Parkinson's disease as a result of aging

Abstract

Summary It is generally considered that Parkinson's disease is induced by specific agents that degenerate a clearly defined population of dopaminergic neurons. Data commented in this review suggest that this assumption is not as clear as is often thought and that aging may be critical for Parkinson's disease. Neurons degenerating in Parkinson's disease also degenerate in normal aging, and the different agents involved in the etiology of this illness are also involved in aging. Senescence is a wider phenomenon affecting cells all over the body, whereas Parkinson's disease seems to be restricted to certain brain centers and cell populations. However, reviewed data suggest that Parkinson's disease may be a local expression of aging on cell populations which, by their characteristics (high number of synaptic terminals and mitochondria, unmyelinated axons, etc.), are highly vulnerable to the agents promoting aging. The development of new knowledge about Parkinson's disease could be accelerated if the research on aging and Parkinson's disease were planned together, and the perspective provided by gerontology gains relevance in this field.

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    Ethell DW, Fei Q. Parkinson-linked genes and toxins that affect neuronal cell death through the Bcl-2 family. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 2009;11:529-540.

    Not in our library10.1089/ars.2008.2228

100. 100.

     Fan LW, Tien LT, Lin RC, Simpson KL, Rhodes PG, Cai Z. Neonatal exposure to lipopolysaccharide enhances vulnerability of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons to rotenone neurotoxicity in later life. Neurobiol. Dis. 2011a;44:304-316.

     Not in our library10.1016/j.nbd.2011.07.011

101. 101.

     Fan LW, Tien LT, Zheng B, Pang Y, Lin RC, Simpson KL, Ma T, Rhodes PG, Cai Z. Dopaminergic neuronal injury in the adult rat brain following neonatal exposure to lipopolysaccharide and the silent neurotoxicity. Brain Behav. Immun. 2011b;25:286-297.

     Not in our library10.1016/j.bbi.2010.09.020

102. 102.

     Faraonio R, Salerno P, Passaro F, Sedia C, Iaccio A, Bellelli R, Nappi TC, Comegna M, Romano S, Salvatore G, Santoro M, Cimino F. A set of miRNAs participates in the cellular senescence program in human diploid fibroblasts. Cell Death Differ. 2012;19:713-721.

     Not in our library10.1038/cdd.2011.143

103. 103.

     Fayet G, Jansson M, Sternberg D, Moslemi AR, Blondy P, Lombes A, Fardeau M, Oldfors A. Ageing muscle: clonal expansions of mitochondrial DNA point mutations and deletions cause focal impairment of mitochondrial function. Neuromuscul. Disord. 2002;12:484-493.

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104. 104.

     Fearnley JM, Lees AJ. Ageing and Parkinson's disease: substantia nigra regional selectivity. Brain. 1991;114(5):2283-2301.

     Not in our library10.1093/brain/114.5.2283

105. 105.

     Fedorow H, Tribl F, Halliday G, Gerlach M, Riederer P, Double KL. Neuromelanin in human dopamine neurons: comparison with peripheral melanins and relevance to Parkinson's disease. Prog. Neurobiol. 2005;75:109-124.

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106. 106.

     Ferrer I, Martinez A, Blanco R, Dalfo E, Carmona M. Neuropathology of sporadic Parkinson disease before the appearance of parkinsonism: preclinical Parkinson disease. J. Neural. Transm. 2011;118:821-839.

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107. 107.

     Fjell AM, Walhovd KB. Structural brain changes in aging: courses, causes and cognitive consequences. Rev. Neurosci. 2010;21:187-221.

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108. 108.

     Flanary B. The role of microglial cellular senescence in the aging and Alzheimer diseased brain. Rejuvenation Res. 2005;8:82-85.

     Not in our library10.1089/rej.2005.8.82

109. 109.

     Florenzano F. Localization of axonal motor molecules machinery in neurodegenerative disorders. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2012;13:5195-5206.

     Not in our library10.3390/ijms13045195

110. 110.

     Franceschi C, Capri M, Monti D, Giunta S, Olivieri F, Sevini F, Panourgia MP, Invidia L, Celani L, Scurti M, Cevenini E, Castellani GC, Salvioli S. Inflammaging and anti-inflammaging: a systemic perspective on aging and longevity emerged from studies in humans. Mech. Ageing Dev. 2007;128:92-105.

