Enterococci: Between Emerging Pathogens and Potential Probiotics

Abstract

Enterococci are ubiquitous microorganisms that could be found everywhere; in water, plant, soil, foods, and gastrointestinal tract of humans and animals. They were previously used as starters in food fermentation due to their biotechnological traits (enzymatic and proteolytic activities) or protective cultures in food biopreservation due to their produced antimicrobial bacteriocins called enterocins or as probiotics, live cells with different beneficial characteristics such as stimulation of immunity, anti-inflammatory activity, hypocholesterolemic effect, and prevention/treatment of some diseases. However, in the last years, the use of enterococci in foods or as probiotics caused an important debate because of their opportunistic pathogenicity implicated in several nosocomial infections due to virulence factors and antibiotic resistance, particularly the emergence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci. These virulence traits of some enterococci are associated with genetic transfer mechanisms. Therefore, the development of new enterococcal probiotics needs a strict assessment with regard to safety aspects for selecting the truly harmless enterococcal strains for safe applications. This review tries to give some data of the different points of view about this question.

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91. 91.

    Criado R., Diep D. B., Aakra Å., et al. Complete sequence of the enterocin Q-encoding plasmid pCIZ2 from the multiple bacteriocin producer Enterococcus faecium L50 and genetic characterization of enterocin Q production and immunity. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2006;72(10):6653-6666.

    Not in our library10.1128/aem.00859-06 (opens in a new tab)

92. 92.

    Basanta A., Sánchez J., Gómez-Sala B., Herranz C., Hernández P. E., Cintas L. M. Antimicrobial activity of Enterococcus faecium L50, a strain producing enterocins L50 (L50A and L50B), P and Q, against beer-spoilage lactic acid bacteria in broth, wort (hopped and unhopped), and alcoholic and non-alcoholic lager beers. International Journal of Food Microbiology. 2008;125(3):293-307.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2008.04.011 (opens in a new tab)

93. 93.

    Vandera E., Tsirka G., Kakouri A., Koukkou A.-I., Samelis J. Approaches for enhancing in situ detection of enterocin genes in thermized milk, and selective isolation of enterocin-producing Enterococcus faecium from Baird-Parker agar. International Journal of Food Microbiology. 2018;281:23-31.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.05.020 (opens in a new tab)

94. 94.

    Merzoug M., Mosbahi K., Walker D., Karam N.-E. Screening of the enterocin-encoding genes and their genetic determinism in the bacteriocinogenic enterococcus faecium GHB21. Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins. 2018.

    Not in our library10.1007/s12602-018-9448-1 (opens in a new tab)

95. 95.

    Merlich A., Galkin M., Choiset Y., et al. Characterization of the bacteriocin produced by Enterococcus italicus ONU547 isolated from Thai fermented cabbage. Folia Microbiologica. 2019.

    Not in our library10.1007/s12223-019-00677-4 (opens in a new tab)

96. 96.

    Ahmadova A., Todorov S. D., Choiset Y., et al. Evaluation of antimicrobial activity, probiotic properties and safety of wild strain Enterococcus faecium AQ71 isolated from Azerbaijani Motal cheese. Food Control. 2013;30(2):631-641.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.08.009 (opens in a new tab)

97. 97.

    O'Connor P. M., Ross R. P., Hill C., Cotter P. D. Antimicrobial antagonists against food pathogens: A bacteriocin perspective. Current Opinion in Food Science. 2015;2:51-57.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.cofs.2015.01.004 (opens in a new tab)

98. 98.

    Arqués J. L., Rodríguez E., Langa S., Landete J. M., Medina M. Antimicrobial activity of lactic acid bacteria in dairy products and gut: effect on pathogens. BioMed Research International. 2015;2015:9.

    Not in our library10.1155/2015/584183 (opens in a new tab)

99. 99.

    Baños A., García-López J. D., Núñez C., Martínez-Bueno M., Maqueda M., Valdivia E. Biocontrol of Listeria monocytogenes in fish by enterocin AS-48 and Listeria lytic bacteriophage P100. LWT- Food Science and Technology. 2016;66:672-677.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.lwt.2015.11.025 (opens in a new tab)

100. 100.

