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Adiponectin: a manifold therapeutic target for metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and coronary disease?

Enrique Z Fisman, Alexander Tenenbaum

Cardiovascular Diabetology · 2014 · Review

doi:10.1186/1475-2840-13-103

Abstract

Adiponectin is the most abundant peptide secreted by adipocytes, being a key component in the interrelationship between adiposity, insulin resistance and inflammation. Central obesity accompanied by insulin resistance is a key factor in the development of metabolic syndrome (MS) and future macrovascular complications. Moreover, the remarkable correlation between coronary artery disease (CAD) and alterations in glucose metabolism has raised the likelihood that atherosclerosis and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) may share a common biological background. We summarize here the current knowledge about the influence of adiponectin on insulin sensitivity and endothelial function, discussing its forthcoming prospects and potential role as a therapeutic target for MS, T2DM, and cardiovascular disease. Adiponectin is present in the circulation as a dimer, trimer or protein complex of high molecular weight hexamers, >400 kDa. AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 are its major receptors in vivo mediating the metabolic actions. Adiponectin stimulates phosphorylation and AMP (adenosin mono phosphate) kinase activation, exerting direct effects on vascular endothelium, diminishing the inflammatory response to mechanical injury and enhancing endothelium protection in cases of apolipoprotein E deficiency. Hypoadiponectinemia is consistently associated with obesity, MS, atherosclerosis, CAD, T2DM. Lifestyle correction helps to favorably modify plasma adiponectin levels. Low adiponectinemia in obese patients is raised via continued weight loss programs in both diabetic and nondiabetic individuals and is also accompanied by reductions in pro-inflammatory factors. Diet modifications, like intake of fish, omega-3 supplementation, adherence to a Mediterranean dietary pattern and coffee consumption also increase adiponectin levels. Antidiabetic and cardiovascular pharmacological agents, like glitazones, glimepiride, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers are also able to improve adiponectin concentration. Fibric acid derivatives, like bezafibrate and fenofibrate, have been reported to enhance adiponectin levels as well. T-cadherin, a membrane-associated adiponectin-binding protein lacking intracellular domain seems to be a main mediator of the antiatherogenic adiponectin actions. The finding of novel pharmacologic agents proficient to improve adiponectin plasma levels should be target of exhaustive research. Interesting future approaches could be the development of adiponectin-targeted drugs chemically designed to induce the activaton of its receptors and/or postreceptor signaling pathways, or the development of specific adiponectin agonists.

Full text

From PubMed Central, U.S. National Library of Medicine, as current on Oct 21, 2026. Paragraph numbers are ours, so an answer can point at one.

Background

The classical view of adipose tissue as just a passive reservoir for energy storage has radically changed. Two types of adipose tissue are found in mammals, brown and white, each of them with different physiological roles. Brown adipose tissue has specialized functions in thermogenesis through oxidation of fatty acids due to the presence of its specific uncoupling protein (UCP1), which uncouples thermogenic oxidative phosphorylation. Instead, white adipose tissue stores energy in the form of triglycerides and, in situations of energy deficit such as fasting, supplies fatty acids to the circulation.

Thus, white adipose tissue is nowadays perceived as an important organ involved in energy homeostasis and body weight control. Besides its function as an energy reservoir, it plays a key role as an organ secreting numerous bioactive molecules collectively called adipokines or adipocytokines; the first term will be used along the present review. The number of identified adipokines is permanently increasing, as well as their potential clinical diagnostic and prognostic value. These adipokines include mainly adiponectin, leptin, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha, osteoprotegerin interleukin 6 (IL-6), resistin, interleukin 1 (IL-1), apelin, visfatin, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), retinol binding protein 4 (RBP4) and several others.

The adipokines are involved in the regulation of body fat accumulation, adipose tissue development, energy metabolism and control of food intake, and play also a dominant role in the pathophysiology of several metabolic disorders. Namely, an abnormal regulation in adipokines production will facilitate a biochemical imbalance potentially leading to the development of various ailments and diseases, mainly obesity, insulin resistance (IR) and atherosclerosis, among others. It should be pinpointed that not all fatty deposits behave according to the same pathophysiological pattern. In particular, it has been shown that visceral fat deposits are more metabolically active than their subcutaneous homologues, being particularly involved in the development of diseases associated with obesity, such as the metabolic syndrome (MS), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and coronary artery disease (CAD).

Adiponectin is the most abundant peptide secreted by adipocytes, being a key component in the interrelationship between adiposity, insulin resistance and inflammation. Central obesity accompanied by insulin resistance is a key factor in the development of MS and future macrovascular complications. Moreover, the remarkable correlation between CAD and alterations in glucose metabolism has raised the likelihood that atherosclerosis and T2DM may share a common biological background. Large-vessel atherosclerosis can precede the development of diabetes, suggesting that rather than atherosclerosis being a complication of diabetes, both conditions may share similar genetic and acquired characteristics, a "common soil".

In the present review we summarize the current knowledge about the influence of adiponectin on insulin sensitivity and endothelial function, discussing its forthcoming prospects and potential role as a manifold therapeutic target for MS, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease.

Genetics, structure and circulating levels

Several studies have revealed a moderate to high estimate of heritability (30–70%) for plasma adiponectin levels, which are influenced by the interplay of several genes. A meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies performed in nearly 40000 individuals in order to identify genes associated with adiponectin levels, revealed 8 loci and confirmed other 2 previously reported loci. One of the main loci seems to be on chromosome 3q27, which contains a susceptibility locus for T2DM and MS. Reduced adiponectin levels can be caused by genetic factors, such as the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) 276 in the adiponectin gene itself.

Analyses of SNP and mutations in the adiponectin gene have suggested a relationship between adiponectin and glucose metabolism diseases. For instance, SNP at position 94 associates closely with T2DM, as do SNP45 and SNP276, and SNP rs266729 was found to be significantly associated with higher odds of CAD. Unfavorable effects of the AdipoQ 45 T/G SNP on lipid profile and glucose metabolism have also been described. Moreover, the latter polymorphism is also strongly correlated with CAD in T2DM subjects. Interestingly, it has been suggested that primary genetic lesions that lower adiponectin levels may result in hypertension; decreased circulating adiponectin and hypertension correlated significantly with the I164T polymorphism.

