Skip to content
naulon
Get started

No retraction, correction or concern found when last checked on Oct 22, 2026.

Cross-Talk between Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Preeclampsia

Marilene Brandão Tenório, Raphaela Costa Ferreira, Fabiana Andréa Moura and 3 more

Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity · 2019 · Review

doi:10.1155/2019/8238727

Abstract

The occurrence of hypertensive syndromes during pregnancy leads to high rates of maternal-fetal morbidity and mortality. Amongst them, preeclampsia (PE) is one of the most common. This review aims to describe the relationship between oxidative stress and inflammation in PE, aiming to reinforce its importance in the context of the disease and to discuss perspectives on clinical and nutritional treatment, in this line of research. Despite the still incomplete understanding of the pathophysiology of PE, it is well accepted that there are placental changes in pregnancy, associated with an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species and the antioxidant defence system, characterizing the placental oxidative stress that leads to an increase in the production of proinflammatory cytokines. Hence, a generalized inflammatory process occurs, besides the presence of progressive vascular endothelial damage, leading to the dysfunction of the placenta. There is no consensus in the literature on the best strategies for prevention and treatment of the disease, especially for the control of oxidative stress and inflammation. In view of the above, it is evident the important connection between oxidative stress and inflammatory process in the pathogenesis of PE, being that this disease is capable of causing serious implications on both maternal and fetal health. Reports on the use of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant compounds are analysed and still considered controversial. As such, the field is open for new basic and clinical research, aiming the development of innovative therapeutic approaches to prevent and to treat PE.

Full text

From PubMed Central, U.S. National Library of Medicine, as current on Oct 22, 2026. Paragraph numbers are ours, so an answer can point at one.

1. Introduction

Preeclampsia (PE) is one of the most common gestational complications, being clinically characterized by a systolic blood pressure of 140 mmHg or higher, a diastolic blood pressure of 90 mmHg or higher, or both systolic and diastolic blood pressure above ≥140/90 mmHg, measured twice with a four-hour interval, with proteinuria in 24 h urine ≥ 300 mg or protein/creatinine ratio ≥ 0.3. In the absence of quantitative methods, a 1+ test tape in the urine proteins may be used. However, in the absence of proteinuria, PE is diagnosed associated with elevated blood pressure levels, using the following criteria: thrombocytopenia (number of thrombocytosis less than 100,000/μL), renal insufficiency (serum creatinine above 97 μmol/L), reduced liver function (enzymatic activity AST and ALT two times higher than the reference range limit, being for AST ≥ 60 UI/L and for ALT ≥ 64 UI/L), and pulmonary edema, cerebral, or visual disturbances.

Although the pathophysiological mechanisms of PE remain obscure, it is known that placental changes occur early in pregnancy, associated with an imbalance between the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the antioxidant defence system, characterizing oxidative stress. There is also a generalized inflammatory process, as well as the presence of progressive vascular endothelial damage, which culminates in placental dysfunction. Despite this, it is not well established if the oxidative stress is the result of generalized oxidative cellular damage, which can affect proteins, lipid membranes, and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), caused by the disease already established, or if it precedes the clinical establishment of PE, being involved in its pathogenesis.

Considering the above, this review aims to describe the relationship between oxidative stress and inflammation in PE, contributing to reinforce their importance in the context of the disease and to discuss perspectives on clinical and nutritional treatment in this research line.

2.1. Trophoblastic and Placental Invasion: Normal Gestation vs. PE Gestation

The placenta, a highly complex membranous vascular organ, is developed during gestation and is responsible for the metabolic interaction between the mother and fetus, such as transport of oxygen and nutrients, fetal metabolite elimination and the production of hormones, as human chorionic gonadotropin hormone, estrogen, progesterone, and human placental lactogen. It has a diameter of 15 to 17 cm and an approximate weight of 500 g in a term gestation. Its growth is proportional to the gestational period; i.e., the placenta grows as the pregnancy progresses. Some pathological conditions can trigger placental insufficiency, such as hypertension, diabetic vasculopathy, and anatomical disorders. Thus, changes in maternal homeostasis may modify placental structure and function and thereby affect fetal growth.

In the development of healthy gestation, the trophoblastic cells are assigned to invade the maternal endometrium and cause remodeling of the spiral arteries, aiming to increase their calibers and consequent supply of oxygenated blood and nutrients to the placenta. In women who develop PE, an abnormal trophoblastic invasion occurs early in pregnancy, which implies poor oxygenation of the intervillous space and persistence of the primary characteristics of the uterine spiral arteries, maintaining their high resistance. Thus, because there is no remodeling of these arteries, there is less oxygenated blood supply and nutrients, causing the placenta to be reduced in size. This process of hypoxia/reperfusion is always marked by an exacerbated production of ROS, when oxygen molecules are reintroduced into the tissue, after occurrence of hypoxia, leading to oxidative stress.

Among the mechanisms proposed to explain the relationship between hypoxia and the ROS presence, problems during the aerobic cellular respiration are initially included. Thus, as oxygen (O2) concentration decreases within the cell, there is also a decrease in oxidative phosphorylation and lower formation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which result in dysfunction on several intracellular systems. Besides, an increase in the production of ROS occurs through mitochondria, which can lead to lesion and/or cell death.

In addition, a possible rise in cytosolic calcium, caused probably by the ischemia/reperfusion process, leads to the activation of the protease calpain, responsible for promoting the breakdown of a peptide bridge of the enzyme xanthine dehydrogenase, leading to the formation of the enzyme xanthine oxidase, which in turn, requires oxygen to perform the transformation of hypoxanthine into xanthine. In the ischemia stage, therefore, accumulation of these two substances occurs. With reperfusion, the hypoxanthine is oxidized to xanthine—which is increased in women with PE—and subsequently in uric acid, generating as byproducts of this reaction the superoxide radical anion (O2•−)—which may be generated by electron capture in the mitochondrial transport system or via cyclooxygenase in the metabolism of arachidonic acid—hydrogen peroxide, and, in the presence of divalent ions, such as iron and copper, hydroxyl radicals (•OH). In this way, the activation of nonspecific proteases and phospholipases occurs, in response to the rise in intracellular calcium, during reperfusion, and results in the synthesis of proinflammatory mediators, such as platelet activating factor, leukotrienes, thromboxanes, and prostaglandins.

Thus, the presence of both trophoblast and placenta, and not necessarily the fetus, is essential for the PE development, since the disease also affects molar pregnancies (where genetically abnormal placental tissue proliferates in the absence of the fetus, giving rise to tumors and gestational trophoblastic disorders). In addition, the greater the placental mass, as in multiple pregnancies, the greater the risk of developing this disease, because the placenta is covered by a syncytiotrophoblast, a type of multinucleated cell with high invasive potential that will aid in the embryo implantation in the maternal endometrium. When there is some type of damage in these cells, trophoblastic fragments are released into the maternal circulation, with signaling to the endothelial cells, which phagocyte them in normal situations. However, in PE, there is also a compromise in the activity of endothelial cells, which makes it difficult to remove these fragments, and although it is not clear which placental factor is responsible for triggering PE, it is known that the increase of trophoblastic fragments in the circulation is related to the onset of the disease.

Regarding the changes in placental architecture, considering the morphological and functional characteristics, placentas from pregnant women with PE present diameter, thickness, weight, volume, cord size, and number of cotyledons smaller than usual. In addition, areas with bruise, infarction, and clot presence, with a marginal and paracentral cord insertion, in comparison with normal placentas, which present insertion of the central cord, are present.