     Caly D. L., Chevalier M., Flahaut C., et al. The safe enterocin DD14 is a leaderless two-peptide bacteriocin with anti-Clostridium perfringens activity. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 2017;49(3):282-289.

     Not in our library10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2016.11.016 (opens in a new tab)

101. 101.

     Simonetta A. C., Moragues De Velasco L. G., Frisón L. N. Antibacterial activity of enterococci strains against Vibrio cholerae. Letters in Applied Microbiology. 1997;24(2):139-143.

     Not in our library10.1046/j.1472-765x.1997.00370.x (opens in a new tab)

102. 102.

     Svetoch E. A., Eruslanov B. V., Levchulk V. P., et al. Antimicrobial activity of bacteriocin S760 produced by Enterococcus faecium strain LWP760. Antibiot Khimioter. 2011;56:3-9.

     Not in our library

103. 103.

     Ríos Colombo N. S., Chalón M. C., Navarro S. A., Bellomio A. Pediocin-like bacteriocins: new perspectives on mechanism of action and immunity. Current Genetics. 2018;64(2):345-351.

     Not in our library10.1007/s00294-017-0757-9 (opens in a new tab)

104. 104.

     Coelho E. D., Arrais J. P., Oliveira J. L. Fighting fire with fire: Computational prediction of microbial targets for bacteriocins. 221-234.

     Not in our library

105. 105.

     Bisset S. W., Yang S.-H., Amso Z., et al. Using chemical synthesis to probe structure-activity relationships of the glycoactive bacteriocin glycocin F. ACS Chemical Biology. 2018;13(5):1270-1278.

     Not in our library10.1021/acschembio.8b00055 (opens in a new tab)

106. 106.

     Tanhaeian A., Damavandi M. S., Mansury D., Ghaznini K. Expression in eukaryotic cells and purification of synthetic gene encoding enterocin P: a bacteriocin with broad antimicrobial spectrum. AMB Express. 2019;9(1).

     Not in our library10.1186/s13568-018-0729-6 (opens in a new tab)

107. 107.

     Krulwich T. A., Sachs G., Padan E. Molecular aspects of bacterial pH sensing and homeostasis. Nature Reviews Microbiology. 2011;9(5):330-343.

     Not in our library10.1038/nrmicro2549 (opens in a new tab)

108. 108.

     Hutkins R. W., Nannen N. L. pH homeostasis in lactic acid bacteria. Journal of Dairy Science. 1993;76(8):2354-2365.

     Not in our library10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(93)77573-6 (opens in a new tab)

109. 109.

     Kakinuma Y. Inorganic cation transport and energy transduction in Enterococcus hirae and other streptococci. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews. 1998;62(4):1021-1045.

     Not in our library10.1128/mmbr.62.4.1021-1045.1998 (opens in a new tab)

110. 110.

     Nilsen T., Nes I. F., Holo H. Enterolysin A, a cell wall-degrading bacteriocin from Enterococcus faecalis LMG 2333. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2003;69(5):2975-2984.

     Not in our library10.1128/aem.69.5.2975-2984.2003 (opens in a new tab)

111. 111.

     Werner G., Coque T. M., Hammerum A. M., et al. Emergence and spread of vancomycin resistance among enterococci in Europe. Euro Surveillance. 2008;13(47):p. 19046.

     Not in our library

112. 112.

     Teixeira L. M., Merquior V. L. C. Enterococcus. Molecular Typing in Bacterial Infections. 2013;17-26.

     Not in our library

113. 113.

     Mannu L., Paba A., Daga E., et al. Comparison of the incidence of virulence determinants and antibiotic resistance between Enterococcus faecium strains of dairy, animal and clinical origin. International Journal of Food Microbiology. 2003;88(2-3):291-304.

     Not in our library10.1016/s0168-1605(03)00191-0 (opens in a new tab)

114. 114.

