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Astragalin: A Bioactive Phytochemical with Potential Therapeutic Activities

Ammara Riaz, Azhar Rasul, Ghulam Hussain and 7 more

Advances in Pharmacological Sciences · 2018 · Review

doi:10.1155/2018/9794625

Abstract

Natural products, an infinite treasure of bioactive chemical entities, persist as an inexhaustible resource for discovery of drugs. This review article intends to emphasize on one of the naturally occurring flavonoids, astragalin (kaempferol 3-glucoside), which is a bioactive constituent of various traditional medicinal plants such as Cuscuta chinensis . This multifaceted compound is well known for its diversified pharmacological applications such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, neuroprotective, cardioprotective, antiobesity, antiosteoporotic, anticancer, antiulcer, and antidiabetic properties. It carries out the aforementioned activities by the regulation and modulation of various molecular targets such as transcription factors (NF- κ B, TNF- α , and TGF- β 1), enzymes (iNOS, COX-2, PGE2, MMP-1, MMP-3, MIP-1 α , COX-2, PGE-2, HK2, AChe, SOD, DRP-1, DDH, PLC γ 1, and GPX), kinases (JNK, MAPK, Akt, ERK, SAPK, I κ B α , PI3K, and PKC β 2), cell adhesion proteins (E-cadherin, vimentin PAR-2, and NCam), apoptotic and antiapoptotic proteins (Beclin-1, Bcl-2, Bax, Bcl-x L , cytochrome c, LC3A/B, caspase-3, caspase-9, procaspase-3, procaspase-8, and IgE), and inflammatory cytokines (SOCS-3, SOCS-5, IL-1 β , IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-13, MCP-1, CXCL-1, CXCL-2, and IFN- γ ). Although researchers have reported multiple pharmacological applications of astragalin in various diseased conditions, further experimental investigations are still mandatory to fully understand its mechanism of action. It is contemplated that astragalin could be subjected to structural optimization to ameliorate its chemical accessibility, to optimize its absorption profiles, and to synthesize its more effective analogues which will ultimately lead towards potent drug candidates.

Full text

From PubMed Central, U.S. National Library of Medicine, as current on Oct 22, 2026. Paragraph numbers are ours, so an answer can point at one.

1. Introduction

Medicinal plants have been an infinite source of therapeutic agents since millions of years. Most of the discovered drugs either belong to natural products or derivatives of natural compounds. The actual fact is that nature is the creator of seemingly limitless series of molecular structures. These structures can serve as unlimited sources for the development of drugs, robust chemotypes, and pharmacophores which are able to be amplified into scaffolds of novel drugs for the cure of various ailments. Before the advent of the postgenomic era with high throughput screening, approximately 80% of drugs were either pure extracts of medicinal plants or the semisynthetic analogues of various compounds from natural sources. After the second world war, the pharmaceutical research expanded to massive screening of plant extracts in search of new drugs from natural resources. To date, about 61% of anticancer and 49% of anti-infective compounds have been discovered from natural products.

The term “natural products” encompasses chemical entities derived from plants, bread molds, microorganisms, terrestrial vertebrates as well as invertebrates, and marine organisms. These chemical entities are known to have immense chemical diversity with outstanding drug-like properties that contribute towards their multitargeted action. A lot of plant-derived bioactive compounds are used for the cure as well as for the prevention of several diseases. Among these compounds are the polyphenols consisting of alcohols with ≥2 benzene rings and ≥1 hydroxyl group. These polyphenols have a range from simple structural molecules (flavonoids and phenylpropanoids) to highly complex compounds (lignins and melanins). Reports have suggested that polyphenols in general and flavonoids in particular exhibit various biological effects like antiallergic, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antithrombic, hepatoprotective, antibacterial, and antioxidant activities.

Flavonoids are structurally diverse and most abundantly found polyphenols in the human diet. They are mostly found in the form of glycosides and acylglycosides. Flavonoids have been divided into various classes such as flavones, flavonols, flavanones, flavanonols, flavanols or catechins, and anthocyanins. They are the essential constituents of our food and are found in onions, parsley, berries including blue berries, black tea, green tea, bananas, red wine, all citrus fruits, sea blackthorns, and dark chocolates with the contents of 70% or more.

Astragalin (kaempferol-3-O-β-D-glucoside), a bioactive natural flavonoid, has been well known for its medicinal importance. It has been reported to exhibit multiple pharmacological properties including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, neuroprotective, and cardioprotective property.

2. Natural Sources of Astragalin

Astragalin, a naturally occurring flavonoid, has been identified in a variety of plants (Figure 1 and Table 1) such as Cuscuta chinensis Lam., a member of the Convolvulaceae family, which consists of about 60 genera and 1,650 species. The seeds of the genus Cuscuta are a rich source of astragalin and are utilized as a traditional folk medicine to cure osteoporosis in various Asian countries including Pakistan. C. chinensis has high contents of astragalin, that is, 29–34% of total phenolics as compared to other species. Cassia alata belongs to the family Fabaceae (the largest family among angiosperms) that comprises of ∼700 genera and 20,000 species. The leaves of C. alata are found to be effective against skin diseases including eczema and chronic skin impurities in tropical regions of the world (Malaysia, Brazil, and Indonesia). Astragalin has also been isolated from the plants of Ebenaceae, Rosaceae, and Eucommiaceae families. The summary of plants containing astragalin, parts utilized, and biological features are enlisted in Table 1.

Astragalin can also be produced in vivo by glycosylation of kaempferol at the 3C-O position. UDP-dependent glycosyltransferases (UGT) were used as biocatalysts in the synthesis of astragalin. A recombinant strain of Arabidopsis thaliana was used to construct an efficient UDP-glucose synthesis pathway by use of enzymes such as uridylyltransferase, sucrose phosphorylase, and sucrose permease. BL21-II was a recombinant strain designed to scale up the production of astragalin by using a fed-batch fermentator.

3. Biological Activities of Astragalin and Their Mechanisms of Action

The biologically active and therapeutically effective compound “astragalin” has been known to possess broad spectrum of pharmacological features such as anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, neuroprotective, antidiabetic, cardioprotective, antiulcer, and antifibrotic as shown in Figure 2. Various in vivo and in vitro investigations on astragalin have elucidated its medicinal characteristics and mechanism of actions.