Adiponectin is a protein consisting of 244 aminoacids displaying structural similarities to collagen and TNF-alpha, and is mostly located in adipocytes. Adiponectin was independently identified by several research groups using different techniques, receiving different names like ACRP30, AdipoQ and apM1. Adiponectin is a protein of 30 kDa present in the circulation as a dimer, trimer or as a protein complex of high molecular weight (HMW) hexamers, >400 kDa, in which the oligomers control the biological activity of the protein. The higher order structures include also low-molecular weight (LMW) hexamers of 180 kDa. Adiponectin can exist in plasma in its complete form or in globular fragments; the first appears to be the most common form. It circulates at physiological concentrations that represent about 0.05% of all plasma proteins.

The normal circulating values were initially set at 5–30 μg/ml, albeit subsequent investigations reported a much narrower range - 5–10 μg/ml –. It should be pinpointed that ethnic and gender differences are present; values are higher in Caucasians than in Indo-Asians and in women than in men, albeit significant gender differences in adiponectin concentrations were not observed in a Sudanese population. Significantly lower values have been reported in women with gestational diabetes and during menopause. Concentrations are at lower normal limits in obese subjects, and reduced in MS, both in humans and in experimental animal models.

Importantly, adiponectin values are also systematically lower in diabetics compared to non-diabetics, no matter to what heart failure staging class they belong. An exception to the general rule linking increased adiponectin levels with a better outcome seems to be non-ischemic cardiomyopathy, in which despite of its high peripheral concentrations, it does not show cardioprotective effects.

General bioactivity

Mice studies have confirmed that adiponectin receptors AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 are its major receptors in vivo mediating the metabolic actions. These effects are also dependent on specific tissues, with muscular AdipoR1 involved in stimulating adenosin mono phosphate (AMP) activated protein kinase, while hepatic AdipoR2 is involved mainly in activation of the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR) gamma. Both AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 serve as receptors for globular and full-length adiponectin and mediate also increased fatty-acid oxidation and glucose uptake.

Adiponectin, both in its globular and HMW forms, stimulates phosphorylation and AMP kinase activation in skeletal muscle. Anyway, the use of full-length adiponectin produced by mammalian cells suggests that the liver and not muscle is the primary site of adiponectin bioactivity. In addition to AMP kinase activation, adiponectin induces carboxylase acetyl-coenzyme A phosphorylation, glucose uptake, nitric oxide synthesis, lactate production in myocytes, and reduced liver production of molecules involved in gluconeogenesis. These effects seem responsible for the lowering of glucose levels in vivo, via glucose utilization and fatty-acid oxidation by activating AMP-activated protein kinase. T-cadherin, a membrane-associated adiponectin-binding protein localized in vascular smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells, seems to be the mediator of adiponectin activity.

In a mammalian expression system, full-length adiponectin is produced and secreted both as LMW and HMW complexes. Interestingly, its administration to normal weight or obese-diabetic mice results in a decreased serum glucose. The effect of adiponectin on the liver requires hydroxylation and glycosylation of residues within the collagenous domain of adiponectin. This finding may explain why studies employing the globular form (lacking the collagenous domain) or the bacterially produced full-length form (lacking post-translational modifications in the collagenous domain) do not affect hepatic glucose metabolism or insulin sensitivity. It has been shown that only HMW adiponectin decreases after a glucose load, suggesting that the HMW form of adiponectin is prone to be affected more rapidly than its LMW or medium–molecular weight counterparts. The mechanism remains unclear; possibly explanations may include decreased secretion of HMW adiponectin by adipocytes, augmented clearance of HMW adiponectin from the circulation, increased metabolism of HMW adiponectin, or a combination of these facts. Adiponectin is very stable in vivo compared with other adipokines, since its half-life is very much longer, ranging from 2.5 to 14 hours.

Another important point that should be mentioned is that serum adiponectin is inversely related to body fat mass and to the degree of insulin resistance. Its concentration is particularly low in adults with T2DM or CAD. It is accepted, therefore, that adiponectin ameliorates sensitivity to insulin and contributes to cardiovascular protection. Low circulating levels, particularly of the HMW component, are also a strong risk marker for the development of the MS.

Hypoadiponectinemia is also associated with elevated intramyocellular and intrahepatic lipid content, as seen in non-alcoholic fatty liver and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, additional indicators of dyslipidemia not currently included as risk factors for the MS, showing an inverse relationship with vascular endothelial growth factor levels in some inflammatory settings.

Adiponectin and insulin sensitivity

Adiponectin increases the sensitivity to insulin through several mechanisms. AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 are transmembrane receptors, whose carboxyl terminal group (C-terminal) is located outside the membrane, and the amino terminal group (N-terminal) inside. When adiponectin attaches to its receptor it activates AMP kinase, promoting so glucose uptake by muscles via intracellular translocation of the GLUT4 transporters. Simultaneously, it hampers gluconeogenesis by inhibiting the hepatic enzyme phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, inhibits the synthesis of fatty acids and stimulates their oxidation.

Independently, adiponectin acts as an agonist of the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR) gamma leading to additional uptake of plasmatic glucose. In this context, the adiponectin-resistin index provides a good indicator for an increased risk of future development of T2DM and MS. Finally, adiponectin enhances insulin sensitivity by increasing hepatic insulin receptor substrate 2 (IRS-2) expression via a macrophage-derived IL-6-dependent pathway. Thus, these multiple pathways confer to adiponectin a key role in ensuring an effective protection against the development of insulin resistance (IR).

Adiponectin and endothelial function

It has been shown that adiponectin exerts direct effects on vascular endothelium, diminishing the inflammatory response to mechanical injury and enhancing endothelium protection in cases of apolipoprotein E deficiency. Regarding other lipids, cross-sectional studies showed, after adjusting for gender and adiposity, that adiponectin levels present a inverse correlation with triglycerides, while they are directly correlated with HDL-cholesterol.

It has been found that adiponectin plasma concentrations are lower in individuals with CAD compared to age- and obesity-matched controls and that individuals with adiponectin levels under 4 μg/ml were at increased risk of CAD and presented more factors for MS. Conversely, while prospectively evaluating men without CAD, it was found after a 6 year-follow up that individuals in the highest percentile of plasma adiponectin were at a lower risk of MI, compared with those in the lowest percentile. Adiponectin levels are also decreased in people with hypertension, regardless the presence of insulin resistance. These subjects are characterized by a decreased endothelium-dependent vasodilation, which could be one of the mechanisms involved in central obesity-associated hypertension.

