No retraction, correction or concern found when last checked on Oct 18, 2026.

Mitochondrial DNA Release in Innate Immune Signaling

Laura E. Newman, Gerald S. Shadel

Annual Review of Biochemistry · 2023 · Review

doi:10.1146/annurev-biochem-032620-104401 (opens in a new tab)

Abstract

According to the endosymbiotic theory, most of the DNA of the original bacterial endosymbiont has been lost or transferred to the nucleus, leaving a much smaller (∼16 kb in mammals), circular molecule that is the present-day mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). The ability of mtDNA to escape mitochondria and integrate into the nuclear genome was discovered in budding yeast, along with genes that regulate this process. Mitochondria have emerged as key regulators of innate immunity, and it is now recognized that mtDNA released into the cytoplasm, outside of the cell, or into circulation activates multiple innate immune signaling pathways. Here, we first review the mechanisms through which mtDNA is released into the cytoplasm, including several inducible mitochondrial pores and defective mitophagy or autophagy. Next, we cover how the different forms of released mtDNA activate specific innate immune nucleic acid sensors and inflammasomes. Finally, we discuss how intracellular and extracellular mtDNA release, including circulating cell-free mtDNA that promotes systemic inflammation, are implicated in human diseases, bacterial and viral infections, senescence and aging.