3.1. Anti-inflammatory Activity

Inflammation is an immediate response of a body to tissue damage caused by pathogens and toxic stimuli such as physical or chemical injury. Although inflammatory response is a defense mechanism, but if persistent, it can lead to multiple pathological conditions such as cancer, allergy, atherosclerosis, and autoimmune diseases. Negative after effects associated with nonsteroidal type anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) arouse a need among researchers to find out effective and safe alternatives. Plant extracts enriched with flavonoids have been known to possess anti-inflammatory activity.

Astragalin, a bioactive natural flavonoid, has been known to mitigate inflammation in LPS-induced murine model of mastitis and lung injury model via reducing the activity of myeloperoxidase and the expression of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. Astragalin's anti-inflammatory response proceeds via inhibition of LPS-induced activation of NF-κB, as it is actively involved in alleviating the deterioration of IkBα and restricting the nuclear translocation of NF-κB. Another investigation on LPS-stimulated expression of inflammatory mediators in macrophages has declared the fact that astragalin actively inhibited the expression of proinflammatory mediators via inhibiting NF-κB signaling pathway. Astragalin has been known to halt the MAPK and NF-κB pathways in leptospira-induced uterine and epithelial inflammation in mice. Astragalin has capability to inhibit the production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in periodontal pathogen-induced periodontitis, a destructive inflammatory pathological condition, in human gingival epithelial cells. Astragalin has been investigated to determine the underlying mechanism for its protective effect against ovalbumin-stimulated allergic reactions in mouse models of allergic asthma. Results have declared that it effectively lowers the eosinophil count in lung tissues and inhibited eosinophilia induced by ovalbumin. As a result, IgE, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 were retrieved in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Purely prepared astragalin inhibited the activity of PGE2 and downregulated the production of cellular nitrite oxide and IL-6 in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Astragalin treatment leads to the inhibition of alveolar destruction, allergic inflammation, and thickening of airways in the ovalbumin-induced inflammatory mouse model. Anti-inflammatory activities of astragalin in different animal models are recorded in Table 2.

3.2. Antioxidant Activity

In living systems, free radicals such as hydroxyl radicals (OH·), superoxide anion (O2·−), singlet oxygen (1O2), and ROS are reported to have deleterious impacts on cellular functions. Excessive production of free radicals may affect the balance of prooxidant and antioxidant systems in the body, thus causing various pathological conditions such as arterial hypertension, rheumatism, inflammation, diabetes, cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and genetic mutations. Researchers have affirmed various plant extracts as natural and infinite treasure of antioxidants. These antioxidants act as free radical scavengers, electron donors, and chelating agents for free catalytic metals in biological systems.

Astragalin also inhibits the endotoxin-induced oxidative stress, which can lead to epithelial apoptosis and eosinophilia. It can also act as an antagonizing agent against endotoxin-induced oxidative stress via modulation of LPS-TLR signaling network. Astragalin causes the suppression of 6-hydroxydopamine-stimulated neurotoxicity in Caenorhabditis elegans via modulation of apoptosis-related pathways and alleviation of oxidative stress. Astragalin has capability to improve neural function in the ischemia brain injury model of rats via blocking the apoptosis in the hippocampus region by enhancing the expression of NCam (Table 3).

3.3. Neuroprotective Activity

Disturbance in cerebral redox homeostasis is the main cause of neurodegenerative diseases in humans. Cerebral oxidative stress leads to dopaminergic neuronal cell death and dysfunction. Neuroprotective mechanism of naturally occurring bioactive entities is associated with their free radical scavenging capability generated by neurotoxins and oxidative stress-induced processes in neuronal cells of the brain.

Astragalin has been reported to decrease the neurodegeneration in C. elegans stimulated by 6-OHDA and increase lifespan of astragalin-treated nematode. It also reduces the ROS levels, inhibits lipid peroxidation, and increases SOD and GPx activities. Furthermore, it is capable of enhancing AChE and reducing the transcript level of proapoptotic gene egl-1 associated with neuronal cell death. In another attempt, the effects of astragalin on CNS were assessed by the application of the leaves extract of Eucommia ulmoides. The extract with high percentage of astragalin had a significant effect on metabolism of mice. Moreover, it effectively prolonged the convulsion latency and diminished the convulsion rate. These results strengthen the fact that E. ulmoides has a very good hypnotic effect on CNS. Astragalin also suppressed carrageenan-stimulated paw edema in rats. Neural function is also reported to be improved by the use of astragalin in ischemic brain injury rat models.

3.4. Cardioprotective Activity

Myocardial infarction and ischemic heart failure are the leading causes of mortality in the developing countries, and their number is increasing day-by-day. They may result in reperfusion arrhythmias, myocardial stunning, and similar other cardiovascular disorders. An enhanced perception of ischemia reperfusion (I/R) damage provides an innovative approach for new cardioprotective administrations. Regulation of bradykinin, adenosine, opioid, adrenergic, and other G-protein connected receptors have been known to be associated with myocardial protection.

Certain epidemiological studies have confirmed that flavonoids stimulate cardioprotective effects against myocardial ischemia. Astragalin, a bioactive flavonoid, was proved to be effective against acute I/R injury in Sprague-Dawley rats as its mechanism of action precedes via diminishing intracellular oxidative stress and apoptosis. The associated mechanism involves decreased expression of MDA, TNF-α, IL-6, ROS, and Bax along with the increased ratio of GSH/GSSG, respectively.

3.5. Antiobesity Activity

The term “obesity” can be defined as impaired energy balance that usually results from either enhanced caloric intake and/or reduced energy consumption. Currently, much attention has been given to several nutritional aspects that may be useful for inhibiting body fat accumulation and decreasing the risk of diseases related to obesity. In case of mammals, energy metabolism is maintained by lipolytic action in adipose tissues which is generally stimulated by some pharmacologically important lipolytic hormones such as nor-epinephrine, epinephrine, and catecholamines. Many cellular investigations have determined that dietary polyphenols decrease viability of adipocytes and growth of preadipocytes, downregulate triglyceride accumulation and adipocyte differentiation, and induce fatty acid beta-oxidation and lipolysis.

Astragalin along with other known flavonoids isolated from N. nucifera showed inhibitory effect on diet-induced obesity and also activated β-adrenergic receptor pathway, but additional experimentation is required to fully elucidate its possible mechanism of action.

