Osteochondral tissue engineering: scaffolds, stem cells and applications

Abstract

Osteochondral tissue engineering has shown an increasing development to provide suitable strategies for the regeneration of damaged cartilage and underlying subchondral bone tissue. For reasons of the limitation in the capacity of articular cartilage to self‐repair, it is essential to develop approaches based on suitable scaffolds made of appropriate engineered biomaterials. The combination of biodegradable polymers and bioactive ceramics in a variety of composite structures is promising in this area, whereby the fabrication methods, associated cells and signalling factors determine the success of the strategies. The objective of this review is to present and discuss approaches being proposed in osteochondral tissue engineering, which are focused on the application of various materials forming bilayered composite scaffolds, including polymers and ceramics, discussing the variety of scaffold designs and fabrication methods being developed. Additionally, cell sources and biological protein incorporation methods are discussed, addressing their interaction with scaffolds and highlighting the potential for creating a new generation of bilayered composite scaffolds that can mimic the native interfacial tissue properties, and are able to adapt to the biological environment.

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109. 109.

     Laurencin CT, Ambrosio AMA, Borden MD, et al. Tissue engineering: orthopedic applications. Annu Rev Biomed Eng. 1999;1:19-46.

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110. 110.

     Janjanin S, Li WJ, Morgan MT, et al. Mold-shaped, nanofiber scaffold-based cartilage engineering using human mesenchymal stem cells and bioreactor. J Surg Res. 2008;149:47-56.

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111. 111.

     Ma Z, Gao C, Gong Y, et al. Cartilage tissue engineering PLLA scaffold with surface immobilized collagen and basic fibroblast growth factor. Biomaterials. 2005;26:1253-9.

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112. 112.

     Jeong SI, Ko EK, Yum J, et al. Nanofibrous poly(lactic acid)/hydroxyapatite composite scaffolds for guided tissue regeneration. Macromol Biosci. 2008;8:328-38.

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113. 113.

     Yoshimoto H, Shin YM, Terai H, et al. A biodegradable nanofiber scaffold by electrospinning and its potential for bone tissue engineering. Biomaterials. 2003;24:2077-82.

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114. 114.

     Shin M, Yoshimoto H, Vacanti JP. In vivo bone tissue engineering using mesenchymal stem cells on a novel electrospun nanofibrous scaffold. Tissue Eng. 2004;10:33-41.

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115. 115.

     Li WJ, Tuli R, Okafor C, et al. A three-dimensional nanofibrous scaffold for cartilage tissue engineering using human mesenchymal stem cells. Biomaterials. 2005;26:599-609.

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116. 116.

     Neves SC, Teixeira LSM, Moroni L, et al. Chitosan/Poly(3-caprolactone) blend scaffolds for cartilage repair. Biomaterials. 2011;32:1068-79.

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117. 117.

     Li WJ, Laurencin CT, Caterson EJ, et al. Electrospun nanofibrous structure: a novel scaffold for tissue engineering. J Biomed Mater Res. 2002;60:613-21.

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118. 118.

     Mouthuy PA, Ye H, Triffitt J, et al. Physico-chemical characterization of functional electrospun scaffolds for bone and cartilage tissue engineering. Proc IMechE 224 Part H: J Eng Med. 2010;224:1401-14.

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119. 119.

     Song JH, Kim HE, Kim HW. Electrospun fibrous web of collagen–apatite precipitated nanocomposite for bone regeneration. J Mater Sci: Mater Med. 2008;19:2925-32.

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120. 120.

     Thorvaldsson A, Stenhamre H, Gatenholm P, et al. Electrospinning of highly porous scaffolds for cartilage regeneration. Biomacromolecules. 2008;9:1044-9.

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121. 121.

     Venugopal J, Low S, Choon AT, et al. Interaction of cells and nanofiber scaffolds in tissue engineering. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater. 2008;84:34-48.

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122. 122.

     Srouji S, Kizhner T, Suss-Tobi E, et al. 3-D Nanofibrous electrospun multilayered construct is an alternative ECM mimicking scaffold. J Mater Sci: Mater Med. 2008;19:1249-55.

     Not in our library10.1007/s10856-007-3218-z

123. 123.

     Chuenjitkuntaworn B, Supaphol P, Pavasant P, et al. Electrospun poly(L-lactic acid)/hydroxyapatite composite fibrous scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Polym Int. 2010;59:227-35.

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124. 124.

     Pham QP, Sharma U, Mikos AG. Electrospun Poly(ε-caprolactone) microfiber and multilayer nanofiber/microfiber scaffolds: characterization of scaffolds and measurement of cellular infiltration. Biomacromolecules. 2006;7:2796-805.

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125. 125.

     Woo KM, Chen VJ, Ma PX. Nano-fibrous scaffolding architecture selectively enhances protein adsorption contributing to cell attachment. J Biomed Mater Res, Part A. 2003;67:531-7.

     Not in our library10.1002/jbm.a.10098

126. 126.

     Milleret V, Simona B, Neuenschwander P, et al. Tunning electrospinning parameters for production of 3D-fiber-fleeces with increased porosity for soft tissue engineering applications. Eur Cells Mater. 2011;21:286-303.

     Not in our library10.22203/ecm.v021a22

127. 127.

     Wright LD, Young RT, Andric T, et al. Fabrication and mechanical characterization of 3D electrospun scaffolds for tissue engineering. Biomed Mater. 2010;5:9.

     Not in our library10.1088/1748-6041/5/5/055006

128. 128.

     Holzwarth JM, Ma PX. 3D nanofibrous scaffolds for tissue engineering. J Mater Chem. 2011;21:10243-51.

