Skip to content
naulon

No retraction, correction or concern found when last checked on Oct 19, 2026.

Networks and the Epidemiology of Infectious Disease

Leon Danon, Ashley P. Ford, Thomas House and 5 more

Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Infectious Diseases · 2011 · Review

doi:10.1155/2011/284909

Abstract

The science of networks has revolutionised research into the dynamics of interacting elements. It could be argued that epidemiology in particular has embraced the potential of network theory more than any other discipline. Here we review the growing body of research concerning the spread of infectious diseases on networks, focusing on the interplay between network theory and epidemiology. The review is split into four main sections, which examine: the types of network relevant to epidemiology; the multitude of ways these networks can be characterised; the statistical methods that can be applied to infer the epidemiological parameters on a realised network; and finally simulation and analytical methods to determine epidemic dynamics on a given network. Given the breadth of areas covered and the ever-expanding number of publications, a comprehensive review of all work is impossible. Instead, we provide a personalised overview into the areas of network epidemiology that have seen the greatest progress in recent years or have the greatest potential to provide novel insights. As such, considerable importance is placed on analytical approaches and statistical methods which are both rapidly expanding fields. Throughout this review we restrict our attention to epidemiological issues.

Full text

Its licence does not allow us to show the full text. Read it at PubMed Central:

Read at PubMed Central

References 182

  1. 1.

    Klovdahl AS. Social networks and the spread of infectious diseases: the AIDS example. Social Science and Medicine. 1985;21(11):1203-1216.

    Not in our library10.1016/0277-9536(85)90269-2

  2. 2.

    May RM, Anderson RM. Transmission dynamics of HIV infection. Nature. 1987;326(6109):137-142.

    Not in our library10.1038/326137a0

  3. 3.

    Bell DC, Atkinson JS, Carlson JW. Centrality measures for disease transmission networks. Social Networks. 1999;21(1):1-21.

    Not in our library

  4. 4.

    Goodman HL. Snowball sampling. Annals of Mathematical Statistics. 1961;32:148-170.

    Not in our library

  5. 5.

    Heckathorn DD. Respondent-driven sampling: a new approach to the study of hidden populations. Social Problems. 1997;44(2):174-199.

    Not in our library

  6. 6.

    Jolly AM, Wylie JL. Sampling individuals with large sexual networks: an evaluation of four approaches. Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2001;28(4):200-207.

    Not in our library10.1097/00007435-200104000-00003

  7. 7.

    Wylie JL, Jolly A. Patterns of chlamydia and gonorrhea infection in sexual networks in Manitoba, Canada. Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2001;28(1):14-24.

    Not in our library10.1097/00007435-200101000-00005

  8. 8.

    Klovdahl AS, Potterat JJ, Woodhouse DE, Muth JB, Muth SQ, Darrow WW. Social networks and infectious disease: the Colorado Springs Study. Social Science and Medicine. 1994;38(1):79-88.

    Not in our library10.1016/0277-9536(94)90302-6

  9. 9.

    Ghani AC, Donnelly CA, Garnett GP. Sampling biases and missing data in explorations of sexual partner networks for the spread of sexually transmitted diseases. Statistics in Medicine. 1998;17(18):2079-2097.

    Not in our library10.1002/(sici)1097-0258(19980930)17:18<2079::aid-sim902>3.0.co;2-h

  10. 10.

    Anderson RM, May RM. Infectious Diseases of Humans. 1992.

    Not in our library

  11. 11.

    Eagle N, Pentland A. Reality mining: sensing complex social systems. Personal and Ubiquitous Computing. 2006;10(4):255-268.

    Not in our library

  12. 12.

    Hamede RK, Bashford J, McCallum H, Jones M. Contact networks in a wild Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus harrisii) population: using social network analysis to reveal seasonal variability in social behaviour and its implications for transmission of devil facial tumour disease. Ecology Letters. 2009;12(11):1147-1157.

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01370.x

  13. 13.

    Johnson AM, Wadsworth J, Wellings K, Bradshaw S, Field J. Sexual lifestyles and HIV risk. Nature. 1992;360(6403):410-412.

    Not in our library10.1038/360410a0

  14. 14.

    Johnson A, Wadsworth J, Wellings K, Field J. Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles. 1994.

    Not in our library

  15. 15.

    Johnson AM, Mercer CH, Erens B, et al. Sexual behaviour in Britain: partnerships, practices, and HIV risk behaviours. Lancet. 2001;358(9296):1835-1842.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0140-6736(01)06883-0

  16. 16.

    Copas AJ, Wellings K, Erens B, et al. The accuracy of reported sensitive sexual behaviour in Britain: exploring the extent of change 1990–2000. Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2002;78(1):26-30.

    Not in our library10.1136/sti.78.1.26

  17. 17.
  18. 18.

    Molloy M, Reed B. A critical-point for randomgraphswith a given degree sequence. Random Structures and Algorithms. 1995;6:161-179.

    Not in our library

  19. 19.

    Molloy M, Reed B. The size of the giant component of a random graph with a given degree sequence. Combinatorics Probability and Computing. 1998;7(3):295-305.