3.6. Antiulcer Activity

Ulcer is a chronic lesion which usually develops due to an imbalance between numerous protective and aggressive factors. Gastric ulcers being represented by repeated incidents of healing and reexacerbation contribute towards chronic inflammation which may persist for 10–20 years. It is a well-known fact that naturally occurring phenolic entities have capability to shield gastric mucosa from injury due to their cytoprotective and antioxidant features. Furthermore, flavonoids stimulate mucus secretion, block pepsinogen, prohibit Ca2+ influx, and also change GSH metabolism. Astragalin, a pharmacologically active flavonoid isolated from C. cyparissias, has been examined for its antiulcer activity. Results demonstrated that 30 mg/kg dosage of astragalin effectively decreases percentage of lesion area, total area of lesion, and ulcer index in the mice model of gastric secretion.

3.7. Antidiabetic Activity

Diabetes mellitus is characterized by hyperglycemia which is caused by deficit in insulin action or production. Currently available antidiabetic therapeutics such as hypoglycemic drugs and insulin have limitations of their own. Natural products and herbal medicines have been suggested as one of the treatment options for diabetes since ancient times. Naturally occurring bioactive chemical entities such as flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, and phenolics have been reported as antidiabetic agents.

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) arises due to diabetes mellitus and is one of the most common causes of vision loss. Hyperglycemia leads to overexpression of many biological effectors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) which is very crucial for the development of DR. Astragalin derived from A. membranaceus has beneficial effects against hyperglycemia. It helps to prevent DR by decreasing the overexpression of VEGF in cultured muller cells and alleviating the effects caused by high concentration of glucose in the blood.

3.8. Antifibrotic Activity

Environmental factors like air pollutants may result in considerable production of reactive oxygen species in the airways. Astragalin isolated from leaves of persimmon and green tea can be effectual in allaying ROS-prompted bronchial fibrosis as it has capability to inhibit auto phagosome formation in the airways. It also alleviates hepatic fibrosis by regulating PAR2 (protease-activated receptor 2) mechanism. AGS regulates proinflammatory cytokines namely IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α. It also attenuates the PAR2 signaling expression, and its protective effects are especially prominent in diabetic animal models.

3.9. Cosmetic Use

Astragalin glucosides can be used as valuable agents in cosmetics due to their important chemical characteristics. First of all, it inhibits collagenase activity. Collagenase is involved in the hydrolyzation of dermal matrix protein formation as well as wrinkle formation. Secondly, astragalin has an antioxidant activity as it alleviates the free radical species. Thirdly, astragalin controls the pigmentation in the skin caused by melanin. Melanin pigment causes darkening of complexion in skin, eyes, and hair in humans. Nelumbo nucifera (lotus) contains bioactive compounds astragalin and hyperoside in the receptacles which are known to be the melanogenesis inhibitor, thus possibly decreasing the skin darkness. Astragalin along with quercetin is known to possess protective effect against the UV radiations. UV radiations can make the skin of animals prone to various biological responses such as DNA damage, formation of sunburn cells, melanogenesis, photoaging, skin cancer, hyperplasia, immune suppression, and edema. UV radiations from the sun can also damage macromolecules in the epidermal layer of animals creating specific changes in the skin, for example, mutations in genes and changes in the immune system. Expression of major CXC chemokines, that is, chemokine ligand 1 (CXCL1) and chemokine ligand 2 (CXCL2), at sites of inflammation within the skin are upregulated after the exposure of skin to UV radiations. These chemokines are the potent stimulators of neutrophil activation which later on produce ROS and leads to oxidative stress. Astragalin, a major flavonoid, can be used as a barrier against UV-induced damage as it is associated with downregulation of CXCL-1 and CXCL-2 in the skin and thus can be used as a photoprotective agent (Table 4).

3.10. Antiosteoporotic Activity

Osteoporosis is characterized by structural deterioration of tissues in the bone along with lower bone mass and bone fragility. The main causes of osteoporosis include estrogen deficiency, excess of glucocorticoids, and oxidative stress. Astragalin, an active compound, isolated from crude methanolic extract of the seeds of C. chinensis showed estrogenic activity against osteoporosis, and it is responsible for significant osteoblastic cell proliferation in UMR-106 osteoblastic cells.

3.11. Anticancer Activity

Currently, cancer is the second leading cause of mortality worldwide. In spite of advances in the development of new therapeutic preferences for cancer, its ratio is increasing day by day. Every year, almost 7 million people die due to cancer. Lung cancer particularly non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for more than 80% of deaths all around the world today. Therefore, it is necessary to discover new cheap and inexpensive drugs that can ameliorate the antitumor effects and reduce the side effects of generally recommended chemotherapy drugs.

Natural phytochemicals that are active constituents of medicinal plants, seeds, fruits, and herbs including polyphenols (flavonoids, terpenoids, and carotenoids) have gained significant recognizance for their potential value as therapeutic agents. Much research work has been conducted towards the assessment of phenolic phytochemicals as potent prophylactic agents as they can act on multiple cellular targets. The mechanistic insight into chemoprevention incorporates induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest or prohibition of certain cell signaling pathways mostly protein kinases C (PKC), glycogen synthase kinase (GSK), mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) leading to abnormal AP-1, COX-2, and NF-κB expressions. Efficacy of chemopreventive agents revert their capacity to counteract with certain up-stream signals that leads to redox imbalances, genotoxic injury, and other situations of cellular stress. Thus, targeting damaged molecules along with interrupted signal transduction pathways in cancer epitomize a rational strategy for chemoprevention, and phenolic compounds seem to be auspicious in this aspect. In recent years, flavonoids have drawn developing consideration as powerful anticancer agents against various cancer types.

Several investigations on astragalin have explained its anticancer effect due to its promising competency to inhibit proliferation in different cancer cell lines including leukemia (HL-60), hepatocellular (HepG2, Huh-7, and H22), skin (HaCaT, A375P, and SK-MEL-2), and lung (A549 and H1299) cancerous cells.