References 232

1.
Thorsness PE, Fox TD. 1990. Escape of DNA from mitochondria to the nucleus in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Nature 346:376–79
Not in our library10.1038/346376a0 (opens in a new tab)
2.
Thorsness PE, Fox TD. 1993. Nuclear mutations in Saccharomyces cerevisiae that affect the escape of DNA from mitochondria to the nucleus. Genetics 134:21–28
Not in our library10.1093/genetics/134.1.21 (opens in a new tab)
3.
Cellular pyrimidine imbalance triggers mitochondrial DNA–dependent innate immunity · 2021
No notice
4.
ER-lysosome lipid transfer protein VPS13C/PARK23 prevents aberrant mtDNA-dependent STING signaling · 2022
No notice
5.
Sliter DA, Martinez J, Hao L, Chen X, Sun N, 2018. Parkin and PINK1 mitigate STING-induced inflammation. Nature 561:258–62
Not in our library10.1038/s41586-018-0448-9 (opens in a new tab)
6.
Matsui H, Ito J, Matsui N, Uechi T, Onodera O, Kakita A. 2021. Cytosolic dsDNA of mitochondrial origin induces cytotoxicity and neurodegeneration in cellular and zebrafish models of Parkinson’s disease. Nat. Commun. 12:3101
Not in our library10.1038/s41467-021-23452-x (opens in a new tab)
7.
LRRK2 maintains mitochondrial homeostasis and regulates innate immune responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis · 2020
No notice
8.
West AP, Shadel GS. 2017. Mitochondrial DNA in innate immune responses and inflammatory pathology. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 17:363–75
Not in our library10.1038/nri.2017.21 (opens in a new tab)
9.
Shadel GS, Clayton DA. 1997. Mitochondrial DNA maintenance in vertebrates. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 66:409–35
Not in our library10.1146/annurev.biochem.66.1.409 (opens in a new tab)
10.
Falkenberg M, Gustafsson CM. 2020. Mammalian mitochondrial DNA replication and mechanisms of deletion formation. Crit. Rev. Biochem. Mol. Biol. 55:509–24
Not in our library10.1080/10409238.2020.1818684 (opens in a new tab)
11.
Garrido N, Griparic L, Jokitalo E, Wartiovaara J, van der Bliek AM, Spelbrink JN. 2003. Composition and dynamics of human mitochondrial nucleoids. Mol. Biol. Cell 14:1583–96
Not in our library10.1091/mbc.e02-07-0399 (opens in a new tab)
12.
Kukat C, Wurm CA, Spåhr H, Falkenberg M, Larsson N-G, Jakobs S. 2011. Super-resolution microscopy reveals that mammalian mitochondrial nucleoids have a uniform size and frequently contain a single copy of mtDNA. PNAS 108:13534–39
Not in our library10.1073/pnas.1109263108 (opens in a new tab)
13.
Kukat C, Davies KM, Wurm CA, Spåhr H, Bonekamp NA, 2015. Cross-strand binding of TFAM to a single mtDNA molecule forms the mitochondrial nucleoid. PNAS 112:11288–93
Not in our library10.1073/pnas.1512131112 (opens in a new tab)
14.
Ngo HB, Lovely GA, Phillips R, Chan DC. 2014. Distinct structural features of TFAM drive mitochondrial DNA packaging versus transcriptional activation. Nat. Commun. 5:3077
Not in our library10.1038/ncomms4077 (opens in a new tab)
15.
Kazak L, Reyes A, Holt IJ. 2012. Minimizing the damage: Repair pathways keep mitochondrial DNA intact. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 13:659–71
Not in our library10.1038/nrm3439 (opens in a new tab)
16.
Bonawitz ND, Clayton DA, Shadel GS. 2006. Initiation and beyond: multiple functions of the human mitochondrial transcription machinery. Mol. Cell 24:813–25
Not in our library10.1016/j.molcel.2006.11.024 (opens in a new tab)
17.
Tan BG, Mutti CD, Shi Y, Xie X, Zhu X, 2022. The human mitochondrial genome contains a second light strand promoter. Mol. Cell 82:3646–60.e9
Not in our library10.1016/j.molcel.2022.08.011 (opens in a new tab)
18.
Nicholls TJ, Gustafsson CM. 2018. Separating and segregating the human mitochondrial genome. Trends Biochem. Sci. 43:869–81
Not in our library10.1016/j.tibs.2018.08.007 (opens in a new tab)
19.
Nicholls TJ, Nadalutti CA, Motori E, Sommerville EW, Gorman GS, 2018. Topoisomerase 3α is required for decatenation and segregation of human mtDNA. Mol. Cell 69:9–23.e6
Not in our library10.1016/j.molcel.2017.11.033 (opens in a new tab)
20.
Wu Z, Sainz AG, Shadel GS. 2021. Mitochondrial DNA: cellular genotoxic stress sentinel. Trends Biochem. Sci. 46:812–21
Not in our library10.1016/j.tibs.2021.05.004 (opens in a new tab)
21.
Bruni F, Lightowlers RN, Chrzanowska-Lightowlers ZM. 2017. Human mitochondrial nucleases. FEBS J. 284:1767–77
Not in our library10.1111/febs.13981 (opens in a new tab)
22.
Dhir A, Dhir S, Borowski LS, Jimenez L, Teitell M, 2018. Mitochondrial double-stranded RNA triggers antiviral signalling in humans. Nature 560:238–42
Not in our library10.1038/s41586-018-0363-0 (opens in a new tab)
23.
Tigano M, Vargas DC, Tremblay-Belzile S, Fu Y, Sfeir A. 2021. Nuclear sensing of breaks in mitochondrial DNA enhances immune surveillance. Nature 591:477–81
Not in our library10.1038/s41586-021-03269-w (opens in a new tab)
24.
McArthur K, Whitehead LW, Heddleston JM, Li L, Padman BS, 2018. BAK/BAX macropores facilitate mitochondrial herniation and mtDNA efflux during apoptosis. Science 359:eaao6047
Not in our library10.1126/science.aao6047 (opens in a new tab)
25.
Mitochondrial inner membrane permeabilisation enables mtDNA release during apoptosis · 2018
No notice
26.
Chen L, Dong J, Liao S, Wang S, Wu Z, 2022. Loss of Sam50 in hepatocytes induces cardiolipin-dependent mitochondrial membrane remodeling to trigger mtDNA release and liver injury. Hepatology 76(5):1389–408
Not in our library10.1002/hep.32471 (opens in a new tab)
27.
Maekawa H, Inoue T, Ouchi H, Jao T-M, Inoue R, 2019. Mitochondrial damage causes inflammation via cGAS-STING signaling in acute kidney injury. Cell Rep. 29:1261–73.e6
Not in our library10.1016/j.celrep.2019.09.050 (opens in a new tab)
28.
Zhang Y-F, Zhou L, Mao H-Q, Yang F-H, Chen Z, Zhang L. 2021. Mitochondrial DNA leakage exacerbates odontoblast inflammation through gasdermin D-mediated pyroptosis. Cell Death Discov. 7:381
Not in our library10.1038/s41420-021-00770-z (opens in a new tab)
29.
Perfluoroalkyl substance pollutants activate the innate immune system through the AIM2 inflammasome · 2021
Corrected
30.
The interplay between BAX and BAK tunes apoptotic pore growth to control mitochondrial-DNA-mediated inflammation · 2022
No notice
31.
Kim J, Gupta R, Blanco LP, Yang S, Shteinfer-Kuzmine A, 2019. VDAC oligomers form mitochondrial pores to release mtDNA fragments and promote lupus-like disease. Science 366:1531–36
Not in our library10.1126/science.aav4011 (opens in a new tab)
32.
García N, Chávez E. 2007. Mitochondrial DNA fragments released through the permeability transition pore correspond to specific gene size. Life Sci. 81:1160–66
Not in our library10.1016/j.lfs.2007.08.019 (opens in a new tab)
33.
Collins LV, Hajizadeh S, Holme E, Jonsson I-M, Tarkowski A. 2004. Endogenously oxidized mitochondrial DNA induces in vivo and in vitro inflammatory responses. J. Leukocyte Biol. 75:995–1000
Not in our library10.1189/jlb.0703328 (opens in a new tab)
34.
Xian H, Watari K, Sanchez-Lopez E, Offenberger J, Onyuru J, 2022. Oxidized DNA fragments exit mitochondria via mPTP- and VDAC-dependent channels to activate NLRP3 inflammasome and interferon signaling. Immunity 55(8):1370–85.e8
Not in our library10.1016/j.immuni.2022.06.007 (opens in a new tab)
35.
He W-R, Cao L-B, Yang Y-L, Hua D, Hu M-M, Shu H-B. 2021. VRK2 is involved in the innate antiviral response by promoting mitostress-induced mtDNA release. Cell. Mol. Immunol. 18:1186–96
Not in our library10.1038/s41423-021-00673-0 (opens in a new tab)
36.
Luzwick JW, Dombi E, Boisvert RA, Roy S, Park S, 2021. MRE11-dependent instability in mitochondrial DNA fork protection activates a cGAS immune signaling pathway. Sci. Adv. 7:eabf9441
Not in our library10.1126/sciadv.abf9441 (opens in a new tab)
37.
