Diabetes and cancer: two diseases with obesity as a common risk factor

Abstract

There is a growing body of evidence to support a connection between diabetes (predominantly type 2), obesity and cancer. Multiple meta‐analyses of epidemiological data show that people with diabetes are at increased risk of developing many different types of cancers, along with an increased risk of cancer mortality. Several pathophysiological mechanisms for this relationship have been postulated, including insulin resistance and hyperinsulinaemia, enhanced inflammatory processes, dysregulation of sex hormone production and hyperglycaemia. In addition to these potential mechanisms, a number of common risk factors, including obesity, may be behind the association between diabetes and cancer. Indeed, obesity is associated with an increased risk of cancer and diabetes. Abdominal adiposity has been shown to play a role in creating a systemic pro‐inflammatory environment, which could result in the development of both diabetes and cancer. Here, we examine the relationship between diabetes, obesity and cancer, and investigate the potential underlying causes of increased cancer risk in individuals with diabetes. Current treatment recommendations for reducing the overall disease burden are also explored and possible areas for future research are considered.

Shown for reading. Its publisher allows quoting it, not republishing it.

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     Renehan AG, Tyson M, Egger M, Heller RF, Zwahlen M. Body-mass index and incidence of cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective observational studies. Lancet. 2008;371:569-578.

     Not in our library10.1016/s0140-6736(08)60269-x

109. 109.

     Wolin KY, Carson K, Colditz GA. Obesity and cancer. Oncologist. 2010;15:556-565.

     Not in our library10.1634/theoncologist.2009-0285

110. 110.

     Steffen A, Schulze MB, Pischon T, et al. Anthropometry and esophageal cancer risk in the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2009;18:2079-2089.

     Not in our library10.1158/1055-9965.epi-09-0265

111. 111.

     Friedenreich C, Norat T, Steindorf K, et al. Physical activity and risk of colon and rectal cancers: the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2006;15:2398-2407.

     Not in our library10.1158/1055-9965.epi-06-0595

112. 112.

     Pischon T, Lahmann PH, Boeing H, et al. Body size and risk of colon and rectal cancer in the European Prospective Investigation Into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). J Natl Cancer Inst. 2006;98:920-931.

     Not in our library10.1093/jnci/djj246

113. 113.

     Lahmann PH, Hoffmann K, Allen N, et al. Body size and breast cancer risk: findings from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer And Nutrition (EPIC). Int J Cancer. 2004;111:762-771.

     Not in our library10.1002/ijc.20315

114. 114.
     Obesity and cancer risk: evidence, mechanisms, and recommendations · 2012

     No notice
115. 115.

     Griggs JJ, Sorbero ME, Lyman GH. Undertreatment of obese women receiving breast cancer chemotherapy. Arch Intern Med. 2005;165:1267-1273.

     Not in our library10.1001/archinte.165.11.1267

116. 116.

     Wong JR, Gao Z, Merrick S, et al. Potential for higher treatment failure in obese patients: correlation of elevated body mass index and increased daily prostate deviations from the radiation beam isocenters in an analysis of 1,465 computed tomographic images. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2009;75:49-55.

     Not in our library10.1016/j.ijrobp.2008.07.049

117. 117.

     Calle EE, Kaaks R. Overweight, obesity and cancer: epidemiological evidence and proposed mechanisms. Nat Rev Cancer. 2004;4:579-591.

     Not in our library10.1038/nrc1408

118. 118.

     Landman GW, Van Hateren KJ, Kleefstra N, Bilo HJ. The relationship between obesity and cancer mortality in type 2 diabetes: a ten-year follow-up study (ZODIAC-21). Anticancer Res. 2010;30:681-682.

     Not in our library

119. 119.

     Williams GP. The role of oestrogen in the pathogenesis of obesity, type 2 diabetes, breast cancer and prostate disease. Eur J Cancer Prev. 2010;19:256-271.

     Not in our library10.1097/cej.0b013e328338f7d2

120. 120.

     Alokail MS, Al-Daghri NM, Al-Attas OS, Hussain T. Combined effects of obesity and type 2 diabetes contribute to increased breast cancer risk in premenopausal women. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2009;8:33.

     Not in our library10.1186/1475-2840-8-33

121. 121.

     Ali AS, Ali S, Ahmad A, Bao B, Philip PA, Sarkar FH. Expression of microRNAs: potential molecular link between obesity, diabetes and cancer. Obes Rev. 2011;12:1050-1062.

     Not in our library10.1111/j.1467-789x.2011.00906.x

122. 122.

     Percik R, Stumvoll M. Obesity and cancer. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2009;117:563-566.

     Not in our library10.1055/s-0029-1241870

123. 123.

     Stattin P, Lukanova A, Biessy C, et al. Obesity and colon cancer: does leptin provide a link? Int J Cancer. 2004;109:149-152.