Astragalin heptaacetate (AHA), a therapeutically active flavonoid, induces apoptosis in HL-60 cells through release of cytochrome c into the cytosol. The associated mechanism involves activation of Bax, caspase-3/-7, and p38MAPK and intracellular ROS generation along with inhibition of cell signaling pathways JNK/SAPK and ERK ½. Astragalin also prohibits TNF-α-induced NF-κB activation in A549 and H1299 cells. Moreover, AG-triggered cell death is affiliated with increased Bax: Bcl-2 ratio and enhanced cleavage of caspase-3/-9 and PARP in conjunction with blockage of PI3K/Akt, MAPK, and ERK 1/2 signaling cascades in a time- and dose-related manner. In hepatocellular carcinoma cells, astragalin (AG) significantly suppressed proliferation both in vitro in HepG2 cells and in vivo in Huh-7 (nude mice) and H22 (Kunming mice) cells via mechanistically inhibiting hexokinase 2 and upregulating miR-125b expression, respectively.

Astragalin can be a novel anticancer agent for the cure and prevention of UVB-stimulated actinic keratosis skin lesion by suppressing phospho-MSK1, γ-H2AX, and p38MAPK activation in a time-and dose-related manner in human HaCaT cells in vitro and Babl/c mice in vivo. In another report, astragalin strongly exerted cytotoxic effects in A375P and SK-MEL-2 cancerous cells in a concentration-dependent way through induction of apoptosis. The underlying cell death mechanism involves activation of Bax and caspase-3/-9, cleavage of PARP, and downregulation of cyclin D1 and Mcl-1 along with inhibition of Sry-related HMg-Box Gene 10 (SOX10) signaling cascade. The reported data recommend astragalin's multitargeted activity in preference to single effect that may perform an imperative role towards developing astragalin into potential anticancer drug in future (Table 5).

4. ADMET Profiles of Astragalin

ADMET profiles along with biological activity spectra were performed for astragalin based on in-silico tools. The results indicate that astragalin is a potential anticancer agent which is unlikely to present any acute hazard or toxicity. Furthermore, astragalin can be absorbed by human intestines, but it is incapable of penetration to Caco-2 cells. Astragalin has been validated as a novel substrate of p-glycoprotein which is crucial for the metabolism and clearance of the compounds and for the efflux of drugs.

5. Conclusions and Future Perspectives

Astragalin, a natural flavonoid, has been isolated from various traditional medicinal plants such as Cassia alata, Moringa oleifera, Nelumbo nucifera, Cuscuta spp., Radix astragali, Morus alba, and Eucommia ulmoides. Astragalin has been reported to modulate inflammatory responses by regulating the expression of NF-κB, iNOS, cytokines/chemokines (COX-2, TNF-α, IL-10, and IL-6), MAPK signaling pathways (PGE2, IgE, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, IL-1β, and IL-6), and PAR2 signaling expression. It also has the capability to alleviate the production of ROS and inhibit the endotoxin-induced oxidative stress (Figure 3). Astragalin is also known to be an inhibitor of ERK-1/2 and Akt signaling; therefore, it is a significant compound against cancer proliferation. In this review paper, we have emphasized on various pharmacological properties of astragalin such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, neurological, cardioprotective, antidiabetic, and anticancer. Although several in vitro and in vivo investigations have demonstrated its diversified pharmacological applications, further experimentation along with medicinal chemistry approaches and preclinical trials is still obligatory to uncover the knowledge of its biological and pharmacological applications and their associated mechanisms of actions for the treatment and prevention of several diseases.

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    Calzada F., Cedillo-Rivera R., Mata R. Antiprotozoal activity of the constituents of Conyza filaginoides. 2001;64(64):671-673.

    Not in our library10.1021/np000442o

  40. 40.

    Yoshikawa M., Shimada H., Saka M., Yoshizumi S., Yamahara J., Matsuda H. Medicinal foodstuffs. V. Moroheiya. (1): absolute stereostructures of corchoionosides A, B, and C, histamine release inhibitors from the leaves of Vietnamese Corchorus olitorius L. (Tiliaceae). 1997;45(45):464-469.

    Not in our library10.1248/cpb.45.464

  41. 41.

    Ye M., Yan Y., Guo D. A. Characterization of phenolic compounds in the Chinese herbal drug Tu-Si-Zi by liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. 2005;19(19):1469-1484.

    Not in our library10.1002/rcm.1944

  42. 42.

    Guo H., Li J. Flavonoids of Cuscuta australis R. Br. 1997;22(22):38-39.

    Not in our library

  43. 43.

    He X., Yang W., Ye M., Wang Q., Guo D. Differentiation of Cuscuta chinensis and Cuscuta australis by HPLC-DAD-MS analysis and HPLC-UV quantitation. 2011;77(77):1950-1957.

    Not in our library10.1055/s-0030-1271186

  44. 44.

    Lee J. H., Ku C. H., Baek N. I., Kim S. H., Park H. W., Kim D. K. Phytochemical constituents from Diodia teres. 2004;27(27):40-43.

    Not in our library10.1007/bf02980043

  45. 45.

    Braunberger C., Zehl M., Conrad J., et al. LC-NMR, NMR, and LC-MS identification and LC-DAD quantification of flavonoids and ellagic acid derivatives in Drosera peltata. 2013;932(932):111-116.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.06.015

  46. 46.

    Cordell G. A., Lyon R. L., Fong H. H., Benoit P. S., Farnsworth N. R. Biological and phytochemical investigations of Dianthus barbatus cv. “China Doll” (Caryophyllaceae). 1977;40(40):361-363.

    Not in our library

  47. 47.

    Kim H. Y., Moon B. H., Lee H. J., Choi D. H. Flavonol glycosides from the leaves of Eucommia ulmoides O. with glycation inhibitory activity. 2004;93(93):227-230.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jep.2004.03.047

  48. 48.

    Cheng J., Zhao Y. Y., Cui Y. X., Cheng T. M. Studies on flavonoids from leave of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. 2000;25(25):284-286.

    Not in our library

  49. 49.

    Li X., Tang Z., Fei D., Liu Y., Zhang M., Liu S. Evaluation of the sedative and hypnotic effects of astragalin isolated from Eucommia ulmoides leaves in mice. 2017;31(31):2072-2076.

    Not in our library10.1080/14786419.2016.1272108

  50. 50.

    Elema E. T., Schripsema J., Malingre T. M. Flavones and flavonol glycosides from Eupatorium cannabinum L. 1989;11(11):161-164.

    Not in our library10.1007/bf01959464

  51. 51.

    Qian S. H., Yang N. Y., Duan J. A., Yuan L. H., Tian L. J. Study on the flavonoids of Eupatorium lindleyanum. 2004;29(29):50-52.

    Not in our library

  52. 52.