Magnani L, Colantuoni M, Mortellaro A. 2022. Gasdermins: new therapeutic targets in host defense, inflammatory diseases, and cancer. Front. Immunol. 13:898298
Not in our library10.3389/fimmu.2022.898298 (opens in a new tab)
38.
Huang LS, Hong Z, Wu W, Xiong S, Zhong M, 2020. mtDNA activates cGAS signaling and suppresses the YAP-mediated endothelial cell proliferation program to promote inflammatory injury. Immunity 52:475–86.e5
Not in our library10.1016/j.immuni.2020.02.002 (opens in a new tab)
39.
Torre-Minguela C, Gómez AI, Couillin I, Pelegrín P. 2021. Gasdermins mediate cellular release of mitochondrial DNA during pyroptosis and apoptosis. FASEB J. 35(8):e21757
Not in our library10.1096/fj.202100085r (opens in a new tab)
40.
Rodríguez-Nuevo A, Díaz-Ramos A, Noguera E, Díaz-Sáez F, Duran X, 2018. Mitochondrial DNA and TLR9 drive muscle inflammation upon Opa1 deficiency. EMBO J. 37:e96553
Not in our library10.15252/embj.201796553 (opens in a new tab)
41.
Bueno M, Zank D, Buendia-Roldán I, Fiedler K, Mays BG, 2019. PINK1 attenuates mtDNA release in alveolar epithelial cells and TLR9 mediated profibrotic responses. PLOS ONE 14:e0218003
Not in our library10.1371/journal.pone.0218003 (opens in a new tab)
42.
Newman LE, Tadepalle N, Novak SW, Schiavon CR, Rojas GR, 2022. Endosomal removal and disposal of dysfunctional, immunostimulatory mitochondrial DNA. bioRxiv 2022.10.12.511955.
Not in our library10.1101/2022.10.12.511955 (opens in a new tab)
43.
Oka T, Hikoso S, Yamaguchi O, Taneike M, Takeda T, 2012. Mitochondrial DNA that escapes from autophagy causes inflammation and heart failure. Nature 485:251–55
Not in our library10.1038/nature10992 (opens in a new tab)
44.
Nakahira K, Haspel JA, Rathinam VAK, Lee S-J, Dolinay T, 2011. Autophagy proteins regulate innate immune responses by inhibiting the release of mitochondrial DNA mediated by the NALP3 inflammasome. Nat. Immunol. 12:222–30
Not in our library10.1038/ni.1980 (opens in a new tab)
45.
Sen A, Kallabis S, Gaedke F, Jüngst C, Boix J, 2022. Mitochondrial membrane proteins and VPS35 orchestrate selective removal of mtDNA. Nat. Commun. 13:6704
Not in our library10.1038/s41467-022-34205-9 (opens in a new tab)
46.
Molecular Mechanisms of mtDNA-Mediated Inflammation · 2021
No notice
47.
Mitochondrial DNA in inflammation and immunity · 2020
No notice
48.
Zhang Q, Raoof M, Chen Y, Sumi Y, Sursal T, 2010. Circulating mitochondrial DAMPs cause inflammatory responses to injury. Nature 464:104–7
Not in our library10.1038/nature08780 (opens in a new tab)
49.
Zhang Q, Itagaki K, Hauser CJ. 2010. Mitochondrial DNA is released by shock and activates neutrophils via p38 map kinase. Shock 34(1):55–59
Not in our library10.1097/shk.0b013e3181cd8c08 (opens in a new tab)
50.
Caielli S, Athale S, Domic B, Murat E, Chandra M, 2016. Oxidized mitochondrial nucleoids released by neutrophils drive type I interferon production in human lupus. J. Exp. Med. 213:697–713
Not in our library10.1084/jem.20151876 (opens in a new tab)
51.
Lood C, Blanco LP, Purmalek MM, Carmona-Rivera C, De Ravin SS, 2016. Neutrophil extracellular traps enriched in oxidized mitochondrial DNA are interferogenic and contribute to lupus-like disease. Nat. Med. 22:146–53
Not in our library10.1038/nm.4027 (opens in a new tab)
52.
Wang H, Li T, Chen S, Gu Y, Ye S. 2015. Neutrophil extracellular trap mitochondrial DNA and its autoantibody in systemic lupus erythematosus and a proof-of-concept trial of metformin. Arthritis Rheumatol. 67:3190–200
Not in our library10.1002/art.39296 (opens in a new tab)
53.
Selective packaging of mitochondrial proteins into extracellular vesicles prevents the release of mitochondrial DAMPs · 2021
No notice
54.
König T, Nolte H, Aaltonen MJ, Tatsuta T, Krols M, 2021. MIROs and DRP1 drive mitochondrial-derived vesicle biogenesis and promote quality control. Nat. Cell Biol. 23:1271–86
Not in our library10.1038/s41556-021-00798-4 (opens in a new tab)
55.
Jing R, Hu Z-K, Lin F, He S, Zhang S-S, 2020. Mitophagy-mediated mtDNA release aggravates stretching-induced inflammation and lung epithelial cell injury via the TLR9/MyD88/NF-κB pathway. Front. Cell Dev. Biol. 8:819
Not in our library10.3389/fcell.2020.00819 (opens in a new tab)
56.
PINK1 drives production of mtDNA-containing extracellular vesicles to promote invasiveness · 2021
No notice
57.
Man SM, Kanneganti T-D. 2016. Converging roles of caspases in inflammasome activation, cell death and innate immunity. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 16:7–21
Not in our library10.1038/nri.2015.7 (opens in a new tab)
58.
West AP, Shadel GS, Ghosh S. 2011. Mitochondria in innate immune responses. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 11:389–402
Not in our library10.1038/nri2975 (opens in a new tab)
59.
Gao D, Wu J, Wu Y-T, Du F, Aroh C, 2013. Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase is an innate immune sensor of HIV and other retroviruses. Science 341:903–6
Not in our library10.1126/science.1240933 (opens in a new tab)
60.
Ishikawa H, Barber GN. 2008. STING is an endoplasmic reticulum adaptor that facilitates innate immune signalling. Nature 455:674–78
Not in our library10.1038/nature07317 (opens in a new tab)
61.
Zhong B, Yang Y, Li S, Wang YY, Li Y, 2008. The adaptor protein MITA links virus-sensing receptors to IRF3 transcription factor activation. Immunity 29:538–50
Not in our library10.1016/j.immuni.2008.09.003 (opens in a new tab)
62.
Ritchie C, Carozza JA, Li L. 2022. Biochemistry, cell biology, and pathophysiology of the innate immune cGAS–cGAMP–STING pathway. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 91:599–628
Not in our library10.1146/annurev-biochem-040320-101629 (opens in a new tab)
63.
Rongvaux A, Jackson R, Harman CCD, Li T, West AP, 2014. Apoptotic caspases prevent the induction of type I interferons by mitochondrial DNA. Cell 159:1563–77
Not in our library10.1016/j.cell.2014.11.037 (opens in a new tab)
64.
White MJ, McArthur K, Metcalf D, Lane RM, Cambier JC, 2014. Apoptotic caspases suppress mtDNA-induced STING-mediated type I IFN production. Cell 159:1549–62
Not in our library10.1016/j.cell.2014.11.036 (opens in a new tab)
65.
West AP, Khoury-Hanold W, Staron M, Tal MC, Pineda CM, 2015. Mitochondrial DNA stress primes the antiviral innate immune response. Nature 520:553–57
Not in our library10.1038/nature14156 (opens in a new tab)
66.
Dou Z, Ghosh K, Vizioli MG, Zhu J, Sen P, 2017. Cytoplasmic chromatin triggers inflammation in senescence and cancer. Nature 550:402–6
Not in our library10.1038/nature24050 (opens in a new tab)
67.
Glück S, Guey B, Gulen MF, Wolter K, Kang TW, 2017. Innate immune sensing of cytosolic chromatin fragments through cGAS promotes senescence. Nat. Cell Biol. 19:1061–70
Not in our library10.1038/ncb3586 (opens in a new tab)
68.
Larsson N-G, Wang J, Wilhelmsson H, Oldfors A, Rustin P, 1998. Mitochondrial transcription factor A is necessary for mtDNA maintance and embryogenesis in mice. Nat. Genet. 18:231–36
Not in our library10.1038/ng0398-231 (opens in a new tab)
69.
Andreeva L, Hiller B, Kostrewa D, Lässig C, de Oliveira Mann CC, 2017. cGAS senses long and HMGB/TFAM-bound U-turn DNA by forming protein–DNA ladders. Nature 549:394–98
Not in our library10.1038/nature23890 (opens in a new tab)
70.
Isidoro Cobo TNT, Mangalhara KC, Lana A, Yeang C, Han C, 2022. DNMT3A and TET2 restrain mitochondrial DNA-mediated interferon signaling in macrophages. Immunity 55(8):1386–401.e10
Not in our library10.1016/j.immuni.2022.06.022 (opens in a new tab)
71.
Chung KW, Dhillon P, Huang S, Sheng X, Shrestha R, 2019. Mitochondrial damage and activation of the STING pathway lead to renal inflammation and fibrosis. Cell Metab. 30:784–99.e5
Not in our library10.1016/j.cmet.2019.08.003 (opens in a new tab)
72.
