Skip to content
naulon
Get started

No retraction, correction or concern found when last checked on Oct 29, 2026.

STARD 2015: an updated list of essential items for reporting diagnostic accuracy studies

Patrick M Bossuyt, Johannes B Reitsma, David E Bruns and 14 more

BMJ · 2015

doi:10.1136/bmj.h5527

Abstract

Incomplete reporting has been identified as a major source of avoidable waste in biomedical research. Essential information is often not provided in study reports, impeding the identification, critical appraisal, and replication of studies. To improve the quality of reporting of diagnostic accuracy studies, the Standards for Reporting Diagnostic Accuracy (STARD) statement was developed. Here we present STARD 2015, an updated list of 30 essential items that should be included in every report of a diagnostic accuracy study. This update incorporates recent evidence about sources of bias and variability in diagnostic accuracy and is intended to facilitate the use of STARD. As such, STARD 2015 may help to improve completeness and transparency in reporting of diagnostic accuracy studies.

References 20

  1. 1.

    Glasziou P, Altman DG, Bossuyt P, et al. Reducing waste from incomplete or unusable reports of biomedical research. Lancet2014;383:267-76.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0140-6736(13)62228-x

  2. 2.

    Boutron I, Dutton S, Ravaud P, Altman DG. Reporting and interpretation of randomized controlled trials with statistically nonsignificant results for primary outcomes. JAMA2010;303:2058-64.

    Not in our library10.1001/jama.2010.651

  3. 3.

    Ochodo EA, de Haan MC, Reitsma JB, et al. Overinterpretation and misreporting of diagnostic accuracy studies: evidence of “spin.” Radiology2013;267:581-8.

    Not in our library10.1148/radiol.12120527

  4. 4.

    Mathieu S, Boutron I, Moher D, Altman DG, Ravaud P. Comparison of registered and published primary outcomes in randomized controlled trials. JAMA2009;302:977-84.

    Not in our library10.1001/jama.2009.1242

  5. 5.

    Korevaar DA, Wang J, van Enst WA, et al. Reporting diagnostic accuracy studies: some improvements after 10 years of STARD. Radiology2015;274:781-9.

    Not in our library10.1148/radiol.14141160

  6. 6.

    Lijmer JG, Mol BW, Heisterkamp S, et al. Empirical evidence of design-related bias in studies of diagnostic tests. JAMA1999;282:1061-6.

    Not in our library10.1001/jama.282.11.1061

  7. 7.

    Whiting PF, Rutjes AW, Westwood ME, Mallett S. A systematic review classifies sources of bias and variation in diagnostic test accuracy studies. J Clin Epidemiol2013;66:1093-104.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jclinepi.2013.05.014

  8. 8.

    Irwig L, Bossuyt P, Glasziou P, Gatsonis C, Lijmer J. Designing studies to ensure that estimates of test accuracy are transferable. BMJ2002;324:669-71.

    Not in our library10.1136/bmj.324.7338.669

  9. 9.

    Bossuyt PM, Reitsma JB, Bruns DE, et al. Towards complete and accurate reporting of studies of diagnostic accuracy: the STARD Initiative. Radiology2003;226:24-8.

    Not in our library10.1148/radiol.2261021292

  10. 10.

    Korevaar DA, van Enst WA, Spijker R, Bossuyt PM, Hooft L. Reporting quality of diagnostic accuracy studies: a systematic review and meta-analysis of investigations on adherence to STARD. Evid Based Med2014;19:47-54.

    Not in our library10.1136/eb-2013-101637

  11. 11.

    Schulz KF, Altman DG, Moher D, Group C. CONSORT 2010 statement: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials. J Clin Epidemiol2010;63:834-40.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jclinepi.2010.02.005

  12. 12.

    Bossuyt PM, Reitsma JB, Linnet K, Moons KG. Beyond diagnostic accuracy: the clinical utility of diagnostic tests. Clin Chem2012;58:1636-43.

    Not in our library10.1373/clinchem.2012.182576

  13. 13.

    Moons KG, de Groot JA, Linnet K, Reitsma JB, Bossuyt PM. Quantifying the added value of a diagnostic test or marker. Clin Chem2012;58:1408-17.

    Not in our library10.1373/clinchem.2012.182550

  14. 14.

    Collins GS, Reitsma JB, Altman DG, Moons KG. Transparent reporting of a multivariable prediction model for individual prognosis or diagnosis (TRIPOD): the TRIPOD statement. BMJ2015;350:g7594.

    Not in our library10.1136/bmj.g7594

  15. 15.

    Simel DL, Rennie D, Bossuyt PM. The STARD statement for reporting diagnostic accuracy studies: application to the history and physical examination. J Gen Intern Med2008;23:768-74.

    Not in our library10.1007/s11606-008-0583-3

  16. 16.

    Noel-Storr AH, McCleery JM, Richard E, et al. Reporting standards for studies of diagnostic test accuracy in dementia: the STARDdem Initiative. Neurology2014;83:364-73.

    Not in our library10.1212/wnl.0000000000000621

  17. 17.

    Altman DG, Simera I, Hoey J, Moher D, Schulz K. EQUATOR: reporting guidelines for health research. Lancet2008;371:1149-50.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0140-6736(08)60505-x

  18. 18.
    Transparent and accurate reporting increases reliability, utility, and impact of your research: reporting guidelines and the EQUATOR Network · 2010
    No notice
  19. 19.

    Beaton DE, Bombardier C, Guillemin F, Ferraz MB. Guidelines for the process of cross-cultural adaptation of self-report measures. Spine2000;25:3186-91.

    Not in our library10.1097/00007632-200012150-00014

  20. 20.

    Collins FS, Tabak LA. Policy: NIH plans to enhance reproducibility. Nature2014;505:612-3.

    Not in our library10.1038/505612a

Cited by papers we hold 38

and 18 more

Reads

Read by people on this page

None yet.

Checked or read by AI through naulon

None yet.

A person counts once a day per paper. We keep no cookie and no address: a reader is a hash that changes every day. Any month under five reads shows no number.

Are you an author?

Is this your paper?

Claim it to add your note and be paid when agents cite it. Free.