     Not in our library10.1002/ijc.11668

124. 124.

     Fenton JI, Hord NG, Lavigne JA, Perkins SN, Hursting SD. Leptin, insulin-like growth factor-1, and insulin-like growth factor-2 are mitogens in ApcMin/+ but not Apc+/+ colonic epithelial cell lines. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2005;14:1646-1652.

     Not in our library10.1158/1055-9965.epi-04-0916

125. 125.

     Wellen KE, Thompson CB, et al. Cellular metabolic stress: considering how cells respond to nutrient excess. Mol Cell. 2010;40:323-332.

     Not in our library10.1016/j.molcel.2010.10.004

126. 126.

     Bao B, Wang Z, Li Y, et al. The complexities of obesity and diabetes with the development and progression of pancreatic cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2011;1815:135-146.

     Not in our library10.1016/j.bbcan.2010.11.003

127. 127.

     Ramos EJ, Xu Y, Romanova I, et al. Is obesity an inflammatory disease? Surgery. 2003;134:329-335.

     Not in our library10.1067/msy.2003.267

128. 128.

     Fogarty AW, Glancy C, Jones S, Lewis SA, McKeever TM, Britton JR. A prospective study of weight change and systemic inflammation over 9 y. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;87:30-35.

     Not in our library10.1093/ajcn/87.1.30

129. 129.

     Tsujinaka S, Konishi F, Kawamura YJ, et al. Visceral obesity predicts surgical outcomes after laparoscopic colectomy for sigmoid colon cancer. Dis Colon Rectum. 2008;51:1757-1765.

     Not in our library10.1007/s10350-008-9395-0

130. 130.

     Balentine CJ, Wilks J, Robinson C, et al. Obesity increases wound complications in rectal cancer surgery. J Surg Res. 2010;163:35-39.

     Not in our library10.1016/j.jss.2010.03.012

131. 131.

     Makino T, Shukla PJ, Rubino F, Milsom JW. The impact of obesity on perioperative outcomes after laparoscopic colorectal resection. Ann Surg. 2012;255:228-236.

     Not in our library10.1097/sla.0b013e31823dcbf7

132. 132.

     Park JW, Lim SW, Choi HS, Jeong SY, Oh JH, Lim SB. The impact of obesity on outcomes of laparoscopic surgery for colorectal cancer in Asians. Surg Endosc. 2010;24:1679-1685.

     Not in our library10.1007/s00464-009-0829-0

133. 133.

     Whitlock K, Gill RS, Birch DW, Karmali S. The association between obesity and colorectal cancer. Gastroenterol Res Pract. 2012;2012:768247.

     Not in our library10.1155/2012/768247

134. 134.

     Griggs JJ, Mangu PB, Anderson H, et al. Appropriate chemotherapy dosing for obese adult patients with cancer: American Society of Clinical Oncology clinical practice guideline. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30:1553-1561.

     Not in our library10.1200/jco.2011.39.9436

135. 135.

     Zakikhani M, Dowling R, Fantus IG, Sonenberg N, Pollak M. Metformin is an AMP kinase-dependent growth inhibitor for breast cancer cells. Cancer Res. 2006;66:10269-10273.

     Not in our library10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-1500

136. 136.

     Dowling RJ, Zakikhani M, Fantus IG, Pollak M, Sonenberg N. Metformin inhibits mammalian target of rapamycin-dependent translation initiation in breast cancer cells. Cancer Res. 2007;67:10804-10812.

     Not in our library10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-2310

137. 137.

     Burton JD, Goldenberg DM, Blumenthal RD. Potential of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma antagonist compounds as therapeutic agents for a wide range of cancer types. PPAR Res. 2008;2008:494161.

     Not in our library10.1155/2008/494161

138. 138.
     The Role of PPARs in Cancer · 2008

     No notice
139. 139.

     Nathan DM, Buse JB, Davidson MB, et al. Medical management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes: a consensus algorithm for the initiation and adjustment of therapy: a consensus statement of the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2009;32:193-203.

     Not in our library10.2337/dc08-9025

140. 140.

     Li D, Yeung SC, Hassan MM, Konopleva M, Abbruzzese JL. Antidiabetic therapies affect risk of pancreatic cancer. Gastroenterology. 2009;137:482-488.

     Not in our library10.1053/j.gastro.2009.04.013

141. 141.

     Bowker SL, Yasui Y, Veugelers P, Johnson JA. Glucose-lowering agents and cancer mortality rates in type 2 diabetes: assessing effects of time-varying exposure. Diabetologia. 2010;53:1631-1637.

     Not in our library10.1007/s00125-010-1750-8

142. 142.