2.2. PE vs. Oxidative Stress

Normal pregnancy is characterized as a prooxidant period, where ROS production occurs, characterizing oxidative stress, with reduced plasma levels of free antioxidants and increased purine catabolism. In many pregnancy-related disorders, including PE, this prooxidant characteristic is even more exacerbated.

Thus, scientific evidence suggests that reduced perfusion due to impaired trophoblastic invasion and aberrant placentation triggers a condition of oxidative stress in the placenta by the following mechanisms that increases O2•− formation: (a) perfusion that can lead to repeated hypoxia/reoxygenation, a potent stimulus for the activation of the xanthine oxidase and the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NADPH oxidase); (b) stimulation of the electron transport chain by the hypoxia/reperfusion and electron transport chain by the hypoxia/reperfusion, specifically complexes I and III. Upon addition, in the mitochondrial matrix, of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) or copper and zinc superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD) in the intermembrane space, the conversion of O2•− to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is catalyzed, followed by its reduction to water by glutathione peroxidase (GPx) or catalase (CAT).

Figure 1 illustrates this process in the mitochondria.

The increase of oxidative stress in PE may also occur due to the increase in the circulating levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), which, indirectly, may be able to regulate, in a positive way, lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor-1 (LOX-1). This regulation results in increased uptake of oxidized LDL, leading to increased O2•− production, via activation of NADPH oxidase. Several compounds present in the plasma of women with PE can also activate LOX-1, such as phospholipids, platelets, cytokines, and apoptotic cell fragments, resulting in increased oxidative stress, confirmed by increased expression of O2•− and peroxynitrite (ONOO−); this last one is able to upregulate the LOX-1 expression, suggesting the presence of a feedback mechanism, in which LOX-1 activation induces oxidative stress, which in turn induces LOX-1.

2.3. PE vs. Inflammation and Endothelial Dysfunction

With the increase of oxidative stress in PE, a concomitant increase of the inflammatory response occurs, through the cytokines' production, such as TNF-α and interleukin- (IL-) 6, which led to a reduction in the anti-inflammatory cytokine production, such as IL-10, with consequent cell damage. Additionally, the process of hypoxia/reperfusion culminates with greater production of ROS, reactive nitrogen species (RNS), and lipid peroxides, while the antioxidant defence is reduced, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and catalase (CAT), leading to an increased systemic oxidative stress condition, also including damaged DNA, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation, and reduction in melatonin production.

In the inflammatory response, there is involvement of genes related to oxidative stress, especially the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), located in the cellular cytoplasm. ROS are able to oxidize the IκB kinase (IKK) complex, leading to the release of NF-κB, which is formed by p50 and p65 subunits. As it is a nuclear factor, the NF-κB molecule enters the cell nucleus and promotes the transcription of several proinflammatory mediators, such as the intracellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) and the vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), along with proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and TNF-α. This process occurs naturally during gestation, but in the PE, its action is exacerbated (Figure 2).

In addition to the aforementioned mechanism, during the trophoblastic invasion itself, the decidua, which is the lining of the uterus responsible for the formation of the maternal placenta portion, contains a large number of immune cells, such as macrophages, natural killer (NK) cells, T cells, and regulatory T cells (Treg), necessary to promote trophoblast migration. In PE, an immunological imbalance is observed, which results in the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and decrease of Treg cells, this imbalance being responsible for the activation of a chronic inflammatory response in the immune system.

During the PE, cells of the immune system (T-helper cells) are in high levels and secrete IL-17, which in turn stimulates TNF-α and IL-6, which induce the macrophage and neutrophil secretion. Macrophages, neutrophils, and proinflammatory T cells are also able to convert molecular oxygen into O2•− by the phagocyte oxidase system, catalyzed by NADPH oxidase. Once activated, neutrophils can cause placental damage by the release of lysosomal enzymes and ROS. Thus, the activation of NADPH oxidase can be induced by lipoproteins and cytokines, such as proinflammatory interleukins and TNF-α.

PE also results in endothelial dysfunction due to reduced bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO•) and increased production of placental antiangiogenic factors, such as dimethylarginine (ADMA), sEndoglin (soluble endoglin), and Fms-like receptor tyrosine kinase (sFlt-1), a soluble receptor formed by an alternative splicing, leading to the loss of the transmembrane portion of Flt-1, a common receptor for angiogenic factors. NO• is a vasodilator agent capable of promoting smooth muscle relaxation, regulating endothelial function, platelet aggregation, and the development of muscle cells. Figure 3 shows three pathways capable of explaining the lower bioavailability of NO• in the PE.

It is noteworthy that pilot studies, such as by Groten et al., where, in a clinical trial, the NO• donor drug penterythriltetranitrat (PETN) was supplemented to assess its prophylactic role in abnormal placentation. Significant improvement in uteroplacental perfusion was observed compared with the placebo (mean 1, 26 ± 0.36 vs. 1.49 ± 0.44; p < 0.01). In addition, a reduction in the frequency of preterm births, PE, and intrauterine growth restriction was observed, showing the beneficial action of this compound in preventing adverse outcomes of pregnancies in these cases.

Additionally, the endothelial dysfunction that exists in the PE is probably due to hypoxia/reperfusion, which causes oxidative stress that provokes placental production of a large number of antiangiogenic factors, such as sFlt-1 and sEndoglin, and reduction of angiogenic factors vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and placental growth factor (PIGF). Thus, sFlt-1 binds to these circulating molecules and prevents these angiogenic factors from connecting to their common receptors on the cell membrane, causing dysfunction in vascular endothelial repair.

Additionally, the endothelial dysfunction also occurs due to an increase in endothelin-1 expression and stimulation of the expression of autoantibodies to the angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1-AA). Differently from what occurs in a normal pregnancy, where there is a reduced sensitivity of the endothelium to angiotensin II (Ang II), in pregnant women with PE, due to genetic, immunological, and external factors, there is an excessive sensitivity to Ang II. Thus, AT1 receptor stimulation is also elevated in disease. In addition, women with PE produce autoantibodies to the AT1 receptor (AT1-AA), and the scientific literature suggests that the increase of such antibodies leads to hypertension, from complement activation, proteinuria, and increased levels of antiangiogenic factors.

In this context, Lei et al. evaluated the association between AT1-AA and hypertension using meta-analysis, as well as the prognosis of AT1-AA for hypertensive diseases, and confirmed that elevated levels of AT1-AA in the serum of women are significantly associated with hypertensive disorder, especially PE. In turn, Szpera-Gozdziewicz et al. investigated AT1-AA levels in pregnant women with chronic hypertension, gestational hypertension, and PE compared with healthy pregnant women, showing that women with gestational hypertension and PE presented higher levels than the others.

It is noteworthy that AT1-AA are detectable in animal models of PE and are responsible for elevation of sFlt-1 and soluble endoglin, oxidative stress, and endothelin-1, all of which are enhanced in preeclamptic women. Inhibition of AT1-AA, using the inhibitory peptide n7AAc, prevents the increase in maternal blood pressure and several pathophysiological factors associated with PE in rats, being recognised as a potential therapy for PE.

Considering the occurrence of hypoxia/reperfusion in the pathophysiology of PE, which leads to increased oxidative stress, as well as the role of oxidative stress in triggering the inflammatory process observed in the disease, the stimulus that AT1-AA exerts on smooth vascular muscle cells with the consequent activation of NF-κB generates a vicious cycle between oxidative stress and inflammation.

