Cysteinyl leukotrienes: multi‐functional mediators in allergic rhinitis

Abstract

Summary Cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs) are a family of inflammatory lipid mediators synthesized from arachidonic acid by a variety of cells, including mast cells, eosinophils, basophils, and macrophages. This article reviews the data for the role of CysLTs as multi‐functional mediators in allergic rhinitis (AR). We review the evidence that: (1) CysLTs are released from inflammatory cells that participate in AR, (2) receptors for CysLTs are located in nasal tissue, (3) CysLTs are increased in patients with AR and are released following allergen exposure, (4) administration of CysLTs reproduces the symptoms of AR, (5) CysLTs play roles in the maturation, as well as tissue recruitment, of inflammatory cells, and (6) a complex inter‐regulation between CysLTs and a variety of other inflammatory mediators exists.

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97. 97.

    Lee BJ, Naclerio RM, Bochner BS, Taylor RM, Lim MC, Baroody FM. Nasal challenge with allergen upregulates the local expression of vascular endothelial adhesion molecules. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1994;94:1006-16.

    Not in our library10.1016/0091-6749(94)90119-8

98. 98.

    Kanwar S, Johnston B, Kubes P. Leukotriene C4/D4 induces P-selectin and sialyl Lewis dependent alterations in leukocyte kinetics in vivo. Circ Res. 1995;77:879-87.

    Not in our library10.1161/01.res.77.5.879

99. 99.

    Pedersen KE, Bochner BS, Undem BJ. Cysteinyl leukotrienes induce P-selectin expression in human endothelial cells via a non-cyslt1 receptor-mediated mechanism. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1997;281:655-62.

    Not in our library

100. 100.

     Suzuki M, Kato M, Kimura H, Fujiu T, Morikawa A. Inhibition of human eosinophil activation by a cysteinyl leukotriene receptor antagonist (pranlukast; ONO-1078). J Asthma. 2003;40:395-404.

     Not in our library10.1081/jas-120018709

101. 101.

     Nagata M, Saito K, Tsuchiya K, Sakamoto Y. Leukotriene D4 upregulates eosinophil adhesion via the cysteinyl leukotriene 1 receptor. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2002;109:676-80.

     Not in our library10.1067/mai.2002.122841

102. 102.

     Fregonese L, Silvestri M, Sabatini F, Rossi GA. Cysteinyl leukotrienes induce human eosinophil locomotion and adhesion molecule expression via a cyslT1 receptor-mediated mechanism. Clin Exp Allergy. 2002;32:745-50.

     Not in our library10.1046/j.1365-2222.2002.01384.x

103. 103.

     Nagata M, Sedgwick JB, Kita H, Busse WW. Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor augments ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 activation of eosinophil function. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 1998;19:158-66.

     Not in our library10.1165/ajrcmb.19.1.3001

104. 104.

     Laitinen LA, Laitinen A, Haahtela T, Vilkka V, Spur BW, Lee TH. Leukotriene E4 and granulocytic infiltration into asthmatic airways. Lancet. 1993;341:989-90.

     Not in our library10.1016/0140-6736(93)91073-u

105. 105.

     Spada C. Comparison of leukotriene B4 and D4 effects on human eosinophil and neutrophil motility in vitro. J Leukocyte Biol. 1994;55:183-91.

     Not in our library10.1002/jlb.55.2.183

106. 106.

     Spada CS, Woodward DF, Hawley SB, Nieves AL. Leukotrienes cause eosinophil emigration into conjunctival tissue. Prostaglandins. 1986;31:795-809.

     Not in our library10.1016/0090-6980(86)90181-4

107. 107.

     Spada CS, Krauss AH, Nieves AL, Woodward DF. Effects of leukotrienes B4 (LTB4) and D4 (LTD4) on motility of isolated normodense human eosinophils and neutrophils. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1997;400B:699-706.

     Not in our library

108. 108.