    Zhang J., Li X., Ren L., Fang C., Wang F. Chemical constituents from Exochorda racemosa. 2011;36(36):1198-1201.

    Not in our library

  53. 53.

    Xie Q., Ding L., Wei Y., Ito Y. Determination of major components and fingerprint analysis of Flaveria bidentis (L.) Kuntze. 2014;52(52):252-257.

    Not in our library10.1093/chromsci/bmt020

  54. 54.

    Wei Y., Xie Q., Fisher D., Sutherland I. A. Separation of patuletin-3-O-glucoside, astragalin, quercetin, kaempferol and isorhamnetin from Flaveria bidentis (L.) Kuntze by elution-pump-out high-performance counter-current chromatography. 2011;1218:6206-6211.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.chroma.2011.01.058

  55. 55.

    Yang Y., Zhao Y., Gu D., et al. Separation of the minor flavonols from Flos Gossypii by high-speed countercurrent chromatography. 2010;33(33):1502-1515.

    Not in our library10.1080/10826076.2010.489000

  56. 56.

    Tai Z. G., Yang X. Q., Cai L., Sun W. J., Ding Z. T., Yang Y. B. Studies on the chemical constituents from the aerial parts of Gladiolus gandavensis. 2010;33(33):1257-1259.

    Not in our library

  57. 57.

    Biondi D. M., Rocco C., Ruberto G. Dihydrostilbene derivatives from Glycyrrhiza glabra leaves. 2005;68(68):1099-1102.

    Not in our library10.1021/np050034q

  58. 58.

    Jia S. S., Ma C. M., Li Y. H., Hao J. H. Glycosides of phenolic acid and flavonoids from the leaves of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Ficsh. 1992;27(27):441-444.

    Not in our library

  59. 59.

    Algariri K., Meng K. Y., Atangwho I. J., et al. Hypoglycemic and anti-hyperglycemic study of Gynura procumbens leaf extracts. 2013;3(3):358-366.

    Not in our library10.1016/s2221-1691(13)60077-5

  60. 60.

    Trute A., Nahrstedt A. Identification and quantitative analysis of phenolic compounds from the dry extract of Hedera helix. 1997;63(63):177-179.

    Not in our library10.1055/s-2006-957639

  61. 61.

    Calzada F., Alanis A. D. Additional antiprotozoal flavonol glycosides of the aerial parts of Helianthemum glomeratum. 2007;21(21):78-80.

    Not in our library10.1002/ptr.2031

  62. 62.

    Ren Y. L., Yang J. S. Study on chemical constituents of Hemistepta lyrata Bunge. 2001;36(36):746-749.

    Not in our library

  63. 63.

    Heinaaho M., Pusenius J., Julkunen-Tiitto R. Effects of different organic farming methods on the concentration of phenolic compounds in sea buckthorn leaves. 2006;54(54):7678-7685.

    Not in our library10.1021/jf061018h

  64. 64.

    Luo J. G., Kong L. Y. Study on flavonoids from leaf of Ipomoea batatas. 2005;30(30):516-518.

    Not in our library

  65. 65.

    Qu Q. H., Zhang L., Bao H., Zhang J. H., You X. J., Wang J. X. Chemical constituents of flavonoids from flowers of Koelreuteria paniculata. 2011;34(34):1716-1719.

    Not in our library

  66. 66.

    Bernaert N., Wouters D., De Vuyst L., et al. Antioxidant changes of leek (Allium ampeloprasum var. porrum) during spontaneous fermentation of the white shaft and green leaves. 2013;93(93):2146-2153.

    Not in our library10.1002/jsfa.6020

  67. 67.

    Ren D. C., Yang N. Y., Qian S. H., Xie N., Zhou X. M., Duan J. A. Chemical study on aerial parts of Ligusticum chuanxiong. 2007;32(32):1418-1420.

    Not in our library

  68. 68.

    Xiao M., Cao N., Fan J. J., Shen Y., Xu Q. Studies on flavonoids from the leaves of Lindera aggregata. 2011;34(34):62-64.

    Not in our library

  69. 69.

    Ye H., Yu J. The preliminary studies on antioxidation of three kinds of flavoniods from Litsea coreana. 2004;27(27):113-115.

    Not in our library

  70. 70.

    Jung K. Y., Oh S. R., Park S. H., et al. Anti-complement activity of tiliroside from the flower buds of Magnolia fargesii. 1998;21(21):1077-1078.

    Not in our library10.1248/bpb.21.1077

  71. 71.

    Vongsak B., Sithisarn P., Gritsanapan W. Simultaneous HPLC quantitative analysis of active compounds in leaves of Moringa oleifera Lam. 2014;52(52):641-645.

    Not in our library10.1093/chromsci/bmt093

  72. 72.

    Doi K., Kojima T., Makino M., Kimura Y., Fujimoto Y. Studies on the constituents of the leaves of Morus alba L. 2001;49(49):151-153.

    Not in our library10.1248/cpb.49.151

  73. 73.

    Sugiyama M., Katsube T., Koyama A., Itamura H. Varietal differences in the flavonol content of mulberry (Morus spp.) leaves and genetic analysis of quercetin 3-(6-malonylglucoside) for component breeding. 2013;61(61):9140-9147.

    Not in our library10.1021/jf403136w

  74. 74.

    He J., Feng Y., Ouyang H. Z., et al. A sensitive LC-MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of six flavonoids in rat plasma: application to a pharmacokinetic study of total flavonoids from mulberry leaves. 2013;84(84):189-195.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jpba.2013.06.019

  75. 75.

    Choi J., Kang H. J., Kim S. Z., Kwon T. O., Jeong S. I., Jang S. I. Antioxidant effect of astragalin isolated from the leaves of Morus alba L. against free radical-induced oxidative hemolysis of human red blood cells. 2013;36(36):912-917.

    Not in our library10.1007/s12272-013-0090-x

  76. 76.

    Zou Y., Liao S., Shen W., et al. Phenolics and antioxidant activity of mulberry leaves depend on cultivar and harvest month in Southern China. 2012;13(13):16544-16553.

    Not in our library10.3390/ijms131216544

  77. 77.

    Tao Y., Zhang Y., Cheng Y., Wang Y. Rapid screening and identification of alpha-glucosidase inhibitors from mulberry leaves using enzyme-immobilized magnetic beads coupled with HPLC/MS and NMR. 2013;27(27):148-155.

