Skip to content
naulon
Get started

No retraction, correction or concern found when last checked on Oct 19, 2026.

Breastfeeding promotion interventions and breastfeeding practices: a systematic review

Sarah Haroon, Jai K Das, Rehana A Salam and 2 more

BMC Public Health · 2013 · Systematic review

doi:10.1186/1471-2458-13-s3-s20

Abstract

Introduction. Exclusive Breastfeeding (EBF) rates remain low in both low-income and high-income countries despite World Health Organization recommendations for EBF till 6 months. Breastfeeding has been shown to have a protective effect against gastrointestinal infections, among other benefits. Large-scale interventions focusing on educating mothers about breastfeeding have the potential to increase breastfeeding prevalence, especially EBF, up to recommended standards and also to decrease infant morbidity.

Methods. A systematic literature search was conducted for RCTs and quasi-experimental studies comparing breastfeeding education or support to routine care. The effect of interventions was observed for exclusive, predominant, partial and no breastfeeding rates. The time intervals of interest were day 1, <1 month, and 1 to 5 months. Outcome-specific evidence was graded according to the Child Health Epidemiology Reference Group (CHERG) rules using the adapted Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) criteria and recommendations were made from studies in developing countries for inclusion into the Lives Saved Tool (LiST) model.

Results. After reviewing 4600 abstracts, 372 studies were selected for full text screening and 110 of these studies were finally included. Statistically significant increases in EBF rates as a result of breastfeeding promotion interventions were observed: 43% at day 1, 30% at <1 month, and 90% at 1-5 months. Rates of ‘no breastfeeding’ reduced by 32% at 1 day, 30% at <1 month, and 18% at 1-5 months. The effect of interventions on the rates of predominant and partial breastfeeding were non-significant.

Conclusion. Breastfeeding education and/or support increased EBF rates and decreased no breastfeeding rates at birth, <1 month and 1-5 months. Combined individual and group counseling appeared to be superior to individual or group counseling alone. Interventions in developing countries had a greater impact than those in developed countries.

Full text

From PubMed Central, U.S. National Library of Medicine, as current on Oct 19, 2026. Paragraph numbers are ours, so an answer can point at one.

Introduction

The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) to infants till 6 months of age to achieve optimum growth. Despite this, EBF remains uncommon in most countries, even in countries with high rates of breastfeeding initiation. In the developing world, one out of every three children is exclusively breastfed for the first six months of life, though considerable variation exists across regions. Recent data shows that the prevalence of EBF in developing countries has increased from 33% in 1995 to just 39% in 2010. These figures were based on 66 countries covering 74% of the developing world population. The prevalence of EBF increased in almost all regions in the developing world, with a major improvement seen in West and Central Africa where the prevalence doubled from 12% to 28%, while more modest improvements were observed in South Asia where the increase was from 40% in 1995 to 45% in 2010. A recent WHO report shows that the median coverage of EBF has increased from 26% in 2000-2005 to 40% in 2006-2011 in the 48 Countdown countries.

EBF has protective effects against gastrointestinal infection and the high incidence of morbidity and mortality from gastrointestinal infection in developing countries demands large-scale interventions to increase breastfeeding prevalence and exclusivity as evidence shows that “no breast feeding” is associated with a significant 165% increase in diarrhoea incidence in 0-5 month old infants and a 32% increase in 6-11 month old infants.

Lack of knowledge and confidence were found as the main reasons among mothers for less than optimum breastfeeding duration. Perception of insufficient milk and work outside the home were cited as common reasons for premature weaning or not breast-feeding exclusively. Pediatricians, nurses, midwives and lay counselors should therefore actively promote and educate, while taking into account mothers’ situational limitations.

Strategies that have been successful in increasing breastfeeding rates are the Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI), and the use of peer counselors in settings where home deliveries are predominant. Large-scale interventions including the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) program in developing countries, which have shown to improve feeding practices and reduced growth faltering. Other strategies that have been employed to increase education include mother-to-mother support and contact with lay counselors or trained personnel via home visits or telephone-based support. These interventions may be carried out in a one-to-one counseling session or may occur in a group setting or peer support groups. Apart from interactive counseling strategies, large-scale awareness programs have also been launched via mass, electronic and print media.

Several reviews on the effect of educational interventions to increase breastfeeding have been conducted. A review by Chapman et al found that peer counselors effectively improved breastfeeding initiation, duration and exclusivity. A recent Cochrane review by Lumbiganon et al found that peer counseling, lactation consultation and formal BF education during pregnancy increased BF duration. The review conducted by Imdad et al concludes that EBF rates rose significantly as a result of educational interventions, with a greater effect observed in developing countries. We in this review have updated the previous review by Imdad et al to include the studies published after the last search date and have in addition expanded it to examine the effect of these interventions beyond EBF to include predominant, partial and no breastfeeding rates. We have reviewed and evaluated the quality of included studies according to the Child Health Epidemiology Reference Group (CHERG) adaptation of Grading of Recommendations, Assessments, Development and Education (GRADE) criteria.

Methods

We searched published literature from PubMed, Medline, Cochrane Library, EMBASE and WHO regional databases to identify studies examining the effects of interventions to promote breastfeeding on breastfeeding rates; exclusive, predominant, partial or no breastfeeding. We used the Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) Terms and keywords in various combinations. No language or date restrictions were employed in the electronic searches. Two authors independently assessed the eligibility using pre-defined inclusion and exclusion criteria and performed data extraction. Any discrepancies between the reviewers in either the decision of inclusion or exclusion of studies or in data extraction were resolved by discussion aimed at reaching consensus. If two or more studies presented data for the same population during the same time period, the most applicable study based on methods and analysis was included in the meta-analyses.

Inclusion criteria

We selected studies that were either randomized controlled trials (RCTs) or quasi-experimental trials. Studies with community- or facility-based interventions were included. The type of interventions included were those that offered education and/or support given to mothers through counselors (lay counselors and health professionals), and in either individual or group sessions, or a combination of both. All studies where intervention (education/support) was given either in prenatal, postnatal, or combined prenatal and postnatal periods, were included. Studies were included irrespective of the mode of delivery, whether vaginal or cesarean. For non-English articles, we primarily relied on the abstracts but did not translate the entire article into English. If the desired outcome was not present in the abstract, the study was excluded.

Exclusion criteria

We excluded studies that had before-after study designs, or were cohort and cross-sectional studies. All studies in which interventions were given specifically to preterm/very preterm babies, low birth weight/very low birth weight babies, babies with prenatal disease, born to drug-using mothers or babies in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) were excluded. Other interventions for promotion of breastfeeding like skin-to-skin contact or delayed pacifier use with the goal of decreasing ambivalence and resistance toward sustained breastfeeding were excluded.

Abstraction, analysis and summary measure

For the studies that met the final inclusion criteria, double data abstraction was done describing study identifiers and context, study design and limitations, intervention specifics and outcome effects into a standardized abstraction form as detailed in the CHERG Systematic Review Guidelines. Each study was assessed and graded according to the CHERG adaptation of the GRADE technique.

Quantitative data synthesis

For any outcome with more than one study, we conducted a meta-analysis using Revman 5.2 and reported the Mantel-Haenszel pooled relative risk (RR) and corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI). Heterogeneity was assessed by a low P value (less than 0.1) or a large chi-squared statistic relative to its degree of freedom. The I2 values were also examined, and a value greater than 50% was interpreted as representing substantial and high heterogeneity, where causes were explored and the random effects model used.

Subgroup analyses were also done for studies; group vs. individual counseling, community based interventions vs. facility based interventions, and developing countries vs. developed countries. We summarized the evidence by outcome, including qualitative assessments of study quality and quantitative measures, according to the standard guidelines. A grade of “high”, “moderate”, “low” and “very low” was used for grading the overall evidence indicating the strength of an effect on specific health outcome according to the CHERG Rules for Evidence Review.