     Virchow JC, Faehndrich S, Nassenstein C, Bock S, Matthys H, Luttmann W. Effect of a specific cysteinyl leukotriene-receptor 1-antagonist (montelukast) on the transmigration of eosinophils across human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Clin Exp Allergy. 2001;31:836-44.

     Not in our library10.1046/j.1365-2222.2001.01051.x

109. 109.

     Akaiwa M, Yu B, Umeshita-Suyama R, et al. Localization of human interleukin 13 receptor in non-haematopoietic cells. Cytokine. 2001;13:75-84.

     Not in our library10.1006/cyto.2000.0814

110. 110.

     Kay AB, Meng Q, Barkans J, et al. Leukotrienes (LT) C4, D4, E4 and histamine induce eotaxin expression by human endothelial cell line and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1999;103:S203.

     Not in our library

111. 111.

     Chibana K, Ishii Y, Asakura T, Fukuda T. Up-regulation of cysteinyl leukotriene 1 receptor by IL-13 enables human lung fibroblasts to respond to leukotriene C4 and produce eotaxin. J Immunol. 2003;170:4290-5.

     Not in our library10.4049/jimmunol.170.8.4290

112. 112.

     Lee E, Robertson T, Smith J, Kilfeather S. Leukotriene receptor antagonists and synthesis inhibitors reverse survival in eosinophils of asthmatic individuals. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;161:1881-6.

     Not in our library10.1164/ajrccm.161.6.9907054

113. 113.

     Becler K, Hakansson L, Rak S. Treatment of asthmatic patients with a cysteinyl leukotriene receptor-1 antagonist montelukast (Singulair), decreases the eosinophil survival-enhancing activity produced by peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes in vitro. Allergy. 2002;57:1021-8.

     Not in our library10.1034/j.1398-9995.2002.23620.x

114. 114.

     Evans CM, Fryer AD, Jacoby DB, Gleich GJ, Costello RW. Pretreatment with antibody to eosinophil major basic protein prevents hyperresponsiveness by protecting neuronal M2 muscarinic receptors in antigen-challenged guinea pigs. J Clin Invest. 1997;100:2254-62.

     Not in our library10.1172/jci119763

115. 115.

     Rasp G, Thomas PA, Bujia J. Eosinophil inflammation of the nasal mucosa in allergic and non-allergic rhinitis measured by eosinophil cationic protein levels in native nasal fluid and serum. Clin Exp Allergy. 1994;24:1151-6.

     Not in our library10.1111/j.1365-2222.1994.tb03321.x

116. 116.

     Wang D, Clement P, Smitz J, Derde MP. Concentrations of chemical mediators in nasal secretions of patients with hay fever during natural allergen exposure. Acta Otolaryngol. 1994;114:552-5.

     Not in our library10.3109/00016489409126103

117. 117.

     Tutluoglu B, Tosun GA, Akbas I, Yaman M. Effects of montelukast on serum ECP and bronchial hyperreactivity in mild asthmatics.

     Not in our library

118. 118.

     Volovitz B, Tabachnik E, Nussinovitch M, et al. Montelukast, a leukotriene receptor antagonist, reduces the concentration of leukotrienes in the respiratory tract of children with persistent asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1999;104:1162-7.

     Not in our library10.1016/s0091-6749(99)70008-4

119. 119.

     Ohshima N, Nagase H, Koshino T, et al. A functional study on cysLT(1) receptors in human eosinophils. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2002;129:67-75.

     Not in our library10.1159/000065175

120. 120.

     Saito K, Nagata M, Kikuchi I, Sakamoto Y. Leukotriene D4 and eosinophil transendothelial migration, superoxide generation, and degranulation via beta2 integrin. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2004;93:594-600.

     Not in our library10.1016/s1081-1206(10)61269-0

121. 121.

     McComas J, Noonan G, Philip G, et al. Safety and tolerability of montelukast in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis: adults and children as young as age 2 years. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2003;90:131.

     Not in our library

122. 122.

     Busse WW, Lemanske RF. Asthma. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:350-62.