Hu M, Zhou M, Bao X, Pan D, Jiao M, 2021. ATM inhibition enhances cancer immunotherapy by promoting mtDNA leakage and cGAS/STING activation. J. Clin. Investig. 131(3):e139333
Not in our library10.1172/jci139333 (opens in a new tab)
73.
Al Khatib I, Deng J, Symes SA, Zhang H, Huang S, 2022. Activation of the cGAS-STING innate immune response in cells with deficient mitochondrial topoisomerase TOP1MT. bioRxiv 2022.03.08.483326 https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.08.483326v1
Not in our library10.1093/hmg/ddad062 (opens in a new tab)
74.
Torres-Odio S, Lei Y, Gispert S, Maletzko A, Key J, 2021. Loss of mitochondrial protease CLPP activates type I IFN responses through the mitochondrial DNA–cGAS–STING signaling axis. J. Immunol. 206:1890–900
Not in our library10.4049/jimmunol.2001016 (opens in a new tab)
75.
Zhong Z, Liang S, Sanchez-Lopez E, He F, Shalapour S, 2018. New mitochondrial DNA synthesis enables NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Nature 560:198–203
Not in our library10.1038/s41586-018-0372-z (opens in a new tab)
76.
Lepelley A, Della Mina E, Van Nieuwenhove E, Waumans L, Fraitag S, 2021. Enhanced cGAS-STING–dependent interferon signaling associated with mutations in ATAD3A. J. Exp. Med. 218(10):e20201560
Not in our library10.1084/jem.20201560 (opens in a new tab)
77.
Peralta S, Goffart S, Williams SL, Diaz F, Garcia S, 2018. ATAD3 controls mitochondrial cristae structure, influencing mtDNA replication and cholesterol levels in muscle. J. Cell Sci. 131:jcs217075
Not in our library10.1242/jcs.217075 (opens in a new tab)
78.
Gerhold JM, Cansiz-Arda Ş, Lõhmus M, Engberg O, Reyes A, 2015. Human mitochondrial DNA-protein complexes attach to a cholesterol-rich membrane structure. Sci. Rep. 5:15292
Not in our library10.1038/srep15292 (opens in a new tab)
79.
He J, Mao C-C, Reyes A, Sembongi H, Di Re M, 2007. The AAA+ protein ATAD3 has displacement loop binding properties and is involved in mitochondrial nucleoid organization. J. Cell Biol. 176:141–46
Not in our library10.1083/jcb.200609158 (opens in a new tab)
80.
Lewis SC, Uchiyama LF, Nunnari J. 2016. ER-mitochondria contacts couple mtDNA synthesis with mitochondrial division in human cells. Science 353:aaf5549
Not in our library10.1126/science.aaf5549 (opens in a new tab)
81.
Bronner DN, Abuaita BH, Chen X, Fitzgerald KA, Nuñez G, 2015. Endoplasmic reticulum stress activates the inflammasome via NLRP3- and caspase-2-driven mitochondrial damage. Immunity 43:451–62
Not in our library10.1016/j.immuni.2015.08.008 (opens in a new tab)
82.
Günther C, Rösing S, Ullrich F, Meisterfeld S, Schmidt F, 2022. Chronic ER stress promotes cGAS/mtDNA-induced autoimmunity via ATF6 in myotonic dystrophy type 2. Preprint, Res. Sq. https://assets.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1784722/v1_covered.pdf?c=1656426386
Not in our library
83.
Limited Mitochondrial Permeabilization Causes DNA Damage and Genomic Instability in the Absence of Cell Death · 2015
Corrected
84.
ATAD3 gene cluster deletions cause cerebellar dysfunction associated with altered mitochondrial DNA and cholesterol metabolism · 2017
No notice
85.
Dang EV, McDonald JG, Russell DW, Cyster JG. 2017. Oxysterol restraint of cholesterol synthesis prevents AIM2 inflammasome activation. Cell 171:1057–71.e11
Not in our library10.1016/j.cell.2017.09.029 (opens in a new tab)
86.
York AG, Williams KJ, Argus JP, Zhou QD, Brar G, 2015. Limiting cholesterol biosynthetic flux spontaneously engages type I IFN signaling. Cell 163:1716–29
Not in our library10.1016/j.cell.2015.11.045 (opens in a new tab)
87.
Host Defense against Viral Infection Involves Interferon Mediated Down-Regulation of Sterol Biosynthesis · 2011
No notice
88.
ER Adaptor SCAP Translocates and Recruits IRF3 to Perinuclear Microsome Induced by Cytosolic Microbial DNAs. · 2016
Not checked
89.
Chu T-T, Tu X, Yang K, Wu J, Repa JJ, Yan N. 2021. Tonic prime-boost of STING signalling mediates Niemann–Pick disease type C. Nature 596:570–75
Not in our library10.1038/s41586-021-03762-2 (opens in a new tab)
90.
Field CS, Baixauli F, Kyle RL, Puleston DJ, Cameron AM, 2020. Mitochondrial integrity regulated by lipid metabolism is a cell-intrinsic checkpoint for Treg suppressive function. Cell Metab. 31:422–37.e5
Not in our library10.1016/j.cmet.2019.11.021 (opens in a new tab)
91.
Yuan L, Mao Y, Luo W, Wu W, Xu H, 2017. Palmitic acid dysregulates the Hippo–YAP pathway and inhibits angiogenesis by inducing mitochondrial damage and activating the cytosolic DNA sensor cGAS–STING–IRF3 signaling mechanism. J. Biol. Chem. 292:15002–15
Not in our library10.1074/jbc.m117.804005 (opens in a new tab)
92.
Hu H, Zhao R, He Q, Cui C, Song J, 2022. cGAS-STING mediates cytoplasmic mitochondrial-DNA-induced inflammatory signal transduction during accelerated senescence of pancreatic β-cells induced by metabolic stress. FASEB J. 36:e22266
Not in our library10.1096/fj.202101988r (opens in a new tab)
93.
Lipotoxicity-induced mtDNA release promotes diabetic cardiomyopathy by activating the cGAS-STING pathway in obesity-related diabetes · 2022
No notice
94.
Mitochondrial damage and activation of the cytosolic DNA sensor cGAS–STING pathway lead to cardiac pyroptosis and hypertrophy in diabetic cardiomyopathy mice · 2022
No notice
95.
Bai J, Cervantes C, Liu J, He S, Zhou H, 2017. DsbA-L prevents obesity-induced inflammation and insulin resistance by suppressing the mtDNA release-activated cGAS-cGAMP-STING pathway. PNAS 114:12196–201
Not in our library10.1073/pnas.1708744114 (opens in a new tab)
96.
Bai J, Cervantes C, He S, He J, Plasko GR, 2020. Mitochondrial stress-activated cGAS-STING pathway inhibits thermogenic program and contributes to overnutrition-induced obesity in mice. Commun. Biol. 3:257
Not in our library10.1038/s42003-020-0986-1 (opens in a new tab)
97.
Fermaintt CS, Takahashi-Ruiz L, Liang H, Mooberry SL, Risinger AL. 2021. Eribulin activates the cGAS-STING pathway via the cytoplasmic accumulation of mitochondrial DNA. Mol. Pharmacol. 100:309–18
Not in our library10.1124/molpharm.121.000297 (opens in a new tab)
98.
Yan X, Yao C, Fang C, Han M, Gong C, 2022. Rocaglamide promotes the infiltration and antitumor immunity of NK cells by activating cGAS-STING signaling in non-small cell lung cancer. Int. J. Biol. Sci. 18:585–98
Not in our library10.7150/ijbs.65019 (opens in a new tab)
99.
Carroll EC, Jin L, Mori A, Muñoz-Wolf N, Oleszycka E, 2016. The vaccine adjuvant chitosan promotes cellular immunity via DNA sensor cGAS-STING-dependent induction of type I interferons. Immunity 44:597–608
Not in our library10.1016/j.immuni.2016.02.004 (opens in a new tab)
100.
Sabnam S, Rizwan H, Pal S, Pal A. 2020. CEES-induced ROS accumulation regulates mitochondrial complications and inflammatory response in keratinocytes. Chem. Biol. Interact. 321:109031
Not in our library10.1016/j.cbi.2020.109031 (opens in a new tab)
101.
Zeng X, Li X, Zhang Y, Cao C, Zhou Q. 2022. IL6 induces mtDNA leakage to affect the immune escape of endometrial carcinoma via cGAS-STING. J. Immunol. Res. 2022:3815853
Not in our library10.1155/2022/3815853 (opens in a new tab)
102.
Aarreberg LD, Esser-Nobis K, Driscoll C, Shuvarikov A, Roby JA, Gale M. 2019. Interleukin-1β induces mtDNA release to activate innate immune signaling via cGAS-STING. Mol. Cell 74:801–15.e6
Not in our library10.1016/j.molcel.2019.02.038 (opens in a new tab)
103.
Willemsen J, Neuhoff MT, Hoyler T, Noir E, Tessier C, 2021. TNF leads to mtDNA release and cGAS/STING-dependent interferon responses that support inflammatory arthritis. Cell Rep. 37:109977
Not in our library10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109977 (opens in a new tab)
104.
Xu MM, Pu Y, Han D, Shi Y, Cao X, 2017. Dendritic cells but not macrophages sense tumor mitochondrial DNA for cross-priming through signal regulatory protein α signaling. Immunity 47:363–73.e5