It is well established that adiponectin has an antiatherosclerotic effect via inhibition of adhesion molecules production, such as vascular cell adhesion protein 1 (VCAM-1) and selectin E. The adiponectin-mediated suppression of nuclear factor kB, could be an important molecular mechanism for inhibiting monocytes adhesion to endothelial cells. Immunohistochemistry studies show that adiponectin is not incorporated into the normal and intact vessel wall, while it presents a marked adherence to previously damaged vessel walls, like those mechanically injured by balloon catheters, and adiponectin may also act as a modulator for macrophage-to-foam cell transformation, slowing or inhibiting the process. Moreover, experimental and clinical investigations indicate that adiponectin promotes endothelial repair and angiogenesis by increasing the number and function of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs). This EPCs-mediated endothelial repair involves several stages, beginning with mobilization of EPCs from bone marrow or spleen into the bloodstream, followed by recruitment and adhesion of EPCs to the injured blood vessel wall, and finally, differentiation and tubule formation. Thus, adiponectin modulates almost every step of endothelial repair via EPCs. A schematic representation of the multiple detrimental biological and clinical effects of hypoadiponectinemia is depicted in Figure 1.

Current and forthcoming therapeutic prospects

Adiponectin levels may be negatively influenced by lifestyle, such as sedentarism, a high-fat diet causing obesity, or excessive smoking. This influence can be reversed; lifestyle correction helps to favorably modify plasma adiponectin levels. Low adiponectinemia in obese patients was raised via continued weight loss programs in both diabetic and nondiabetic individuals, in obese adolescents and was also accompanied by reductions in pro-inflammatory factors like IL-6, leptin and TNF alpha. Moreover, increased adiponectin levels were already apparent after 1 week (two to three bouts) of moderately intense aerobic exercise, in some cases up to 260%. Regarding diet modifications, several studies reported that daily intake of fish or omega-3 supplementation increased adiponectin levels by amounts ranging from 14 to 60%. Furthermore, adherence to a Mediterranean dietary pattern showed excellent results in T2DM women. Coffee consumption has also shown beneficial effects on adiponectin levels.

Unfortunately, adiponectin itself cannot be administered orally since its main component is a protein which is dissolved by the digestive system enzymes, being thus unable to reach the bloodstream. On the other hand, adiponectin levels may be pharmacologically modified. In this context, it has been found that antidiabetic treatment with either insulin or metformin in experimental models - albeit not able to improve adiponectin induced vasodilation and endothelial function - inhibits both the development of hypoadiponectinemia and the downregulation of the adaptor protein APPL1 in mesenteric resistance arteries. Moreover, adiponectin concentrations increase after pioglitazone therapy in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance; glitazones also improve adiponectin levels in normal, obese, and T2DM subjects. It should be highlighted that baseline adiponectin levels do not predict the response to glitazones. Anyway, the use of glitazones to increase adiponectin is discouraged due to the potential adverse cardiovascular effects of these drugs, like heart failure or stroke, especially in the case of rosiglitazone. The sulfonylurea glimepiride yields also positive effects on adiponectin, particularly in elderly T2DM patients.

Bezafibrate, a fibric acid derivative known for its capability to attenuate the progression of IR in CAD patients and the declining of beta cells function in T2DM has been reported to enhance adiponectin levels, partly acting through PPAR alpha stimulation. Similar properties were reported for fenofibrate.

Cardiovascular drugs, as renin-angiotensin system blocking agents and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors significantly increase adiponectin levels and improve insulin sensitivity without affecting the degree of body adiposity. For instance, telmisartan upregulates the expression of myocardial adiponectin, its receptor adipoR2, as well as GLUT4. Simultaneously, it also induces a protective role on the vascular system by upregulating the expression of adipoR1 and downregulating the expression of MCP-1 and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) in the abdominal aorta in experimental animal models. Co-administration of candesartan and pioglitazone during 6 months to hypertensive patients with T2DM significantly improved the baseline values of HMW adiponectin. A potential mechanism for renin angiotensin system blocking agents to affect adiponectin levels seems to be promotion of adipogenic differentiation of preadipocytes via PPAR gamma activity.

Attempts to increase adiponectin were also performed with nutraceutical agents like the herb derivatives astragaloside II and isoastragaloside, with satisfactory results in rodents. In contrast, the use of purified allicin (the active ingredient in garlic) was unsuccessful.

With the increasing prevalence of T2DM and obesity, new technologies are developed to more easily monitor adiponectin levels or its potential surrogates. Currently, the concentration of total adiponectin maybe obtained by a using a commercially available human adiponectin radioimmunoassay kit or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. It has been shown that salivary pH is directly and significantly correlated to plasma adiponectin levels in premenopausal and menopausal women. Should this condition be confirmed for other populations, salivary pH determination could represent an additional noninvasive, simple, and inexpensive surrogate for adiponectin assessment. Urinary adiponectin can also be measured, and an increased concentration is associated with microalbuminuria and boteh micro- and macrovascular complications. Anyway, laboratory methods for adiponectin measurement still require a more appropriate standardization, and this is also applicable to the determination of ideally therapeutic adiponectin levels for given clinical settings. It should be mentioned that excessively high concentrations may be undesirable; it has been reported that increased serum adiponectin and HOMA-IR could be associated with an augmented risk for the presence and development of cardiac autonomic neuropathy.

Conclusions

As highlighted above, both functional and genetic studies on adiponectin strongly depict it as a key adipokine. Reduced adiponectin levels seem to be not just a mere biomarker of ailment, but play a causal role in the development of IR, MS, T2DM, hypertension, dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis. On the other hand, favorable effects of a given adipokine on either diabetes or atherosclerosis predict similar effects on the other. Hence, taking into consideration the high world prevalence of obesity, MS, T2DM and CAD, the possibility of a defined and unique therapeutic target to simultaneously combat their development becomes increasingly important.

Since adiponectin levels are consistently inversely correlated with each of these ailments, the finding of pharmacologic agents proficient to improve its plasma levels should be target of exhaustive research. An interesting approach could be the development of adiponectin-targeted drugs chemically designed to induce the activaton of its receptors and/or postreceptor signaling pathways. Such a move may also be able to reverse “adiponectin resistance”, which has been observed in both experimental and human research models. Moreover, orally active AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 agonists were already satisfactorily used in rodent models. T-cadherin, a membrane-associated adiponectin-binding protein lacking intracellular domain seems to be a main mediator of the antiatherogenic adiponectin actions, and maybe a component of insulin granules. Both adiponectin and T-cadherin were found to be inversely associated with human aortic and coronary atherosclerosis, and it appears that a majority of the whole body adiponectin is conveyed to cardiovascular tissues by T-cadherin. T-cadherin seems to be a clue novel signaling pathway at the crossroads of vascular and metabolic disorders. Hence, adiponectin represents in fact a multilayered therapeutic target for MS, diabetes and CAD. Investigating the intimate biochemical relationship between adiponectin, its receptors AdipoR1 and AdipoR2, and T-cadherin within the cardiovascular system could be a very promising avenue for the development of specific adiponectin agonists.