     Not in our library

129. 129.

     Cui W, Zhou Y, Chang J. Electrospun nanofibrous materials for tissue engineering and drug delivery. Sci Technol Adv Mater. 2010;11:14108-19.

     Not in our library10.1088/1468-6996/11/1/014108

130. 130.

     Kovacina JR, Weiss AS. Increasing the pore size of electrospun scaffolds. Tissue Eng Part B. 2011;17:365-72.

     Not in our library10.1089/ten.teb.2011.0235

131. 131.

     Teo WE, Inai R, Ramakrishna S. Technological advances in electrospinning of nanofibers. Sci Technol Adv Mater. 2011;12:13002-21.

     Not in our library10.1088/1468-6996/12/1/11660944

132. 132.

     Steck E, Bertram H, Walther A, et al. Enhanced biochemical and biomechanical properties of scaffolds generated by flock technology for cartilage tissue engineering. Tissue Eng: Part A. 2010;16:12.

     Not in our library10.1089/ten.tea.2009.0817

133. 133.

     Reiband A, Mrozik B, Hoffmann G, et al. Scaffolds for intervertebral disc tissue engineering created by flock technology. Eur Cell Mater. 2005;10:66.

     Not in our library

134. 134.

     Tanaka Y, Tsutsumi A, Crowe DM, et al. Generation of an autologous tissue (matrix) flap by combining an arteriovenous shunt loop with artificial skin in rats: preliminary report. Br J Plast Surg. 2000;53:51-7.

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135. 135.

     Kneser U, Polykandriotis E, Ohnolz J, et al. Engineering of vascularized transplantable bone tissues: induction of axial vascularization in an osteoconductive matrix using an arteriovenous loop. Tissue Eng. 2006;12:1721-31.

     Not in our library10.1089/ten.2006.12.1721

136. 136.

     Arkudas A, Beier JP, Heidner K, et al. Axial prevascularization of porous matrices using an arteriovenous loop promotes survival and differentiation of transplanted autologous osteoblasts. Tissue Eng. 2007;13:1549-60.

     Not in our library10.1089/ten.2006.0387

137. 137.

     Arkudas A, Beier JP, Pryymachuk G, et al. Automatic quantitative micro-computed tomography evaluation of angiogenesis in an axially vascularized tissue-engineered bone construct. Tissue Eng Part C Methods. 2010;16:1503-14.

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138. 138.

     Cheng MH, Brey EM, Allori AC, et al. Periosteum-guided prefabrication of vascularized bone of clinical shape and volume. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2009;124:787-95.

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139. 139.

     Beier JP, Horch RE, Hess A, et al. Axial vascularization of a large volume calcium phosphate ceramic bone substitute in the sheep AV loop model. J Tissue Eng Regen Med. 2010;4:216-23.

     Not in our library10.1002/term.229

140. 140.

     Beier JP, Hess A, Loew J, et al. De novo generation of an axially vascularized processed bovine cancellous-bone substitute in the sheep arteriovenous-loop model. Eur Surg Res. 2011;46:148-55.

     Not in our library10.1159/000324408

141. 141.

     Eweida AM, Nabawi AS, Marei MK, et al. Mandibular reconstruction using an axially vascularized tissue-engineered construct. Ann Surg Innov Res. 2011;5:2.

     Not in our library10.1186/1750-1164-5-2

142. 142.

     Harley BA, Lynn AK, Wissner-Gross Z, et al. Design of a multiphase osteochondral scaffold III: fabrication of layered scaffolds with continuous interfaces. J Biomed Mater Res A. 2010;92:1078-93.

     Not in our library10.1002/jbm.a.32387

143. 143.

     Fukuda A, Kato K, Hasegawa M, et al. Enhanced repair of large osteochondral defects using a combination of artificial cartilage and basic fibroblast growth factor. Biomaterials. 2005;26:4301-8.

     Not in our library10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.11.007

144. 144.

     Liao CJ, Lin YJ, Chiang H, et al. Injection partially digested cartilage fragments into a biphasic scaffold to generate osteochondral composites in a nude mice model. J Biomed Mater Res A. 2007;81A:567.

     Not in our library10.1002/jbm.a.31035

145. 145.

     Luo X, Zhang L, Morsi Y, et al. Hydroxyapatite/polyamide66 porous scaffold with an ethylene vinyl acetate surface layer used for silmultaneous substitute and repair of articular cartilage and underlying bone. Appl Surf Sci. 2011;257(23):9888-94.

     Not in our library

146. 146.

     Schek RM, Taboas JM, Segvich SJ, et al. Engineered osteochondral grafts using biphasic composite solid free-form fabricated scaffolds. Tisssue Eng. 2004;10:1376-85.

     Not in our library10.1089/ten.2004.10.1376

Cited by papers we hold 7

• Soft substrates direct stem cell differentiation into the chondrogenic lineage without the use of growth factors · 2022
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• Silk fibroin-based biomaterials for cartilage/osteochondral repair · 2022
  No notice
• Osteochondral Injury, Management and Tissue Engineering Approaches · 2020
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• Ex vivo MRI cell tracking of autologous mesenchymal stromal cells in an ovine osteochondral defect model · 2019
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• Differential chondro- and osteo-stimulation in three-dimensional porous scaffolds with different topological surfaces provides a design strategy for biphasic osteochondral engineering · 2019
  Not checked
• Bone biomaterials and interactions with stem cells · 2017
  No notice
• The use of PLDLA/PCL-T scaffold to repair osteochondral defects in vivo · 2012
  Not checked

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