Not in our library10.1016/j.immuni.2017.07.016 (opens in a new tab)
105.
STING signaling sensing of DRP1-dependent mtDNA release in kupffer cells contributes to lipopolysaccharide-induced liver injury in mice · 2022
Not checked
106.
Kerur N, Fukuda S, Banerjee D, Kim Y, Fu D, 2018. cGAS drives noncanonical-inflammasome activation in age-related macular degeneration. Nat. Med. 24:50–61
Not in our library10.1038/nm.4450 (opens in a new tab)
107.
Swanson KV, Deng M, Ting JP. 2019. The NLRP3 inflammasome: molecular activation and regulation to therapeutics. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 19:477–89
Not in our library10.1038/s41577-019-0165-0 (opens in a new tab)
108.
Yabal M, Calleja DJ, Simpson DS, Lawlor KE. 2019. Stressing out the mitochondria: mechanistic insights into NLRP3 inflammasome activation. J. Leukocyte Biol. 105:377–99
Not in our library10.1002/jlb.mr0318-124r (opens in a new tab)
109.
Shimada K, Crother TR, Karlin J, Dagvadorj J, Chiba N, 2012. Oxidized mitochondrial DNA activates the NLRP3 inflammasome during apoptosis. Immunity 36:401–14
Not in our library10.1016/j.immuni.2012.01.009 (opens in a new tab)
110.
Tumurkhuu G, Shimada K, Dagvadorj J, Crother TR, Zhang W, 2016. Ogg1-dependent DNA repair regulates NLRP3 inflammasome and prevents atherosclerosis. Circ. Res. 119:e76–90
Not in our library10.1161/circresaha.116.308362 (opens in a new tab)
111.
Novel role for caspase 1 inhibitor VX765 in suppressing NLRP3 inflammasome assembly and atherosclerosis via promoting mitophagy and efferocytosis · 2022
No notice
112.
Zhong Z, Umemura A, Sanchez-Lopez E, Liang S, Shalapour S, 2016. NF-κB restricts inflammasome activation via elimination of damaged mitochondria. Cell 164:896–910
Not in our library10.1016/j.cell.2015.12.057 (opens in a new tab)
113.
Wu KKL, Long K, Lin H, Siu PMF, Hoo RLC, 2021. The APPL1-Rab5 axis restricts NLRP3 inflammasome activation through early endosomal-dependent mitophagy in macrophages. Nat. Commun. 12:6637
Not in our library10.1038/s41467-021-26987-1 (opens in a new tab)
114.
Tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 negatively regulates NLRP3 inflammasome activation via ANT1-dependent mitochondrial homeostasis · 2017
No notice
115.
Huang Y, Zhou JH, Zhang H, Canfran-Duque A, Singh AK, 2022. Brown adipose TRX2 deficiency activates mtDNA-NLRP3 to impair thermogenesis and protect against diet-induced insulin resistance. J. Clin. Investig. 132(9):e148852
Not in our library10.1172/jci148852 (opens in a new tab)
116.
Gupta P, Sharma G, Lahiri A, Barthwal MK. 2022. FOXO3a acetylation regulates PINK1, mitophagy, inflammasome activation in murine palmitate-conditioned and diabetic macrophages. J. Leukocyte Biol. 111:611–27
Not in our library10.1002/jlb.3a0620-348rr (opens in a new tab)
117.
Peng J, Wang H, Gong Z, Li X, He L, 2020. Idebenone attenuates cerebral inflammatory injury in ischemia and reperfusion via dampening NLRP3 inflammasome activity. Mol. Immunol. 123:74–87
Not in our library10.1016/j.molimm.2020.04.013 (opens in a new tab)
118.
Wu Y, Hao C, Liu X, Han G, Yin J, 2020. MitoQ protects against liver injury induced by severe burn plus delayed resuscitation by suppressing the mtDNA-NLRP3 axis. Int. Immunopharmacol. 80:106189
Not in our library10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106189 (opens in a new tab)
119.
Moriyama M, Nagai M, Maruzuru Y, Koshiba T, Kawaguchi Y, Ichinohe T. 2020. Influenza virus-induced oxidized DNA activates inflammasomes. iScience 23:101270
Not in our library10.1016/j.isci.2020.101270 (opens in a new tab)
120.
Li S, Li H, Zhang YL, Xin QL, Guan ZQ, 2020. SFTSV infection induces BAK/BAX-dependent mitochondrial DNA release to trigger NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Cell Rep. 30:4370–85.e7
Not in our library10.1016/j.celrep.2020.02.105 (opens in a new tab)
121.
Hua K-F, Chou J-C, Ka S-M, Tasi Y-L, Chen A, 2015. Cyclooxygenase-2 regulates NLRP3 inflammasome-derived IL-1β production. J. Cell. Physiol. 230:863–74
Not in our library10.1002/jcp.24815 (opens in a new tab)
122.
Guo H, Liu H, Jian Z, Cui H, Fang J, 2019. Nickel induces inflammatory activation via NF-κB, MAPKs, IRF3 and NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathways in macrophages. Aging 11:11659–72
Not in our library10.18632/aging.102570 (opens in a new tab)
123.
Li Y, Shen Y, Jin K, Wen Z, Cao W, 2019. The DNA repair nuclease MRE11A functions as a mitochondrial protector and prevents T cell pyroptosis and tissue inflammation. Cell Metab. 30:477–92.e6
Not in our library10.1016/j.cmet.2019.06.016 (opens in a new tab)
124.
Ren J-D, Wu X-B, Jiang R, Hao D-P, Liu Y. 2016. Molecular hydrogen inhibits lipopolysaccharide-triggered NLRP3 inflammasome activation in macrophages by targeting the mitochondrial reactive oxygen species. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Cell Res. 1863:50–55
Not in our library10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.10.012 (opens in a new tab)
125.
Jung SS, Moon JS, Xu JF, Ifedigbo E, Ryter SW, 2015. Carbon monoxide negatively regulates NLRP3 inflammasome activation in macrophages. Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. 308:L1058–67
Not in our library10.1152/ajplung.00400.2014 (opens in a new tab)
126.
Li S, Liang F, Kwan K, Tang Y, Wang X, 2018. Identification of ethyl pyruvate as a NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor that preserves mitochondrial integrity. Mol. Med. 24:8
Not in our library10.1186/s10020-018-0006-9 (opens in a new tab)
127.
Liu X, Zhou W, Zhang X, Lu P, Du Q, 2016. Dimethyl fumarate ameliorates dextran sulfate sodium-induced murine experimental colitis by activating Nrf2 and suppressing NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Biochem. Pharmacol. 112:37–49
Not in our library10.1016/j.bcp.2016.05.002 (opens in a new tab)
128.
Xian H, Liu Y, Rundberg Nilsson A, Gatchalian R, Crother TR, 2021. Metformin inhibition of mitochondrial ATP and DNA synthesis abrogates NLRP3 inflammasome activation and pulmonary inflammation. Immunity 54:1463–77.e11
Not in our library10.1016/j.immuni.2021.05.004 (opens in a new tab)
129.
Lu B, Kwan K, Levine YA, Olofsson PS, Yang H, 2014. α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor signaling inhibits inflammasome activation by preventing mitochondrial DNA release. Mol. Med. 20:350–58
Not in our library10.2119/molmed.2013.00117 (opens in a new tab)
130.
Lo Y-H, Huang Y-W, Wu Y-H, Tsai C-S, Lin Y-C, 2013. Selective inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome by targeting to promyelocytic leukemia protein in mouse and human. Blood 121:3185–94
Not in our library10.1182/blood-2012-05-432104 (opens in a new tab)
131.
Jin T, Perry A, Smith P, Jiang J, Xiao TS. 2013. Structure of the absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) pyrin domain provides insights into the mechanisms of AIM2 autoinhibition and inflammasome assembly. J. Biol. Chem. 288:13225–35
Not in our library10.1074/jbc.m113.468033 (opens in a new tab)
132.
Jin T, Perry A, Jiang J, Smith P, Curry JA, 2012. Structures of the HIN domain:DNA complexes reveal ligand binding and activation mechanisms of the AIM2 inflammasome and IFI16 receptor. Immunity 36:561–71
Not in our library10.1016/j.immuni.2012.02.014 (opens in a new tab)
133.
Dombrowski Y, Peric M, Koglin S, Kaymakanov N, Schmezer V, 2012. Honey bee (Apis mellifera) venom induces AIM2 inflammasome activation in human keratinocytes. Allergy 67:1400–7
Not in our library10.1111/all.12022 (opens in a new tab)
134.
Devi TD, Babu M, Mäkinen P, Kaikkonen MU, Heinaniemi M, 2017. Aggravated postinfarct heart failure in type 2 diabetes is associated with impaired mitophagy and exaggerated inflammasome activation. Am. J. Pathol. 187:2659–73
Not in our library10.1016/j.ajpath.2017.08.023 (opens in a new tab)