     Not in our library10.1016/j.mad.2006.11.016

111. 111.

     Friedman LG, Lachenmayer ML, Wang J, He L, Poulose SM, Komatsu M, Holstein GR, Yue Z. Disrupted autophagy leads to dopaminergic axon and dendrite degeneration and promotes presynaptic accumulation of alpha-synuclein and LRRK2 in the brain. J. Neurosci. 2012;32:7585-7593.

     Not in our library10.1523/jneurosci.5809-11.2012

112. 112.

     Galvan V, Jin K. Neurogenesis in the aging brain. Clin. Interv. Aging. 2007;2:605-610.

     Not in our library10.2147/cia.s1614

113. 113.

     Galvin JE, Uryu K, Lee VM, Trojanowski JQ. Axon pathology in Parkinson's disease and Lewy body dementia hippocampus contains alpha-, beta-, and gamma-synuclein. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA. 1999;96:13450-13455.

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114. 114.

     Gelinas DS, McLaurin J. PPAR-alpha expression inversely correlates with inflammatory cytokines IL-1beta and TNF-alpha in aging rats. Neurochem. Res. 2005;30:1369-1375.

     Not in our library10.1007/s11064-005-8341-y

115. 115.

     Gelmetti V, Ferraris A, Brusa L, Romano F, Lombardi F, Barzaghi C, Stanzione P, Garavaglia B, Dallapiccola B, Valente EM. Late onset sporadic Parkinson's disease caused by PINK1 mutations: clinical and functional study. Mov. Disord. 2008;23:881-885.

     Not in our library10.1002/mds.21960

116. 116.

     Gerhardt GA, Cass WA, Yi A, Zhang Z, Gash DM. Changes in somatodendritic but not terminal dopamine regulation in aged rhesus monkeys. J. Neurochem. 2002;80:168-177.

     Not in our library10.1046/j.0022-3042.2001.00684.x

117. 117.

     Gerschman R, Gilbert DL, Nye SW, Dwyer P, Fenn WO. Oxygen poisoning and x-irradiation: a mechanism in common. Science. 1954;119:623-626.

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118. 118.

     Gesi M, Soldani P, Giorgi FS, Santinami A, Bonaccorsi I, Fornai F. The role of the locus coeruleus in the development of Parkinson's disease. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 2000;24:655-668.

     Not in our library10.1016/s0149-7634(00)00028-2

119. 119.

     Giasson BI, Duda JE, Murray IV, Chen Q, Souza JM, Hurtig HI, Ischiropoulos H, Trojanowski JQ, Lee VM. Oxidative damage linked to neurodegeneration by selective alpha-synuclein nitration in synucleinopathy lesions. Science. 2000;290:985-989.

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120. 120.

     Gilley J, Seereeram A, Ando K, Mosely S, Andrews S, Kerschensteiner M, Misgeld T, Brion JP, Anderton B, Hanger DP, Coleman MP. Age-dependent axonal transport and locomotor changes and tau hypophosphorylation in a “P301L” tau knockin mouse. Neurobiol. Aging. 2012;33:621 e621-621 e615.

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121. 121.

     Godbout JP, Johnson RW. Interleukin-6 in the aging brain. J. Neuroimmunol. 2004;147:141-144.

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122. 122.

     Going JJ, Stuart RC, Downie M, Fletcher-Monaghan AJ, Keith WN. ‘Senescence-associated’ beta-galactosidase activity in the upper gastrointestinal tract. J. Pathol. 2002;196:394-400.

     Not in our library10.1002/path.1059

123. 123.

     Gonzalez-Hernandez T, Barroso-Chinea P, Acevedo A, Salido E, Rodriguez M. Colocalization of tyrosine hydroxylase and GAD65 mRNA in mesostriatal neurons. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2001;13:57-67.

     Not in our library

124. 124.

     Gonzalez-Hernandez T, Barroso-Chinea P, Rodriguez M. Response of the GABAergic and dopaminergic mesostriatal projections to the lesion of the contralateral dopaminergic mesostriatal pathway in the rat. Mov. Disord. 2004;19:1029-1042.