     Not in our library10.1056/nejm200102013440507

123. 123.

     Robinson DS, Hamid Q, Ying S, et al. Predominant TH2-like bronchoalveolar T-lymphocyte population in atopic asthma. N Engl J Med. 1992;326:298-304.

     Not in our library10.1056/nejm199201303260504

124. 124.

     Tohda Y. Effects of ONO-1078 (pranlukast) on cytokine production in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with bronchial asthma. Clin Exp Allergy. 1999;29:1532-6.

     Not in our library10.1046/j.1365-2222.1999.00710.x

125. 125.

     Bandeira-Melo C, Hall JC, Penrose JF, Weller PF. Cysteinyl leukotrienes induce IL-4 release from cord blood-derived human eosinophils. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2002;109:975-9.

     Not in our library10.1067/mai.2002.124269

126. 126.

     Mellor EA, Austen KF, Boyce JA. Cysteinyl leukotrienes and uridine diphosphate induce cytokine generation by human mast cells through an interleukin 4-regulated pathway that is inhibited by leukotriene receptor antagonists. J Exp Med. 2002;195:583-92.

     Not in our library10.1084/jem.20020044

127. 127.

     Stelmach I, Jerzynska J, Kuna P. A randomized, double-blind trial of the effect of glucocorticoid, antileukotriene and b-agonist treatment on IL-10 serum levels in children with asthma. Clin Exp Allergy. 2002;32:264-9.

     Not in our library10.1046/j.1365-2222.2002.01286.x

128. 128.

     Ciprandi G, Frati F, Marcucci F, et al. Nasal cytokine modulation by montelukast in allergic children: a pilot study. Allerg Immunol (Paris). 2003;35:295-9.

     Not in our library

129. 129.

     Stelmach I, Jerzynska J, Kuna P. A randomized, double-blind trial of the effect of treatment with montelukast on bronchial hyperresponsiveness and serum eosinophilic cationic protein (ECP), soluble interleukin 2 receptor (sIL-2R), IL-4, and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (sICAM-1) in children with asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2002;109:257-63.

     Not in our library10.1067/mai.2002.121456

130. 130.

     Ichiyama T, Hasegawa S, Umeda M, Terai K, Matsubara T, Furukawa S. Pranlukast inhibits NF-kappa B activation in human monocytes/macrophages and T cells. Clin Exp Allergy. 2003;33:802-7.

     Not in our library10.1046/j.1365-2222.2003.01673.x

131. 131.

     Maspero JF, Testa M, Bezdronik L, Braillard I, Ginaca A, Kohan M. Mononuclear cell cytokine expression in vitro and modulation by montelukast. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2000;105:S25.

     Not in our library

132. 132.

     Peters-Golden M, Bailie M, Marshall T, et al. Protection from pulmonary fibrosis in leukotriene-deficient mice. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002;165:229-35.

     Not in our library10.1164/ajrccm.165.2.2104050

133. 133.

     Tomari S, Matsuse H, Machida I, et al. Pranlukast, a cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 antagonist, attenuates allergen-specific tumour necrosis factor alpha production and nuclear factor kappa B nuclear translocation in peripheral blood monocytes from atopic asthmatics. J Endocrinol. 2003;178:37-43.

     Not in our library10.1046/j.1365-2222.2003.01656.x

134. 134.

     Panettieri RA, Tan EML, Ciocca V, Luttmann MA, Leonard TB, Hay DWP. Effects of LTD4 on human airway smooth muscle cell proliferation, matrix expression, and contraction in vitro: differential sensitivity to cysteinyl leukotriene receptor antagonists. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 1998;19:453-61.

     Not in our library10.1165/ajrcmb.19.3.2999

135. 135.

     Rajah R. Leukotriene D4 induces MMP-1, which functions as an IGFBP protease in human airway smooth muscle cells. Am J Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 1996;15:L1014-22.

     Not in our library10.1152/ajplung.1996.271.6.l1014

136. 136.