135.
Wang Y, Chen C, Chen J, Sang T, Peng H, 2022. Overexpression of NAG-1/GDF15 prevents hepatic steatosis through inhibiting oxidative stress-mediated dsDNA release and AIM2 inflammasome activation. Redox Biol. 52:102322
Not in our library10.1016/j.redox.2022.102322 (opens in a new tab)
136.
Li W, Li Y, Siraj S, Jin H, Fan Y, 2019. FUN14 domain-containing 1–mediated mitophagy suppresses hepatocarcinogenesis by inhibition of inflammasome activation in mice. Hepatology 69:604–21
Not in our library10.1002/hep.30191 (opens in a new tab)
137.
Sridevi Gurubaran I, Hytti M, Kaarniranta K, Kauppinen A. 2022. Epoxomicin, a selective proteasome inhibitor, activates AIM2 inflammasome in human retinal pigment epithelium cells. Antioxidants 11:1288
Not in our library10.3390/antiox11071288 (opens in a new tab)
138.
Qi M, Dai D, Liu J, Li Z, Liang P, 2020. AIM2 promotes the development of non-small cell lung cancer by modulating mitochondrial dynamics. Oncogene 39:2707–23
Not in our library10.1038/s41388-020-1176-9 (opens in a new tab)
139.
Toll-Like Receptor Signaling Pathways · 2014
No notice
140.
Okabe Y, Kawane K, Akira S, Taniguchi T, Nagata S. 2005. Toll-like receptor–independent gene induction program activated by mammalian DNA escaped from apoptotic DNA degradation. J. Exp. Med. 202:1333–39
Not in our library10.1084/jem.20051654 (opens in a new tab)
141.
Chan MP, Onji M, Fukui R, Kawane K, Shibata T, 2015. DNase II-dependent DNA digestion is required for DNA sensing by TLR9. Nat. Commun. 6:5853
Not in our library10.1038/ncomms6853 (opens in a new tab)
142.
Sasai M, Linehan MM, Iwasaki A. 2010. Bifurcation of Toll-like receptor 9 signaling by adaptor protein 3. Science 329:1530–34
Not in our library10.1126/science.1187029 (opens in a new tab)
143.
Julian MW, Shao G, VanGundy ZC, Papenfuss TL, Crouser ED. 2013. Mitochondrial transcription factor A, an endogenous danger signal, promotes TNFα release via RAGE- and TLR9-responsive plasmacytoid dendritic cells. PLOS ONE 8:e72354
Not in our library10.1371/journal.pone.0072354 (opens in a new tab)
144.
Liu Y, Yan W, Tohme S, Chen M, Fu Y, 2015. Hypoxia induced HMGB1 and mitochondrial DNA interactions mediate tumor growth in hepatocellular carcinoma through Toll-like receptor 9. J. Hepatol. 63:114–21
Not in our library10.1016/j.jhep.2015.02.009 (opens in a new tab)
145.
Zhang Z, Meng P, Han Y, Shen C, Li B, 2015. Mitochondrial DNA-LL-37 complex promotes atherosclerosis by escaping from autophagic recognition. Immunity 43:1137–47
Not in our library10.1016/j.immuni.2015.10.018 (opens in a new tab)
146.
Sansone P, Savini C, Kurelac I, Chang Q, Amato LB, 2017. Packaging and transfer of mitochondrial DNA via exosomes regulate escape from dormancy in hormonal therapy-resistant breast cancer. PNAS 114:E9066–75
Not in our library10.1073/pnas.1704862114 (opens in a new tab)
147.
Takaoka A, Wang Z, Choi MK, Yanai H, Negishi H, 2007. DAI (DLM-1/ZBP1) is a cytosolic DNA sensor and an activator of innate immune response. Nature 448:501–5
Not in our library10.1038/nature06013 (opens in a new tab)
148.
The Role of the Z-DNA Binding Domain in Innate Immunity and Stress Granules · 2021
Not checked
149.
Mitochondrial DNA damage and subsequent activation of Z-DNA binding protein 1 links oxidative stress to inflammation in epithelial cells · 2018
No notice
150.
Saada J, McAuley RJ, Marcatti M, Tang TZ, Motamedi M, Szczesny B. 2022. Oxidative stress induces Z-DNA-binding protein 1–dependent activation of microglia via mtDNA released from retinal pigment epithelial cells. J. Biol. Chem. 298:101523
Not in our library10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101523 (opens in a new tab)
151.
ZBP1 not RIPK1 mediates tumor necroptosis in breast cancer · 2021
No notice
152.
Chen D, Tong J, Yang L, Wei L, Stolz DB, 2018. PUMA amplifies necroptosis signaling by activating cytosolic DNA sensors. PNAS 115:3930–35
Not in our library10.1073/pnas.1717190115 (opens in a new tab)
153.
Rai P, Janardhan KS, Meacham J, Madenspacher JH, Lin WC, 2021. IRGM1 links mitochondrial quality control to autoimmunity. Nat. Immunol. 22:312–21
Not in our library10.1038/s41590-020-00859-0 (opens in a new tab)
154.
Caielli S, Cardenas J, de Jesus AA, Baisch J, Walters L, 2021. Erythroid mitochondrial retention triggers myeloid-dependent type I interferon in human SLE. Cell 184:4464–79.e19
Not in our library10.1016/j.cell.2021.07.021 (opens in a new tab)
155.
Saffran HA, Pare JM, Corcoran JA, Weller SK, Smiley JR. 2007. Herpes simplex virus eliminates host mitochondrial DNA. EMBO Rep. 8:188–93
Not in our library10.1038/sj.embor.7400878 (opens in a new tab)
156.
Duguay BA, Smiley JR. 2013. Mitochondrial nucleases ENDOG and EXOG participate in mitochondrial DNA depletion initiated by herpes simplex virus 1 UL12.5. J. Virol. 87:11787–97
Not in our library10.1128/jvi.02306-13 (opens in a new tab)
157.
Influenza A virus M2 protein triggers mitochondrial DNA-mediated antiviral immune responses · 2019
No notice
158.
Aguirre S, Luthra P, Sanchez-Aparicio MT, Maestre AM, Patel J, 2017. Dengue virus NS2B protein targets cGAS for degradation and prevents mitochondrial DNA sensing during infection. Nat. Microbiol. 2:17037
Not in our library10.1038/nmicrobiol.2017.37 (opens in a new tab)
159.
Lai J-H, Wang M-Y, Huang C-Y, Wu C-H, Hung L-F, 2018. Infection with the dengue RNA virus activates TLR9 signaling in human dendritic cells. EMBO Rep. 19:e46182
Not in our library10.15252/embr.201846182 (opens in a new tab)
160.
Liu X-N, Li L-W, Gao F, Jiang Y-F, Yuan W-Z, 2022. cGAS restricts PRRSV replication by sensing the mtDNA to increase the cGAMP activity. Front. Immunol. 13:887054
Not in our library10.3389/fimmu.2022.887054 (opens in a new tab)
161.
Zheng Y, Liu Q, Wu Y, Ma L, Zhang Z, 2018. Zika virus elicits inflammation to evade antiviral response by cleaving cGAS via NS1-caspase-1 axis. EMBO J. 37:e99347
Not in our library10.15252/embj.201899347 (opens in a new tab)
162.
Sato H, Hoshi M, Ikeda F, Fujiyuki T, Yoneda M, Kai C. 2021. Downregulation of mitochondrial biogenesis by virus infection triggers antiviral responses by cyclic GMP-AMP synthase. PLOS Pathog. 17:e1009841
Not in our library10.1371/journal.ppat.1009841 (opens in a new tab)
163.
The cGAS–STING pathway drives type I IFN immunopathology in COVID-19 · 2022
No notice
164.
Costa TJ, Potje SR, Fraga-Silva TFC, da Silva-Neto JA, Barros PR, 2022. Mitochondrial DNA and TLR9 activation contribute to SARS-CoV-2-induced endothelial cell damage. Vasc. Pharmacol. 142:106946
Not in our library10.1016/j.vph.2021.106946 (opens in a new tab)
165.
Circulating mitochondrial DNA is an early indicator of severe illness and mortality from COVID-19 · 2021
No notice
166.
Seth RB, Sun L, Ea C-K, Chen ZJ. 2005. Identification and characterization of MAVS, a mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein that activates NF-κB and IRF3. Cell 122:669–82
Not in our library10.1016/j.cell.2005.08.012 (opens in a new tab)
167.
Jabir MS, Hopkins L, Ritchie ND, Ullah I, Bayes HK, 2015. Mitochondrial damage contributes to Pseudomonas aeruginosa activation of the inflammasome and is downregulated by autophagy. Autophagy 11:166–82
Not in our library10.4161/15548627.2014.981915 (opens in a new tab)
168.
Wang B, Zhou C, Wu Q, Lin P, Pu Q, 2022. cGAS modulates cytokine secretion and bacterial burdens by altering the release of mitochondrial DNA in pseudomonas pulmonary infection. Immunology 166:408–23
Not in our library10.1111/imm.13482 (opens in a new tab)
169.
Qin S, Lin P, Wu Q, Pu Q, Zhou C, 2020. Small-molecule inhibitor of 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase 1 regulates inflammatory responses during Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. J. Immunol. 205:2231–42
Not in our library10.4049/jimmunol.1901533 (opens in a new tab)