Outcomes and definitions

We have specified breastfeeding outcomes according to the categories of breastfeeding defined by the WHO. The outcomes of interest included ‘EBF’, ‘Predominant breastfeeding’, ‘Partial breastfeeding’ and ‘No breastfeeding’ rates at day 1, <1 month and 1-5 months age.

‘EBF’ was defined as the child receiving only breast milk (including milk expressed or from a wet nurse) and no other type of milk or solids but could include vitamins, drops of other medicines and oral rehydration therapy (ORT). ‘Predominant breastfeeding’ was defined as the infant having breast milk as the predominant source of nourishment; however, the infant may also have received liquids (water and water-based drinks, fruit juice), ritual fluids and ORT, drops or syrups (vitamins, minerals and medicines). ‘Partial breastfeeding’ was defined as giving a baby some breastfeeds, and some artificial feeds, either milk or cereal, or other food. ‘No breastfeeding’ was defined as infants receiving no breast milk at all.

The time intervals of interest; day 1, <1 month and 1-5 months, were selected. “Day 1” was intended to refer to the early postpartum period and was extended to include time at hospital discharge provided it occurred at approximately the routine 48-hours postpartum. Where more than one data point was presented during this time period in a study, the earlier one was selected. The time interval “<1 month” included the time beginning from the end of the early postpartum period to 30 days. The time interval “1-5 months” included the beginning of the 2nd month to the end of 6 months. Breastfeeding rates after 6 months were recorded if they were reported in studies. For each of these time intervals, when multiple data for outcomes belonging to the same time interval were presented, the later data point was selected.

We performed subgroup analyses based on the types of counseling. “Individual counseling” was defined as interventions which solely had individual counseling and included one-on-one education or social support via home visits or telephone support. “Group counseling”, was defined as interventions with solely group counseling, including education or support sessions, discussions or classes in groups directed at mothers or other family members. “Individual and group counseling” included those studies that used interventions involving both individual and group counseling.

Subgroup analyses were also done based on the level of care. “Community-based interventions” included studies that had interventions conducted solely at the community level, in the form of care given at the home or in community and village centers, or disbursed throughout the community as an awareness program. “Facility-based interventions” was defined as interventions conducted solely at the facility level, including hospitals (such as the BFHI) and outpatient clinics or involving follow-up with facility-based professionals in the form of telephone calls. “Facility- and community-based interventions” included those studies that used interventions that were conducted at both the facility and community level.

Subgroup analyses were also conducted based on the country in which the intervention took place. The World Bank list of economies was used to classify developing (low-income and middle-income) and developed (high-income) countries.

Results

We conducted the search on October 5, 2012 and updated it on November 27, 2012. We screened 4600 titles and abstracts identified through literature searches and contacts with subject area experts. Of these, we reviewed 372 papers and included 110 in our final database (Figure 1). These studies included 63 RCTs and 47 quasi-experimental studies. Of these studies, 78 had individual counseling, 14 had group counseling, and 19 studies had both individual and group counseling. 21 of these studies were done in community, 46 in facility while 43 were both community- and facility-based. 34 studies were conducted in developing countries and 76 in developed countries.

Various educational interventions were employed by the included studies; counseling during home visits was used in 39 studies, peer counseling in 18 studies and peer support groups in three studies. 30 studies used telephonic counseling and two studies used Internet or software-based educational programs. 16 studies used formal educational classes and 15 studies used in-hospital counseling. There were three studies that used counseling of fathers as the primary intervention.

Exclusive breastfeeding rates

In Table 1, we report the quality assessment of breastfeeding promotion intervention on EBF. A total of 66 studies were included for this outcome. 27 of 66 studies were conducted in developing countries. Overall, educational interventions significantly increased EBF rates at day 1 by 43% (RR: 1.43, 95% CI: 1.09-1.87), at <1 month by 30% (RR: 1.30, 95% CI: 1.19-1.42) and at 1-5 months by 90% (RR: 1.90, 95% CI: 1.54-2.34) (Figure 2).

At day 1, subgroup analyses showed that individual counseling alone led to a 60% increase (RR: 1.60, 95% CI: 1.04-2.48) while the effects of group counseling alone or combined individual and group counseling were non-significant. Subgroup analyses for the level of care showed that results were significant only for facility-based interventions. In developing countries, these interventions led to an increase of 157% (RR: 2.57, 95%CI: 1.39-4.77) whereas a non-significant effect was demonstrated in developed countries.

For the <1 month interval, subgroup analyses showed that the effects of individual counseling and combined individual and group counseling were significant, with increases of 31% and 27% respectively. Facility-based interventions were found to increase EBF rates significantly by 26% (RR: 1.26, 95% CI: 1.11-1.43) and combined facility and community based interventions showed significant increase of 31% (RR: 1.31, 95%CI: 1.14-1.50). The effects were significant for both developing and developed countries at 35% (RR: 1.35, 95% CI: 1.15-1.58) and 26% (RR: 1.26, 95% CI: 1.13-1.41) respectively.

At 1-5 months, subgroup analyses showed that both individual and group counseling alone had significant impacts at 90% (RR: 1.90, 95% CI: 1.54-2.34) and 80% (RR: 1.80, 95% CI: 1.18-2.74), respectively. Combined individual and group counseling led to an increase of 101% (RR: 2.01, 95% CI: 1.43-2.82), Subgroup analyses for level of care revealed that both community and facility-based care had significant results at 159% (RR: 2.59, 95% CI: 1.80-3.73) and 87% (RR: 1.87, 95% CI: 1.26-2.78) respectively and the effect of combined facility- and community-based care was an increase of 47% (RR: 1.47, 95% CI: 1.08-1.99). Interventions in developing countries led to a significant increase of 188% (RR: 2.88, 95% CI 2.11-3.93), while the impact was non-significant for developed countries.

Predominant breastfeeding rates

In Table 2, we report the quality assessment of breastfeeding promotion intervention on predominant breast feeding. 13 studies had reported this outcome and eight of these were conducted in developing countries. Overall, educational interventions had a non-significant effect on predominant breastfeeding rates at <1 month (RR: 0.66, 95% CI: 0.43, 1.01) and at 1-5 months (RR: 1.08, 95%CI: 0.55, 2.13) (Figure 3), while there were no studies reporting predominant breastfeeding rates at day 1. Subgroup analysis also did not show significant findings for any of the subgroups.

Partial breastfeeding rates

In Table 2, we report the quality assessment of breastfeeding promotion intervention on partial breast feeding. 24 studies reported outcomes of partial breastfeeding, of which ten were conducted in developing countries. Overall, educational interventions had a non-significant effect on partial breastfeeding rates at day 1 (RR: 1.21 95% CI: 0.79, 1.87), at <1 month (RR: 0.88 95% CI: 0.72, 1.08) and at 1-5 months (RR: 0.87, 95%CI: 0.75, 1.02) intervals (Figure 4).

For the subgroup analysis based on the level of care, combined facility and community-based interventions had a significant reduction of 66% (RR: 0.34, 95% CI: 0.13-0.93) at <1 month duration. Findings from all other subgroups were non-significant.

‘No breastfeeding’ rates

In Table 3, we report the quality assessment of breastfeeding promotion intervention on ‘no breast feeding’. Of the 97 papers reporting this particular outcome, 23 were from developing countries. Overall, educational interventions significantly decreased rates of no breastfeeding by 32% at day 1 (RR: 0.68, 95% CI: 0.54-0.87), 30% (RR: 0.70, 95% CI: 0.62-0.80) at <1 month and 18% (RR: 0.82, 95% CI: 0.77-0.89) at 1-5 months intervals (Figure 5).