Abbreviations

AMP: Adenosin mono phosphate; AMPK: Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase; CAD: Coronary artery disease; EPCs: Endothelial progenitor cells; FFA: Free fatty acids; HMW: High molecular weight; IR: Insulin resistance; LMW: Low molecular weight; MCP-1: monocyte chemotactic protein-1; MS: metabolic syndrome; NO: Nitric oxide; PPAR: Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor; SNP: Single nucleotide polymorphism; TG: Triglycerides; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor; T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus; VCAM-1: Vascular cell adhesion protein 1.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Authors’ contributions

Enrique Z Fisman and Alexander Tenenbaum have equally contributed in the conception and drafting of the manuscript. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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    Ohashi K Ouchi N Kihara S Funahashi T Nakamura T Sumitsuji S Kawamoto T Matsumoto S Nagaretani H Kumada M Okamoto Y Nishizawa H Kishida K Maeda N Hiraoka H Iwashima Y Ishikawa K Ohishi M Katsuya T Rakugi H Ogihara T Matsuzawa Y Adiponectin I164T mutation is associated with the metabolic syndrome and coronary artery diseaseJ Am Coll Cardiol2004 4311951200

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jacc.2003.10.049

  40. 40.

    Scherer PE Williams S Fogliano M Baldini G Lodish HF A novel serum protein similar to C1q, produced exclusive in adipocytesJ Biol Chem1995 2702674626749

    Not in our library10.1074/jbc.270.45.26746

  41. 41.

    Hu E Liang P Spiegelman BM AdipoQ is a novel adiposespecific gene dysregulated in obesityJ Biol Chem1996 2711069710703

    Not in our library10.1074/jbc.271.18.10697

  42. 42.

    Maeda K Okubo K Shimomura I Funahashi T Matsuzawa Y Matsubara K CDNA cloning and expression of a novel adipose specific collagen-like factor, apM1 (AdiPose Most abundant Gene transcript 1)Biochem Biophys Res Commun1996 221286289

    Not in our library10.1006/bbrc.1996.0587

  43. 43.

    Domínguez Reyes CA Adiponectina: el tejido adiposo más allá de la reserva inerte de energíaRev Endocr Nutr2007 15149155

    Not in our library

  44. 44.

    Silva-Nunes J Oliveira A Duarte L Barradas M Melão A Brito M Veiga L Factors related with adiponectinemia in obese and normal-weight women and with its variation in weight loss programsObes Facts2013 6124133

    Not in our library10.1159/000350664

  45. 45.

    Arita Y Paradoxical decrease of an adipose-specific protein, adiponectin, in obesityBiochem Biophys Res Commun1999 2577983

    Not in our library10.1006/bbrc.1999.0255

  46. 46.

    Valsamakis G Chetty R McTernan PG Al-Daghri NM Barnett AH Kumar S Fasting serum adiponectin concentration is reduced in Indo-Asian subjects and is related to HDL cholesterolDiabetes Obes Metab2003 5131135

    Not in our library10.1046/j.1463-1326.2003.00254.x

  47. 47.

    Abdelgadir M Karlsson AF Berglund L Berne C Low serum adiponectin concentrations are associated with insulin sensitivity independent of obesity in Sudanese subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitusDiabetol Metab Syndr2013 515

    Not in our library10.1186/1758-5996-5-15

  48. 48.

    Ranheim T Haugen F Staff AC Braekke K Harsem NK Drevon CA Adiponectin is reduced in gestational diabetes mellitus in normal weight womenActa Obstet Gynecol Scand2004 83341347

    Not in our library10.1111/j.0001-6349.2004.00413.x

  49. 49.

    Milewicz A Zatonska K Demissie M Jêdrzejuk D Dunajska K Ilow R Lwow F Serum adiponectin concentration and cardiovascular risk factors in climacteric womenGynecol Endocrinol2005 206873

    Not in our library10.1080/09513590400020989

  50. 50.

    Kim JY Choi EY Mun HS Min PK Yoon YW Lee BK Hong BK Rim SJ Kwon HM Usefulness of metabolic syndrome score in the prediction of angiographic coronary artery disease severity according to the presence of diabetes mellitus: relation with inflammatory markers and adipokinesCardiovasc Diabetol2013 12140

    Not in our library10.1186/1475-2840-12-140

  51. 51.

    Leguisamo NM Lehnen AM Machado UF Okamoto MM Markoski MM Pinto GH Schaan BD GLUT4 content decreases along with insulin resistance and high levels of inflammatory markers in rats with metabolic syndromeCardiovasc Diabetol2012 11100

    Not in our library10.1186/1475-2840-11-100

  52. 52.

    Baldasseroni S Antenore A Di Serio C Orso F Lonetto G Bartoli N Foschini A Marella A Pratesi A Scarantino S Fumagalli S Monami M Mannucci E Marchionni N Tarantini F Adiponectin, diabetes and ischemic heart failure: a challenging relationshipCardiovasc Diabetol2012 11151

    Not in our library10.1186/1475-2840-11-151

  53. 53.

    Caselli C Lionetti V Cabiati M Prescimone T Aquaro GD Ottaviano V Bernini F Mattii L Del Ry S Giannessi D Regional evidence of modulation of cardiac adiponectin level in dilated cardiomyopathy: pilot study in a porcine animal modelCardiovasc Diabetol2012 11143

    Not in our library10.1186/1475-2840-11-143

  54. 54.

    Yamauchi T Nio Y Maki T Kobayashi M Takazawa T Iwabu M Okada-Iwabu M Kawamoto S Kubota N Kubota T Ito Y Kamon J Tsuchida A Kumagai K Kozono H Hada Y Ogata H Tokuyama K Tsunoda M Ide T Murakami K Awazawa M Takamoto I Froguel P Hara K Tobe K Nagai R Ueki K Kadowaki T Targeted disruption of AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 causes abrogation of adiponectin binding and metabolic actionsNat Med2007 13332339

    Not in our library10.1038/nm1557

  55. 55.

    Yamauchi T Iwabu M Okada-Iwabu M Kadowaki T Adiponectin receptors: a review of their structure, function and how they workBest Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab2014 281523

    Not in our library10.1016/j.beem.2013.09.003

  56. 56.

    Kharroubi I Rasschaert J Eizirik DL Cnop M Expression of adiponectin receptors in pancreatic beta cellsBiochem Biophys Res Commun2003 31211181122

    Not in our library10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.11.042

  57. 57.