     Abriouel H., Omar N. B., Molinos A. C., et al. Comparative analysis of genetic diversity and incidence of virulence factors and antibiotic resistance among enterococcal populations from raw fruit and vegetable foods, water and soil, and clinical samples. International Journal of Food Microbiology. 2008;123(1-2):38-49.

     Not in our library10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.11.067 (opens in a new tab)

115. 115.

     Mundy L. M., Sahm D. F., Gilmore M. Relationships between enterococcal virulence and antimicrobial resistance. Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 2000;13(4):513-522.

     Not in our library10.1128/cmr.13.4.513-522.2000 (opens in a new tab)

116. 116.

     Brilliantova A. N., Kliasova G. A., Mironova A. V., et al. Spread of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium in two haematological centres in Russia. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 2010;35(2):177-181.

     Not in our library10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2009.10.006 (opens in a new tab)

117. 117.

     Perin L. M., Miranda R. O., Todorov S. D., Franco B. D. G. D. M., Nero L. A. Virulence, antibiotic resistance and biogenic amines of bacteriocinogenic lactococci and enterococci isolated from goat milk. International Journal of Food Microbiology. 2014;185:121-126.

     Not in our library10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.06.001 (opens in a new tab)

118. 118.

     Barbosa J., Gibbs P. A., Teixeira P. Virulence factors among enterococci isolated from traditional fermented meat products produced in the North of Portugal. Food Control. 2010;21(5):651-656.

     Not in our library10.1016/j.foodcont.2009.10.002 (opens in a new tab)

119. 119.

     Chajęcka-Wierzchowska W., Zadernowska A., Łaniewska-Trokenheim Ł. Virulence factors of Enterococcus spp. presented in food. LWT- Food Science and Technology. 2017;75:670-676.

     Not in our library10.1016/j.lwt.2016.10.026 (opens in a new tab)

120. 120.

     Tanih G. N. Genotypic and phenotypic characterization of enterococci from cow dung and environmental water sources in three selected dairy farms [Doctoral dissertation]. 2016.

     Not in our library

121. 121.

     Vineet R. V., Nayak M. Enterococcus faecalis: an enigma in root canal infections. International Research Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biosciences. 2016;3(1):12-21.

     Not in our library

122. 122.
     Global Emergence and Dissemination of Enterococci as Nosocomial Pathogens: Attack of the Clones? · 2016

     No notice
123. 123.

     Gawryszewska I., Żabicka D., Hryniewicz W., Sadowy E. Linezolid-resistant enterococci in Polish hospitals: species, clonality and determinants of linezolid resistance. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases. 2017;36(7):1279-1286.

     Not in our library10.1007/s10096-017-2934-7 (opens in a new tab)

124. 124.

     Le Blanc D. Enterococcus. Prokaryotes. 2006;4:175-204.

     Not in our library

125. 125.

     Huycke M. M., Spiegel C. A., Gilmore M. S. Bacteremia caused by hemolytic, high-level gentamicin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1991;35(8):1626-1634.

     Not in our library10.1128/aac.35.8.1626 (opens in a new tab)

126. 126.

     Del Papa M. F., Hancock L. E., Thomas V. C., Perego M. Full activation of Enterococcus faecalis gelatinase by a C-terminal proteolytic cleavage. Journal of Bacteriology. 2007;189(24):8835-8843.

     Not in our library10.1128/jb.01311-07 (opens in a new tab)

127. 127.

     Eaton T. J., Gasson M. J. Molecular screening of enterococcus virulence determinants and potential for genetic exchange between food and medical isolates. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2001;67(4):1628-1635.

     Not in our library10.1128/aem.67.4.1628-1635.2001 (opens in a new tab)

128. 128.

     Vankerckhoven V., Van Autgaerden T., Vael C., et al. Development of a multiplex PCR for the detection of asa1, gelE, cylA, esp, and hyl genes in enterococci and survey for virulence determinants among european hospital isolates of Enterococcus faecium. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2004;42(10):4473-4479.