At day 1, subgroup analyses for type of counseling revealed that group counseling alone resulted in a 43% reduction (RR: 0.57, 95% CI: 0.41-0.80) and individual counseling alone led to a 27% reduction (RR: 0.73, 95% CI: 0.55-0.96). The effect of combined individual and group counseling was non-significant. Only facility-based interventions led to a significant reduction of 52% (RR: 0.48, 95% CI: 0.34-0.69); the effects of community-based and combined facility- and community-based interventions were non-significant. Interventions in both developing and developed countries had significant results, with reduction of 42% (RR: 0.58, 95% CI: 0.44-0.78) and 27% (RR: 0.73, 95% CI: 0.57-0.95), respectively.

At <1 month, subgroup analyses for type of counseling showed that combined individual and group counseling resulted in a 34% decrease (RR: 0.66, 95% CI: 0.51-0.87), individual counseling alone resulted in a 29% decrease (RR: 0.71, 95% CI: 0.61-0.84) and group counseling alone led to a 29% decrease (RR: 0.71, 95% CI: 0.51-0.99). In the subgroup analyses for level of care, the effects of facility-based interventions and combined facility- and community-based interventions were 32% (RR: 0.68, 95% CI: 0.56-0.83) and 33% (RR: 0.67, 95% CI: 0.54-0.83) respectively. The effects of community-based interventions were non-significant. Developing countries showed a reduction of 49% (RR: 0.51, 95% CI: 0.29-0.90) and in developed countries there was a reduction of 29% (RR: 0.71, 95% CI: 0.62-0.81).

For the 1-5 months interval, subgroup analyses showed statistically significant reduction in ‘no breastfeeding’ rates for combined individual and group counseling with a reduction of 32% (RR: 0.68, 95% CI: 0.50-0.92), individual counseling alone with a reduction of 14% (RR: 0.86, 95% CI: 0.79-0.94), and group counseling alone with a reduction of 24% (RR: 0.76, 95% CI: 0.63-0.91). Facility-based and combined facility- and community-based interventions led to significant reduction of 18% (RR: 0.82, 95% CI: 0.75-0.89) and 17% (RR: 0.83, 95% CI: 0.75-0.93), respectively; however, results for community based interventions were non-significant. The effect of educational interventions in both developing and developed countries were significant at 44% (RR: 0.56, 95% CI: 0.45-0.69) and 12% (RR: 0.88, 95% CI: 0.82-0.95) respectively.

Beyond 6 months

Beyond 6 months, data was available from 11 studies for exclusive, partial and no breastfeeding rates. At 6-12 months, a 19% increase in partial breastfeeding rates was demonstrated, which was significant (RR: 1.19, 95% CI: 1.12-1.26). The effect of interventions was non-significant for both exclusive and no breastfeeding rates.

Recommendations for LiST model

Considering only the estimates from studies conducted in developing countries (Table 4), we propose that educational interventions increase EBF rates at day 1 by 157% (RR: 2.57 95% CI: 1.39, 4.77), at <1 month by 35% (RR: 1.35, 95% CI: 1.15, 1.58) and at 1-5 months by 188% (RR: 2.88, 95% CI: 2.11, 3.93). For predominant and partial breastfeeding rates, results were non-significant for all age durations. For ‘no breastfeeding’ we propose that educational interventions are associated with a reduction of 42% (RR: 0.58, 95% CI: 0.44, 0.78) at day 1, 49% (RR: 0.51, 95% CI: 0.29, 0.90) for <1 month and 44% (RR: 0.56, 95% CI: 0.45, 0.69) for 1-5 month ages.

Discussion

In this systematic review we summarized the effect of educational interventions to promote breastfeeding. We specifically examined the effect of these interventions on the various categories of breastfeeding, i.e. exclusive, predominant, partial breastfeeding and no breastfeeding, at day 1, <1 month, and 1-5 months. We also observed the prevalence of breastfeeding beyond 6 months if any study had reported outcomes in this age range.

EBF rates appeared to increase as a result of breastfeeding promotion interventions by 43% at day 1, by 30% till 1 month, and by 90% from 1-5 months (low outcome-specific quality of evidence). Significant reduction in rates of no breastfeeding were observed for the same time intervals, i.e. by 32% at day 1, by 30% till 1 month, and by 18% from 1-5 months (low outcome-specific quality of evidence). The overall effects of these interventions on predominant and partial breastfeeding rates were non-significant (moderate outcome-specific quality of evidence).

Combined individual and group counseling was found more effective than individual or group counseling alone. Overall, facility and combined facility- and community-based interventions led to greater improvements in breastfeeding rates, except for EBF at 1-5 months when the greatest increase resulted from community-based interventions. The effects of interventions in developing countries were greater than those observed in developed countries, i.e. increases in EBF rates of 35% compared to 26% at <1 month. At day 1 and at 1-5 months, the effects of interventions in developing countries on EBF rates were increases of 157% and 188%, respectively, whereas results for developed countries were non-significant. Reduction in ‘no breastfeeding’ rates of 42% were demonstrated in developing countries compared to 27% in developed countries at day 1, 49% compared to 29% at <1 month, and 44% compared to 12% at 1-5 months. Beyond 6 months, educational interventions had no significant effect except increasing rates of partial breastfeeding by 19% (moderate outcome-specific quality of evidence).

One of the limitations of this review is that the methodology of the RCTs included, indicated an unclear or high risk of bias as most RCTs demonstrated unclear blinding and/or allocation concealment. As quasi-experimental trials were also included, most of which did not employ blinding, this limited the quality of the evidence. Not only was there methodological heterogeneity across studies based on study design, clinical heterogeneity was also observed due to variations in types of intervention and the duration of the intervention, target population (differences in income and education), outcome definitions (‘fully’ breastfeeding interpreted as EBF but possibly including predominant BF) and different time intervals for follow-up. There were also differences in exposure to intervention, e.g. in the availability of a breastfeeding support telephone service, all the mothers in the intervention group did not choose to use the service. To investigate the subsequent statistical heterogeneity, we performed subgroup analyses to identify the cause. The random effects model was used to address this heterogeneity when it could not be explained. Criteria for recall of infant feeding practices for mothers were also variable, e.g. ranging from ‘continuous EBF from birth’ to ‘EBF in last 24 hours’.

Other reviews on the subject include a Cochrane review on antenatal education for increasing breastfeeding duration, which examined specific types of breastfeeding education and compared multiple methods with a single method of education. Peer counseling, lactation consultation and formal BF education during pregnancy were found to increase BF duration. Though we have included interventions given both during the antenatal and postpartum periods, our findings are similar with respect to the effectiveness of individual and group counseling, or individual counseling alone. Our findings are also similar to the previous review, which concluded that educational interventions increased EBF rates at 4-6 weeks and at 6 months, and the review by Chapman et al, which specifically examined studies with peer counseling programs and found that in the majority of studies peer counselors improved rates of breastfeeding initiation, duration and exclusivity.

We observed a statistically significant increase in EBF rates as well as a reduction in no breastfeeding rates at all measured time intervals till 6 months of age as a result of promotional interventions for breastfeeding. This corresponds with the messages in many interventions, which promote EBF till the age of 6 months in compliance with WHO recommendations. A general effect of reduction of predominant and partial breastfeeding rates was demonstrated at day 1, <1 month and 1-5 months, however results were broadly non-significant. This finding may be explained by the rise of EBF as mothers realize the importance of not introducing formula or non-nutritional water-based foods early in the life of the infant. One exception to this pattern was the significant increase in partial breastfeeding rates of 325% (RR 4.25, CI 1.43-12.61) in the community-based interventions subgroup at day 1, comprising a single quasi-experimental study.