Advanced glycation end products (AGEs), resulting from the glycation of proteins or other biomolecules, interact with their receptors (RAGEs) located in a wide variety of tissues. Such interaction is responsible for triggering the activation of several signaling pathways, culminating with the activation of NF-κB, leading to an inflammatory process. In the PE, considering the ongoing inflammatory process, the possible increase in the AGE/RAGE expression culminates with a higher production of ROS, through the activity of NADPH oxidase, increased stimulation of NF-κB, with consequent release of O2•− and its effect on NO•, resulting in the formation ONOO−, which worsens, even more, the existing oxidative stress. Although the data are insufficient to affirm, it is suggested that in PE, RAGEs may be increased, thus bringing more complications to the diseased women.

Table 1 summarizes the main inflammatory factors involved in the pathophysiology of PE, as well as their forms of action.

3. PE vs. Oxidative Stress Biomarkers

Some oxidative stress biomarkers are commonly evaluated in studies involving pregnant women with PE, including antioxidant enzymes (CAT, SOD, and GPx), antioxidant compounds (reduced glutathione (GSH) and vitamins C and E), and products derived from the activity of ROS, mainly through lipid peroxidation (LP) (such as malondialdehyde, MDA) and oxidation of DNA and proteins.

Table 2 presents the main oxidative stress markers, enzymes, and antioxidants, involved in the pathophysiology of this disease.

An extensively evaluated oxidative damage is LP, which plays an important role in the pathophysiology of PE. Oxidized lipids (LP products such as TBARS and F2-isoprostane) affect the functionality of antioxidant enzymes (GPx and SOD) as well as nonenzymatic antioxidants (vitamins A, C, and E) causing oxidative damage.

The relationship of PE and its outcomes with some oxidative stress biomarkers and antioxidant enzymes is summarized in Table 3. The results have shown that women with PE, compared to controls, present higher levels of oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation biomarkers, besides lower levels of antioxidant compounds.

It is worth mentioning that a relevant review on oxidative stress biomarkers was published in 2017, aimed at discussing the detection of these markers (MDA, CAT, SOD, GPx, NO•, TBARS, and vitamins C and E) in biological fluids and at highlighting the need for further studies to validate their use in the prediction or diagnosis of pregnancy-related diseases, including PE. The authors concluded that the oxidative stress markers are promising for the identification of some complications of gestation; in addition, each one alone may have limitations, but when associated, they may help in the diagnosis of adverse conditions in pregnancy.

4. PE vs. Inflammatory Biomarkers

Several studies have reported higher levels of proinflammatory cytokines in the serum and plasma of PE women, compared with those with normal pregnancies. Although the literature provides wide and comprehensive reports related to this subject, the present review does not pretend to be exhaustive, considering that the key point of this study is to emphasize the interaction between the factors suggested as being involved in the pathophysiology of PE, and not only the inflammatory process (Table 4). We are reporting only selected inflammatory markers, as there are several other cytokines and chemokines that have been studied in PE. The cytokines more widely studied and with a well-established knowledge of their mechanisms, in relation to PE, were chosen.

Table 4 shows that several studies have been conducted in humans and animals, especially in recent years, in order to clarify the role of inflammatory cytokines in PE. The inclusion or exclusion criteria were added. From these findings, it is clear their involvement in the pathophysiology of the disease and that their levels increase according to the severity of PE. In addition, experimental studies also show an increase in levels of inflammatory factors in PE, which is associated with endothelial dysfunction, also observed, as well as the protective role of IL-10, when administered in an appropriate dose/time.

5. PE vs. Antioxidant Therapy

The use of supplementation with antioxidant compounds in several clinical and pathological contexts has been widely discussed and performed; however, in the PE, their uses present controversial results both in prevention and in treatment.

Table 5 lists the majority of the reported studies on humans, involving oral antioxidant supplementation for the prevention and treatment of PE. The inclusion or exclusion criteria were added. The included studies were carried out with different antioxidant compounds, being the first reported in 2003. It is possible to observe that there is no consensus about the dosages and times of administration of the supplementation, corroborating with controversial findings in relation to the outcomes of pregnancy. However, among the natural antioxidants tested in PE, lycopene appears to play a crucial role in neonatal outcomes, including increased mean birth weight, reduced rates of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), and PE.

Other antioxidant compounds such as selenium, allicin, coenzyme Q10, N-acetylcysteine, L-arginine, and vitamins C and E have also been tested for the prevention and/or treatment of PE. However, the results are controversial, with evidence of null influence and beneficial action of antioxidants (Table 5). However, there is still insufficient evidence to recommend their use. In addition, a meta-analysis conducted by Tenório et al. aimed to determine whether oral antioxidant therapies, of various types and doses, were able to prevent or treat women with preeclampsia. In this study, antioxidant therapy had no effects in the prevention of PE but did show beneficial effects in intrauterine growth restriction, when used in the treatment of this condition.

Additionally, in vitro studies have been developed with other antioxidant compounds, such as resveratrol and melatonin, from cells involved in the pathogenesis of PE. The results were positive, suggesting their potential therapeutic use in the prevention and/or treatment of the disease. The review of Kerleya et al. discusses the use of ergothioneine as a possible mitochondrial target antioxidant, focusing on its physical properties, potential mechanisms of action, safety profile, and administration in relation to pregnancies complicated by PE.

Magnesium sulphate, widely used in clinical practice for the prevention of seizures in women with PE, has been studied in diseases involving the increase of oxidative stress by its potential action as an antioxidant, especially at the cellular and molecular levels, in addition to studies in animals and humans, with positive results. Thus, with further investigation, this compound may also be a preventive and/or therapeutic option for PE.

In addition, other studies have evaluated the role of a mix of vitamins and minerals, including antioxidants, administered as enriched foods such as milk and bars, to prevent the onset of PE in women at high risk or with low concentration of these compounds. Wibowo et al. and Vadillo-Ortega et al. found positive results. That is, there was a decrease in the risk of PE in the supplemented women. However, it must be taken into account that such mix contained nutrients that do not play antioxidant roles, being difficult to judge the real effect of the antioxidant content.

Finally, despite the relationship mentioned between AGEs, inflammation, and oxidative stress in PE, there are few studies that used antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compounds in an associated way to prevent/minimize the adverse consequences to mother and fetus health. Stupakova et al., in turn, aimed to evaluate the inhibition of platelet aggregation and the possibility of correction with resveratrol and nicorandil, in a rat model with PE induced by L-NAME. The findings were positive in relation to the drugs tested in order to aid in the homeostasis of the affected animals.

6. PE vs Therapy with Anti-Inflammatory Compounds

The oral use of anti-inflammatory nutrients in the prevention and treatment of PE has been addressed by the scientific community (Table 6), with emphasis on omega-3. However, systematic reviews have concluded that omega-3 supplementation in PE pregnancy does not present beneficial effects either in the prevention or in the control of the pressure levels in the disease. It is worth mentioning that PE has its origin in the initial period of pregnancy, even during the placentation process, and therefore, its prevention must be performed even before pregnancy has been established, which could justify the scarce results found in the literature.

Currently, aspirin has been increasingly used to prevent PE. Although it consists of an inhibitor of platelet aggregation and a vasodilator, it also exerts an important anti-inflammatory action, acting in the reduction of prostaglandins and eicosanoids, thus reducing the inflammatory response. A meta-analysis performed by Askie et al. evaluated the use of antiplatelet agents in the primary prevention of PE and observed an association of these with a moderate but consistent reduction in the relative risk of PE, as well as the occurrence of adverse effects.

Some studies are being conducted on aspirin and PE, many of which are reported on ClinicalTrials.gov. However, the results are still scarce and conflicting.

7. Conclusions

The supplementation with antioxidants, anti-inflammatory compounds, and nutrients has been considered in order to minimize the damage caused by oxidative stress and inflammation present in PE's pathophysiology. The results are still controversial. There is still no consensus on the best strategies for prevention and treatment of the disease, especially for the treatment of oxidative stress and inflammation, which are characteristics of the disease.

