cancer cellsAnticancer Res2012 323807813
Not in our library
115.
Khan Z Bhadouria P Bisen PS Nutritional and therapeutic potential of SpirulinaCurr Pharm Biotechnol2005 65373379
Not in our library10.2174/138920105774370607
116.
Shih C Teicher BA Cryptophycins: a novel class of potent antimitotic antitumor depsipeptidesCurr Pharm Des2001 71312591276
Not in our library10.2174/1381612013397474
117.
Corbett TH Valeriote FA Demchik L Polin L Panchapor C Pugh S White K Knight J Jones J Jones L Preclinical anticancer activity of cryptophycin-8J Exp Ther Oncol1996 1295108
Not in our library

Cited by papers we hold 7

Neuroprotective Natural Products for Alzheimer’s Disease · 2021
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Natural Products and Their Bioactive Compounds: Neuroprotective Potentials against Neurodegenerative Diseases · 2020
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Oceans as a Source of Immunotherapy · 2019
Not checked
Potential Role of Flavonoids in Treating Chronic Inflammatory Diseases with a Special Focus on the Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Apigenin · 2019
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Natural products as reservoirs of novel therapeutic agents · 2018
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Induction of G1-phase cell cycle arrest and apoptosis pathway in MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells by sulfated polysaccharide extracted from Laurencia papillosa · 2016
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Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Natural Products · 2016
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