The impact was greater in developing countries when compared to developed countries. This could be because in less developed health systems, routine breastfeeding education in-hospital or follow-up home visits from public health nurses are less common than in the developed world leading to gaps in mothers’ knowledge of breastfeeding. These mothers may benefit more after any educational intervention. Breastfeeding is also socially accepted as the norm in many cultures in developing countries, which would make mothers more eager to breastfeed after counseling. Mothers in developed countries may have increases in breastfeeding rates of lower magnitude due to wider availability of formula, work constraints and social perceptions.

Both individual and group counseling markedly increased the rates of exclusive breastfeeding, with combined individual and group counseling having the greatest effect from 1-5 months of age with a 101% increase. Combined individual and group counseling also led to a greater decrease in no breastfeeding rates, of 34% till 1 month and 32% for 1-5 months, than individual or group counseling alone. Receiving the combination of one-on-one educational sessions with group sessions may be the ideal combination for women as a motivating strategy to continue breastfeeding.

Observing the success of educational strategies for promoting breastfeeding in developing countries, we should consider introducing these strategies on a large scale, utilizing both facility-based care and resources at the community level. These interventions should involve well-timed individual counseling along with group sessions for helping mothers achieve the goal of EBF till 6 months and continued BF till two years of life.

Conclusion

Breastfeeding education and/or support increased EBF rates and decreased no breastfeeding rates at birth, <1 month and 1-5 months. Combined individual and group counseling appeared to be superior to individual or group counseling alone. Interventions in developing countries had a greater impact than those in developed countries. These interventions have the potential to obtain optimum breast feeding practices and should be scaled up.

Competing interests

We do not have any financial or non-financial competing interests for this review. The publications costs for this paper are from a grant from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation to the US Fund for UNICEF (grant 43386 to "Promote evidence-based decision making in designing maternal, neonatal, and child health interventions in low- and middle-income countries”).

Authors' contributions

Dr ZAB was responsible for designing the review and coordinating the review. SH, JKD, AI and RAS were responsible for: data collection, screening the search results, screening retrieved papers against inclusion criteria, appraising quality of papers, abstracting data from papers, entering data into RevMan, analysis and interpretation of data and writing the review. ZAB, RAS and JKD critically reviewed and modified the manuscript.

References 130

  1. 1.

    WHOThe optimal duration of exclusive breastfeeding: report of an expert consultation2001 Geneva, Switzerland: World Health OrganizationAvailable from: http://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/infantfeeding/WHO_NHD_01.09/en/index.html

    Not in our library

  2. 2.

    Dimond HJ Ashworth A Infant feeding practices in Kenya, Mexico and Malaysia. The rarity of the exclusively breast-fed infantHum Nutr Appl Nutr1987 4115164Epub 1987/02/01. PubMed PMID: 3558008

    Not in our library

  3. 3.

    Perez-Escamilla R Breastfeeding in Africa and the Latin American and Caribbean region: the potential role of urbanizationJ Trop Pediatr1994 40313743Epub 1994/06/01. PubMed PMID: 8078111

    Not in our library10.1093/tropej/40.3.137

  4. 4.

    UNICEFA Report Card on Nutrition: Number 42006

    Not in our library

  5. 5.
    Global trends in exclusive breastfeeding · 2012
    No notice
  6. 6.

    Countdown to 2015. Maternal, Newborn and Child Survival: The 2012 Report2012 WHO and UNICEF

    Not in our library

  7. 7.
    Breastfeeding and the risk for diarrhea morbidity and mortality · 2011
    No notice
  8. 8.

    Thulier D Mercer J Variables associated with breastfeeding durationJ Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs2009 3825968

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1552-6909.2009.01021.x

  9. 9.

    Chezem J Friesen C Boettcher J Breastfeeding knowledge, breastfeeding confidence, and infant feeding plans: Effects on actual feeding practicesJ Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs2003 32407

    Not in our library10.1177/0884217502239799

  10. 10.

    Bunik M Shobe P O'Connor M Beaty B Langendoerfer S Crane L Are 2 Weeks of Daily Breastfeeding Support Insufficient to Overcome the Influences of Formula?Academic Pediatrics2010 10218

    Not in our library10.1016/j.acap.2009.09.014

  11. 11.

    Dearden K Altaye M Maza I Oliva M Stone-Jimenez M Burkhalter BR The impact of mother-to-mother support on optimal breast-feeding: a controlled community intervention trial in peri-urban Guatemala City, GuatemalaRev Panam Salud Publica2002 123193201

    Not in our library10.1590/s1020-49892002000900008

  12. 12.

    Kramer MS Chalmers B Hodnett ED Sevkovskaya Z Dzikovich I Shapiro S Promotion of breastfeeding intervention trial (PROBIT): a randomized trial in the Republic of BelarusJAMA2001 285441320

    Not in our library10.1001/jama.285.4.413

  13. 13.

    Morrow AL Guerrero ML Shults J Calva JJ Lutter C Bravo J Efficacy of home-based peer counselling to promote exclusive breastfeeding: a randomised controlled trialLancet1999 353122631

    Not in our library10.1016/s0140-6736(98)08037-4

  14. 14.

    Haider R Ashworth A Kabir I Huttly SR Effect of community-based peer counsellors on exclusive breastfeeding practices in Dhaka, Bangladesh: a randomised controlled trialLancet2000 356164347

    Not in our library10.1016/s0140-6736(00)03159-7

  15. 15.

    WHOUNICEFIntegrated management of childhood illness: chartbook and training course1995 Geneva: World Health Organization

    Not in our library

  16. 16.

    Santos I Victora C Martines J Gonçalves H Gigante D Valle N Nutrition counseling increases weight gain among Brazilian childrenJournal of Nutrition2001 13111286673

    Not in our library10.1093/jn/131.11.2866

  17. 17.

    Anderson A Damio G Young S Chapman D Perez-Escamilla R A randomized trial assessing the efficacy of peer counseling on exclusive breastfeeding in a predominantly Latina low-income communityArch Pediatr Adolesc Med2005 159983641Epub 2005/09/07. doi: 159/9/836 [pii] 10.1001/archpedi.159.9.836. PubMed PMID: 16143742

    Not in our library10.1001/archpedi.159.9.836

  18. 18.

    Dennis CL Hodnett E Gallop R Chalmers B The effect of peer support on breast-feeding duration among primiparous women: a randomized controlled trialCMAJ2002 1661218Epub 2002/01/22. PubMed PMID: 11800243

    Not in our library

  19. 19.

    Alvarado R Atalah E Diaz S Rivero S Labbe M Escudero Y Evaluation of a breastfeeding-support programme with health promoters’ participationFood Nutr Bull1996 1714953

    Not in our library

  20. 20.

    Noel-Weiss J Rupp A Gragg B Bassett V Woodend K Randomized Controlled Trial to Determine Effects of Prenatal Breastfeeding Workshop on Maternal Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy and Breastfeeding DurationJOGNN2006 3561624

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1552-6909.2006.00077.x

  21. 21.

    Lin SS Chien LY Tai CJ Lee CF Effectiveness of a prenatal education programme on breastfeeding outcomes in TaiwanJ Clin Nurs2008 173296303Epub 2007/10/13. doi: JCN1927 [pii] 10.1111/j.1365-2702.2006.01927.x. PubMed PMID: 17931376

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1365-2702.2006.01927.x

  22. 22.

    Aidam B Perez-Escamilla R Lartey A Lactation Counseling Increases Exclusive Breast-Feeding Rates in GhanaThe Journal of Nutrition2005 13516915

    Not in our library10.1093/jn/135.7.1691

  23. 23.