     Evans JM, Donnelly LA, Emslie-Smith AM, Alessi DR, Morris AD. Metformin and reduced risk of cancer in diabetic patients. BMJ. 2005;330:1304-1305.

     Not in our library10.1136/bmj.38415.708634.f7

143. 143.

     Libby G, Donnelly LA, Donnan PT, Alessi DR, Morris AD, Evans JM. New users of metformin are at low risk of incident cancer: a cohort study among people with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2009;32:1620-1625.

     Not in our library10.2337/dc08-2175

144. 144.

     Kourelis TV, Siegel RD. Metformin and cancer: new applications for an old drug. Med Oncol. 2012;29:1314-1327.

     Not in our library10.1007/s12032-011-9846-7

145. 145.

     Wilmik J.

     Not in our library

146. 146.

     Stevens R, Ali R, Bankhead CR, et al. Cancer outcomes and all-cause mortality in adults allocated to metformin: systematic review and collaborative meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials. Diabetologia. 2012;55:2593-2603.

     Not in our library10.1007/s00125-012-2653-7

147. 147.

     Bosco JL, Antonsen S, Sorensen HT, Pedersen L, Lash TL. Metformin and incident breast cancer among diabetic women: a population-based case-control study in Denmark. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2011;20:101-111.

     Not in our library10.1158/1055-9965.epi-10-0817

148. 148.

     Little MW, Pugh TF, Carey FJ, et al. The potential protective effect of metformin against pancreatic cancer: preliminary results from a case–control study in two UK centres. Gut. 2011;60(Suppl 1):A78-A79.

     Not in our library

149. 149.

     Mannucci E, Monami M, Balzi D, et al. Doses of insulin and its analogues and cancer occurrence in insulin-treated type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care. 2010;33:1997-2003.

     Not in our library10.2337/dc10-0476

150. 150.

     Yang YX, Hennessy S, Lewis JD. Insulin therapy and colorectal cancer risk among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Gastroenterology. 2004;127:1044-1050.

     Not in our library10.1053/j.gastro.2004.07.011

151. 151.

     Colhoun HM. Use of insulin glargine and cancer incidence in Scotland: a study from the Scottish Diabetes Research Network Epidemiology Group. Diabetologia. 2009;52:1755-1765.

     Not in our library10.1007/s00125-009-1453-1

152. 152.

     Pocock SJ, Smeeth L. Insulin glargine and malignancy: an unwarranted alarm. Lancet. 2009;374:511-513.

     Not in our library10.1016/s0140-6736(09)61307-6

153. 153.

     Smith U, Gale EA. Does diabetes therapy influence the risk of cancer? Diabetologia. 2009;52:1699-1708.

     Not in our library10.1007/s00125-009-1441-5

154. 154.

     Rosenstock J, Fonseca V, McGill JB, et al. Similar risk of malignancy with insulin glargine and neutral protamine Hagedorn (NPH) insulin in patients with type 2 diabetes: findings from a 5 year randomised, open-label study. Diabetologia. 2009;52:1971-1973.

     Not in our library10.1007/s00125-009-1452-2

155. 155.

     Home PD, Lagarenne P. Combined randomised controlled trial experience of malignancies in studies using insulin glargine. Diabetologia. 2009;52:2499-2506.

     Not in our library10.1007/s00125-009-1530-5

156. 156.

     Yang X, Ko GT, So WY, et al. Associations of hyperglycemia and insulin usage with the risk of cancer in type 2 diabetes: the Hong Kong diabetes registry. Diabetes. 2010;59:1254-1260.

     Not in our library10.2337/db09-1371

157. 157.

     Dejgaard A, Lynggaard H, Rastam J, Krogsgaard Thomsen M. No evidence of increased risk of malignancies in patients with diabetes treated with insulin detemir: a meta-analysis. Diabetologia. 2009;52:2507-2512.

     Not in our library10.1007/s00125-009-1568-4

158. 158.

     Grimaldi-Bensouda L, Marty M, Pollak M, et al. The international study of insulin and cancer. Lancet. 2010;376:769-770.

     Not in our library10.1016/s0140-6736(10)61374-8

159. 159.

     Lewis JD, Ferrara A, Peng T, et al. Risk of bladder cancer among diabetic patients treated with pioglitazone: interim report of a longitudinal cohort study. Diabetes Care. 2011;34:916-922.

     Not in our library10.2337/dc10-1068

160. 160.

     Monami M, Lamanna C, Marchionni N, Mannucci E. Rosiglitazone and risk of cancer: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Diabetes Care. 2008;31:1455-1460.

     Not in our library10.2337/dc07-2308

161. 161.

     McIntosh CH, Demuth HU, Pospisilik JA, Pederson R. Dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors: how do they work as new antidiabetic agents? Regul Pept. 2005;128:159-165.