    Not in our library10.1002/bmc.2761

  78. 78.

    Kim S. Y., Gao J. J., Lee W. C., Ryu K. S., Lee K. R., Kim Y. C. Antioxidative flavonoids from the leaves of Morus alba. 1999;22(22):81-85.

    Not in our library10.1007/bf02976442

  79. 79.

    Ranarivelo Y., Skaltsounis A. L., Andriantsiferana M., Tillequin F. Glycosides from Mussaenda arcuata Lam. ex Poiret leaves. 1990;48(48):273-277.

    Not in our library

  80. 80.

    Ohkoshi E., Miyazaki H., Shindo K., Watanabe H., Yoshida A., Yajima H. Constituents from the leaves of Nelumbo nucifera stimulate lipolysis in the white adipose tissue of mice. 2007;73(73):1255-1259.

    Not in our library10.1055/s-2007-990223

  81. 81.

    Tian N., Liu Z., Huang J., Luo G., Liu S., Liu X. Isolation and preparation of flavonoids from the leaves of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn by preparative reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography. 2007;25(25):88-92.

    Not in our library

  82. 82.

    Zhao X. L., Wang Z. M., Ma X. J., Jing W. G., Liu A. Chemical constituents from leaves of Nelumbo nucifera. 2013;38(38):703-708.

    Not in our library

  83. 83.

    Xu S., Sun Y., Jing F., Duan W., Du J., Wang X. Separation and purification of flavones from Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. by silica gel chromatography and high-speed counter-current chromatography. 2011;29(29):1244-1248.

    Not in our library

  84. 84.

    Deng S., Deng Z., Fan Y., et al. Isolation and purification of three flavonoid glycosides from the leaves of Nelumbo nucifera (Lotus) by high-speed counter-current chromatography. 2009;877(877):2487-2492.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.06.026

  85. 85.

    Barakat H. H., El-Mousallamy A. M., Souleman A. M., Awadalla S. Flavonoids of Ochradenus baccatus. 1991;30(30):3777-3779.

    Not in our library10.1016/0031-9422(91)80109-e

  86. 86.

    Je Ma C., Jung W. J., Lee K. Y., Kim Y. C., Sung S. H. Calpain inhibitory flavonoids isolated from Orostachys japonicus. 2009;24(24):676-679.

    Not in our library10.1080/14756360802328075

  87. 87.

    Matsumoto M., Kotani M., Fujita A., et al. Oral administration of persimmon leaf extract ameliorates skin symptoms and transepidermal water loss in atopic dermatitis model mice, NC/Nga. 2002;146(146):221-227.

    Not in our library10.1046/j.1365-2133.2002.04557.x

  88. 88.

    Xue Y. L., Miyakawa T., Hayashi Y., et al. Isolation and tyrosinase inhibitory effects of polyphenols from the leaves of persimmon, Diospyros kaki. 2011;59(59):6011-6017.

    Not in our library10.1021/jf200940h

  89. 89.

    Kameda K., Takaku T., Okuda H., et al. Inhibitory effects of various flavonoids isolated from leaves of persimmon on angiotensin-converting enzyme activity. 1987;50(50):680-683.

    Not in our library10.1021/np50052a017

  90. 90.

    Ma Z., Piao T., Wang Y., Liu J. Astragalin inhibits IL-1β-induced inflammatory mediators production in human osteoarthritis chondrocyte by inhibiting NF-κB and MAPK activation. 2015;25(25):83-87.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.intimp.2015.01.018

  91. 91.

    Li F., Wang W., Cao Y., et al. Inhibitory effects of astragalin on lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory response in mouse mammary epithelial cells. 2014;192(192):573-581.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jss.2014.05.059

  92. 92.

    Li F., Liang D., Yang Z., et al. Astragalin suppresses inflammatory responses via down-regulation of NF-κB signaling pathway in lipopolysaccharide-induced mastitis in a murine model. 2013;17(17):478-482.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.intimp.2013.07.010

  93. 93.

    Skalicka-Wozniak K., Szypowski J., Glowniak K. HPLC analysis of kaempherol and quercetin derivatives isolated by different extraction techniques from plant matrix. 2011;94(94):17-21.

    Not in our library

  94. 94.

    Laparra J. M., Glahn R. P., Miller D. D. Assessing potential effects of inulin and probiotic bacteria on Fe availability from common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) to Caco-2 cells. 2009;74(74):H40-H46.

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1750-3841.2008.01027.x

  95. 95.

    Takeda Y., Isai N., Masuda T., et al. Phlomisflavosides A and B, new flavonol bisglycosides from Phlomis spinidens. 2001;49(49):1039-1041.

    Not in our library10.1248/cpb.49.1039

  96. 96.

    Agyare C., Lechtenberg M., Deters A., Petereit F., Hensel A. Ellagitannins from Phyllanthus muellerianus (Kuntze) Exell.: Geraniin and furosin stimulate cellular activity, differentiation and collagen synthesis of human skin keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts. 2011;18(18):617-624.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.phymed.2010.08.020

  97. 97.

    Klein-Junior L. C., Santin J. R., Lemos M., et al. Role of gastric mucus secretion, oxinitrergic system and sulfhydryl groups on the gastroprotection elicited by Polygala cyparissias (Polygalaceae) in mice. 2013;65(65):767-776.

    Not in our library10.1111/jphp.12038

  98. 98.

    Calis I., Kuruuzum A., Demirezer L. O., Sticher O., Ganci W., Ruedi P. Phenylvaleric acid and flavonoid glycosides from Polygonum salicifolium. 1999;62(62):1101-1105.

    Not in our library10.1021/np9900674

  99. 99.

    Olszewska M. A., Kwapisz A. Metabolite profiling and antioxidant activity of Prunus padus L. flowers and leaves. 2011;25(25):1115-1131.

    Not in our library10.1080/14786410903230359

  100. 100.

    Olszewska M. High-performance liquid chromatographic identification of flavonoid monoglycosides from Prunus serotina ehrh. 2005;62(62):435-441.

    Not in our library

  101. 101.

    Krauze-Baranowska M., Sowinski P., Kawiak A., Sparzak B. Flavonoids from Pseudotsuga menziesii. 2013;68(68):87-96.

    Not in our library10.5560/znc.2013.68c0087

  102. 102.