In view of the above, it is possible to establish an important relationship between oxidative stress and inflammatory process in the PE pathogenesis, considering that they are interconnected, acting on the various mechanisms involved in the disease. On the other hand, despite their relationship, the clinical and nutritional treatments described in the literature have not presented, so far, an effect, since they do not act on the cause of the disease, but in the sense of mitigating its consequences, not enough to prevent its progression. Thus, further research is urgently needed to elucidate the pathophysiology of this disease, in order to help health professionals, from the development of innovative therapeutic approaches to prevent and to treat PE, and to contribute to reduce the serious health effects of the mother-fetus binomial.

References 139

  1. 1.

    Recommendations of WHO for the Prevention and Treatment of Pre-Eclampsia and Eclampsia – Implications and Actions. 2013.

    Not in our library

  2. 2.

    Lo J. O., Mission J. F., Caughey A. B. Hypertensive disease of pregnancy and maternal mortality. Current Opinion in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2013;25(2):124-132.

    Not in our library10.1097/gco.0b013e32835e0ef5

  3. 3.

    Malachias M. V. B., Souza W. K. S. B., Plavnik F. L., et al. 7th Brazilian direction of hypertension. Brazilian Archives of Cardiology. 2016;107:1-83.

    Not in our library

  4. 4.

    Hypertension in pregnancy. Report of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists’ task force on hypertension in pregnancy. Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2013;122(5):1122-1131.

    Not in our library10.1097/01.aog.0000437382.03963.88

  5. 5.

    Williamson R. D., McCarthy C., McCarthy F. P., Kenny L. C. Oxidative stress in pre-eclampsia; have we been looking in the wrong place? Pregnancy Hypertension: An International Journal of Women's Cardiovascular Health. 2017;8:1-5.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.preghy.2017.01.004

  6. 6.

    Hsieh T.’s.-T.’a., Chen S. F., Lo L. M., Li M. J., Yeh Y. L., Hung T. H. The association between maternal oxidative stress at mid-gestation and subsequent pregnancy complications. Reproductive Sciences. 2012;19(5):505-512.

    Not in our library10.1177/1933719111426601

  7. 7.

    Turpin C. A., Sakyi S. A., Owiredu W. K. B. A., Ephraim R. K. D., Anto E. O. Association between adverse pregnancy outcome and imbalance in angiogenic regulators and oxidative stress biomarkers in gestational hypertension and preeclampsia. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. 2015;15(1):p. 189.

    Not in our library10.1186/s12884-015-0624-y

  8. 8.

    Fournier T., Guibourdenche J., Evain-Brion D. Review: hCGs: different sources of production, different glycoforms and functions. Placenta. 2015;36:S60-S65.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.placenta.2015.02.002

  9. 9.

    Sadler T. W. Langman: Medical Embryology. 2005.

    Not in our library

  10. 10.

    Weight gain during pregnancy: reexamining the guidelines. 2009.

    Not in our library

  11. 11.

    Steegers E. A. P., von Dadelszen P., Duvekot J. J., Pijnenborg R. Pre-eclampsia. The Lancet. 2010;376(9741):631-644.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0140-6736(10)60279-6

  12. 12.

    Mol B. W. J., Roberts C. T., Thangaratinam S., Magee L. A., de Groot C. J. M., Hofmeyr G. J. Pre-eclampsia. The Lancet. 2016;387(10022):999-1011.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0140-6736(15)00070-7

  13. 13.

    Sankaralingam S., Arenas I. A., Lalu M. M., Davidge S. T. Preeclampsia: current understanding of the molecular basis of vascular dysfunction. Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine. 2006;8(3):1-20.

    Not in our library10.1017/s1462399406010465

  14. 14.
    Endothelial dysfunction and preeclampsia: role of oxidative stress · 2014
    No notice
  15. 15.

    Cotran R. S., Kumar V., Robbins C. T. Structural and Functional Pathology. 2000.

    Not in our library

  16. 16.

    Silva O. C., Centurion S., Pacheco E. G., Brisotti J. L., Oliveira A. F., Sasso K. D. Basic aspects of ischemia and reperfusion injury and ischemic preconditioning. Acta Cirurgica Brasileira. 2002;17:96-100.

    Not in our library

  17. 17.

    Tardini D. M. S., Yoshida W. B. Brain lesions due to ischemia and reperfusion in carotid endarterectomy surgery. Jornal Vascular Brasileiro. 2003;2:119-128.

    Not in our library

  18. 18.

    Yildirim A., Altinkaynak K., Aksoy H., Sahin Y. N., Akcay F. Plasma xanthine oxidase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities and uric acid levels in severe and mild pre-eclampsia. Cell Biochemistry and Function. 2004;22(4):213-217.

    Not in our library10.1002/cbf.1090

  19. 19.

    Many A., Hubel C. A., Fisher S. J., Roberts J. M., Zhou Y. Invasive cytotrophoblasts manifest evidence of oxidative stress in preeclampsia. The American Journal of Pathology. 2000;156(1):321-331.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0002-9440(10)64733-5

  20. 20.

    White B. C., Sullivan J. M., Degracia D. J., et al. Brain ischemia and reperfusion: molecular mechanisms of neuronal injury. Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 2000;179(1-2):1-33.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0022-510x(00)00386-5

  21. 21.

    Kunz A., Dirnagl U., Mergenthaler P. Acute pathophysiological processes after ischaemic and traumatic brain injury. Best Practice & Research Clinical Anaesthesiology. 2010;24(4):495-509.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.bpa.2010.10.001

  22. 22.

    Campos E. B. P., Yoshida W. B. The role of free radicals in the pathophysiology of ischemia and reperfusion in cutaneous flaps: experimental models and treatment strategies. Jornal Vascular Brasileiro. 2004;3:357-366.

    Not in our library

  23. 23.

    Zhao M., Yin Y., Wei J., Wu M., Yang C., Chen Q. Trophoblastic debris extruded from hydatidiform molar placentae activates endothelial cells: possible relevance to the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. Placenta. 2016;45:42-49.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.placenta.2016.07.007

  24. 24.

    Artico L. G., Madi J. M., Godoy A. E., Coelho C. P., Rombaldi R. L., Artico G. R. Histopathological changes in human placentas related to hypertensive disorders. Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2009;31(1):10-16.

    Not in our library10.1590/s0100-72032009000100003

  25. 25.

    Shevade S., Arole V., Bharambe V., Paranjape V. Placental morphology and fetal outcome in pre-eclampsia and normotense pregnancies. IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences. 2015;14(4):11-15.

    Not in our library

  26. 26.

    Sankar K. D., Bhanu P. S., Ramalingam K., Kiran S., Ramakrishna B. A. Histomorphological and morphometrical changes of placental terminal villi of normotensive and preeclamptic mothers. Anatomy & Cell Biology. 2013;46(4):285-290.

    Not in our library10.5115/acb.2013.46.4.285

  27. 27.

    Rogers M. S., Wang C. C., Tam W. H., Li C. Y., Chu K. O., Chu C. Y. Oxidative stress in midpregnancy as a predictor of gestational hypertension and pre‐eclampsia. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 2006;113(9):1053-1059.

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1471-0528.2006.01026.x

  28. 28.

    Yiyenoğlu Ö. B., Uğur M. G., Özcan H. Ç., et al. Assessment of oxidative stress markers in recurrent pregnancy loss: a prospective study. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2014;289(6, article 3113):1337-1340.