    Chapman DJ Morel K Anderson AK Damio G Perez-Escamilla R Breastfeeding peer counseling: from efficacy through scale-upJ Hum Lact2010 26331426Epub 2010/08/19. PubMed PMID: 20715336; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC3115698

    Not in our library10.1177/0890334410369481

  24. 24.

    Lumbiganon P Martis R Laopaiboon M Festin M Ho J Hakimi M Antenatal breastfeeding education for increasing breastfeeding durationCochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group2012

    Not in our library10.1002/14651858.cd006425.pub3

  25. 25.
    Effect of breastfeeding promotion interventions on breastfeeding rates, with special focus on developing countries · 2011
    No notice
  26. 26.

    Walker N Fischer-Walker C Bryce J Bahl R Cousens S Standards for CHERG reviews of intervention effects on child survivalInt J Epidemiol2010 39Suppl 1i2131Epub 2010/04/02. doi: dyq036 [pii] 10.1093/ije/dyq036. PubMed PMID: 20348122

    Not in our library10.1093/ije/dyq036

  27. 27.

    Atkins D Best D Briss PA Eccles M Falck-Ytter Y Flottorp S Grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendationsBMJ2004 32874541490Epub 2004/06/19. doi: 10.1136/bmj.328.7454.1490 328/7454/1490 [pii]. PubMed PMID: 15205295

    Not in our library10.1136/bmj.328.7454.1490

  28. 28.

    RevManThe Cochrane Colloboration. Review Manager (RevMan) 5 for Windows2003 Oxford, England

    Not in our library

  29. 29.

    WHOIndicators for assessing breastfeeding practices1991 91WHO Geneva, Switzerland: WHO Document WHO/CDD/SER14

    Not in our library

  30. 30.

    WHOIndicators for Assessing Infant and Young Child Feeding Practices: Conclusions of a Consensus Meeting Held 6-8 November 2007 in Washington DC, USA2008 World Health Organization (WHO)

    Not in our library

  31. 31.

    World Bank list of economies2009 Available from: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/DATASTATISTICS/Resources/CLASS.XLS

    Not in our library

  32. 32.

    Abolyan LV The breastfeeding support and promotion in Baby-Friendly Maternity Hospitals and Not-as-Yet Baby-Friendly Hospitals in RussiaBreastfeed Med2006 12718Epub 2007/07/31. doi: 10.1089/bfm.2006.1.71. PubMed PMID: 17661566

    Not in our library10.1089/bfm.2006.1.71

  33. 33.

    Aksu H Küçük M Düzgün G The effect of postnatal breastfeeding education/support offered at home 3 days after delivery on breastfeeding duration and knowledge: a randomized trialJ Matern Fetal Neonatal Med2011 24235461

    Not in our library10.3109/14767058.2010.497569

  34. 34.

    Arifeen S Hoque D Akter T Rahman M Hoque M Begum K Effect of the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness strategy on childhood mortality and nutrition in a rural area in Bangladesh: a cluster randomised trialLancet2009 3749687393403

    Not in our library10.1016/s0140-6736(09)60828-x

  35. 35.

    Bashour H Kharouf M Abdulsalam A El Asmar K Tabbaa M Cheikha S Effect of postnatal home visits on maternal/infant outcomes in Syria: a randomized controlled trialPublic Health Nurs2008 25211525

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1525-1446.2008.00688.x

  36. 36.

    Bhandari N Bahl R Mazumdar S Martines J Black R Bhan M Infant Feeding Study Group. Effect of community-based promotion of exclusive breastfeeding on diarrhoeal illness and growth: a cluster randomised controlled trialLancet2003 3619367141823

    Not in our library10.1016/s0140-6736(03)13134-0

  37. 37.

    Bhutta Z Memon Z Soofi S Salat M Cousens S Martines J Implementing community-based perinatal care: results from a pilot study in rural PakistanBull World Health Organ2008 8664529

    Not in our library10.2471/blt.07.045849

  38. 38.

    Bonuck K Freeman K Trombley M Randomized Controlled Trial of a Prenatal and Postnatal Lactation Consultant Intervention on Infant Health Care UseArch Pediatr Adolesc Med2006 16095360

    Not in our library10.1001/archpedi.160.9.953

  39. 39.

    de Oliveira L Giugliani E domEspíritomSanto L França M Weigert E Kohler C Effect of intervention to improve breastfeeding technique on the frequency of exclusive breastfeeding and lactation-related problemsJ Hum Lact2006 22331521

    Not in our library10.1177/0890334406290221

  40. 40.

    Forster D McLachlan H Lumley J Beanland C Waldenstrom U Amir L Two mid-pregnancy interventions to increase the initiation and duration of breastfeeding: a randomized controlled trialBirth2004 31317682Epub 2004/08/28. doi: 10.1111/j.0730-7659.2004.00302.x BIR302 [pii]. PubMed PMID: 15330879

    Not in our library10.1111/j.0730-7659.2004.00302.x

  41. 41.

    Frank DA Wirtz SJ Sorenson JR Heeren T Commercial discharge packs and breast-feeding counseling: effects on infant-feeding practices in a randomized trialPediatrics1987 80684554Epub 1987/12/01. PubMed PMID: 3684395

    Not in our library

  42. 42.

    Froozani MD Permehzadeh K Motlagh AR Golestan B Effect of breastfeeding education on the feeding pattern and health of infants in their first 4 months in the Islamic Republic of IranBull World Health Organ1999 7753815Epub 1999/06/11. PubMed PMID: 10361754

    Not in our library

  43. 43.

    Gijsbers B Mesters I Knottnerus J Kester A Van Schayck C The Success of an Educational Program to Promote Exclusive Breastfeeding for 6 Months in Families with a History of Asthma: A Randomized Controlled TrialPediatric Asthma, Allergy and Immunology2006 19421422

    Not in our library10.1089/pai.2006.19.214

  44. 44.

    Graffy J Taylor J Williams A Eldridge S Randomised controlled trial of support from volunteer counsellors for mothers considering breast feedingBMJ2004 328743026Epub 2004/01/03. doi: 10.1136/bmj.328.7430.26 328/7430/26 [pii]. PubMed PMID: 14703543

    Not in our library10.1136/bmj.328.7430.26

  45. 45.

    Huang M Kuo S Avery M Chen W Lin K Gau M Evaluating effects of a prenatal web-based breastfeeding education programme in TaiwanJ Clin Nurs2007 16815719

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1365-2702.2006.01843.x

  46. 46.

    Jakobsen MS Sodemann M Mølbak K Alvarenga I Aaby P Promoting breastfeeding through health education at the time of immunizations: a randomized trial from Guinea BissauP Acta Paediatr1999 8877417

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1651-2227.1999.tb00035.x

  47. 47.

    Khresheh R Suhaimat A Jalamdeh F Barclay L The effect of a postnatal education and support program on breastfeeding among primiparous women: a randomized controlled trialInt J Nurs Stud2011 489105865

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2011.02.001

  48. 48.

    Kistin N Abramson R Dublin P Effect of peer counselors on breastfeeding initiation, exclusivity, and duration among low-income urban womenJ Hum Lact1994 101115

    Not in our library10.1177/089033449401000121

  49. 49.

    Kools E Thijs C Kester A van den Brandt P de Vries H A breast-feeding promotion and support program a randomized trial in the NetherlandsPreventive Medicine2005 4016070

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ypmed.2004.05.013

  50. 50.