     Not in our library10.1128/jcm.42.10.4473-4479.2004 (opens in a new tab)

129. 129.

     Tendolkar P. M., Baghdayan A. S., Shankar N. Pathogenic enterococci: New developments in the 21st century. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences. 2003;60(12):2622-2636.

     Not in our library10.1007/s00018-003-3138-0 (opens in a new tab)

130. 130.
     The genus Enterococcus as probiotic: safety concerns · 2013

     Not checked
131. 131.

     Low Y. L., Jakubovics N. S., Flatman J. C., Jenkinson H. F., Smith A. W. Manganese-dependent regulation of the endocarditis-associated virulence factor EfaA of Enterococcus faecafis. Journal of Medical Microbiology. 2003;52(2):113-119.

     Not in our library10.1099/jmm.0.05039-0 (opens in a new tab)

132. 132.

     Teng F., Kawalec M., Weinstock G. M., Hryniewicz W., Murray B. E. An Enterococcus faecium secreted antigen, SagA, exhibits broad-spectrum binding to extracellular matrix proteins and appears essential for E. faecium growth. Infection and Immunity. 2003;71(9):5033-5041.

     Not in our library10.1128/iai.71.9.5033-5041.2003 (opens in a new tab)

133. 133.

     Sillanpää J., Nallapareddy S. R., Prakash V. P., et al. Identification and phenotypic characterization of a second collagen adhesin, Scm, and genome-based identification and analysis of 13 other predicted MSCRAMMs, including four distinct pilus loci, in Enterococcus faecium. Microbiology. 2008;154(10):3199-3211.

     Not in our library10.1099/mic.0.2008/017319-0 (opens in a new tab)

134. 134.

     Nallapareddy S. R., Singh K. V., Sillanpää J., et al. Endocarditis and biofilm-associated pili of Enterococcus faecalis. The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 2006;116(10):2799-2807.

     Not in our library10.1172/jci29021 (opens in a new tab)

135. 135.

     Tendolkar P. M., Baghdayan A. S., Shankar N. Putative surface proteins encoded within a novel transferable locus confer a high-biofilm phenotype to Enterococcus faecalis. Journal of Bacteriology. 2006;188(6):2063-2072.

     Not in our library10.1128/jb.188.6.2063-2072.2006 (opens in a new tab)

136. 136.

     Rice L. B., Carias L., Rudin S., et al. A potential virulence gene, hylEfm, predominates in Enterococcus faecium of clinical origin. The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2003;187(3):508-512.

     Not in our library10.1086/367711 (opens in a new tab)

137. 137.

     Laverde Gomez J. A., van Schaik W., Freitas A. R., et al. A multiresistance megaplasmid pLG1 bearing a hylEfm genomic island in hospital Enterococcus faecium isolates. International Journal of Medical Microbiology. 2011;301(2):165-175.

     Not in our library10.1016/j.ijmm.2010.08.015 (opens in a new tab)

138. 138.

     Opera S. F., Zervos M. J. Enterococcus and its association with foodborne illness. Infectious Disease: Foodborne Diseases. 2007;157-174.

     Not in our library

139. 139.

     Landete J. M., Peirotén Á., Medina M., Arqués J. L., Rodríguez-Mínguez E. Virulence and antibiotic resistance of enterococci isolated from healthy breastfed infants. Microbial Drug Resistance. 2018;24(1):63-69.

     Not in our library10.1089/mdr.2016.0320 (opens in a new tab)

140. 140.

     van Harten R. M., Willems R. J. L., Martin N. I., Hendrickx A. P. A. Multidrug-resistant enterococcal infections: new compounds, novel antimicrobial therapies? Trends in Microbiology. 2017;25(6):467-479.

     Not in our library10.1016/j.tim.2017.01.004 (opens in a new tab)

141. 141.

     Ch’ng J., Chong K. K., Lam L. N., Wong J. J., Kline K. A. Biofilm-associated infection by enterococci. Nature Reviews Microbiology. 2019;17(2):82-94.