    Not in our library

  20. 20.

    Read JM, Eames KTD, Edmunds WJ. Dynamic social networks and the implications for the spread of infectious disease. Journal of the Royal Society Interface. 2008;5(26):1001-1007.

    Not in our library10.1098/rsif.2008.0013

  21. 21.

    Baguelin M, Hoek AJV, Jit M, Flasche S, White PJ, Edmunds WJ. Vaccination against pandemic influenza A/H1N1v in England: a real-time economic evaluation. Vaccine. 2010;28(12):2370-2384.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.01.002

  22. 22.

    Liljeros F, Edling CR, Amaral L, Stanley HE, Åberg Y. The web of human sexual contacts. Nature. 2001;411(6840):907-908.

    Not in our library10.1038/35082140

  23. 23.

    Ghani AC, Garnett GP. Risks of acquiring and transmitting sexually transmitted diseases in sexual partner networks. Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2000;27(10):579-587.

    Not in our library10.1097/00007435-200011000-00006

  24. 24.

    Medlock J, Galvani AP. Optimizing influenza vaccine distribution. Science. 2009;325(5948):1705-1708.

    Not in our library10.1126/science.1175570

  25. 25.

    Kretzschmar M, Morris M. Measures of concurrency in networks and the spread of infectious disease. Mathematical Biosciences. 1996;133(2):165-195.

    Not in our library10.1016/0025-5564(95)00093-3

  26. 26.

    Morris M, Kretzschmar M. Concurrent partnerships and the spread of HIV. AIDS. 1997;11(5):641-648.

    Not in our library10.1097/00002030-199705000-00012

  27. 27.

    Ghani AC, Swinton J, Garnett GP. The role of sexual partnership networks in the epidemiology of gonorrhea. Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 1997;24(1):45-56.

    Not in our library10.1097/00007435-199701000-00009

  28. 28.

    Halloran ME, Longini IM, Nizam A, Yang Y. Containing bioterrorist smallpox. Science. 2002;298(5597):1428-1432.

    Not in our library10.1126/science.1074674

  29. 29.

    Longini IM, Nizam A, Xu S, et al. Containing pandemic influenza at the source. Science. 2005;309(5737):1083-1087.

    Not in our library10.1126/science.1115717

  30. 30.

    Germann TC, Kadau K, Longini IM, Macken CA. Mitigation strategies for pandemic influenza in the United States. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2006;103(15):5935-5940.

    Not in our library10.1073/pnas.0601266103

  31. 31.

    Longini IM, Halloran ME, Nizam A, et al. Containing a large bioterrorist smallpox attack: a computer simulation approach. International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2007;11(2):98-108.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ijid.2006.03.002

  32. 32.

    Ferguson NM, Cummings DAT, Cauchemez S, et al. Strategies for containing an emerging influenza pandemic in Southeast Asia. Nature. 2005;437(7056):209-214.

    Not in our library10.1038/nature04017

  33. 33.

    Ferguson NM, Cummings DAT, Fraser C, Cajka JC, Cooley PC, Burke DS. Strategies for mitigating an influenza pandemic. Nature. 2006;442(7101):448-452.

    Not in our library10.1038/nature04795

  34. 34.

    Chowell G, Hyman JM, Eubank S, Castillo-Chavez C. Scaling laws for the movement of people between locations in a large city. Physical Review E. 2003;68(6):661021-661027.

    Not in our library10.1103/physreve.68.066102

  35. 35.

    Eubank S, Guclu H, Kumar VSA, et al. Modelling disease outbreaks in realistic urban social networks. Nature. 2004;429(6988):180-184.

    Not in our library10.1038/nature02541

  36. 36.
  37. 37.

    Hufnagel L, Brockmann D, Geisel T. Forecast and control of epidemics in a globalized world. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2004;101(42):15124-15129.

    Not in our library10.1073/pnas.0308344101

  38. 38.

    Guimerà R, Mossa S, Turtschi A, Amaral LAN. The worldwide air transportation network: anomalous centrality, community structure, and cities’ global roles. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2005;102(22):7794-7799.

    Not in our library10.1073/pnas.0407994102

  39. 39.

    Hall IM, Egan JR, Barrass I, Gani R, Leach S. Comparison of smallpox outbreak control strategies using a spatial metapopulation model. Epidemiology and Infection. 2007;135(7):1133-1144.

    Not in our library10.1017/s0950268806007783

  40. 40.

    Viboud C, Bjørnstad ON, Smith DL, Simonsen L, Miller MA, Grenfell BT. Synchrony, waves, and spatial hierarchies in the spread of influenza. Science. 2006;312(5772):447-451.

    Not in our library10.1126/science.1125237

All 182 references

Cited by papers we hold 2

Reads

Read by people on this page

None yet.

Checked or read by AI through naulon

None yet.

A person counts once a day per paper. We keep no cookie and no address: a reader is a hash that changes every day. Any month under five reads shows no number.

Are you an author?

Is this your paper?

Claim it to add your note and be paid when agents cite it. Free.