    Kronborg H Vaeth M Olsen J Iversen L Harder I Effect of early postnatal breastfeeding support: a cluster-randomized community based trialActa Paediatr2007 967106470Epub 2007/05/26. doi: APA341 [pii] 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2007.00341.x. PubMed PMID: 17524018

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1651-2227.2007.00341.x

  51. 51.

    Kruske S Schmied V Cook M The 'Earlybird' gets the breastmilk: findings from an evaluation of combined professional and peer support groups to improve breastfeeding duration in the first eight weeks after birthMatern Child Nutr2007 3210819

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1740-8709.2007.00078.x

  52. 52.

    Kupratakul J Taneepanichskul S Voramongkol N Phupong V A randomized controlled trial of knowledge sharing practice with empowerment strategies in pregnant women to improve exclusive breastfeeding during the first six months postpartumJ Med Assoc Thai2010 939100918Epub 2010/09/29. PubMed PMID: 20873071

    Not in our library

  53. 53.

    Labarere J Gelbert-Baudino N Ayral AS Duc C Berchotteau M Bouchon N Efficacy of breastfeeding support provided by trained clinicians during an early, routine, preventive visit: a prospective, randomized, open trial of 226 mother-infant pairsPediatrics2005 1152e13946Epub 2005/02/03. doi: 115/2/e139 [pii] 10.1542/peds.2004-1362. PubMed PMID: 15687421

    Not in our library10.1542/peds.2004-1362

  54. 54.

    Labarere J Bellin V Fourny M Gagnaire J Francois P Pons J Assessment of a structured in-hospital educational intervention addressing breastfeeding: a prospective randomised open trialBJOG2003 110984752

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1471-0528.2003.02539.x

  55. 55.

    Langer A Intrapartum Social Support and Exclusive Breastfeeding in Mexico. Wellstart International, Expanded Promotion of Breastfeeding Program Exclusive Breastfeeding Promotion: A Summary of Findings from EPB's Applied Research Program (1992-1996)1996

    Not in our library

  56. 56.

    Lin CH Kuo SC Lin KC Chang TY Evaluating effects of a prenatal breastfeeding education programme on women with caesarean delivery in TaiwanJ Clin Nurs2008 1721283845Epub 2008/07/16. doi: JCN2289 [pii] 10.1111/j.1365-2702.2008.02289.x. PubMed PMID: 18624780

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1365-2702.2008.02289.x

  57. 57.

    Mattar CN Chong YS Chan YS Chew A Tan P Chan YH Simple antenatal preparation to improve breastfeeding practice: a randomized controlled trialObstet Gynecol2007 10917380Epub 2007/01/02. doi: 109/1/73 [pii] 10.1097/01.AOG.0000249613.15466.26. PubMed PMID: 17197590

    Not in our library10.1097/01.aog.0000249613.15466.26

  58. 58.

    McDonald SJ Henderson JJ Faulkner S Evans SF Hagan R Effect of an extended midwifery postnatal support programme on the duration of breast feeding: A randomised controlled trialMidwifery2010 2688100

    Not in our library10.1016/j.midw.2008.03.001

  59. 59.

    McInnes RJ Love JG Stone DH Evaluation of a community-based intervention to increase breastfeeding prevalenceJ Public Health Med2000 22213845Epub 2000/07/27. PubMed PMID: 10912550

    Not in our library10.1093/pubmed/22.2.138

  60. 60.

    McKeever P Stevens B Miller K MacDonell J Gibbins S Querriere D Home versus Hospital Breastfeeding Support for Newborns: A Randomized Controlled TrialBIRTH2002 29425865

    Not in our library10.1046/j.1523-536x.2002.00200.x

  61. 61.

    McQueen K Dennis C Stremker R Norman C A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial of a Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Intervention With Primiparous MothersJOGNN2011 403546

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1552-6909.2010.01210.x

  62. 62.

    Morrell CJ Spiby H Stewart P Walters S Morgan A Costs and effectiveness of community postnatal support workers: randomised controlled trialBMJ2000 32172615938Epub 2000/09/08. PubMed PMID: 10977833

    Not in our library10.1136/bmj.321.7261.593

  63. 63.

    Muirhead PE Butcher G Rankin J Munley A The effect of a programme of organised and supervised peer support on the initiation and duration of breastfeeding: a randomised trialBr J Gen Pract2006 565241917Epub 2006/03/16. PubMed PMID: 16536959

    Not in our library

  64. 64.

    Nommsen-Rivers LA Mastergeorge AM Hansen RL Cullum AS Dewey KG Doula care, early breastfeeding outcomes, and breastfeeding status at 6 weeks postpartum among low-income primiparaeJ Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs2009 38215773Epub 2009/03/28. doi: JOGN1005 [pii] 10.1111/j.1552-6909.2009.01005.x. PubMed PMID: 19323712

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1552-6909.2009.01005.x

  65. 65.

    Petrova A Ayers C Stechna S Gerling JA Mehta R Effectiveness of exclusive breastfeeding promotion in low-income mothers: a randomized controlled studyBreastfeed Med2009 42639Epub 2009/02/26. doi: 10.1089/bfm.2008.0126. PubMed PMID: 19239405

    Not in our library10.1089/bfm.2008.0126

  66. 66.

    Porteous R Kaufman K Rush J The effect of individualized professional support on duration of breastfeeding: a randomized controlled trialJ Hum Lact2000 1643038Epub 2001/01/13. PubMed PMID: 11155608

    Not in our library10.1177/089033440001600406

  67. 67.

    Pugh LC Milligan RA Frick KD Spatz D Bronner Y Breastfeeding duration, costs, and benefits of a support program for low-income breastfeeding womenBirth2002 29295100Epub 2002/05/10. doi: 169 [pii]. PubMed PMID: 12000411

    Not in our library10.1046/j.1523-536x.2002.00169.x

  68. 68.

    Rasmussen K Dieterich C Zelek S Altabet J Kjolhede C Interventions to Increase the Duration of Breastfeeding in Obese Mothers: The Bassett Improving Breastfeeding StudyBreastfeeding Medicine2011 626975

    Not in our library10.1089/bfm.2010.0014

  69. 69.

    Ryan A Zhou W Lower breastfeeding rates persist among the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children participants, 1978-2003Pediatrics2006 1174113646

    Not in our library10.1542/peds.2005-1555

  70. 70.

    Sandy J Anisfeld E Ramirez E Effects of a prenatal intervention on breastfeeding initiation rates in a Latina immigrant sampleJ Hum Lact2009 25440411

    Not in our library10.1177/0890334409337308

  71. 71.

    Sciacca JP Phipps BL Dube DA Ratliff MI Influences on breast-feeding by lower-income women: an incentive-based, partner-supported educational programJ Am Diet Assoc1995 9533238Epub 1995/03/01. doi: S0002-8223(95)00083-6 [pii] 10.1016/S0002-8223(95)00083-6. PubMed PMID: 7860944

    Not in our library10.1016/s0002-8223(95)00083-6

  72. 72.

    Simonetti V Palma E Giglio A Mohn A Cicolini G A structured telephonic counselling to promote the exclusive breastfeeding of healthy babies aged zero to six months: a pilot studyInt J Nurs Pract2012 18328994

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1440-172x.2012.02040.x

  73. 73.

    Sjolin S Hofvander Y Hillervik C A prospective study of individual courses of breast feedingActa Paediatr Scand1979 6845219Epub 1979/07/01. PubMed PMID: 463534

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1651-2227.1979.tb05050.x

  74. 74.

    Su LL Chong YS Chan YH Chan YS Fok D Tun KT Antenatal education and postnatal support strategies for improving rates of exclusive breast feeding: randomised controlled trialBMJ2007 3357620596Epub 2007/08/03. doi: bmj.39279.656343.55 [pii] 10.1136/bmj.39279.656343.55. PubMed PMID: 17670909

    Not in our library10.1136/bmj.39279.656343.55

  75. 75.