170.
Xue Y, Du M, Zhu M-J. 2017. Quercetin suppresses NLRP3 inflammasome activation in epithelial cells triggered by Escherichia coli O157:H7. Free Radical Biol. Med. 108:760–69
Not in our library10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.05.003 (opens in a new tab)
171.
Xu L, Li M, Yang Y, Zhang C, Xie Z, 2022. Salmonella induces the cGAS-STING-dependent type I interferon response in murine macrophages by triggering mtDNA release. mBio 13:e03632–21
Not in our library10.1128/mbio.03632-21 (opens in a new tab)
172.
The Mechanism for Type I Interferon Induction by Mycobacterium tuberculosis is Bacterial Strain-Dependent · 2016
No notice
173.
Weindel CG, Martinez EL, Zhao X, Mabry CJ, Bell SL, 2022. Mitochondrial ROS promotes susceptibility to infection via gasdermin D-mediated necroptosis. Cell 185:3214–31.e23
Not in our library10.1016/j.cell.2022.06.038 (opens in a new tab)
174.
Kim B-R, Kim B-J, Kook Y-H, Kim B-J. 2020. Mycobacterium abscessus infection leads to enhanced production of type 1 interferon and NLRP3 inflammasome activation in murine macrophages via mitochondrial oxidative stress. PLOS Pathog. 16:e1008294
Not in our library10.1371/journal.ppat.1008294 (opens in a new tab)
175.
Jang JY, Blum A, Liu J, Finkel T. 2018. The role of mitochondria in aging. J. Clin. Investig. 128:3662–70
Not in our library10.1172/jci120842 (opens in a new tab)
176.
Franceschi C, Garagnani P, Parini P, Giuliani C, Santoro A. 2018. Inflammaging: a new immune–metabolic viewpoint for age-related diseases. Nat. Rev. Endocrinol. 14:576–90
Not in our library10.1038/s41574-018-0059-4 (opens in a new tab)
177.
Shadel GS, Horvath TL. 2015. Mitochondrial ROS signaling in organismal homeostasis. Cell 163:560–69
Not in our library10.1016/j.cell.2015.10.001 (opens in a new tab)
178.
Pinti M, Cevenini E, Nasi M, De Biasi S, Salvioli S, 2014. Circulating mitochondrial DNA increases with age and is a familiar trait: implications for “inflamm-aging.” Eur. J. Immunol. 44:1552–62
Not in our library10.1002/eji.201343921 (opens in a new tab)
179.
Growth differentiation factor 15 protects against the aging‐mediated systemic inflammatory response in humans and mice · 2020
No notice
180.
Verschoor CP, Loukov D, Naidoo A, Puchta A, Johnstone J, 2015. Circulating TNF and mitochondrial DNA are major determinants of neutrophil phenotype in the advanced-age, frail elderly. Mol. Immunol. 65:148–56
Not in our library10.1016/j.molimm.2015.01.015 (opens in a new tab)
181.
Mitochondrial DNA in extracellular vesicles declines with age · 2020
No notice
182.
Chocron ES, Munkácsy E, Pickering AM. 2019. Cause or casualty: the role of mitochondrial DNA in aging and age-associated disease. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Basis Dis. 1865:285–97
Not in our library10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.09.035 (opens in a new tab)
183.
Kaarniranta K, Uusitalo H, Blasiak J, Felszeghy S, Kannan R, 2020. Mechanisms of mitochondrial dysfunction and their impact on age-related macular degeneration. Prog. Retin. Eye Res. 79:100858
Not in our library10.1016/j.preteyeres.2020.100858 (opens in a new tab)
184.
Fukuda S, Narendran S, Varshney A, Nagasaka Y, Wang SB, 2021. Alu complementary DNA is enriched in atrophic macular degeneration and triggers retinal pigmented epithelium toxicity via cytosolic innate immunity. Sci. Adv. 7:eabj3658
Not in our library10.1126/sciadv.abj3658 (opens in a new tab)
185.
Jauhari A, Baranov SV, Suofu Y, Kim J, Singh T, 2020. Melatonin inhibits cytosolic mitochondrial DNA–induced neuroinflammatory signaling in accelerated aging and neurodegeneration. J. Clin. Investig. 130:3124–36
Not in our library10.1172/jci135026 (opens in a new tab)
186.
Defective mitophagy in aged macrophages promotes mitochondrial DNA cytosolic leakage to activate STING signaling during liver sterile inflammation · 2022
No notice
187.
Liu J, Chen H, Lin X, Yi J, Ye W, 2022. Age-related activation of cyclic GMP–AMP synthase–stimulator of interferon genes signaling in the auditory system is associated with presbycusis in C57BL/6J male mice. Neuroscience 481:73–84
Not in our library10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.11.031 (opens in a new tab)
188.
Lei Y, Guerra Martinez C, Torres-Odio S, Bell SL, Birdwell CE, 2021. Elevated type I interferon responses potentiate metabolic dysfunction, inflammation, and accelerated aging in mtDNA mutator mice. Sci Adv 7:eabe7548
Not in our library10.1126/sciadv.abe7548 (opens in a new tab)
189.
Wiley CD, Velarde MC, Lecot P, Liu S, Sarnoski EA, 2016. Mitochondrial dysfunction induces senescence with a distinct secretory phenotype. Cell Metab. 23:303–14
Not in our library10.1016/j.cmet.2015.11.011 (opens in a new tab)
190.
Mitochondria are required for pro‐ageing features of the senescent phenotype · 2016
No notice
191.
Vizioli MG, Liu T, Miller KN, Robertson NA, Gilroy K, 2020. Mitochondria-to-nucleus retrograde signaling drives formation of cytoplasmic chromatin and inflammation in senescence. Genes Dev. 34:428–45
Not in our library10.1101/gad.331272.119 (opens in a new tab)
192.
Martini H, Passos JF. 2023. Cellular senescence: All roads lead to mitochondria. FEBS J. 290:1186–202
Not in our library10.1111/febs.16361 (opens in a new tab)
193.
Glück S, Ablasser A. 2019. Innate immunosensing of DNA in cellular senescence. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 56:31–36
Not in our library10.1016/j.coi.2018.09.013 (opens in a new tab)
194.
Lv N, Zhao Y, Liu X, Ye L, Liang Z, 2022. Dysfunctional telomeres through mitostress-induced cGAS/STING activation to aggravate immune senescence and viral pneumonia. Aging Cell 21:e13594
Not in our library10.1111/acel.13594 (opens in a new tab)
195.
Schuliga M, Read J, Blokland KEC, Waters DW, Burgess J, 2020. Self DNA perpetuates IPF lung fibroblast senescence in a cGAS-dependent manner. Clin. Sci. 134:889–905
Not in our library10.1042/cs20191160 (opens in a new tab)
196.
Schuliga M, Kanwal A, Read J, Blokland KEC, Burgess JK, 2021. A cGAS-dependent response links DNA damage and senescence in alveolar epithelial cells: a potential drug target in IPF. Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. 321:L859–71
Not in our library10.1152/ajplung.00574.2020 (opens in a new tab)
197.
Passos J, Chapman J, Salmonowicz H, Victorelli S, Martini H, 2022. Sub-lethal apoptotic stress enables mtDNA release during senescence and drives the SASP. Preprint, Res. Sq. https://assets.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1247316/v1_covered.pdf?c=1646941050
Not in our library
198.
Defective Autophagy and Mitophagy in Aging and Alzheimer’s Disease · 2021
No notice
199.
Hajizadeh S, DeGroot J, TeKoppele JM, Tarkowski A, Collins LV. 2003. Extracellular mitochondrial DNA and oxidatively damaged DNA in synovial fluid of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res. Ther. 5:R234
Not in our library10.1186/ar787 (opens in a new tab)
200.
Zhang B, Asadi S, Weng Z, Sismanopoulos N, Theoharides TC. 2012. Stimulated human mast cells secrete mitochondrial components that have autocrine and paracrine inflammatory actions. PLOS ONE 7:e49767
Not in our library10.1371/journal.pone.0049767 (opens in a new tab)
201.
Poli C, Augusto JF, Dauvé J, Adam C, Preisser L, 2017. IL-26 confers proinflammatory properties to extracellular DNA. J. Immunol. 198:3650–61
Not in our library10.4049/jimmunol.1600594 (opens in a new tab)
202.
Bryant JD, Lei Y, VanPortfliet JJ, Winters AD, West AP. 2022. Assessing mitochondrial DNA release into the cytosol and subsequent activation of innate immune-related pathways in mammalian cells. Curr. Protocols 2:e372
Not in our library10.1002/cpz1.372 (opens in a new tab)
203.
