A Comprehensive Review on Metabolic Syndrome

Abstract

Metabolic syndrome is defined by a constellation of interconnected physiological, biochemical, clinical, and metabolic factors that directly increases the risk of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and all cause mortality. Insulin resistance, visceral adiposity, atherogenic dyslipidemia, endothelial dysfunction, genetic susceptibility, elevated blood pressure, hypercoagulable state, and chronic stress are the several factors which constitute the syndrome. Chronic inflammation is known to be associated with visceral obesity and insulin resistance which is characterized by production of abnormal adipocytokines such as tumor necrosis factor α , interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6, leptin, and adiponectin. The interaction between components of the clinical phenotype of the syndrome with its biological phenotype (insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, etc.) contributes to the development of a proinflammatory state and further a chronic, subclinical vascular inflammation which modulates and results in atherosclerotic processes. Lifestyle modification remains the initial intervention of choice for such population. Modern lifestyle modification therapy combines specific recommendations on diet and exercise with behavioural strategies. Pharmacological treatment should be considered for those whose risk factors are not adequately reduced with lifestyle changes. This review provides summary of literature related to the syndrome’s definition, epidemiology, underlying pathogenesis, and treatment approaches of each of the risk factors comprising metabolic syndrome.

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Cited by papers we hold 32

• The interplay of factors in metabolic syndrome: understanding its roots and complexity · 2024
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• Mechanisms of Oxidative Stress in Metabolic Syndrome · 2023
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• Garlic exosome-like nanoparticles reverse high-fat diet induced obesity via the gut/brain axis · 2022
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• Mechanistic Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation on Metabolic Syndrome Components in Patients with or without Vitamin D Deficiency · 2020
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• Effect of a nutrition education programme on the metabolic syndrome in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients at a level 5 Hospital in Kenya: “a randomized controlled trial” · 2020
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• The Impact of Education and Age on Metabolic Disorders · 2020
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• Metabolic Impacts of Confinement during the COVID-19 Pandemic Due to Modified Diet and Physical Activity Habits · 2020
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• The prevalence of pediatric metabolic syndrome—a critical look on the discrepancies between definitions and its clinical importance · 2020
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• Improvement of Lipoprotein Profile and Metabolic Endotoxemia by a Lifestyle Intervention That Modifies the Gut Microbiota in Subjects With Metabolic Syndrome · 2019
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• High-fat diet-induced metabolic syndrome and oxidative stress in obese rats are ameliorated by yogurt supplementation · 2019
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• Diet-Induced Rabbit Models for the Study of Metabolic Syndrome · 2019
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• Association of 25-hydroxyvitamin D with cardiometabolic risk factors and metabolic syndrome: a mendelian randomization study · 2019
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• Association of antioxidant status and inflammatory markers with metabolic syndrome in Thais · 2019
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• Factors associated with metabolic syndrome in older adults: a population-based study · 2019
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• Skin disease related to metabolic syndrome in women · 2019
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• Age-Associated Changes in the Immune System and Blood–Brain Barrier Functions · 2019
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• Impact of Metabolic Syndrome on Neuroinflammation and the Blood–Brain Barrier · 2018
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• Pharmacological Applications of Bile Acids and Their Derivatives in the Treatment of Metabolic Syndrome · 2018
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• Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Resveratrol: Mechanistic Insights · 2018
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• Vanadium in Biological Action: Chemical, Pharmacological Aspects, and Metabolic Implications in Diabetes Mellitus · 2018
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and 12 more

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