    Berg AH Combs T Du X Brownlee M Scherer PE The adipocyte-secreted protein Acrp30 enhances hepatic insulin actionNat Med2001 7947953

    Not in our library10.1038/90992

  58. 58.

    Yamuchi T Kamon J Minokoshi Y Ito Y Waki H Uchida S Yamashita S Noda M Kita S Ueki K Eto K Akanuma Y Froguel P Foufelle F Ferre P Carling D Kimura S Nagai R Kahn BB Kadowaki T Adiponectin stimulates glucose utilization and fatty-acid oxidation by activating AMP-activated protein kinaseNat Med2002 812881295

    Not in our library10.1038/nm788

  59. 59.

    Kostopoulos CG Spiroglou SG Varakis JN Apostolakis E Papadaki HH Adiponectin/T-cadherin and apelin/APJ expression in human arteries and periadventitial fat: implication of local adipokine signaling in atherosclerosis?Cardiovasc Pathol2014 23131138

    Not in our library10.1016/j.carpath.2014.02.003

  60. 60.

    Trujillo ME Scherer PE Adiponectin – journey from an adipocyte secretory protein to biomarker of the metabolic syndromeJ Intern Med2005 257167175

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1365-2796.2004.01426.x

  61. 61.

    Wang Y Xu A Knight C Xu LY Cooper GJ Hydroxylation and glycosylation of the four conserved lysine residues in the collagenous domain of adiponectin. Potential role in the modulation of its insulin-sensitizing activityJ Biol Chem2002 2771952119529

    Not in our library10.1074/jbc.m200601200

  62. 62.

    Ozeki N Hara K Yatsuka C Nakano T Matsumoto S Suetsugu M Nakamachi T Takebayashi K Inukai T Haruki K Aso Y Serum high-molecular weight adiponectin decreases abruptly after an oral glucose load in subjects with normal glucose tolerance or impaired fasting glucose, but not those with impaired glucose tolerance or diabetes mellitusMetabolism2009 5814701476

    Not in our library10.1016/j.metabol.2009.04.042

  63. 63.

    Peake PW Kriketos AD Campbell LV Shen Y Charlesworth JA The metabolism of isoforms of human adiponectin: studies in human subjects and in experimental animalsEur J Endocrinol2005 153409417

    Not in our library10.1530/eje.1.01978

  64. 64.

    Hoffstedt J Arvidsson E Sjölin E Wåhlén K Arner P Adipose tissue adiponectin production and adiponectin serum concentration in human obesity and insulin resistanceJ Clin Endocrinol Metab2004 8913911396

    Not in our library10.1210/jc.2003-031458

  65. 65.

    Díez JJ Iglesias P The role of the novel adipocyte-derived hormone adiponectin in human diseaseEur J Endocrinol2003 148293300

    Not in our library10.1530/eje.0.1480293

  66. 66.

    Awazawa M Ueki K Inabe K Yamauchi T Kubota N Kaneko K Kobayashi M Iwane A Sasako T Okazaki Y Ohsugi M Takamoto I Yamashita S Asahara H Akira S Kasuga M Kadowaki T Adiponectin enhances insulin sensitivity by increasing hepatic IRS-2 expression via a macrophage-derived IL-6-dependent pathwayCell Metab2011 13401412

    Not in our library10.1016/j.cmet.2011.02.010

  67. 67.

    Kadowaki T Yamauchi T Kubota N Hara K Ueki K Tobe K Adiponectin and adiponectin receptors in insulin resistance, diabetes, and the metabolic syndromeJ Clin Invest2006 11617841792

    Not in our library10.1172/jci29126

  68. 68.

    Hara K Horikoshi M Yamauchi T Yago H Miyazaki O Ebinuma H Imai Y Nagai R Kadowaki T Measurement of the high-molecular weight form of adiponectin in plasma is useful for the prediction of insulin resistance and metabolic syndromeDiabetes Care2006 2913571362

    Not in our library10.2337/dc05-1801

  69. 69.

    Kaser S Tatarczyk T Stadlmayr A Ciardi C Ress C Tschoner A Sandhofer A Paulweber B Ebenbichler CF Patsch JR Effect of obesity and insulin sensitivity on adiponectin isoform distributionEur J Clin Invest2008 38827834

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1365-2362.2008.02028.x

  70. 70.

    Brooks NL Moore KS Clark RD Perfetti MT Trent CM Combs TP Do low levels of circulating adiponectin represent a biomarker or just another risk factor for the metabolic syndrome?Diabetes Obes Metab2007 9246258

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1463-1326.2006.00596.x

  71. 71.

    Weiss R Dufour S Groszmann A Petersen K Dziura J Taksali SE Shulman G Caprio S Low adiponectin levels in adolescent obesity: a marker of increased intramyocellular lipid accumulationJ Clin Endocrinol Metab2003 8820142018

    Not in our library10.1210/jc.2002-021711

  72. 72.

    Matsubara M Plasma adiponectin decrease in women with nonalcoholic fatty liverEndocr J2004 51587593

    Not in our library10.1507/endocrj.51.587

  73. 73.

    Oranskiy SP Yeliseyeva LN Tsanaeva AV Zaytseva NV Body composition and serum levels of adiponectin, vascular endothelial growth factor, and interleukin-6 in patients with rheumatoid arthritisCroat Med J2012 53350356

    Not in our library10.3325/cmj.2012.53.350

  74. 74.

    Lima Marcos M Rosa Francisco J Marín A Romero-Vecchione E Adiponectina y sus efectos pleiotrópicos en el sistema cardiovascularRev Venez Endocrinol Metab2009 739

    Not in our library

  75. 75.

    Shargorodsky M Omelchenko E Matas Z Boaz M Gavish D Relation between augmentation index and adiponectin during one-year metformin treatment for nonalcoholic steatohepatosis: effects beyond glucose lowering?Cardiovasc Diabetol2012 1161

    Not in our library10.1186/1475-2840-11-61

  76. 76.

    Kubota N Terauchi Y Yamauchi T Kubota T Moroi M Matsui J Eto K Yamashita T Kamon J Satoh H Yano W Froguel P Nagai R Kimura S Kadowaki T Noda T Disruption of adiponectin casues insulin resistance and neointimal formationJ Biol Chem2002 2772586325866

    Not in our library10.1074/jbc.c200251200

  77. 77.