     Not in our library10.1016/j.regpep.2004.06.001

162. 162.

     Stulc T, Sedo A. Inhibition of multifunctional dipeptidyl peptidase-IV: is there a risk of oncological and immunological adverse effects? Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2010;88:125-131.

     Not in our library10.1016/j.diabres.2010.02.017

163. 163.

     Masur K, Schwartz F, Entschladen F, Niggemann B, Zaenker KS. DPPIV inhibitors extend GLP-2 mediated tumour promoting effects on intestinal cancer cells. Regul Pept. 2006;137:147-155.

     Not in our library10.1016/j.regpep.2006.07.003

164. 164.

     Elashoff M, Matveyenko AV, Gier B, Elashoff R, Butler PC. Pancreatitis, pancreatic, and thyroid cancer with glucagon-like peptide-1-based therapies. Gastroenterology. 2011;141:150-156.

     Not in our library10.1053/j.gastro.2011.02.018

165. 165.

     FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) (formerly AERS). 2010.

     Not in our library

166. 166.

     Engel SS, Williams-Herman DE, Golm GT, et al. Sitagliptin: review of preclinical and clinical data regarding incidence of pancreatitis. Int J Clin Pract. 2010;64:984-990.

     Not in our library10.1111/j.1742-1241.2010.02382.x

167. 167.

     Tatarkiewicz K, Smith PA, Sablan EJ, et al. Exenatide does not evoke pancreatitis and attenuates chemically induced pancreatitis in normal and diabetic rodents. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2010;299:E1076-E1086.

     Not in our library10.1152/ajpendo.00479.2010

168. 168.

     Alves C, Batel-Marques F, Macedo AF. A meta-analysis of serious adverse events reported with exenatide and liraglutide: acute pancreatitis and cancer. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 98;271-284.

     Not in our library10.1016/j.diabres.2012.09.008

169. 169.

     Garg R, Chen W, Pendergrass M. Acute pancreatitis in type 2 diabetes treated with exenatide or sitagliptin: a retrospective observational pharmacy claims analysis. Diabetes Care. 2012–2010;33:2349-2354.

     Not in our library10.2337/dc10-0482

170. 170.

     Wenten M, Gaebler JA, Hussein M, et al. Relative risk of acute pancreatitis in initiators of exenatide twice daily compared with other anti-diabetic medication: a follow-up study. Diabet Med. 2012;29:1412-1418.

     Not in our library10.1111/j.1464-5491.2012.03652.x

171. 171.

     Dore DD, Bloomgren GL, Wenten M, et al. A cohort study of acute pancreatitis in relation to exenatide use. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2011;13:559-566.

     Not in our library10.1111/j.1463-1326.2011.01376.x

172. 172.

     Dore DD, Seeger JD, Arnold Chan K. Use of a claims-based active drug safety surveillance system to assess the risk of acute pancreatitis with exenatide or sitagliptin compared to metformin or glyburide. Curr Med Res Opin. 2009;25:1019-1027.

     Not in our library10.1185/03007990902820519

173. 173.

     Singh S, Chang HY, Richards TM, Weiner JP, Clark JM, Segal JB. Glucagonlike peptide 1-based therapies and risk of hospitalization for acute pancreatitis in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a population-based matched case-control study. 2013;173:534-539.

     Not in our library10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.2720

174. 174.

     Gier B, Butler PC. Glucagon like peptide 1-based drugs and pancreatitis: clarity at last, but what about pancreatic cancer? JAMA Intern Med. 173;539-541.

     Not in our library10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.3374

175. 175.

     Butler AE, Campbell-Thompson M, Gurlo T, Dawson DW, Atkinson M, Butler PC. Marked expansion of exocrine and endocrine pancreas with incretin therapy in humans with increased exocrine pancreas dysplasia and the potential for glucagon-producing neuroendocrine tumors. Diabetes. 2013;62:2595-2604.

     Not in our library10.2337/db12-1686

176. 176.

     Victoza® (liraglutide [rDNA origin] injection)solution for subcutaneous use: US prescribing information. 2011.

     Not in our library

177. 177.

     Parks M, Rosebraugh C. Weighing risks and benefits of liraglutide--the FDA's review of a new antidiabetic therapy. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:774-777.

     Not in our library10.1056/nejmp1001578

Cited by papers we hold 4

• Decreased IGF-1 level is associated with restrained amino acid metabolism in NSCLC with diabetes mellitus · 2022
  Not checked
• Effects of hyperglycemia on the progression of tumor diseases · 2019
  No notice
• Adipose Tissue-Derived Signatures for Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes: Adipokines, Batokines and MicroRNAs · 2019
  No notice
• α-Glucosidase inhibition by flavonoids: an in vitro and in silico structure–activity relationship study · 2017
  No notice

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