     Cho SH, You HJ, Woo CH, Yoo YJ, Kim JH. Rac and protein kinase C-delta regulate ERKs and cytosolic phospholipase A2 in FcepsilonrI signaling to cysteinyl leukotriene synthesis in mast cells. J Immunol. 2004;173:624-31.

     Not in our library10.4049/jimmunol.173.1.624

137. 137.

     Bloemers SM, Verheule S, Peppelenbosch MP, Smit MJ, Tertoolen LG, de Laat S. Sensitization of the histamine H1 receptor by increased ligand affinity. J Biol Chem. 1998;273:2249-55.

     Not in our library10.1074/jbc.273.4.2249

138. 138.

     Pynaert G. CyslTs mediate histamine hypersensitivity ex vivo by increasing histamine receptor numbers. Mol Med. 1999;10:685-92.

     Not in our library

139. 139.

     Patrignani P, Modica R, Bertolero F, Patrono C. Differential effects of leukotriene C4 on endothelin-1 and prostacyclin release by cultured vascular cells. Pharmacol Res. 1993;27:281-5.

     Not in our library10.1006/phrs.1993.1027

140. 140.

     Wilson AM, Dempsey OJ, Sims EJ, Lipworth BJ. A comparison of topical budesonide and oral montelukast in seasonal allergic rhinitis and asthma. Clin Exp Allergy. 2001;31:616-24.

     Not in our library10.1046/j.1365-2222.2001.01088.x

141. 141.

     Sandrini A, Ferreira IM, Gutierrez C, Jardim JR, Zamel N, Chapman KR. Effect of montelukast on exhaled nitric oxide and nonvolatile markers of inflammation in mild asthma. Chest. 2003;124:1341-9.

     Not in our library10.1378/chest.124.4.1334

142. 142.

     Bisgaard H, Loland L, Anhoj J. NO in exhaled air of asthmatic children is reduced by the leukotriene receptor antagonist montelukast. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999;160:1227-31.

     Not in our library10.1164/ajrccm.160.4.9903004

143. 143.

     Bratton DL, Lanz MJ, Miyazawa N, White CW, Silkoff PE. Exhaled nitric oxide before and after montelukast sodium therapy in school-age children with chronic asthma: a preliminary study. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1999;28:402-7.

     Not in our library10.1002/(sici)1099-0496(199912)28:6<402::aid-ppul3>3.0.co;2-v

144. 144.

     Larfars G, Lantoine F, Devynck MA, Palmblad J, Gyllenhammar H. Activation of nitric oxide release and oxidative metabolism by leukotrienes B4, C4, and D4 in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Blood. 1999;93:1399-405.

     Not in our library

145. 145.

     Menard G, Bissonnette EY. Priming of alveolar macrophages by leukotriene D(4): potentiation of inflammation. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2000;23:572-7.

     Not in our library10.1165/ajrcmb.23.4.4152

146. 146.

     Ryoyama K, Nomura T, Nakamura S. Inhibition of macrophage nitric oxide production by arachidonate-cascade inhibitors. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 1993;37:385-91.

     Not in our library10.1007/bf01526795

147. 147.

     Offer S, Shoseyov D, Bibi H, Eliraz A, Madar Z. A leukotriene receptor antagonist modulates iNos in the lung and in a leukotriene-free cell model. Nitric Oxide. 2003;9:10-7.

     Not in our library10.1016/s1089-8603(03)00047-8

148. 148.

     Cowburn A. IL-5 increases expression of 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein and translocates 5-lipoxygenase to the nucleus in human blood eosinophils. J Immunol. 1999;163:456-65.

     Not in our library

149. 149.

     Ochensberger B. Regulation of cytokine expression and leukotriene formation in human basophils by growth factors, chemokines and chemotatic agonists. Eur J Immunol. 1999;29:11-22.

     Not in our library10.1002/(sici)1521-4141(199901)29:01<11::aid-immu11>3.0.co;2-b

150. 150.