    Susin L Giugliani E Inclusion of fathers in an intervention to promote breastfeeding: impact on breastfeeding ratesJ Hum Lact2008 24438692

    Not in our library10.1177/0890334408323545

  76. 76.

    Tahir NM Al-Sadat N Does telephone lactation counselling improve breastfeeding practices?: A randomised controlled trialInt J Nurs Stud2013 501625

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2012.09.006

  77. 77.

    Taveras E Blackburn K Gillman M Haines J McDonald J Price S First steps for mommy and me: a pilot intervention to improve nutrition and physical activity behaviors of postpartum mothers and their infantsMatern Child Health J2011 158121727

    Not in our library10.1007/s10995-010-0696-2

  78. 78.

    Turan J Say L Community-based antenatal education in Istanbul, Turkey: effects on health behavioursHealth Policy Plan2003 1843918

    Not in our library10.1093/heapol/czg047

  79. 79.

    Valdes V Perez A Labbok M Pugin E Zambrano I Catalan S The Impact of a Hospital and Clinic-based Breastfeeding Promotion Programme in a Middle Class Urban EnvironmentJournal of Tropical Pediatrics1993 3914251

    Not in our library10.1093/tropej/39.3.142

  80. 80.

    Valdés V Pugin E Schooley J Catalán S Aravena R Clinical support can make the difference in exclusive breastfeeding success among working womenJ Trop Pediatr2000 46314954

    Not in our library10.1093/tropej/46.3.149

  81. 81.

    Vitolo M Bortolini G Feldens C Drachle Mde L [Impacts of the 10 Steps to Healthy Feeding in Infants: a randomized field trial]Cad Saude Publica2005 215144857

    Not in our library10.1590/s0102-311x2005000500018

  82. 82.

    Wallace LM Dunn OM Alder EM Inch S Hills RK Law SM A randomised-controlled trial in England of a postnatal midwifery intervention on breast-feeding durationMidwifery2006 22326273Epub 2005/12/29. doi: S0266-6138(05)00064-1 [pii] 10.1016/j.midw.2005.06.004. PubMed PMID: 16380197

    Not in our library10.1016/j.midw.2005.06.004

  83. 83.

    Wen L Baur L Simpson J Rissel C Flood V Effectiveness of an early intervention on infant feeding practices and "tummy time": a randomized controlled trialArch Pediatr Adolesc Med2011 16587017

    Not in our library10.1001/archpediatrics.2011.115

  84. 84.

    Wiles LS The effect of prenatal breastfeeding education on breastfeeding success and maternal perception of the infantJOGN Nurs1984 1342537Epub 1984/07/01. PubMed PMID: 6565110

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1552-6909.1984.tb01136.x

  85. 85.

    Wong EH Nelson E Choi KC Wong KP Ip C Ho LC Evaluation of a peer counselling programme to sustain breastfeeding practice in Hong KongInt Breastfeed J2007 212Epub 2007/09/22. doi: 1746-4358-2-12 [pii] 10.1186/1746-4358-2-12. PubMed PMID: 17883851

    Not in our library10.1186/1746-4358-2-12

  86. 86.

    Wrenn SE Effects of a model-based intervention on breastfeeding attrition [dissertation]1997 San Antonio: University of Texas

    Not in our library

  87. 87.

    Tylleskär T Jackson D Meda N Engebretsen IM Chopra M Diallo AH Exclusive breastfeeding promotion by peer counsellors in sub-Saharan Africa (PROMISE-EBF): a cluster-randomised trialLancet2011 37897894207

    Not in our library10.1016/s0140-6736(11)60738-1

  88. 88.

    Ryser F Breastfeeding attitudes, intention, and initiation in low-income women: the effect of the best start programJournal of Human Lactation2004 2033005

    Not in our library10.1177/0890334404266985

  89. 89.

    Pisacane A Continisio GI Aldinucci M D'Amora S Continisio P A controlled trial of the father's role in breastfeeding promotionPediatrics2005 1164e494e498

    Not in our library10.1542/peds.2005-0479

  90. 90.

    Brent NB Redd B Dworetz A D'Amico F Greenberg JJ Breast-feeding in a low-income population. Program to increase incidence and durationArch Pediatr Adolesc Med1995 1497798803Epub 1995/07/01. PubMed PMID: 7795772

    Not in our library10.1001/archpedi.1995.02170200088014

  91. 91.

    Chapman DJ Damio G Young S Perez-Escamilla R Effectiveness of breastfeeding peer counseling in a low-income, predominantly Latina population: a randomized controlled trialArch Pediatr Adolesc Med2004 1589897902Epub 2004/09/08. doi: 10.1001/archpedi.158.9.897 158/9/897 [pii]. PubMed PMID: 15351756

    Not in our library10.1001/archpedi.158.9.897

  92. 92.

    Garcia-Montrone V Rose J [An education experience for promoting breast-feeding and infant stimulation by low-income women: a preliminary study]Cad Saude Publica1996 121618

    Not in our library10.1590/s0102-311x1996000100017

  93. 93.

    Gill SL Reifsnider E Lucke JF Effects of support on the initiation and duration of breastfeedingWest J Nurs Res2007 29670823Epub 2007/06/15. doi: 0193945906297376 [pii] 10.1177/0193945906297376. PubMed PMID: 17557933

    Not in our library10.1177/0193945906297376

  94. 94.

    Greiner T Mitra SN Evaluation of the effect of a breastfeeding message integrated into a larger communication projectJ Trop Pediatr1999 453517

    Not in our library10.1093/tropej/45.6.351

  95. 95.

    Gross S Caulfield L Bentley M Bronner Y Kessler L Jensen J Counseling and motivational videotapes increase duration of breast-feeding in African-American WIC participants who initiate breast-feedingJ Am Diet Assoc1998 981438

    Not in our library10.1016/s0002-8223(98)00037-6

  96. 96.

    Ingram J Rosser J Jackson D Breastfeeding peer supporters and a community support group: evaluating their effectivenessMatern Child Nutr2005 11118

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1740-8709.2005.00005.x

  97. 97.

    Johnston B Huebner C Anderson M Tyll L Thompson R Healthy steps in an integrated delivery system: child and parent outcomes at 30 monthsArch Pediatr Adolesc Med2006 1608793800

    Not in our library10.1001/archpedi.160.8.793

  98. 98.

    Jones DA West RR Lactation nurse increases duration of breast feedingArch Dis Child1985 6087724Epub 1985/08/01. PubMed PMID: 4037866

    Not in our library10.1136/adc.60.8.772

  99. 99.

    Kang J Choi S Ryu E Effects of a breastfeeding empowerment programme on Korean breastfeeding mothers: a quasi-experimental studyInt J Nurs Stud2008 4511423

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2007.03.007

  100. 100.

    Kumar V Mohanty S Kumar A Misra RP Santosham M Awasthi S Effect of community-based behaviour change management on neonatal mortality in Shivgarh, Uttar Pradesh, India: a cluster-randomised controlled trialLancet2008 3729644115162

    Not in our library10.1016/s0140-6736(08)61483-x

  101. 101.

    Lieu T Braveman P Escobar G Fischer A Jensvold N Capra A A Randomized Comparison of Home and Clinic Follow-Up Visits After Early Postpartum Hospital DischargePediatrics2000 1055105865

    Not in our library10.1542/peds.105.5.1058

  102. 102.

    Lieu T Wikler C Capra A Martin K Escobar G Braveman P Clinical Outcomes and Maternal Perceptions of an Updated Model of Perinatal CarePediatrics1998 1026143744

    Not in our library10.1542/peds.102.6.1437

  103. 103.