    Okamoto Y Kihara S Nishida M Nishida M Arita Y Kumada M Ohashi K Sakai N Shimomura I Kobayashi H Terasaka N Inaba T Funahashi T Matsuzawa Y Adiponectin reduces atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient miceCirculation2002 10627672770

    Not in our library10.1161/01.cir.0000042707.50032.19

  78. 78.

    Cnop M Havel PJ Utzschneider KM Carr DB Sinha MK Boyko EJ Retzlaff BM Knopp RH Brunzell JD Kahn SE Relationship of adiponectin to body fat distribution, insulin sensitivity and plasma lipoproteins: evidence for independent roles of age and sexDiabetologia2003 46459469

    Not in our library10.1007/s00125-003-1074-z

  79. 79.

    Tschritter O Fritsche A Thamer C Haap M Shirkavand F Rahe S Staiger H Maerker E Häring H Stumvoll M Plasma adiponectin concentrations predict insulin sensitivity of both glucose and lipid metabolismDiabetes2003 52239243

    Not in our library10.2337/diabetes.52.2.239

  80. 80.

    Ouchi N Kihara S Arita Y Maeda K Kuriyama H Okamoto Y Hotta K Nishida M Takahashi M Nakamura T Yamashita S Funahashi T Matsuzawa Y Novel modulator for endothelial adhesion molecules: adipocyte-derived plasma protein adiponectinCirculation1999 10024732476

    Not in our library10.1161/01.cir.100.25.2473

  81. 81.

    Kumada M Association of hypoadiponectinemia with coronary artery disease in menArterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol2003 238589

    Not in our library10.1161/01.atv.0000048856.22331.50

  82. 82.

    Pischon T Girman CJ Hotamisligil GS Rifai N Hu FB Rimm EB Plasma adiponectin levels and risk of myocardial infarction in menJAMA2004 29117301737

    Not in our library10.1001/jama.291.14.1730

  83. 83.

    Gil JS Drager LF Guerra-Riccio GM Mostarda C Irigoyen MC Costa-Hong V Bortolotto LA Egan BM Lopes HF The impact of metabolic syndrome on metabolic, pro-inflammatory and prothrombotic markers according to the presence of high blood pressure criterionClinics (Sao Paulo)2013 6814951501

    Not in our library10.6061/clinics/2013(12)04

  84. 84.

    Ouchi N Ohishi M Kihara S Funahashi T Nakamura T Nagaretani H Kumada M Ohashi K Okamoto Y Nishizawa H Kishida K Maeda N Nagasawa A Kobayashi H Hiraoka H Komai N Kaibe M Rakugi H Ogihara T Matsuzawa Y Association of hypoadiponectinemia with impaired vasoreactivityHypertension2003 42231234

    Not in our library10.1161/01.hyp.0000083488.67550.b8

  85. 85.

    Matsuzawa Y Shimomura I Kihara S Funahashi T Importance of adipocytokines in obesity-related diseasesHorm Res2003 60Suppl 35659

    Not in our library10.1159/000074502

  86. 86.

    Ouchi N Kihara S Arita Y Okamoto Y Maeda K Kuriyama H Hotta K Nishida M Takahashi M Muraguchi M Ohmoto Y Nakamura T Yamashita S Funahashi T Matsuzawa Y Adiponectin, an adipocyte derived plasma protein, inhibits endothelial NF-êB signaling through a camp-dependent pathwayCirculation2000 10212961301

    Not in our library10.1161/01.cir.102.11.1296

  87. 87.

    Okamoto Y Arita Y Nishida M Muraguchi M Ouchi N Takahashi M Igura T Inui Y Kihara S Nakamura T Yamashita S Miyagawa J Funahashi T Matsuzawa Y An adipocyte-derived plasma protein, adiponectin, adheres to injured vascular wallsHorm Metab Res2000 324750

    Not in our library10.1055/s-2007-978586

  88. 88.

    Ouchi N Kihara S Arita Y Nishida M Matsuyama A Okamoto Y Ishigami M Kuriyama H Kishida K Nishizawa H Hotta K Muraguchi M Ohmoto Y Yamashita S Funahashi T Matsuzawa Y Adipocyte-derived plasma protein, adiponectin, suppresses lipid accumulation and class A scavneger receptor expression in human monocyte-derived macrophagesCirculation2001 10310571063

    Not in our library10.1161/01.cir.103.8.1057

  89. 89.

    Issan Y Hochhauser E Kornowski R Leshem-Lev D Lev E Sharoni R Vanella L Puri N Laniado-Schwartzman M Abraham NG Porat E Endothelial progenitor cell function inversely correlates with long-term glucose control in diabetic patients: association with the attenuation of the heme oxygenase-adiponectin axisCan J Cardiol2012 28728736

    Not in our library10.1016/j.cjca.2012.01.013

  90. 90.

    Sarkanen JR Kaila V Mannerström B Räty S Kuokkanen H Miettinen S Ylikomi T Human adipose tissue extract induces angiogenesis and adipogenesis in vitroTissue Eng Part A2012 181–21725

    Not in our library10.1089/ten.tea.2010.0712

  91. 91.

    Huang PH Chen JS Tsai HY Chen YH Lin FY Leu HB Wu TC Lin SJ Chen JW Globular adiponectin improves high glucose-suppressed endothelial progenitor cell function through endothelial nitric oxide synthase dependent mechanismsJ Mol Cell Cardiol2011 51109119

    Not in our library10.1016/j.yjmcc.2011.03.008

  92. 92.

    Zampetaki A Kirton JP Xu Q Vascular repair by endothelial progenitor cellsCardiovasc Res2008 78413421

    Not in our library10.1093/cvr/cvn081

  93. 93.

    Xu A Wang Y Lam KS Vanhoutte PM Vascular actions of adipokines molecular mechanisms and therapeutic implicationsAdv Pharmacol2010 60229255

    Not in our library10.1016/b978-0-12-385061-4.00008-8

  94. 94.

    Al-Attas OS Hussain T Al-Daghri NM De Rosas E Kazmi U Vinodson B The relationship between a Mediterranean diet and circulating adiponectin levels is influenced by cigarette smokingJ Atheroscler Thromb2013 20313320

    Not in our library10.5551/jat.14837

  95. 95.

    Kawano J Arora R The role of adiponectin in obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseaseJ Cardiometab Syndr2009 44449

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1559-4572.2008.00030.x

  96. 96.

    Hotta K Funahashi T Arita Y Takahashi M Matsuda M Okamoto Y Iwahashi H Kuriyama H Ouchi N Maeda K Nishida M Kihara S Sakai N Nakajima T Hasegawa K Muraguchi M Ohmoto Y Nakamura T Yamashita S Hanafusa T Matsuzawa Y Plasma concentrations of a novel, adipose-specific protein, adiponectin, in type 2 diabetic patientsArterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol2000 2015951599

    Not in our library10.1161/01.atv.20.6.1595

  97. 97.