Hepokoski ML, Odish M, Lam MT, Coufal NG, Rolfsen ML, 2022. Absolute quantification of plasma mitochondrial DNA by droplet digital PCR marks COVID-19 severity over time during intensive care unit admissions. Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. 323:L84–92
Not in our library10.1152/ajplung.00128.2022 (opens in a new tab)
204.
Ban-Ishihara R, Ishihara T, Sasaki N, Mihara K, Ishihara N. 2013. Dynamics of nucleoid structure regulated by mitochondrial fission contributes to cristae reformation and release of cytochrome c. PNAS 110:11863–68
Not in our library10.1073/pnas.1301951110 (opens in a new tab)
205.
Mussil B, Suspène R, Caval V, Durandy A, Wain-Hobson S, Vartanian J-P. 2019. Genotoxic stress increases cytoplasmic mitochondrial DNA editing by human APOBEC3 mutator enzymes at a single cell level. Sci. Rep. 9:3109
Not in our library10.1038/s41598-019-39245-8 (opens in a new tab)
206.
Anindya R 2022. Cytoplasmic DNA in cancer cells: several pathways that potentially limit DNase2 and TREX1 activities. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Cell Res. 1869:119278
Not in our library10.1016/j.bbamcr.2022.119278 (opens in a new tab)
207.
Van Der Burgh R, Nijhuis L, Pervolaraki K, Compeer EB, Jongeneel LH, 2014. Defects in mitochondrial clearance predispose human monocytes to interleukin-1β hypersecretion. J. Biol. Chem. 289:5000–12
Not in our library10.1074/jbc.m113.536920 (opens in a new tab)
208.
Gkirtzimanaki K, Kabrani E, Nikoleri D, Polyzos A, Blanas A, 2018. IFNα impairs autophagic degradation of mtDNA promoting autoreactivity of SLE monocytes in a STING-dependent fashion. Cell Rep. 25:921–33.e5
Not in our library10.1016/j.celrep.2018.09.001 (opens in a new tab)
209.
Kuck JL, Obiako BO, Gorodnya OM, Pastukh VM, Kua J, 2015. Mitochondrial DNA damage-associated molecular patterns mediate a feed-forward cycle of bacteria-induced vascular injury in perfused rat lungs. Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. 308:L1078–85
Not in our library10.1152/ajplung.00015.2015 (opens in a new tab)
210.
Mitochondrial ROS Induces Cardiac Inflammation via a Pathway through mtDNA Damage in a Pneumonia-Related Sepsis Model · 2015
No notice
211.
Tumburu L, Ghosh-Choudhary S, Seifuddin FT, Barbu EA, Yang S, 2021. Circulating mitochondrial DNA is a proinflammatory DAMP in sickle cell disease. Blood 137:3116–26
Not in our library10.1182/blood.2020009063 (opens in a new tab)
212.
Wu Z, Oeck S, West AP, Mangalhara KC, Sainz AG, 2019. Mitochondrial DNA stress signaling protects the nuclear genome. Nat. Metab. 1:1209–18
Not in our library10.1038/s42255-019-0150-8 (opens in a new tab)
213.
Ding Z, Liu S, Wang X, Khaidakov M, Dai Y, Mehta JL. 2013. Oxidant stress in mitochondrial DNA damage, autophagy and inflammation in atherosclerosis. Sci. Rep. 3:1077
Not in our library10.1038/srep01077 (opens in a new tab)
214.
Cobo I, Tanaka TN, Mangalhara KC, Lana A, Yeang C, 2022. DNMT3A and TET2 restrain mitochondrial DNA-mediated interferon signaling in macrophages. Immunity 55(8):1386–401.e10
Not in our library10.1016/j.immuni.2022.06.022 (opens in a new tab)
215.
Nie S, Lu J, Wang L, Gao M. 2020. Pro-inflammatory role of cell-free mitochondrial DNA in cardiovascular diseases. IUBMB Life 72:1879–90
Not in our library10.1002/iub.2339 (opens in a new tab)
216.
Cotticelli MG, Xia S, Truitt R, Doliba NM, Rozo AV, 2023. Acute frataxin knockdown in induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes activates a type I interferon response. Dis. Model Mech. 16(5):dmm049497
Not in our library10.1242/dmm.049497 (opens in a new tab)
217.
McCarthy CG, Wenceslau CF, Goulopoulou S, Ogbi S, Baban B, 2015. Circulating mitochondrial DNA and Toll-like receptor 9 are associated with vascular dysfunction in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Cardiovasc. Res. 107:119–30
Not in our library10.1093/cvr/cvv137 (opens in a new tab)
218.
Guo MM-H, Huang Y-H, Wang F-S, Chang L-S, Chen K-D, Kuo H-C. 2022. CD36 is associated with the development of coronary artery lesions in patients with Kawasaki disease. Front. Immunol. 13:790095
Not in our library10.3389/fimmu.2022.790095 (opens in a new tab)
219.
Boyapati RK, Dorward DA, Tamborska A, Kalla R, Ventham NT, 2018. Mitochondrial DNA is a pro-inflammatory damage-associated molecular pattern released during active IBD. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 24:2113–22
Not in our library10.1093/ibd/izy095 (opens in a new tab)
220.
Marques PE, Amaral SS, Pires DA, Nogueira LL, Soriani FM, 2012. Chemokines and mitochondrial products activate neutrophils to amplify organ injury during mouse acute liver failure. Hepatology 56:1971–82
Not in our library10.1002/hep.25801 (opens in a new tab)
221.
Garcia-Martinez I, Santoro N, Chen Y, Hoque R, Ouyang X, 2016. Hepatocyte mitochondrial DNA drives nonalcoholic steatohepatitis by activation of TLR9. J. Clin. Investig. 126:859–64
Not in our library10.1172/jci83885 (opens in a new tab)
222.
Hepatocyte mitochondria-derived danger signals directly activate hepatic stellate cells and drive progression of liver fibrosis · 2020
No notice
223.
Circulating Cell-Free mtDNA Contributes to AIM2 Inflammasome-Mediated Chronic Inflammation in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes · 2019
No notice
224.
TDP-43 Triggers Mitochondrial DNA Release via mPTP to Activate cGAS/STING in ALS · 2020
No notice
225.
Role of released mitochondrial DNA in acute lung injury · 2022
Not checked
226.
Tsuji N, Tsuji T, Ohashi N, Kato A, Fujigaki Y, Yasuda H. 2016. Role of mitochondrial DNA in septic AKI via Toll-like receptor 9. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 27:2009–20
Not in our library10.1681/asn.2015040376 (opens in a new tab)
227.
Circulating Mitochondrial DNA Stimulates Innate Immune Signaling Pathways to Mediate Acute Kidney Injury · 2021
Not checked
228.
Hepokoski M, Wang J, Li K, Li Y, Gupta P, 2021. Altered lung metabolism and mitochondrial DAMPs in lung injury due to acute kidney injury. Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. 320:L821–31
Not in our library10.1152/ajplung.00578.2020 (opens in a new tab)
229.
Comish PB, Liu M-M, Huebinger R, Carlson D, Kang R, Tang D. 2022. The cGAS-STING pathway connects mitochondrial damage to inflammation in burn-induced acute lung injury in rat. Burns 48:168–75
Not in our library10.1016/j.burns.2021.04.007 (opens in a new tab)
230.
Yamanouchi S, Kudo D, Yamada M, Miyagawa N, Furukawa H, Kushimoto S. 2013. Plasma mitochondrial DNA levels in patients with trauma and severe sepsis: time course and the association with clinical status. J. Crit. Care 28:1027–31
Not in our library10.1016/j.jcrc.2013.05.006 (opens in a new tab)
231.
Simmons JD, Lee YL, Mulekar S, Kuck JL, Brevard SB, 2013. Elevated levels of plasma mitochondrial DNA DAMPs are linked to clinical outcome in severely injured human subjects. Ann. Surg. 258:591–6; discussion 96–8
Not in our library10.1097/sla.0b013e3182a4ea46 (opens in a new tab)
232.
Jeon H, Lee J, Lee S, Kang SK, Park SJ, 2019. Extracellular vesicles from KSHV-infected cells stimulate antiviral immune response through mitochondrial DNA. Front. Immunol. 10:876
Not in our library10.3389/fimmu.2019.00876 (opens in a new tab)

Cited by papers we hold 2

Updated insights into the molecular networks for NLRP3 inflammasome activation · 2025
No notice
Mitochondrial DNA-triggered innate immune response: mechanisms and diseases · 2023
No notice

Questions about this paper

We email you if it is retracted, withdrawn, corrected or flagged.

Reads

Read by people on this page

None yet.

Checked or read by AI through naulon

None yet.

A person counts once a day per paper. We keep no cookie and no address: a reader is a hash that changes every day. Any month under five reads shows no number.

Are you an author?

Is this your paper?

Claim it to add your note and be paid when agents cite it. Free.