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125. 125.

     Gonzalez-Perez O, Quinones-Hinojosa A. Astrocytes as neural stem cells in the adult brain. J. Stem Cells. 2012;7:181-188.

     Not in our library

126. 126.

     Gonzalez-Zulueta M, Ensz LM, Mukhina G, Lebovitz RM, Zwacka RM, Engelhardt JF, Oberley LW, Dawson VL, Dawson TM. Manganese superoxide dismutase protects nNOS neurons from NMDA and nitric oxide-mediated neurotoxicity. J. Neurosci. 1998;18:2040-2055.

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127. 127.

     Gorell JM, Johnson CC, Rybicki BA, Peterson EL, Richardson RJ. The risk of Parkinson's disease with exposure to pesticides, farming, well water, and rural living. Neurology. 1998;50:1346-1350.

     Not in our library10.1212/wnl.50.5.1346

128. 128.

     Goss JR, Finch CE, Morgan DG. Age-related changes in glial fibrillary acidic protein mRNA in the mouse brain. Neurobiol. Aging. 1991;12:165-170.

     Not in our library10.1016/0197-4580(91)90056-p

129. 129.

     Greenwood CE, Tatton WG, Seniuk NA, Biddle FG. Increased dopamine synthesis in aging substantia nigra neurons. Neurobiol. Aging. 1991;12:557-565.

     Not in our library10.1016/0197-4580(91)90087-z

130. 130.

     Grote SS, Moses SG, Robins E, Hudgens RW, Croninger AB. A study of selected catecholamine metabolizing enzymes: a comparison of depressive suicides and alcoholic suicides with controls. J. Neurochem. 1974;23:791-802.

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131. 131.

     Gu M, Cooper JM, Taanman JW, Schapira AH. Mitochondrial DNA transmission of the mitochondrial defect in Parkinson's disease. Ann. Neurol. 1998;44:177-186.

     Not in our library10.1002/ana.410440207

132. 132.

     Halliday GM. Thalamic changes in Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. 2009;15(Suppl 3):S152-S155.

     Not in our library10.1016/s1353-8020(09)70804-1

133. 133.

     Halliday GM, Stevens CH. Glia: initiators and progressors of pathology in Parkinson's disease. Mov. Disord. 2011;26:6-17.

     Not in our library10.1002/mds.23455

134. 134.

     Halliday GM, Fedorow H, Rickert CH, Gerlach M, Riederer P, Double KL. Evidence for specific phases in the development of human neuromelanin. J. Neural. Transm. 2006;113:721-728.

     Not in our library10.1007/s00702-006-0449-y

135. 135.

     Halliwell B. Reactive oxygen species and the central nervous system. J. Neurochem. 1992;59:1609-1623.

     Not in our library10.1111/j.1471-4159.1992.tb10990.x

136. 136.
     Pesticide exposure and risk of Parkinson's disease: A family-based case-control study · 2008

     No notice
137. 137.

     Harman D. Aging: a theory based on free radical and radiation chemistry. J. Gerontol. 1956;11:298-300.

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138. 138.

     Harman D. The biologic clock: the mitochondria? J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 1972;20:145-147.

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139. 139.

     Harraz MM, Dawson TM, Dawson VL. MicroRNAs in Parkinson's disease. J. Chem. Neuroanat. 2011;42:127-130.

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140. 140.

     Hayakawa N, Kato H, Araki T. Age-related changes of astorocytes, oligodendrocytes and microglia in the mouse hippocampal CA1 sector. Mech. Ageing Dev. 2007;128:311-316.

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141. 141.

     Haycock JW, Becker L, Ang L, Furukawa Y, Hornykiewicz O, Kish SJ. Marked disparity between age-related changes in dopamine and other presynaptic dopaminergic markers in human striatum. J. Neurochem. 2003;87:574-585.

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142. 142.

     He C, Klionsky DJ. Regulation mechanisms and signaling pathways of autophagy. Annu. Rev. Genet. 2009;43:67-93.

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143. 143.