     Not in our library10.1038/s41579-018-0107-z (opens in a new tab)

142. 142.

     Economou V., Sakkas H., Delis G., Gousia P. Antibiotic resistance in enterococcus spp. friend or foe? Foodborne Pathogens and Antibiotic Resistance. 2017;365-395.

     Not in our library

143. 143.

     Giraffa G. Enterococci from foods. FEMS Microbiology Reviews. 2002;26(2):163-171.

     Not in our library10.1016/s0168-6445(02)00094-3 (opens in a new tab)

144. 144.

     Jahan M., Holley R. A. Transfer of antibiotic resistance from Enterococcus faecium of fermented meat origin to Listeria monocytogenes and Listeria innocua. Letters in Applied Microbiology. 2016;62(4):304-310.

     Not in our library10.1111/lam.12553 (opens in a new tab)

145. 145.

     Lebreton F., Willems R. J. L., Gilmore M. S. Enterococcus diversity, origins in nature, and gut colonization. Enterococci: From Commensals to Leading Causes of Drug Resistant Infection. 2014;5-63.

     Not in our library

146. 146.

     Franz C., Holzapfel W. The genus Enterococcus: biotechnological and safety issues. Lactic Acid Bacteria. Microbiological and Functional Aspects. 2004;199-248.

     Not in our library

147. 147.

     Hammerum A. M. Enterococci of animal origin and their significance for public health. Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 2012;18(7):619-625.

     Not in our library10.1111/j.1469-0691.2012.03829.x (opens in a new tab)

148. 148.

     Guerrero-Ramos E., Molina-González D., Blanco-Morán S., et al. Prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, and genotypic characterization of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in meat preparations. Journal of Food Protection. 2016;79(5):748-756.

     Not in our library10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-15-390 (opens in a new tab)

149. 149.

     Aarestrup F. M., Butaye P., Witte W. Non-human reservoirs of enterococci. The Enterococci: Pathogenesis, Molecular Biology, and Antibiotic Resistance. 2002;55-100.

     Not in our library

150. 150.

     Ronconi M. C., Merino L. A., Fernández G. Detection of Enterococcus with high-level aminoglycoside and glycopeptide resistance in Lactuca sativa (lettuce). Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica. 2002;20(8):380-383.

     Not in our library10.1016/s0213-005x(02)72823-1 (opens in a new tab)

151. 151.

     Bouki C., Venieri D., Diamadopoulos E. Detection and fate of antibiotic resistant bacteria in wastewater treatment plants: a review. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 2013;91:1-9.

     Not in our library10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.01.016 (opens in a new tab)

152. 152.

     Coburn P. S., Baghdayan A. S., Dolan G. T., Shankar N. Horizontal transfer of virulence genes encoded on the Enterococcus faecalis pathogenicity island. Molecular Microbiology. 2007;63(2):530-544.

     Not in our library10.1111/j.1365-2958.2006.05520.x (opens in a new tab)

153. 153.

     Shankar N., Baghdayan A. S., Gilmore M. S. Modulation of virulence within a pathogenicity island in vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis. Nature. 2002;417(6890):746-750.

     Not in our library10.1038/nature00802 (opens in a new tab)

154. 154.

     De Leener E., Martel A., De Graef E. M., et al. Molecular analysis of human, porcine, and poultry Enterococcus faecium isolates and their erm(B) genes. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2005;71(5):2766-2770.

     Not in our library10.1128/aem.71.5.2766-2770.2005 (opens in a new tab)

155. 155.

     Aguilar-Galvez A., Dubois-Dauphin R., Destain J., Campos D., Thonart P. Les entérocoques: avantages et inconvénients en biotechnologie (synthèse bibliographique). Biotechnolobie, Agrononie, Société et Environnement. 2012;61(1):67-76.

     Not in our library

156. 156.

     Zommiti M., Cambronel M., Maillot O., et al. Evaluation of probiotic properties and safety of Enterococcus faecium isolated from artisanal Tunisian meat "Dried Ossban". Frontiers in Microbiology. 2018;9:p. 1685.