    Kwon H. J., Park Y. D. Determination of astragalin and astragaloside content in Radix astragali using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with pulsed amperometric detection. 2012;1232:212-217.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.chroma.2011.12.035

  103. 103.

    Jian J., Wu Z. Influences of traditional Chinese medicine on non-specific immunity of Jian Carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian). 2004;16(16):185-191.

    Not in our library10.1016/s1050-4648(03)00062-7

  104. 104.

    Li G., Gao T., Wen J., Yang R., Yu C., Zhang S. A research on the quality of radix Astragali. 1992;17(17):454-456.

    Not in our library

  105. 105.

    Ding Y., Nguyen H. T., Choi E. M., Bae K., Kim Y. H. Rhusonoside A, a new megastigmane glycoside from Rhus sylvestris, increases the function of osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells. 2009;75(75):158-162.

    Not in our library10.1055/s-0028-1088373

  106. 106.

    Yang C., Li F., Zhang X., Wang L., Zhou Z., Wang M. Phenolic antioxidants from Rosa soulieana flowers. 2013;27(27):2055-2058.

    Not in our library10.1080/14786419.2013.811660

  107. 107.

    Nguelefack T. B., Mbakam F. H., Tapondjou L. A., et al. A dimeric triterpenoid glycoside and flavonoid glycosides with free radical-scavenging activity isolated from Rubus rigidus var. camerunensis. 2011;34(34):543-550.

    Not in our library10.1007/s12272-011-0404-9

  108. 108.

    Wang H. Q., Zhao C. Y., Chen R. Y. Studies on chemical constituents from leaves of Sapium sebiferum. 2007;32(32):1179-1181.

    Not in our library

  109. 109.

    Kamel M. S., Ohtani K., Hasanain H. A., Mohamed M. H., Kasai R., Yamasaki K. Monoterpene and pregnane glucosides from Solenostemma argel. 2000;53(53):937-940.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0031-9422(99)00447-1

  110. 110.

    Apati P., Houghton P. J., Kery A. HPLC investigation of antioxidant components in Solidago herba. 2004;74(74):223-231.

    Not in our library

  111. 111.

    Olszewska M. A., Michel P. Activity-guided isolation and identification of free radical-scavenging components from various leaf extracts of Sorbus aria (L.) Crantz. 2012;26(26):243-254.

    Not in our library10.1080/14786419.2010.537271

  112. 112.

    Xiang W., Li R. T., Mao Y. L., et al. Four new prenylated isoflavonoids in Tadehagi triquetrum. 2005;53(53):267-271.

    Not in our library10.1021/jf0483117

  113. 113.

    Shen G., Oh S. R., Min B. S., et al. Phytochemical investigation of Tiarella polyphylla. 2008;31(31):10-16.

    Not in our library10.1007/s12272-008-1113-x

  114. 114.

    Hosoi S., Shimizu E., Ohno K., et al. Structural studies of zoospore attractants from Trachelospermum jasminoides var. pubescens: taxifolin 3-O-glycosides. 2006;17(17):20-24.

    Not in our library10.1002/pca.876

  115. 115.

    Aishan H., Baba M., Iwasaki N., Kuang H., Okuyama T. The constituents of Urtica cannabina used in Uighur medicine. 2010;48(48):577-583.

    Not in our library10.3109/13880200903214215

  116. 116.

    Majinda R. R., Motswaledi M., Waigh R. D., Waterman P. G. Phenolic and antibacterial constituents of Vahlia capensis. 1997;63(63):268-270.

    Not in our library10.1055/s-2006-957671

  117. 117.

    Singab A. N., Youssef D. T., Noaman E., Kotb S. Hepatoprotective effect of flavonol glycosides rich fraction from Egyptian Vicia calcarata Desf. against CCl4-induced liver damage in rats. 2005;28(28):791-798.

    Not in our library10.1007/bf02977344

  118. 118.

    Apers S., Huang Y., Van Miert S., et al. Characterisation of new oligoglycosidic compounds in two Chinese medicinal herbs. 2002;13(13):202-206.

    Not in our library10.1002/pca.642

  119. 119.

    Weiss U. Inflammation. 2008;454(454):p. 427.

    Not in our library10.1038/454427a

  120. 120.

    Sarfraz I., Rasul A., Jabeen F., et al. Fraxinus: a plant with versatile pharmacological and biological activities. 2017;2017:12.

    Not in our library10.1155/2017/4269868

  121. 121.

    Walker J., Reichelt K. V., Obst K., et al. Identification of an anti-inflammatory potential of Eriodictyon angustifolium compounds in human gingival fibroblasts. 2016;7(7):3046-3055.

    Not in our library10.1039/c6fo00482b

  122. 122.

    Soromou L. W., Chen N., Jiang L., et al. Astragalin attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory responses by down-regulating NF-κB signaling pathway. 2012;419(419):256-261.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.02.005

  123. 123.

    Choi E. J., Lee S., Chae J. R., Lee H. S., Jun C. D., Kim S. H. Eupatilin inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced expression of inflammatory mediators in macrophages. 2011;88(88):1121-1126.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.lfs.2011.04.011

  124. 124.

    Zhang W., Lu X., Wang W., et al. Inhibitory effects of emodin, thymol, and astragalin on leptospira interrogans-induced inflammatory response in the uterine and endometrium epithelial cells of mice. 2017;40(40):666-675.

    Not in our library10.1007/s10753-017-0513-9

  125. 125.

    Inaba H., Tagashira M., Honma D., et al. Identification of hop polyphenolic components which inhibit prostaglandin E2 production by gingival epithelial cells stimulated with periodontal pathogen. 2008;31(31):527-530.

    Not in our library10.1248/bpb.31.527

  126. 126.

    Liu J., Cheng Y., Zhang X., et al. Astragalin attenuates allergic inflammation in a murine asthma model. 2015;38(38):2007-2016.

    Not in our library10.1007/s10753-015-0181-6

  127. 127.

    Kim M. S., Kim S. H. Inhibitory effect of astragalin on expression of lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory mediators through NF-κB in macrophages. 2011;34(34):2101-2107.

    Not in our library10.1007/s12272-011-1213-x

  128. 128.

    Wang Z., Li Q., Xiang M., et al. Astragaloside alleviates hepatic fibrosis function via PAR2 signaling pathway in diabetic rats. 2017;41(41):1156-1166.

    Not in our library10.1159/000464122

  129. 129.