    Balagopal P George D Yarandi H Funanage V Bayne E Reversal of obesity-related hypoadiponectinemia by lifestyle intervention – a controlled randomized study in obese adolescentsJ Clin Endocrinol Metab2005 9061926197

    Not in our library10.1210/jc.2004-2427

  98. 98.

    Monzillo LU Hamdy O Horton ES Ledbury S Mullooly C Jarema C Porter S Ovalle K Moussa A Mantzoros CS Effect of lifestyle modification on adipokine levels in obese subjects with insulin resistanceObes Res2003 1110481054

    Not in our library10.1038/oby.2003.144

  99. 99.

    Kriketos AD Gan SK Poynten AM Furler SM Chisholm DJ Campbell LV Exercise increases adiponectin levels and insulin sensitivity in humansDiabetes Care2004 27629630

    Not in our library10.2337/diacare.27.2.629

  100. 100.

    Silva FM De Almeida JC Feoli AM Effect of diet on adiponectin levels in bloodNutr Rev2011 69599612

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1753-4887.2011.00414.x

  101. 101.

    Mantzoros CS Williams CJ Manson JE Meigs JB Hu FB Adherence to the Mediterranean dietary pattern is positively associated with plasma adiponectin concentrations in diabetic womenAm J Clin Nutr2006 84328335

    Not in our library10.1093/ajcn/84.1.328

  102. 102.

    Williams CJ Fargnoli JL Hwang JJ Van Dam RM Blackburn GL Hu FB Mantzoros CS Coffee consumption is associated with higher plasma adiponectin concentrations in women with or without type 2 diabetes: a prospective cohort studyDiabetes Care2008 31504507

    Not in our library10.2337/dc07-1952

  103. 103.

    Schmid PM Resch M Schach C Birner C Riegger GA Luchner A Endemann DH Antidiabetic treatment restores adiponectin serum levels and APPL1 expression, but does not improve adiponectin-induced vasodilation and endothelial dysfunction in Zucker diabetic fatty ratsCardiovasc Diabetol2013 1246

    Not in our library10.1186/1475-2840-12-46

  104. 104.

    Yu JG Javorschi S Hevener AL Kruszynska YT Norman RA Sinha M Olefsky JM The effect of thiazolidinediones on plasma adiponectin levels in normal, obese, and type 2 diabetic subjectsDiabetes2002 5129682974

    Not in our library10.2337/diabetes.51.10.2968

  105. 105.

    Tripathy D Clement SC Schwenke DC Banerji M Bray GA Buchanan TA Gastaldelli A Henry RR Kitabchi AE Mudaliar S Ratner RE Stentz FB Musi N Reaven PD Defronzo RA Baseline adiponectin levels do not influence the response to pioglitazone in ACT NOWDiabetes Care2014 Apr 4. [Epub ahead of print]

    Not in our library10.2337/dc13-1745

  106. 106.

    Lu CJ Sun Y Muo CH Chen RC Chen PC Hsu CY Risk of stroke with thiazolidinediones: a ten-year nationwide population-based cohort studyCerebrovasc Dis2013 36145151

    Not in our library10.1159/000353679

  107. 107.

    Gallagher AM Smeeth L Seabroke S Leufkens HG Van Staa TP Risk of death and cardiovascular outcomes with thiazolidinediones: a study with the general practice research database and secondary care dataPLoS One2011 612e28157

    Not in our library10.1371/journal.pone.0028157

  108. 108.

    Tsunekawa T Hayashi T Suzuki Y Matsui-Hirai H Kano H Fukatsu A Nomura N Miyazaki A Iguchi A Plasma adiponectin plays an important role in improving insulin resistance with glimepiride in elderly type 2 diabetic subjectsDiabetes Care2003 26285289

    Not in our library10.2337/diacare.26.2.285

  109. 109.

    Tenenbaum A Fisman EZ Boyko V Benderly M Tanne D Haim M Matas Z Motro M Behar S Attenuation of progression of insulin resistance in patients with coronary artery disease by bezafibrateArch Intern Med2006 166737741

    Not in our library10.1001/archinte.166.7.737

  110. 110.

    Tenenbaum H Behar S Boyko V Adler Y Fisman EZ Tanne D Lapidot M Schwammenthal E Feinberg M Matas Z Motro M Tenenbaum A Long-term effect of bezafibrate on pancreatic beta-cell function and insulin resistance in patients with diabetesAtherosclerosis2007 194265271

    Not in our library10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2006.08.005

  111. 111.

    Hiuge A Tenenbaum A Maeda N Benderly M Kumada M Fisman EZ Tanne D Matas Z Hibuse T Fujita K Nishizawa H Adler Y Motro M Kihara S Shimomura I Behar S Funahashi T Effects of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ligands, bezafibrate and fenofibrate, on adiponectin levelArterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol2007 27635641

    Not in our library10.1161/01.atv.0000256469.06782.d5

  112. 112.

    Sahebkar A Watts GF Fibrate therapy and circulating adiponectin concentrations: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trialsAtherosclerosis2013 230110120

    Not in our library10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.06.026

  113. 113.

    Han SH Quon MJ Kim JA Koh KK Adiponectin and cardiovascular disease: response to therapeutic interventionsJ Am Coll Cardiol2007 49531538

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jacc.2006.08.061

  114. 114.

    Koh KK Quon MJ Han SH Chung WJ Lee Y Shin EK Anti-inflammatory and metabolic effects of candesartan in hypertensive patientsInt J Cardiol2006 10896100

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ijcard.2005.07.040

  115. 115.

    Furuhashi M Ura N Higashiura K Murakami H Tanaka M Moniwa N Yoshida D Shimamoto K Blockade of the renin-angiotensin system increases adiponectin concentrations in patients with essential hypertensionHypertension2003 427681

    Not in our library10.1161/01.hyp.0000078490.59735.6e

  116. 116.

    Guo Z Zhang R Li J Xu G Effect of telmisartan on the expression of adiponectin receptors and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase in the heart and aorta in type 2 diabetic ratsCardiovasc Diabetol2012 1194

    Not in our library10.1186/1475-2840-11-94

  117. 117.