     He YH, Lu X, Wu H, Cai WW, Yang LQ, Xu LY, Sun HP, Kong QP. Mitochondrial DNA content contributes to healthy aging in Chinese: a study from nonagenarians and centenarians. Neurobiol. Aging. 2014;35:1779 e1771-1779 e1774.

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144. 144.

     Henderson JM, Carpenter K, Cartwright H, Halliday GM. Loss of thalamic intralaminar nuclei in progressive supranuclear palsy and Parkinson's disease: clinical and therapeutic implications. Brain. 2000;123(7):1410-1421.

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145. 145.

     Herbener GH. A morphometric study of age-dependent changes in mitochondrial population of mouse liver and heart. J. Gerontol. 1976;31:8-12.

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146. 146.

     Hess EJ, Bracha HS, Kleinman JE, Creese I. Dopamine receptor subtype imbalance in schizophrenia. Life Sci. 1987;40:1487-1497.

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147. 147.

     Hipkiss AR. Aging risk factors and Parkinson's disease: contrasting roles of common dietary constituents. Neurobiol. Aging. 2014;35:1469-1472.

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148. 148.

     Hirai S. [Histochemical study on the regressive degeneration of the senile brain, with special reference to the aging of the substantia nigra]. Shinkei Kenkyu No Shimpo. 1968;12:845-849.

     Not in our library

149. 149.

     Hirrlinger J, Schulz JB, Dringen R. Glutathione release from cultured brain cells: multidrug resistance protein 1 mediates the release of GSH from rat astroglial cells. J. Neurosci. Res. 2002;69:318-326.

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150. 150.

     Hirsch EC, Graybiel AM, Duyckaerts C, Javoy-Agid F. Neuronal loss in the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus in Parkinson disease and in progressive supranuclear palsy. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA. 1987;84:5976-5980.

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151. 151.

     Hirsch E, Graybiel AM, Agid YA. Melanized dopaminergic neurons are differentially susceptible to degeneration in Parkinson's disease. Nature. 1988;334:345-348.

     Not in our library10.1038/334345a0

152. 152.

     Hirsch EC, Graybiel AM, Agid Y. Selective vulnerability of pigmented dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease. Acta Neurol. Scand. Suppl. 1989;126:19-22.

     Not in our library10.1111/j.1600-0404.1989.tb01778.x

153. 153.

     Hirtz D, Thurman DJ, Gwinn-Hardy K, Mohamed M, Chaudhuri AR, Zalutsky R. How common are the “common” neurologic disorders? Neurology. 2007;68:326-337.

     Not in our library10.1212/01.wnl.0000252807.38124.a3

154. 154.

     Hjelmborg JvB, Iachine I, Skytthe A, Vaupel JW, McGue M, Koskenvuo M, Kaprio J, Pedersen NL, Christensen K. Genetic influence on human lifespan and longevity. Hum. Genet. 2006;119:312-321.

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155. 155.

     Hoglinger GU, Rizk P, Muriel MP, Duyckaerts C, Oertel WH, Caille I, Hirsch EC. Dopamine depletion impairs precursor cell proliferation in Parkinson disease. Nat. Neurosci. 2004;7:726-735.

     Not in our library10.1038/nn1265

156. 156.

     Holliday R. The biological significance of meiosis. Symp. Soc. Exp. Biol. 1984;38:381-394.

     Not in our library

157. 157.

     Hornykiewicz O. Ageing and neurotoxins as causative factors in idiopathic Parkinson's disease–a critical analysis of the neurochemical evidence. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry. 1989;13:319-328.

     Not in our library10.1016/0278-5846(89)90121-8

158. 158.

     Hornykiewicz O. Basic research on dopamine in Parkinson's disease and the discovery of the nigrostriatal dopamine pathway: the view of an eyewitness. Neurodegener. Dis. 2008;5:114-117.

     Not in our library10.1159/000113678

159. 159.

     Hornykiewicz O. A brief history of levodopa. J. Neurol. 2010;257:S249-S252.

     Not in our library10.1007/s00415-010-5741-y

160. 160.

     Hubbard VM, Valdor R, Macian F, Cuervo AM. Selective autophagy in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis in aging organisms. Biogerontology. 2012;13:21-35.

     Not in our library10.1007/s10522-011-9331-x

161. 161.