     Not in our library10.3389/fmicb.2018.01685 (opens in a new tab)

157. 157.

     Ziadi M., Mhir S., Dubois-Dauphin R., et al. Analysis of volatile compounds, amino acid catabolism and some technological properties of enterococcus faecalis strain SLT13 isolated from artisanal Tunisian fermented milk. British Microbiology Research Journal. 2016;14(1):1-12.

     Not in our library10.9734/bmrj/2016/17309 (opens in a new tab)

158. 158.

     Nascimento L. C., Casarotti S. N., Todorov S. D., Penna A. L. Probiotic potential and safety of enterococci strains. Annals of Microbiology. 2019;69(3):241-252.

     Not in our library10.1007/s13213-018-1412-5 (opens in a new tab)

159. 159.

     Van Nguyen N., Onoda S., Van Khanh T., et al. Evaluation of dietary Heat-killed Lactobacillus plantarum strain L-137 supplementation on growth performance, immunity and stress resistance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Aquaculture. 2019;498:371-379.

     Not in our library10.1016/j.aquaculture.2018.08.081 (opens in a new tab)

160. 160.
     Probiotic Properties of Enterococcus Isolated From Artisanal Dairy Products · 2019

     No notice
161. 161.

     Chaves-López C., Serio A., Rossi C., Pepe A., Compagnone E., Paparella A. Interaction between galactomyces geotrichum KL20B, lactobacillus plantarum LAT3 and Enterococcus faecalis KE06 during milk fermentation. Fermentation. 2017;3(4):p. 52.

     Not in our library10.3390/fermentation3040052 (opens in a new tab)

162. 162.

     Olvera-García M., Sanchez-Flores A., Quirasco Baruch M. Genomic and functional characterisation of two Enterococcus strains isolated from Cotija cheese and their potential role in ripening. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 2018;102(5):2251-2267.

     Not in our library10.1007/s00253-018-8765-3 (opens in a new tab)

163. 163.

     Ghosh A., Borst L., Stauffer S. H., et al. Mortality in kittens is associated with a shift in ileum mucosa-associated enterococci from enterococcus hirae to biofilm-forming enterococcus faecalis and adherent escherichia coli. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2013;51(11):3567-3578.

     Not in our library10.1128/jcm.00481-13 (opens in a new tab)

164. 164.

     Jeevaratnam K., Nallala V. Probiotic evaluation of Enterococcus durans VJI19 isolated from gastrointestinal tract of broiler chicken. International Journal of Advanced Life Sciences. 2017;10(1):139-155.

     Not in our library10.26627/ijals/2017/10.01.0002 (opens in a new tab)

165. 165.

     Avram-Hananel L., Stock J., Parlesak A., Bode C., Schwartz B. Edurans strain M4-5 isolated from human colonic flora attenuates intestinal inflammation. Diseases of the Colon & Rectum. 2010;53(12):1676-1686.

     Not in our library10.1007/dcr.0b013e3181f4b148 (opens in a new tab)

166. 166.

     van Zyl W. F., Deane S. M., Dicks L. M. T. Enterococcus mundtii ST4SA and Lactobacillus plantarum 423 excludes Listeria monocytogenes from the GIT, as shown by bioluminescent studies in mice. Beneficial Microbes. 2016;7(2):227-235.

     Not in our library10.3920/bm2015.0082 (opens in a new tab)

167. 167.

     Liu H., Zhang L., Yi H., et al. A novel enterocin T1 with anti-Pseudomonas activity produced by Enterococcus faecium T1 from Chinese tibet cheese. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology. 2016;32(2):p. 21.

     Not in our library10.1007/s11274-015-1973-4 (opens in a new tab)

168. 168.

     Pieniz S., Andreazza R., Anghinoni T., Camargo F., Brandelli A. Probiotic potential, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Enterococcus durans strain LAB18s. Food Control. 2014;37(1):251-256.

     Not in our library10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.09.055 (opens in a new tab)

169. 169.

