Vitamin D: beyond bone

Abstract

In recent years, vitamin D has been received increased attention due to the resurgence of vitamin D deficiency and rickets in developed countries and the identification of extraskeletal effects of vitamin D, suggesting unexpected benefits of vitamin D in health and disease, beyond bone health. The possibility of extraskeletal effects of vitamin D was first noted with the discovery of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) in tissues and cells that are not involved in maintaining mineral homeostasis and bone health, including skin, placenta, pancreas, breast, prostate and colon cancer cells, and activated T cells. However, the biological significance of the expression of the VDR in different tissues is not fully understood, and the role of vitamin D in extraskeletal health has been a matter of debate. This report summarizes recent research on the roles for vitamin D in cancer, immunity and autoimmune diseases, cardiovascular and respiratory health, pregnancy, obesity, erythropoiesis, diabetes, muscle function, and aging.

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• Vitamin D and Immune Regulation: Antibacterial, Antiviral, Anti‐Inflammatory · 2020
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• Vitamin D, Autoimmune Disease and Rheumatoid Arthritis · 2019
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• The Biological Activities of Vitamin D and Its Receptor in Relation to Calcium and Bone Homeostasis, Cancer, Immune and Cardiovascular Systems, Skin Biology, and Oral Health · 2018
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• Vitamin D and Influenza—Prevention or Therapy? · 2018
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• Factors Affecting 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentration in Response to Vitamin D Supplementation · 2015
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