     Lie WJ, Homburg CH, Kuijpers TW, et al. Regulation and kinetics of platelet-activating factor and leukotriene C4 synthesis by activated human basophils. Clin Exp Allergy. 2003;33:1125-34.

     Not in our library10.1046/j.1365-2222.2003.01726.x

151. 151.

     Silberstein DS, Owen WF, Gasson JC, et al. Enhancement of human eosinophil cytotoxicity and leukotriene synthesis by biosynthetic (recombinant) granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. J Immunol. 1986;137:3290-4.

     Not in our library

152. 152.

     Scoggan KA, Ford-Hutchinson AW, Nicholson DW. Differential activation of leukotriene biosynthesis by granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin-5 in an eosinophilic substrain of HL-60 cells. Blood. 1995;86:3507-16.

     Not in our library

153. 153.

     Brock TG, McNish RW, Coffey MJ, Ojo TC, Phare SM, Peters-Golden M. Effects of granuloctye-macrophage colony-stimulating factor on eicosanoid production by mononuclear phagocytes. J Immunol. 1996;156:2522-7.

     Not in our library

154. 154.

     Coffey MJ, Phare SM, Cinti S, Peters-Golden M, Kazanjian PH. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor upregulates reduced 5-lipoxygenase metabolism in peripheral blood monocytes and neutrophils in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Blood. 1999;94:3897-905.

     Not in our library

155. 155.

     Pouliot M, McDonald PP, Borgeat P, McColl SR. Granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor stimulates the expression of the 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein (FLAP) in human neutrophils. J Exp Med. 1994;179:1225-32.

     Not in our library10.1084/jem.179.4.1225

156. 156.

     Thivierge M. IL-5 up-regulates cysteinyl leukotriene 1 receptor expression in HL-60 cells differentiated into eosinophils. J Immunol. 2000;165:5221-6.

     Not in our library10.4049/jimmunol.165.9.5221

157. 157.

     Espinosa K, Bosse Y, Stankova J, Rola-Pleszczynski M. CyslT1 receptor upregulation by TGF-beta and IL-13 is associated with bronchial smooth muscle cell proliferation in response to LTD4. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2003;111:1032-40.

     Not in our library10.1067/mai.2003.1451

158. 158.

     Vargaftig BB, Singer M. Leukotrienes mediate murine bronchopulmonary hyperreactivity, inflammation, and part of mucosal metaplasia and tissue injury induced by recombinant murine interleukin-13. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2003;28:410-9.

     Not in our library10.1165/rcmb.2002-0032oc

159. 159.

     Steinke JW, Crouse CD, Bradley D, et al. Characterization of interleukin-4-stimulated nasal polyp fibroblasts. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2004;30:212-9.

     Not in our library10.1165/rcmb.2003-0071oc

160. 160.

     Amrani Y, Moore PE, Hoffman R, Shore SA, Panettieri RA. Interferon-gamma modulates cysteinyl leukotriene receptor-1 expression and function in human airway myocytes. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;164:2098-101.

     Not in our library10.1164/ajrccm.164.11.2108005

161. 161.

     Gronert K, Martinsson-Niskanen T, Ravasi S, Chiang N, Serhan CN. Selectivity of recombinant human leukotriene D(4), leukotriene B(4), and lipoxin A(4) receptors with aspirin-triggered 15-epi-LXA(4) and regulation of vascular and inflammatory responses. Am J Pathol. 2001;158:3-9.

     Not in our library10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63937-5

162. 162.

     Pullerits T, Linden A, Malmhall C, Lotvall J. Effect of seasonal allergen exposure on mucosal IL-16 and CD4+ cells in patients with allergic rhinitis. Allergy. 2001;56:871-7.

     Not in our library

163. 163.

     Bandeira-Melo C, Sugiyama K, Woods LJ, et al. IL-16 promotes leukotriene C4 and IL-4 release from human eosinophils via CD4- and autocrine CCR3-chemokine-mediated signaling. J Immunol. 2002;168:4756-63.