     Vimont A., Fernandez B., Hammami R., Ababsa A., Daba H., Fliss I. Bacteriocin-producing Enterococcus faecium LCW 44: A high potential probiotic candidate from raw camel milk. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2017;8:p. 865.

     Not in our library10.3389/fmicb.2017.00865 (opens in a new tab)

170. 170.

     Nami Y., Abdullah N., Haghshenas B., Radiah D., Rosli R., Khosroushahi A. Y. Probiotic assessment of Enterococcus durans 6HL and lactococcus lactis 2HL isolated from vaginal microflora. Journal of Medical Microbiology. 2014;63(8):1044-1051.

     Not in our library10.1099/jmm.0.074161-0 (opens in a new tab)

171. 171.

     Anadón A., Rosa Martínez-Larrañaga M., Aranzazu Martínez M. Probiotics for animal nutrition in the European Union. Regulation and safety assessment. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology. 2006;45(1):91-95.

     Not in our library10.1016/j.yrtph.2006.02.004 (opens in a new tab)

172. 172.

     Liao S. F., Nyachoti M. Using probiotics to improve swine gut health and nutrient utilization. Animal Nutrition. 2017;3(4):331-343.

     Not in our library10.1016/j.aninu.2017.06.007 (opens in a new tab)

173. 173.

     Sukegawa S., Ihara Y., Yuge K., et al. Effects of oral administration of heat-killed Enterococcus faecium strain NHRD IHARA in post-weaning piglets. Animal Science Journal. 2014;85(4):454-460.

     Not in our library10.1111/asj.12163 (opens in a new tab)

174. 174.

     Cao G. T., Zeng X. F., Chen A. G., et al. Effects of a probiotic, Enterococcus faecium, on growth performance, intestinal morphology, immune response, and cecal microflora in broiler chickens challenged with Escherichia coli K88. Poultry Science. 2013;92(11):2949-2955.

     Not in our library10.3382/ps.2013-03366 (opens in a new tab)

175. 175.

     Zheng A., Luo J., Meng K., et al. Probiotic (Enterococcus faecium) induced responses of the hepatic proteome improves metabolic efficiency of broiler chickens (Gallus gallus). BMC Genomics. 2016;17(1):p. 89.

     Not in our library10.1186/s12864-016-2371-5 (opens in a new tab)

176. 176.

     Kumar R. S., Kanmani P., Yuvaraj N., Paari K. A., Pattukumar V., Arul V. Purification and characterization of enterocin MC13 produced by a potential aquaculture probiont Enterococcus faecium MC13 isolated from the gut of Mugil cephalus. Canadian Journal of Microbiology. 2011;57(12):993-1001.

     Not in our library10.1139/w11-092 (opens in a new tab)

177. 177.

     Román L., Padilla D., Acosta F., et al. The effect of probiotic Enterococcus gallinarum L-1 on the innate immune parameters of outstanding species to marine aquaculture. Journal of Applied Animal Research. 2015;43(2):177-183.

     Not in our library10.1080/09712119.2014.928635 (opens in a new tab)

178. 178.

     Arias C. A., Murray B. E. The rise of the Enterococcus: beyond vancomycin resistance. Nature Reviews Microbiology. 2012;10(4):266-278.

     Not in our library10.1038/nrmicro2761 (opens in a new tab)

179. 179.

     Oprea S. F., Zervos M. J. Enterococcus and its association with foodborne illness. Foodborne Diseases. 2007;157-174.

     Not in our library

180. 180.

     Riemann H., Bryan F. L. Foodborne Infections and Intoxications. 1979.

     Not in our library

181. 181.

     Werner G. Current trends of emergence and spread of vancomycin‐resistant enterococci. Antibiotic resistant bacteria: A continuous challenge in the New Millennium. 2012;303-354.

     Not in our library

182. 182.

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     Not in our library

Cited by papers we hold 2

• Lactic Acid Bacteria in Raw-Milk Cheeses: From Starter Cultures to Probiotic Functions · 2022
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• Bacteriocins: Properties and potential use as antimicrobials · 2021
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