    Suzuki H Sakamoto M Hayashi T Iuchi H Ohashi K Isaka T Sakamoto N Kayama Y Tojo K Yoshimura M Utsunomiya K Effects of co-administration of candesartan with pioglitazone on inflammatory parameters in hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a preliminary reportCardiovasc Diabetol2013 1271

    Not in our library10.1186/1475-2840-12-71

  118. 118.

    Sharma AM Janke J Gorzelniak K Engeli S Luft FC Angiotensin blockade prevents type 2 diabetes by formation of fat cellsHypertension2002 40609611

    Not in our library10.1161/01.hyp.0000036448.44066.53

  119. 119.

    Schupp M Janke J Clasen R Unger T Kintscher U Angiotensin type 1 receptor blockers induce peroxisome proliferators-activated- activityCirculation2004 10920542057

    Not in our library10.1161/01.cir.0000127955.36250.65

  120. 120.

    Xu A Wang H Hoo RL Sweeney G Vanhoutte PM Wang Y Wu D Chu W Qin G Lam KS Selective elevation of adiponectin production by the natural compounds derived from a medicinal herb alleviates insulin resistance and glucose intolerance in obese miceEndocrinology2009 150625633

    Not in our library10.1210/en.2008-0999

  121. 121.

    Hui X Lam KS Vanhoutte PM Xu A Adiponectin and cardiovascular health: an updateBr J Pharmacol2012 165574590

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01395.x

  122. 122.

    Elkayam A Peleg E Grossman E Shabtay Z Sharabi Y Effects of allicin on cardiovascular risk factors in spontaneously hypertensive ratsIsr Med Assoc J2013 15170173

    Not in our library

  123. 123.

    Ogawa Y Kikuchi T Nagasaki K Hiura M Tanaka Y Uchiyama M Usefulness of serum adiponectin level as a diagnostic marker of metabolic syndrome in obese Japanese childrenHypertens Res2005 285157

    Not in our library10.1291/hypres.28.51

  124. 124.

    Tvarijonaviciute A Martínez-Subiela S Ceron JJ Validation of 2 commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for adiponectin determination in canine serum samplesCan J Vet Res2010 74279285

    Not in our library

  125. 125.

    Tremblay M Loucif Y Methot J Brisson D Gaudet D Salivary pH as a marker of plasma adiponectin concentrations in womenDiabetol Metab Syndr2012 44

    Not in our library10.1186/1758-5996-4-4

  126. 126.

    Mamali I Roupas ND Armeni AK Theodoropoulou A Markou KB Georgopoulos NA Measurement of salivary resistin, visfatin and adiponectin levelsPeptides2012 33120124

    Not in our library10.1016/j.peptides.2011.11.007

  127. 127.

    Thanakun S Watanabe H Thaweboon S Izumi Y An effective technique for the processing of saliva for the analysis of leptin and adiponectinPeptides2013 476065

    Not in our library10.1016/j.peptides.2013.06.010

  128. 128.

    Jeon WS Park JW Lee N Park SE Rhee EJ Lee WY Oh KW Park SW Park CY Youn BS Urinary adiponectin concentration is positively associated with micro- and macro-vascular complicationsCardiovasc Diabetol2013 12137

    Not in our library10.1186/1475-2840-12-137

  129. 129.

    Jung CH Kim BY Kim CH Kang SK Jung SH Mok JO Association of serum adipocytokine levels with cardiac autonomic neuropathy in type 2 diabetic patientsCardiovasc Diabetol2012 1124

    Not in our library10.1186/1475-2840-11-24

  130. 130.

    Okamoto Y Kihara S Funahashi T Matsuzawa Y Libby P Adiponectin: a key adipocytokine in metabolic syndromeClin Sci (Lond)2006 110267278

    Not in our library10.1042/cs20050182

  131. 131.

    Fisman EZ Adler Y Tenenbaum A Biomarkers in cardiovascular diabetology: interleukins and matrixinsAdv Cardiol2008 454464

    Not in our library10.1159/000115187

  132. 132.

    Lin HV Kim JY Pocai A Rossetti L Shapiro L Scherer PE Accili D Adiponectin resistance exacerbates insulin resistance in insulin receptor transgenic/knockout miceDiabetes2007 5619691976

    Not in our library10.2337/db07-0127

  133. 133.

    Okada-Iwabu M Yamauchi T Iwabu M Honma T Hamagami K Matsuda K Yamaguchi M Tanabe H Kimura-Someya T Shirouzu M Ogata H Tokuyama K Ueki K Nagano T Tanaka A Yokoyama S Kadowaki T A small-molecule AdipoR agonist for type 2 diabetes and short life in obesityNature2013 503493499

    Not in our library10.1038/nature12656

  134. 134.

    Parker-Duffen JL Nakamura K Silver M Kikuchi R Tigges U Yoshida S Denzel MS Ranscht B Walsh K T-cadherin is essential for adiponectin-mediated revascularizationJ Biol Chem2013 2882488624897

    Not in our library10.1074/jbc.m113.454835

  135. 135.

    Parker-Duffen JL Walsh K Cardiometabolic effects of adiponectinBest Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab2014 288191

    Not in our library10.1016/j.beem.2013.09.001

  136. 136.

    Tyrberg B Miles P Azizian KT Denzel MS Nieves ML Monosov EZ Levine F Ranscht B T-cadherin (Cdh13) in association with pancreatic β-cell granules contributes to second phase insulin secretionIslets2011 3327337

    Not in our library10.4161/isl.3.6.17705

  137. 137.

    Morisaki H Yamanaka I Iwai N Miyamoto Y Kokubo Y Okamura T Okayama A Morisaki T CDH13 gene coding T-cadherin influences variations in plasma adiponectin levels in the Japanese populationHum Mutat2012 33402410

    Not in our library10.1002/humu.21652

  138. 138.

    Danese E Montagnana M Sjögren M Almgren P Guidi GC Hedblad B Engström G Lechi A Minuz P Melander O A variant upstream of the CDH13 adiponectin receptor gene and metabolic syndrome in SwedesAm J Cardiol2011 10814321437

    Not in our library10.1016/j.amjcard.2011.06.068

  139. 139.

    Philippova M Joshi MB Pfaff D Kyriakakis E Maslova K Erne P Resink TJ T-cadherin attenuates insulin-dependent signalling, eNOS activation, and angiogenesis in vascular endothelial cellsCardiovasc Res2012 93498507

    Not in our library10.1093/cvr/cvs004

  140. 140.

    Denzel MS Scimia MC Zumstein PM Walsh K Ruiz-Lozano P Ranscht B T-cadherin is critical for adiponectin-mediated cardioprotection in miceJ Clin Invest2010 12043424352

    Not in our library10.1172/jci43464

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