    Not in our library10.1007/s00404-013-3113-4

  29. 29.

    Redman C. W. G. Pre-eclampsia and the placenta. Placenta. 1991;12(4):301-308.

    Not in our library10.1016/0143-4004(91)90339-h

  30. 30.

    Poston L., Igosheva N., Mistry H. D., et al. Role of oxidative stress and antioxidant supplementation in pregnancy disorders. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2011;94(Supplement 6):1980S-1985S.

    Not in our library10.3945/ajcn.110.001156

  31. 31.

    Quinlan C. L., Goncalves R. L. S., Hey-Mogensen M., Yadava N., Bunik V. I., Brand M. D. The 2-Oxoacid dehydrogenase complexes in mitochondria can produce superoxide/hydrogen peroxide at much higher rates than complex I. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2014;289(12):8312-8325.

    Not in our library10.1074/jbc.m113.545301

  32. 32.

    Chamy V., Lepe J., Catalan A., Retamal D., Escobar J. A., Madrid E. M. Oxidative stress is closely related to clinical severity of pre-eclampsia. Biological Research. 2006;39(2):229-236.

    Not in our library10.4067/s0716-97602006000200005

  33. 33.

    Raijmakers M. T. M., Dechend R., Poston L. Oxidative stress and Preeclampsia. Hypertension. 2004;44(4):374-380.

    Not in our library10.1161/01.hyp.0000141085.98320.01

  34. 34.
    Oxidative Stress in Preeclampsia and Placental Diseases · 2018
    No notice
  35. 35.

    Sankaralingam S., Xu Y., Sawamura T., Davidge S. T. Increased lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 expression in the maternal vasculature of women with preeclampsia: role for peroxynitrite. Hypertension. 2009;53(2):270-277.

    Not in our library10.1161/hypertensionaha.108.122630

  36. 36.

    Harmon A. C., Cornelius D. C., Amaral L. M., et al. The role of inflammation in the pathology of preeclampsia. Clinical Science. 2016;130(6):409-419.

    Not in our library10.1042/cs20150702

  37. 37.

    Chiarello D. I., Abad C., Rojas D., et al. Oxidative stress: normal pregnancy versus preeclampsia. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease. 2018.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.12.005

  38. 38.

    Chen G., Wilson R., Wang S. H., Zheng H. Z., Walker J. J., Mckillop J. H. Tumour necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α) gene polymorphism and expression in pre‐eclampsia. Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 1996;104(1):154-159.

    Not in our library10.1046/j.1365-2249.1996.d01-647.x

  39. 39.

    Striz I., Brabcova E., Kolesar L., et al. Epithelial cells modulate genes associated with NF kappa B activation in co-cultured human macrophages. Immunobiology. 2011;216(10):1110-1116.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.imbio.2011.04.009

  40. 40.

    Dhillion P., Wallace K., Herse F., et al. IL-17-mediated oxidative stress is an important stimulator of AT1-AA and hypertension during pregnancy. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology. 2012;303(4):R353-R358.

    Not in our library10.1152/ajpregu.00051.2012

  41. 41.

    Filippin L. I., Vercelino R., Marroni N. A. P., Xavier R. M. Influence of redox processes on the inflammatory response of rheumatoid arthritis. Revista Brasileira de Reumatologia. 2008;48:p. 1724.

    Not in our library

  42. 42.

    Charnock-Jones D. S. Placental hypoxia, endoplasmic reticulum stress and maternal endothelial sensitisation by sFLT1 in pre-eclampsia. Journal of Reproductive Immunology. 2016;114:81-85.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jri.2015.07.004

  43. 43.
    Post-translational regulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase in vascular endothelium · 2013
    No notice
  44. 44.

    Groten T., Lehmann T., Fitzgerald J., et al. Reduction of preeclampsia related complications with with the NO-donor penterythriltetranitrat (PETN) in risk pregnancies - a prospective randomized double-blind placebo pilot study. Journal of Reproductive Immunology. 2012;94(1):p. 120.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jri.2012.03.469

  45. 45.

    Maynard S. E., Min J. Y., Merchan J., et al. Excess placental soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 (sFlt1) may contribute to endothelial dysfunction, hypertension, and proteinuria in preeclampsia. Journal of Clinical Investigation. 2003;111(5):649-658.

    Not in our library10.1172/jci17189

  46. 46.

    Granger J. P., Alexander B. T., Llinas M. T., Bennett W. A., Khalil R. A. Pathophysiology of hypertension during preeclampsia linking placental ischemia with endothelial dysfunction. Hypertension. 2001;38(3):718-722.

    Not in our library10.1161/01.hyp.38.3.718

  47. 47.

    Herse F., LaMarca B. Angiotensin II type 1 receptor autoantibody (AT1-AA)-mediated pregnancy hypertension. American Journal of Reproductive Immunology. 2013;69(4):413-418.

    Not in our library10.1111/aji.12072

  48. 48.

    Lei J., Li Y., Zhang S., Wu Y., Wang P., Liu H. The prognostic role of angiotensin II type 1 receptor autoantibody in non-gravid hypertension and pre-eclampsia: a meta-analysis and our studies. Medicine. 2016;95(17, article e3494).

    Not in our library10.1097/md.0000000000003494

  49. 49.

    Szpera-Gozdziewicz A., Gozdziewicz T., Wirstlein P., Wender-Ozegowska E., Breborowicz G. H. The agonistic autoantibodies to the angiotensin II type 1 receptor in pregnancies complicated by hypertensive disorders. The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine. 2019;32(7):1219-1223.

    Not in our library10.1080/14767058.2017.1400006

  50. 50.

    Cunningham M. W., Castillo J., Ibrahim T., et al. AT1-AA (angiotensin II type 1 receptor agonistic autoantibody) blockade prevents preeclamptic symptoms in placental ischemic rats. Hypertension. 2018;71(5):886-893.

    Not in our library10.1161/hypertensionaha.117.10681

  51. 51.

    Lamarca B. Endothelial dysfunction; an important mediator in the pathophysiology of hypertension during preeclampsia. Minerva Ginecologica. 2012;64(4):309-320.

    Not in our library

  52. 52.

    Sargent I. L., Germain S. J., Sacks G. P., Kumar S., Redman C. W. G. Trophoblast deportation and the maternal inflammatory response in pre-eclampsia. Journal of Reproductive Immunology. 2003;59(2):153-160.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0165-0378(03)00044-5

  53. 53.

    Guedes-Martins L., Matos L., Soares A., Silva E., Almeida H. AGEs, contributors to placental bed vascular changes leading to preeclampsia. Free Radical Research. 2013;47(Supplement 1):70-80.

    Not in our library10.3109/10715762.2013.815347

  54. 54.

    Bilodeau J. F. Review: maternal and placental antioxidant response to preeclampsia – impact on vasoactive eicosanoids. Placenta. 2014;35:S32-S38.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.placenta.2013.11.013

  55. 55.

    Negi R., Pande D., Karki K., Kumar A., Khanna R. S., Khanna H. D. Association of oxidative DNA damage, protein oxidation and antioxidant function with oxidative stress induced cellular injury in pre-eclamptic/eclamptic mothers during fetal circulation. Chemico-Biological Interactions. 2014;208:77-83.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.cbi.2013.11.010

  56. 56.

    Gupta S., Agarwal A., Sharma R. K. The role of placental oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation in preeclampsia. Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey. 2005;60(12):807-816.

    Not in our library10.1097/01.ogx.0000193879.79268.59

  57. 57.

    Cuffe J. S. M., Xu Z. C., Perkins A. V. Biomarkers of oxidative stress in pregnancy complications. Biomarkers in Medicine. 2017;11(3):295-306.