    Long D Funk-Archeluta M Geiger C Mozar A Heins J Peer Counselor Program Increases Breastfeeding Rates in Utah Native American WIC PopulationJournal of Human Lactation1995 11427984

    Not in our library10.1177/089033449501100414

  104. 104.

    Lovera D Sanderson M Bogle M Vela Acosta M Evaluation of a breastfeeding peer support program for fathers of Hispanic participants in a Texas special supplemental nutrition program for women, infants, and childrenJ Am Diet Assoc2010 110111696702

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jada.2010.08.001

  105. 105.

    Lynch SA Koch AM Hislop TG Coldman AJ Evaluating the effect of a breastfeeding consultant on the duration of breastfeedingCan J Public Health1986 7731905Epub 1986/05/01. PubMed PMID: 3742402

    Not in our library

  106. 106.

    Mongeon M Allard R [Controlled study of a regular telephone support program given by volunteers on the establishment of breastfeeding]Can J Public Health1995 8621247Epub 1995/03/01. PubMed PMID: 7757891

    Not in our library

  107. 107.

    Mottl-Santiago J Walker C Ewan J Vragovic O Winder S Stubblefield P A Hospital-Based Doula Program and Childbirth Outcomes in an Urban, Multicultural SettingMatern Child Health J2008 123727

    Not in our library10.1007/s10995-007-0245-9

  108. 108.

    Olson BH Haider SJ Vangjel L Bolton TA Gold JG A quasi-experimental evaluation of a breastfeeding support program for low income women in MichiganMatern Child Health J2010 1418693Epub 2008/12/17. doi: 10.1007/s10995-008-0430-5. PubMed PMID: 19082697

    Not in our library10.1007/s10995-008-0430-5

  109. 109.

    Hill P Effects of Education on Breastfeeding SuccessMaternal-Child Nursing Journal1987 16214556

    Not in our library

  110. 110.

    Rishel P Comparison of Breastfeeding Rates among Women Delivering Infants in Military Treatment Facilities with and without Lactation ConsultantsMilitary Medicine2005 17054358

    Not in our library10.7205/milmed.170.5.435

  111. 111.

    Martens PJ Does breastfeeding education affect nursing staff beliefs, exclusive breastfeeding rates, and Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative compliance? The experience of a small, rural Canadian hospitalJ Hum Lact2000 16430918

    Not in our library10.1177/089033440001600407

  112. 112.

    Pugh LC Serwint JR Frick KD Nanda JP Sharps PW Spatz DL A randomized controlled community-based trial to improve breastfeeding rates among urban low-income mothersAcad Pediatr2010 101420

    Not in our library10.1016/j.acap.2009.07.005

  113. 113.

    Quinlivan JA Box H Evans SF Postnatal home visits in teenage mothers: a randomised controlled trialLancet2003 3619361893900Epub 2003/03/22. doi: S0140-6736(03)12770-5 [pii] 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12770-5. PubMed PMID: 12648967

    Not in our library10.1016/s0140-6736(03)12770-5

  114. 114.

    Redman S Watkins J Evans L LLoyd D Evaluation of an Australian intervention to encourage breast feeding in primiparous womenHealth Prom Int1995 10210113

    Not in our library10.1093/heapro/10.2.101

  115. 115.

    Reifsnider E Eckhart D Prenatal breastfeeding education: its effect on breastfeeding among WIC participantsJournal of Human Lactation1997 1321215

    Not in our library10.1177/089033449701300212

  116. 116.

    Rosen IM Krueger MV Carney LM Graham JA Prenatal breastfeeding education and breastfeeding outcomesMCN Am J Matern Child Nurs2008 335315319

    Not in our library10.1097/01.nmc.0000334900.22215.ec

  117. 117.

    Rossiter JC The effect of a culture-specific education program to promote breastfeeding among Vietnamese women in SydneyInternational journal of nursing studies1994 31436979

    Not in our library10.1016/0020-7489(94)90077-9

  118. 118.

    Schafer E Vogel MK Viegas S Hausafus C Volunteer peer counselors increase breastfeeding duration among rural low-income womenBirth1998 2521016

    Not in our library10.1046/j.1523-536x.1998.00101.x

  119. 119.

    Schlickau J Wilson M Development and testing of a prenatal breastfeeding education intervention for Hispanic womenThe Journal of perinatal education2005 14424

    Not in our library10.1624/105812405x72302

  120. 120.

    Serwint J Wilson M Vogelhut J Repke J Seidel H A randomized controlled trial of prenatal pediatric visits for urban, low-income familiesPediatrics1996 986 Pt 1106975

    Not in our library

  121. 121.

    Shaw E Kaczorowski J The effect of a peer counseling program on breastfeeding initiation and longevity in a low-income rural populationJournal of Human Lactation1999 1511925

    Not in our library10.1177/089033449901500108

  122. 122.

    Taddei J Westphal MF Venancio S Bogus C Souza S Breastfeeding training for health professionals and resultant changes in breastfeeding durationSao Paulo Med J2000 118618591

    Not in our library10.1590/s1516-31802000000600007

  123. 123.

    Wilhelm SL Rodehorst TK Stepans MBF Hertzog M Berens C Influence of intention and self-efficacy levels on duration of breastfeeding for midwest rural mothersApplied Nursing Research2008 21312330

    Not in our library10.1016/j.apnr.2006.10.005

  124. 124.

    Wolfberg AJ Michels KB Shields W O'Campo P Bronner Y Bienstock J Dads as breastfeeding advocates: results from a randomized controlled trial of an educational interventionAmerican Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology2004 191370812

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ajog.2004.05.019

  125. 125.

    MacArthur C Jolly K Ingram L Freemantle N Dennis CL Hamburger R Antenatal peer support workers and initiation of breast feeding: cluster randomised controlled trialBMJ2009 338b131

    Not in our library10.1136/bmj.b131

  126. 126.

    Pobocik RS Benavente JC Schwab AC Boudreau N Morris CH Sue Houston M Effect of a breastfeeding education and support program on breastfeeding initiation and duration in a culturally diverse group of adolescentsJournal of Nutrition Education2000 32313945

    Not in our library10.1016/s0022-3182(00)70541-3

  127. 127.

    Wambach KA Aaronson L Breedlove G Domian EW Rojjanasrirat W Yeh HW A randomized controlled trial of breastfeeding support and education for adolescent mothersWest J Nurs Res2011 334486505

    Not in our library10.1177/0193945910380408

  128. 128.

    Labarere J Gelbert-Baudino N Laborde L Arragain D Schelstraete C Francois P CD-ROM-based program for breastfeeding mothersMaternal and Child Nutrition2011 726372

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1740-8709.2009.00235.x

  129. 129.

    Grossman LK Harter C Sachs L Kay A The effect of postpartum lactation counseling on the duration of breast-feeding in low-income womenAm J Dis Child1990 14444714Epub 1990/04/01. PubMed PMID: 2321612

    Not in our library10.1001/archpedi.1990.02150280093019

  130. 130.

    Henderson A Stamp G Pincombe J Postpartum positioning and attachment education for increasing breastfeeding: a randomized trialBirth2001 28423642Epub 2002/03/21. doi: 236 [pii]. PubMed PMID: 11903211

    Not in our library10.1046/j.1523-536x.2001.00236.x

Cited by papers we hold 10

Reads

Read by people on this page

None yet.

Checked or read by AI through naulon

None yet.

A person counts once a day per paper. We keep no cookie and no address: a reader is a hash that changes every day. Any month under five reads shows no number.

Are you an author?

Is this your paper?

Claim it to add your note and be paid when agents cite it. Free.