    Cho I. H., Gong J. H., Kang M. K., et al. Astragalin inhibits airway eotaxin-1 induction and epithelial apoptosis through modulating oxidative stress-responsive MAPK signaling. 2014;14(14):p. 122.

    Not in our library10.1186/1471-2466-14-122

  130. 130.

    Li H., Shi R., Ding F., et al. Astragalus polysaccharide suppresses 6-hydroxydopamine-induced neurotoxicity in Caenorhabditis elegans. 2016;2016:p. 4856761.

    Not in our library10.1155/2016/4856761

  131. 131.

    Yan L., Zhou Q. H. Study on neuroprotective effects of astragalan in rats with ischemic brain injury and its mechanisms. 2012;28(28):373-377.

    Not in our library

  132. 132.

    Cho I. H., Choi Y. J., Gong J. H., Shin D., Kang M. K., Kang Y. H. Astragalin inhibits autophagy-associated airway epithelial fibrosis. 2015;16(16):p. 51.

    Not in our library10.1186/s12931-015-0211-9

  133. 133.

    Wasik A., Antkiewicz-Michaluk L. The mechanism of neuroprotective action of natural compounds. 2017;69(69):851-860.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.pharep.2017.03.018

  134. 134.

    Habertheuer A., Kocher A., Laufer G., et al. Cardioprotection: a review of current practice in global ischemia and future translational perspective. 2014;2014:11.

    Not in our library10.1155/2014/325725

  135. 135.

    Tanaka K., Kersten J. R., Riess M. L. Opioid-induced cardioprotection. 2014;20(20):5696-5705.

    Not in our library10.2174/1381612820666140204120311

  136. 136.

    Testai L. Flavonoids and mitochondrial pharmacology: A new paradigm for cardioprotection. 2015;135(135):68-76.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.lfs.2015.04.017

  137. 137.

    Qu D., Han J., Ren H., et al. Cardioprotective effects of astragalin against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury in isolated rat heart. 2016;2016:11.

    Not in our library10.1155/2016/8194690

  138. 138.

    Wang S., Moustaid-Moussa N., Chen L., et al. Novel insights of dietary polyphenols and obesity. 2014;25(25):1-18.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jnutbio.2013.09.001

  139. 139.

    Alam U., Asghar O., Azmi S., Malik R. A. General aspects of diabetes mellitus. 2014;126(126):211-222.

    Not in our library10.1016/b978-0-444-53480-4.00015-1

  140. 140.

    Jung M., Park M., Lee H. C., Kang Y. H., Kang E. S., Kim S. K. Antidiabetic agents from medicinal plants. 2006;13(13):1203-1218.

    Not in our library10.2174/092986706776360860

  141. 141.

    Ke M., Hu X. Q., Ouyang J., Dai B., Xu Y. The effect of astragalin on the VEGF production of cultured Muller cells under high glucose conditions. 2012;22(22):113-119.

    Not in our library10.3233/bme-2012-0696

  142. 142.

    Kim G. E., Kang H. K., Seo E. S., et al. Glucosylation of the flavonoid, astragalin by Leuconostoc mesenteroides B-512FMCM dextransucrase acceptor reactions and characterization of the products. 2012;50(50):50-56.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.enzmictec.2011.09.007

  143. 143.

    Jung S. Y., Jung W. S., Jung H. K., et al. The mixture of different parts of Nelumbo nucifera and two bioactive components inhibited tyrosinase activity and melanogenesis. 2014;65(65):377-388.

    Not in our library

  144. 144.

    Svobodova A., Psotova J., Walterova D. Natural phenolics in the prevention of UV-induced skin damage. A review. 2003;147(147):137-145.

    Not in our library10.5507/bp.2003.019

  145. 145.

    Chen M., Cai F., Zha D., et al. Astragalin-induced cell death is caspase-dependent and enhances the susceptibility of lung cancer cells to tumor necrosis factor by inhibiting the NF-κB pathway. 2017;8(8):26941-26958.

    Not in our library10.18632/oncotarget.15264

  146. 146.

    Rasool M., Malik A., Manan A., et al. Roles of natural compounds from medicinal plants in cancer treatment: structure and mode of action at molecular level. 2015;11(11):618-628.

    Not in our library10.2174/1573406411666150430120038

  147. 147.

    Neergheen V. S., Bahorun T., Taylor E. W., Jen L. S., Aruoma O. I. Targeting specific cell signaling transduction pathways by dietary and medicinal phytochemicals in cancer chemoprevention. 2010;278(278):229-241.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.tox.2009.10.010

  148. 148.

    Jafari S., Saeidnia S., Abdollahi M. Role of natural phenolic compounds in cancer chemoprevention via regulation of the cell cycle. 2014;15(15):409-421.

    Not in our library10.2174/1389201015666140813124832

  149. 149.

    Sun J., Li F., Zhao Y., et al. LZ-207, a newly synthesized flavonoid, induces apoptosis and suppresses inflammation-related colon cancer by inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway. 2015;10(10).

    Not in our library10.1371/journal.pone.0127282

  150. 150.

    Li W., Hao J., Zhang L., Cheng Z., Deng X., Shu G. Astragalin reduces hexokinase 2 through increasing miR-125b to inhibit the proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma cells in vitro and in vivo. 2017;65(65):5961-5972.

    Not in our library10.1021/acs.jafc.7b02120

  151. 151.

    You O. H., Shin E. A., Lee H., et al. Apoptotic effect of astragalin in melanoma skin cancers via activation of caspases and inhibition of Sry-related HMg-box gene 10. 2017;31(31):1614-1620.

    Not in our library10.1002/ptr.5895

  152. 152.

    Zhang J., Li N., Zhang K., et al. Astragalin attenuates UVB radiation-induced actinic keratosis formation. 2017.

    Not in our library10.2174/1871520618666171229190835

  153. 153.

    Chiang Y. Y., Wang S. L., Yang C. L., et al. Extracts of Koelreuteria henryi Dummer induce apoptosis and autophagy by inhibiting dihydrodiol dehydrogenase, thus enhancing anticancer effects. 2013;32(32):577-584.

    Not in our library10.3892/ijmm.2013.1441

  154. 154.

    Ammar O. In silico pharmacodynamics, toxicity profile and biological activities of the Saharan medicinal plant Limoniastrum feei. 2017;53(53):1-10.

    Not in our library10.1590/s2175-97902017000300061

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