    Not in our library10.2217/bmm-2016-0250

  58. 58.

    Cackovic M., Buhimschi C. S., Zhao G., et al. Fractional excretion of tumor necrosis factor-α in women with severe preeclampsia. Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2008;112(1):93-100.

    Not in our library10.1097/aog.0b013e31817c4304

  59. 59.

    Sandrim V. C., Palei A. C. T., Metzger I. F., Gomes V. A., Cavalli R. C., Tanus-Santos J. E. Nitric oxide formation is inversely related to serum levels of antiangiogenic factors soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 and soluble endogline in preeclampsia. Hypertension. 2008;52(2):402-407.

    Not in our library10.1161/hypertensionaha.108.115006

  60. 60.

    Borzychowski A. M., Sargent I. L., Redman C. W. G. Inflammation and pre-eclampsia. Seminars in Fetal and Neonatal Medicine. 2006;11(5):309-316.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.siny.2006.04.001

  61. 61.
    Pre-eclampsia: its pathogenesis and pathophysiolgy · 2016
    No notice
  62. 62.

    LaMarca B., Speed J., Ray L. F., et al. Hypertension in response to IL-6 during pregnancy: role of AT1-receptor activation. International Journal of Interferon, Cytokine and Mediator Research. 2011;3:65-70.

    Not in our library10.2147/ijicmr.s22329

  63. 63.

    Lai Z., Kalkunte S., Sharma S. A critical role of interleukin-10 in modulating hypoxia-induced preeclampsia-like disease in mice. Hypertension. 2011;57(3):505-514.

    Not in our library10.1161/hypertensionaha.110.163329

  64. 64.

    LaMarca B. B. D., Cockrell K., Sullivan E., Bennett W., Granger J. P. Role of endothelin in mediating tumor necrosis factor-induced hypertension in pregnant rats. Hypertension. 2005;46(1):82-86.

    Not in our library10.1161/01.hyp.0000169152.59854.36

  65. 65.

    e Silva D. M. C., do Nascimento Marreiro D., Neto J. M. M., et al. Oxidative stress and immunological alteration in women with preeclampsia. Hypertension in Pregnancy. 2013;32(3):304-311.

    Not in our library10.3109/10641955.2013.806540

  66. 66.

    Aprialdi D., Susiarno H., SetyoriniIrianti S., et al. The effects of combined omega-3 and vitamin E supplementation on preeclampsia cases in Hasan Sadikin Hospital Bandung. International Journal of PharmTech Research. 2016;9:320-325.

    Not in our library

  67. 67.

    Banerjee S., Jeyaseelan S., Guleria R. Trial of lycopene to prevent pre‐eclampsia in healthy primigravidas: Results show some adverse effects. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research. 2009;35(3):477-482.

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1447-0756.2008.00983.x

  68. 68.

    Sharma J. B., Kumar A., Kumar A., et al. Effect of lycopene on pre-eclampsia and intra-uterine growth retardation in primigravidas. International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 2003;81(3):257-262.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0020-7292(03)00040-7

  69. 69.

    Tara F., Maamouri G., Rayman M. P., et al. Selenium supplementation and the incidence of preeclampsia in pregnant Iranian women: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot trial. Taiwanese Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2010;49(2):181-187.

    Not in our library10.1016/s1028-4559(10)60038-1

  70. 70.

    Aalami-Harandi R., Karamali M., Asemi Z. The favorable effects of garlic intake on metabolic profiles, hs-CRP, biomarkers of oxidative stress and pregnancy outcomes in pregnant women at risk for pre-eclampsia: randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine. 2015;28(17):2020-2027.

    Not in our library10.3109/14767058.2014.977248

  71. 71.

    Teran E., Hernandez I., Nieto B., Tavara R., Ocampo J. E., Calle A. Coenzyme Q10 supplementation during pregnancy reduces the risk of pre‐eclampsia. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics. 2009;105(1):43-45.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ijgo.2008.11.033

  72. 72.

    Motawei S. M., Attalla S. M., Gouda H. E., Harouny M. A., Elmansoury A. M. The effects of N-acetyl cysteine on oxidative stress among patients with pre-eclampsia. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics. 2016;135(2):226-227.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ijgo.2016.07.002

  73. 73.

    Pulido E. E. C., Benavides L. G., Barón J. G. P., et al. Efficacy of L-arginine for preventing preeclampsia in high-risk pregnancies: a double-blind, randomized, clinical trial. Hypertension in Pregnancy. 2016;35(2):217-225.

    Not in our library10.3109/10641955.2015.1137586

  74. 74.

    Valdivia-Silva J. E., López-Molina K., Macedo R. Effect of early L-arginine therapy on intrauterine growth restriction in preeclampsia. A randomized controlled trial in Latin-American women. Progresos de Obstetricia y Ginecología. 2009;52(2):89-98.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0304-5013(09)70342-5

  75. 75.

    Spinnato J. A., Freire S., Pinto e Silva J. L., et al. Antioxidant therapy to prevent preeclampsia: a randomized controlled trial. Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2007;110(6):1311-1318.

    Not in our library10.1097/01.aog.0000289576.43441.1f

  76. 76.

    Bulstra-Ramakers M. T. E. W., Huisjes H. J., Visser G. H. A. The effects of 3g eicosapentaenoic acid daily on recurrence of intrauterine growth retardation and pregnancy induced hypertension. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1995;102(2):123-126.

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1471-0528.1995.tb09064.x

  77. 77.

    Onwude J. L., Lilford R. J., Hjartardottir H., Staines A., Tuffnell D. A randomised double blind placebo controlled trial of fish oil in high risk pregnancy. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1995;102(2):95-100.

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1471-0528.1995.tb09059.x

  78. 78.

    Tenório M. B., Ferreira R. C., Moura F. A., Bueno N. B., Goulart M. O. F., Oliveira A. C. M. Oral antioxidant therapy for prevention and treatment of preeclampsia: Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases. 2018;28(9):865-876.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.numecd.2018.06.002

  79. 79.

    Hannan N. J., Binder N. K., Beard S., Nguyen T. V., Kaitu’u-Lino T.’. J., Tong S. Melatonin enhances antioxidant molecules in the placenta, reduces secretion of soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 (sFLT) from primary trophoblast but does not rescue endothelial dysfunction: an evaluation of its potential to treat preeclampsia. PLoS One. 2018;13(4, article e0187082).

    Not in our library10.1371/journal.pone.0187082

  80. 80.

    Hannan N. J., Brownfoot F. C., Cannon P., et al. Resveratrol inhibits release of soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase (sFlt-1) and soluble endoglin and improves vascular dysfunction – implications as a preeclampsia treatment. Scientific Reports. 2017;7(1):p. 1819.

    Not in our library10.1038/s41598-017-01993-w

  81. 81.

    Zhao M., Li Y., Xu L., et al. Melatonin prevents preeclamptic sera and antiphospholipid antibodies inducing the production of reactive nitrogen species and extrusion of toxic trophoblastic debris from first trimester placentae. Placenta. 2017;58:17-24.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.placenta.2017.08.001

  82. 82.

    Hobson S. R., Wallace E. M., Kingdom J. C., Hodges R. J. A randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled intervention trial of melatonin for the prevention of preeclampsia in moderate- and high-risk women: the MELPOP trial. Preeclampsia. 2018;1710:347-352.

    Not in our library10.1007/978-1-4939-7498-6_28

  83. 83.

    Kerley R. N., McCarthy C., Kell D. B., Kenny L. C. The potential therapeutic effects of ergothioneine in pre-eclampsia. Free Radical Biology and Medicine. 2018;117:145-157.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.12.030

  84. 84.