     Not in our library10.4049/jimmunol.168.9.4756

164. 164.

     Steinhilber D, Radmark O, Samuelsson B. Transforming growth factor beta upregulates 5-lipoxygenase activity during myeloid cell maturation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1993;90:5984-8.

     Not in our library10.1073/pnas.90.13.5984

165. 165.

     Riddick CA, Serio KJ, Hodulik CR, Ring WL, Regan MS, Bigby TD. TGF-beta increases leukotriene C4 synthase expression in the monocyte-like cell line, THP-1. J Immunol. 1999;162:1101-7.

     Not in our library

166. 166.

     Takafuji S, Bischoff SC, De Weck AL, Dahinden CA. Opposing effects of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and nerve growth factor upon leukotriene C4 production by human eosinophils triggered with N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine. Eur J Immunol. 1992;22:969-74.

     Not in our library10.1002/eji.1830220414

167. 167.

     Tamura N, Agrawal DK, Townley RG. Leukotriene C4 production from human eosinophils in vitro. Role of eosinophil chemotactic factors on eosinophil activation. J Immunol. 1988;141:4291-7.

     Not in our library

168. 168.

     Kanwar S, Johnston B, Kubes P. Leukotriene C4/D4 induces P-selectin and sialyl Lewis(x)-dependent alterations in leukocyte kinetics in vivo. Circ Res. 1995;77:879-87.

     Not in our library10.1161/01.res.77.5.879

169. 169.

     Yamamura H. Endothelin-1 induces release of histamine and leukotriene C4 from mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells. Eur J Pharm. 1994;257:235-42.

     Not in our library10.1016/0014-2999(94)90134-1

170. 170.

     Coffey MJ, Phare SM, Peters-Golden M. Interaction between nitric oxide, reactive oxygen intermediates, and peroxynitrite in the regulation of 5-lipoxygenase metabolism. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2002;1584:81-90.

     Not in our library10.1016/s1388-1981(02)00286-x

171. 171.

     Gilchrist M, McCauley SD, Befus AD. Expression, localization, and regulation of NOS in human mast cell lines: effects on leukotriene production. Blood. 2004;104:462-9.

     Not in our library10.1182/blood-2003-08-2990

172. 172.

     Togias A. H1-receptors: localization and role in airway physiology and in immune functions. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2003;112:S60-8.

     Not in our library10.1016/s0091-6749(03)01878-5

173. 173.

     Akdis CA, Blaser K. Histamine in the immune regulation of allergic inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2003;112:15-22.

     Not in our library10.1067/mai.2003.1585

174. 174.

     Wilson AM, O'Byrne PM, Parameswaran K. Leukotriene receptor antagonists for allergic rhinitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Med. 2004;116:338-44.

     Not in our library10.1016/j.amjmed.2003.10.030

175. 175.

     Warner JO. A double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of cetirizine in preventing the onset of asthma in children with atopic dermatitis: 18 months treatment and 18 months posttreatment follow-up. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2001;108:929-37.

     Not in our library10.1067/mai.2001.120015

176. 176.

     MacGlashan DW, Schleimer RP, Peters SP, et al. Comparative studies of human basophils and mast cells. Fed Proc. 1983;42:2504-9.

     Not in our library

177. 177.

     Schleimer RP, Davidson DA, Peters SP, Lichtenstein LM. Inhibition of human basophil leukotriene release by antiinflammatory steroids. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol. 1985;77:241-3.

     Not in our library10.1159/000233799

178. 178.

     Ochensberger B, Tassera L, Bifrare D, Rihs S, Dahinden CA. Regulation of cytokine expression and leukotriene formation in human basophils by growth factors, chemokines and chemotactic agonists. Eur J Immunol. 1999;29:11-22.

     Not in our library10.1002/(sici)1521-4141(199901)29:01<11::aid-immu11>3.0.co;2-b

179. 179.

     Sjostrom M, Jakobsson PJ, Juremalm M, et al. Human mast cells express two leukotriene C(4) synthase isoenzymes and the cysLT(1) receptor. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2002;1583:53-62.