    Abad C., Vargas F. R., Zoltan T., et al. Magnesium sulfate affords protection against oxidative damage during severe preeclampsia. Placenta. 2015;36(2):179-185.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.placenta.2014.11.008

  85. 85.
    Magnesium deficiency and oxidative stress: an update · 2016
    No notice
  86. 86.

    Wibowo N., Purwosunu Y., Sekizawa A., Farina A., Idriansyah L., Fitriana I. Antioxidant supplementation in pregnant women with low antioxidant status. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research. 2012;38(9):1152-1161.

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1447-0756.2012.01855.x

  87. 87.

    Vadillo-Ortega F., Perichart-Perera O., Espino S., et al. Effect of supplementation during pregnancy with L-arginine and antioxidant vitamins in medical food on pre-eclampsia in high risk population: randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2011;342(may19 1):p. d2901.

    Not in our library10.1136/bmj.d2901

  88. 88.

    Stupakova E. G., Lazareva G. A., Gureev V. V., Dolzhikova I. N., Zhilinkova L. A., Gureeva A. V. L-NAME-induced preeclampsia: correction of functional disorders of the hemostasis system with resveratrol and nicorandil. Research Results in Pharmacology. 2019;5(2):1-12.

    Not in our library10.3897/rrpharmacology.5.35316

  89. 89.

    Imhoff-Kunsch B., Briggs V., Goldenberg T., Ramakrishnan U. Effect of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid intake during pregnancy on maternal, infant, and child health outcomes: a systematic review. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology. 2012;26:91-107.

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1365-3016.2012.01292.x

  90. 90.

    Saccone G., Saccone I., Berghella V. Omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and fish oil supplementation during pregnancy: which evidence? The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine. 2016;29:1-9.

    Not in our library10.3109/14767058.2015.1086742

  91. 91.

    Roberts J. M., Catov J. M. Aspirin for pre-eclampsia: compelling data on benefit and risk. The Lancet. 2007;369(9575):1765-1766.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0140-6736(07)60713-2

  92. 92.

    Askie L. M., Duley L., Henderson-Smart D. J., Stewart L. A. Antiplatelet agents for prevention of pre-eclampsia: a meta-analysis of individual patient data. Lancet. 2007;369(9575):1791-1798.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0140-6736(07)60712-0

  93. 93.

    Odibo A. O., Goetzinger K. R., Odibo L., Tuuli M. G. Early prediction and aspirin for prevention of pre‐eclampsia (EPAPP) study: a randomized controlled trial. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2015;46(4):414-418.

    Not in our library10.1002/uog.14889

  94. 94.

    Haddad B., Winer N., Chitrit Y., et al. Enoxaparin and aspirin compared with aspirin alone to prevent placenta-mediated pregnancy complications: a randomized controlled trial. Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2016;128(5):1053-1063.

    Not in our library10.1097/aog.0000000000001673

  95. 95.

    Ayala D. E., Ucieda R., Hermida R. C. Chronotherapy with low-dose aspirin for prevention of complications in pregnancy. Chronobiology International. 2013;30(1-2):260-279.

    Not in our library10.3109/07420528.2012.717455

  96. 96.

    Rayman M. P., Searle E., Kelly L., et al. Effect of selenium on markers of risk of pre-eclampsia in UK pregnant women: a randomised, controlled pilot trial. British Journal of Nutrition. 2014;112(1):99-111.

    Not in our library10.1017/s0007114514000531

  97. 97.

    Takacs P., Kauma S. W., Sholley M. M., Walsh S. W., Dinsmoor M. J., Green K. Increased circulating lipid peroxides in severe preeclampsia activate NF-κB and upregulate ICAM-1 in vascular endothelial cells. The FASEB Journal. 2001;15(2):279-281.

    Not in our library10.1096/fj.00-0549fje

  98. 98.

    Rabelo L. A., Ferreira F. O., Nunes-Souza V., Fonseca L. J. S., Goulart M. O. F. Arginase as a critical prooxidant mediator in the binomial endothelial dysfunction-atherosclerosis. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. 2015;2015:12.

    Not in our library10.1155/2015/924860

  99. 99.

    Coman D., Yaplito-Lee J., Boneh A. New indications and controversies in arginine therapy. Clinical Nutrition. 2008;27(4):489-496.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.clnu.2008.05.007

  100. 100.

    Morris S. M. Enzymes of arginine metabolism. The Journal of Nutrition. 2004;134(10):2743S-2747S.

    Not in our library10.1093/jn/134.10.2743s

  101. 101.

    Oliveira C. M. B., Sakata R. K., Issy A. M., Gerola L. R., Salomão R. Cytokines and pain. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia. 2011;61:255-265.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0034-7094(11)70029-0

  102. 102.

    Curfs J. H., Meis J. F., Hoogkamp-Korstanje J. A. A primer on cytokines: sources, receptors, effects, and inducers. Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 1997;10(4):742-780.

    Not in our library10.1128/cmr.10.4.742

  103. 103.

    de Vivar Chavez A. R., Buchser W., Basse P. H., et al. Pharmacologic Administration of Interleukin‐2. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2009;1182(1):14-27.

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05160.x

  104. 104.
    Chemokines and immunity · 2015
    No notice
  105. 105.

    Volp A. C. P., Alfenas R. C. G., Costa N. M. B., Minim V. P. R., Stringueta P. C., Bressan J. Capacidade dos biomarcadores inflamatórios em predizer a síndrome metabólica: inflammation biomarkers capacity in predicting the metabolic syndrome. Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia & Metabologia. 2008;52(3):537-549.

    Not in our library10.1590/s0004-27302008000300015

  106. 106.

    Blanco M. L., Condino N. A. The nuclear factor kappa B: a new perspective for the study of anti-inflammatory drugs. Journal of Medical Sciences. 2003;12(4):341-349.

    Not in our library

  107. 107.

    Vasconcelos S. M. L., Goulart M. O. F., Moura J. B. F., Manfredini V., Benfato M. S., Kubota L. T. Espécies reativas de oxigênio e de nitrogênio, antioxidantes e marcadores de dano oxidativo em sangue humano: principais métodos analíticos para sua determinação. Química Nova. 2007;30(5):1323-1338.

    Not in our library10.1590/s0100-40422007000500046

  108. 108.

    Halliwell B., Gutteridge J. M. C. Free Radical in Biology and Medicine. 2015.

    Not in our library10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198717478.001.0001

  109. 109.

    Petersen D. R., Doorn J. A. Reactions of 4-hydroxynonenal with proteins and cellular targets. Free Radical Biology & Medicine. 2004;37(7):937-945.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2004.06.012

  110. 110.

    Barreiros A. L. B. S., David J. M., David J. P. Estresse oxidativo: relação entre geração de espécies reativas e defesa do organismo. Química Nova. 2006;29(1):113-123.

    Not in our library10.1590/s0100-40422006000100021

  111. 111.

    Shils M. E., Olson J. Á., Shike M., Ross A. C. Treaty on Modern Nutrition in Health and Sickness. 2002.

    Not in our library

  112. 112.

    Theriault A., Chao J. T., Wang Q., Gapor A., Adeli K. Tocotrienol: a review of its therapeutic potential. Clinical Biochemistry. 1999;32(5):309-319.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0009-9120(99)00027-2

  113. 113.

    Atamer Y., Koçyigit Y., Yokus B., Atamer A., Erden A. C. Lipid peroxidation, antioxidant defense, status of trace metals and leptin levels in preeclampsia. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology. 2005;119(1):60-66.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ejogrb.2004.06.033

  114. 114.