     Not in our library10.1016/s1388-1981(02)00160-9

180. 180.

     Schleimer RP, MacGlashan DW, Peters SP, Pinckard RN, Adkinson NF, Lichtenstein LM. Characterization of inflammatory mediator release from purified human lung mast cells. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1986;133:614-7.

     Not in our library10.1164/arrd.1986.133.4.614

181. 181.

     Peters SP, MacGlashan DW, Schleimer RP, Hayes EC, Adkinson NF, Lichtenstein LM. The pharmacologic modulation of the release of arachidonic acid metabolites from purified human lung mast cells. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1985;132:367-73.

     Not in our library10.1164/arrd.1985.132.2.367

182. 182.

     Shichijo M, Inagaki N, Nakai N, et al. The effects of anti-asthma drugs on mediator release from cultured human mast cells. Clin Exp Allergy. 1998;28:1228-36.

     Not in our library10.1046/j.1365-2222.1998.00394.x

183. 183.

     Goldyne ME, Burrish GF, Poubelle P, Borgeat P. Arachidonic acid metabolism among human mononuclear leukocytes. Lipoxygenase-related pathways. J Biol Chem. 1984;259:8815-9.

     Not in our library

184. 184.

     Williams JD, Czop JK, Austen KF. Release of leukotrienes by human monocytes on stimulation of their phagocytic receptor for particulate activators. J Immunol. 1984;132:3034-40.

     Not in our library

185. 185.

     Virchow JC. Effect of a specific cysteinyl leukotriene-receptor 1-antagonist (montelukast) on the transmigration of eosinophils across human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Clin Exp Allergy. 2001;31:836-44.

     Not in our library10.1046/j.1365-2222.2001.01051.x

186. 186.

     Weller FR. Generation and metabolism of 5-LO pathway leukotrienes by human eosinophils: predominant production of LTC4. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1983;80:7626-30.

     Not in our library10.1073/pnas.80.24.7626

187. 187.

     Shaw RJ, Walsh GM, Cromwell O, Moqbel R, Spry CJ, Kay AB. Activated human eosinophils generate SRS-A leukotrienes following IGG-dependent stimulation. Nature. 1985;316:150-2.

     Not in our library10.1038/316150a0

188. 188.

     Shindo K, Harai Y, Koide K, Sumitomo M, Fukumura M. In vivo effect of prednisolone on release of leukotriene C4 in eosinophils obtained from asthmatic patients. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1995;214:869-74.

     Not in our library10.1006/bbrc.1995.2367

189. 189.

     Owen WF, Soberman RJ, Yoshimoto T, Sheffer AL, Lewis RA, Austen KF. Synthesis and release of leukotriene C4 by human eosinophils. J Immunol. 1987;138:532-8.

     Not in our library

190. 190.

     Hodges MK, Weller PF, Gerard NP, Ackerman SJ, Drazen JM. Heterogeneity of leukotriene C4 production by eosinophils from asthmatic and from normal subjects. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1988;138:799-804.

     Not in our library10.1164/ajrccm/138.4.799

191. 191.

     Harizi H, Juzan M, Pitard V, Moreau JF, Gualde N. Cycloxygenase-2-issued prostaglandin e(2) enhances the production of endogenous IL-10, which down-regulates dendritic cell functions. J Immunol. 2002;168:2255-63.

     Not in our library10.4049/jimmunol.168.5.2255

192. 192.

     Lotzer K, Spanbroek R, Hildner M, et al. Differential leukotriene receptor expression and calcium responses in endothelial cells and macrophages indicate 5-lipoxygenase-dependent circuits of inflammation and atherogenesis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2003;23:e32-6.

     Not in our library10.1161/01.atv.0000082690.23131.cb

193. 193.

     Spinozzi F, Russano AM, Piattoni S, et al. Biological effects of montelukast, a cysteinyl-leukotriene receptor-antagonist, on T lymphocytes. Clin Exp Allergy. 2004;34:1876-82.

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     Cifone MG, Cironi L, Santoni A, Testi R. Diacylglycerol lipase activation and 5-lipoxygenase activation and translocation following TCR/CD3 triggering in T cells. Eur J Immunol. 1995;25:1080-6.

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     Borgeat P, Samuelsson B. Arachidonic acid metabolism in polymorphonuclear leukocytes: unstable intermediate in formation of dihydroxy acids. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1979;76:3213-7.

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196. 196.

     McKinnon KP, Madden MC, Noah TL, Devlin RB. In vitro ozone exposure increases release of arachidonic acid products from a human bronchial epithelial cell line. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1993;118:215-23.

     Not in our library10.1006/taap.1993.1027

197. 197.

     Sjostrom M, Jakobsson PJ, Heimburger M, Palmblad J, Haeggstrom JZ. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells generate leukotriene C4 via microsomal glutathione S-transferase type 2 and express the cysLT(1) receptor. Eur J Biochem. 2001;268:2578-86.

     Not in our library10.1046/j.1432-1327.2001.02142.x

198. 198.

     Ramis I, Catafau JR, Serra J, Bulbena O, Picado C, Gelpi E. In vivo release of 15-HETE and other arachidonic acid metabolites in nasal secretions during early allergic reactions. Prostaglandins. 1991;42:411-20.

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199. 199.

     Wang D, Clement P, Smitz J, Derde MP. Concentrations of chemical mediators in nasal secretions after nasal allergen challenges in atopic patients. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 1995;252:S40-3.

     Not in our library10.1007/bf02484433

200. 200.

     Wang D, Duyck F, Smitz J, Clement P. Efficacy and onset of action of fluticasone propionate aqueous nasal spray on nasal symptoms, eosinophil count, and mediator release after nasal allergen challenge in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis. Allergy. 1998;53:375-82.

     Not in our library10.1111/j.1398-9995.1998.tb03908.x

201. 201.

     Terada N, Ando H, Ito E, et al. Nasal allergy and leukotriene. 2. Kinetics of peptide leukotrienes and inflammatory cells in nasal lavage fluid after antigen challenge. Nippon Jibiinkoka Gakkai Kaiho. 1989;92:1337-44.

     Not in our library10.3950/jibiinkoka.92.1337

202. 202.

     Bisgaard H, Ford-Hutchinson AW, Charleson S, Taudorf E. Detection of leukotriene C4-liked immunoreactivity in tear fluid from subjects challenged with specific allergen. Prostaglandins. 1984;27:369-74.

     Not in our library10.1016/0090-6980(84)90196-5

203. 203.

     Bisgaard H, Ford-Hutchinson AW, Charleson S, Taudorf E. Production of leukotrienes in human skin and conjunctival mucosa after specific allergen challenge. Allergy. 1985;40:417-23.

     Not in our library10.1111/j.1398-9995.1985.tb02680.x

204. 204.

     Konno A, Numata T, Terada N, Hanazawa T, Nagata H, Motosugi H. Role of substance P in the vascular response of nasal mucosa in nasal allergy. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 1996;105:648-53.

     Not in our library10.1177/000348949610500811

205. 205.

     Kojima T, Asakura K. The study of chemical mediators in the patients with allergic rhinitis. 2. Histamine, leukotriene and kinins in the nasal secretion during dual phase response. Nippon Jibiinkoka Gakkai Kaiho. 1991;94:366-76.

     Not in our library10.3950/jibiinkoka.94.366

206. 206.

     Meltzer EO, Malmstrom K, Lu S, et al. Concomitant montelukast and loratadine as treatment for seasonal allergic rhinitis: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2000;105:917-22.

     Not in our library10.1067/mai.2000.106040

Cited by papers we hold 2

• Allergic Rhinitis: A Clinical and Pathophysiological Overview · 2022
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• The Role of Leukotrienes as Potential Therapeutic Targets in Allergic Disorders · 2019
  No notice

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