    Aydin S., Benian A., Madazli R., Uludag S., Uzun H., Kaya S. Plasma malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, sE-selectin, fibronectin, endothelin-1 and nitric oxide levels in women with preeclampsia. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology. 2004;113(1):21-25.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0301-2115(03)00368-3

  115. 115.

    Yoneyama Y., Sawa R., Suzuki S., et al. Relationship between plasma malondialdehyde levels and adenosine deaminase activities in preeclampsia. Clinica Chimica Acta. 2002;322(1-2):169-173.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0009-8981(02)00175-4

  116. 116.

    Orhan H., Onderoglu L., Yucel A., Sahin G. Circulating biomarkers of oxidative stress in complicated pregnancies. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2003;267(4):189-195.

    Not in our library10.1007/s00404-002-0319-2

  117. 117.

    Hubel C. A., McLaughlin M. K., Evans R. W., Hauth B. A., Sims C. J., Roberts J. M. Fasting serum triglycerides, free fatty acids, and malondialdehyde are increased in preeclampsia, are positively correlated, and decrease within 48 hours post partum. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1996;174(3):975-982.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0002-9378(96)70336-8

  118. 118.

    Serdar Z., Gür E., Colakoethullarý M., Develioethlu O., Sarandöl E. Lipid and protein oxidation and antioxidant function in women with mild and severe preeclampsia. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2003;268(1):19-25.

    Not in our library10.1007/s00404-002-0302-y

  119. 119.

    Siddiqui I. A., Jaleel A., al’Kadri H. M. F., Akram S., Tamimi W. Biomarkers of oxidative stress in women with pre-eclampsia. Biomarkers in Medicine. 2013;7(2):229-234.

    Not in our library10.2217/bmm.12.109

  120. 120.

    Sahay A. S., Sundrani D. P., Wagh G. N., Mehendale S. S., Joshi S. R. Regional differences in the placental levels of oxidative stress markers in pre-eclampsia. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics. 2015;129(3):213-218.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ijgo.2015.03.001

  121. 121.

    Yuvaci H. U., Akdemir N., Bostanci M. S., et al. Evaluation of the level of thiol-disulphide homeostasis in patients with mild and severe preeclampsia. Pregnancy Hypertension: An International Journal of Women's Cardiovascular Health. 2016;6(4):394-399.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.preghy.2016.09.003

  122. 122.

    de Lucca L., Rodrigues F., Jantsch L. B., et al. Delta-aminolevulinate dehydratase activity and oxidative stress markers in preeclampsia. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. 2016;84:224-229.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.biopha.2016.09.033

  123. 123.

    Sahin S., Ozakpinar O. B., Eroglu M., et al. The impact of platelet functions and inflammatory status on the severity of preeclampsia. The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine. 2015;28(6):643-648.

    Not in our library10.3109/14767058.2014.927860

  124. 124.

    Molvarec A., Czegle I., Szijártó J., Rigó J. Increased circulating interleukin-17 levels in preeclampsia. Journal of Reproductive Immunology. 2015;112:53-57.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jri.2015.05.007

  125. 125.

    Sun L., Mao D., Cai Y., et al. Association between higher expression of interleukin-8 (IL-8) and haplotype −353A/−251A/+678T of IL-8 gene with preeclampsia: A case–control study. Medicine. 2016;95(52, article e5537).

    Not in our library10.1097/md.0000000000005537

  126. 126.

    Ribeiro V. R., Romao-Veiga M., Romagnoli G. G., et al. Association between cytokine profile and transcription factors produced by T‐cell subsets in early‐ and late‐onset pre‐eclampsia. Immunology. 2017;152(1):163-173.

    Not in our library10.1111/imm.12757

  127. 127.

    Aggarwal R., Jain A. K., Mittal P., Kohli M., Jawanjal P., Rath G. Association of pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory cytokines in preeclampsia. Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis. 2019;33(4, article e22834).

    Not in our library10.1002/jcla.22834

  128. 128.

    Peixoto A. B., Araujo Júnior E., Ribeiro J. U., et al. Evaluation of inflammatory mediators in the deciduas of pregnant women with pre-eclampsia/eclampsia. The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine. 2015;29(1):75-79.

    Not in our library10.3109/14767058.2014.987117

  129. 129.

    Kalantar F., Rajaei S., Heidari A. B., et al. Serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-15 and interleukin-10 in patients with pre-eclampsia in comparison with normotensive pregnant women. Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery. 2013;18(6):463-466.

    Not in our library

  130. 130.

    Kalinderis M., Papanikolaou A., Kalinderi K., et al. Elevated serum levels of interleukin-6, interleukin-1β and human chorionic gonadotropin in pre-eclampsia. American Journal of Reproductive Immunology. 2011;66(6):468-475.

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1600-0897.2011.01019.x

  131. 131.

    el-Kabarity R. H., Naquib A. H. Serum levels of IL-18, IL-12 and TH-1/TH-2 ratio in patients with pre-eclampsia. The Egyptian Journal of Immunology. 2011;18(1):1-8.

    Not in our library

  132. 132.

    Sharma D., Singh A., Trivedi S. S., Bhattacharjee J. Role of endothelin and inflammatory cytokines in pre-eclampsia - a pilot North Indian study. American Journal of Reproductive Immunology. 2011;65(4):428-432.

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1600-0897.2010.00903.x

  133. 133.

    Xu H., Perez-Cuevas R., Xiong X., et al. An international trial of antioxidants in the prevention of preeclampsia (INTAPP). American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2010;202(3):239.e1-239.e10.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ajog.2010.01.050

  134. 134.

    Roberts J. M., Myatt L., Spong C. Y., et al. Vitamins C and E to prevent complications of pregnancy-associated hypertension. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2010;362(14):1282-1291.

    Not in our library10.1056/nejmoa0908056

  135. 135.

    D'Almeida A., Carter J. P., Anatol A., Prost C. Effects of a combination of evening primrose oil (gamma linolenic acid) and fish oil (eicosapentaenoic + Docahexaenoic acid) versus magnesium, and versus placebo in preventing Pre-Eclampsia. Women & Health. 1992;19(2-3):117-131.

    Not in our library10.1300/j013v19n02_07

  136. 136.

    Herrera J. A., Arevalo-Herrera M., Herrera S. Prevention of preeclampsia by linoleic acid and calcium supplementation: a randomized controlled trial. Obstetrics & Gynecology. 1998;91(4):585-590.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0029-7844(97)00711-4

  137. 137.

    Salvig J. D., Olsen S. F., Secher N. J. Effects of fish oil supplementation in late pregnancy on blood pressure: a randomised controlled trial. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1996;103(6):529-533.

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1471-0528.1996.tb09801.x

  138. 138.

    Smuts C. M., Huang M., Mundy D., Plasse T., Major S., Carlson S. E. A randomized trial of docosahexaenoic acid supplementation during the third trimester of pregnancy. Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2003;101(3):469-479.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0029-7844(02)02585-1

  139. 139.

    Olsen S. F., Secher N. J., Tabor A., Weber T., Walker J. J., Gluud C. Randomised clinical trials of fish oil supplementation in high risk pregnancies. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2000;107(3):382-395.

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1471-0528.2000.tb13235.x

Cited by papers we hold 4

Reads

Read by people on this page

None yet.

Checked or read by AI through naulon

None yet.

A person counts once a day per paper. We keep no cookie and no address: a reader is a hash that changes every day. Any month under five reads shows no number.

Are you an author?

Is this your paper?

Claim it to add your note and be paid when agents cite it. Free.