     Hunot S, Boissiere F, Faucheux B, Brugg B, Mouatt-Prigent A, Agid Y, Hirsch EC. Nitric oxide synthase and neuronal vulnerability in Parkinson's disease. Neuroscience. 1996;72:355-363.

     Not in our library10.1016/0306-4522(95)00578-1

162. 162.

     Hwang O. Role of oxidative stress in Parkinson's disease. Exp. Neurobiol. 2013;22:11-17.

     Not in our library10.5607/en.2013.22.1.11

163. 163.

     Ibanez P, De Michele G, Bonifati V, Lohmann E, Thobois S, Pollak P, Agid Y, Heutink P, Durr A, Brice A. Screening for DJ-1 mutations in early onset autosomal recessive parkinsonism. Neurology. 2003;61:1429-1431.

     Not in our library10.1212/01.wnl.0000094121.48373.fd

164. 164.

     Irrcher I, Aleyasin H, Seifert EL, Hewitt SJ, Chhabra S, Phillips M, Lutz AK, Rousseaux MW, Bevilacqua L, Jahani-Asl A, Callaghan S, MacLaurin JG, Winklhofer KF, Rizzu P, Rippstein P, Kim RH, Chen CX, Fon EA, Slack RS, Harper ME, McBride HM, Mak TW, Park DS. Loss of the Parkinson's disease-linked gene DJ-1 perturbs mitochondrial dynamics. Hum. Mol. Genet. 2010;19:3734-3746.

     Not in our library10.1093/hmg/ddq288

165. 165.

     Ishibashi K, Oda K, Ishiwata K, Ishii K. Comparison of dopamine transporter decline in a patient with Parkinson's disease and normal aging effect. J. Neurol. Sci. 2014;339:207-209.

     Not in our library10.1016/j.jns.2014.01.015

166. 166.

     Isobe K, Cheng Z, Nishio N, Suganya T, Tanaka Y, Ito S. iPSCs, aging and age-related diseases. N. Biotechnol. 2014;31:411-421.

     Not in our library10.1016/j.nbt.2014.04.004

167. 167.

     Ito D, Imai Y, Ohsawa K, Nakajima K, Fukuuchi Y, Kohsaka S. Microglia-specific localisation of a novel calcium binding protein, Iba1. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 1998;57:1-9.

     Not in our library10.1016/s0169-328x(98)00040-0

168. 168.

     Iversen LL, Rossor MN, Reynolds GP, Hills R, Roth M, Mountjoy CQ, Foote SL, Morrison JH, Bloom FE. Loss of pigmented dopamine-beta-hydroxylase positive cells from locus coeruleus in senile dementia of Alzheimer's type. Neurosci. Lett. 1983;39:95-100.

     Not in our library10.1016/0304-3940(83)90171-4

169. 169.

     Jadiya P, Chatterjee M, Sammi SR, Kaur S, Palit G, Nazir A. Sir-2.1 modulates ‘calorie-restriction-mediated’ prevention of neurodegeneration in Caenorhabditis elegans: implications for Parkinson's disease. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2011;413:306-310.

     Not in our library10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.08.092

170. 170.

     Jang YC, Van Remmen H. The mitochondrial theory of aging: insight from transgenic and knockout mouse models. Exp. Gerontol. 2009;44:256-260.

     Not in our library10.1016/j.exger.2008.12.006

171. 171.

     Jellinger KA. Neuropathology of sporadic Parkinson's disease: evaluation and changes of concepts. Mov. Disord. 2002;27:8-30.

     Not in our library10.1002/mds.23795

172. 172.

     Jenner P. Oxidative stress in Parkinson's disease. Ann. Neurol. 2003;53(Suppl 3):S26-S36.

     Not in our library10.1002/ana.10483

173. 173.

     Jenner P. Oxidative stress and Parkinson's disease. Handb. Clin. Neurol. 2007;83:507-520.

     Not in our library10.1016/s0072-9752(07)83024-7

174. 174.

     Jeyapalan JC, Sedivy JM. Cellular senescence and organismal aging. Mech. Ageing Dev. 2008;129:467-474.

     Not in our library10.1016/j.mad.2008.04.001

175. 175.

     Jin F, Wu Q, Lu YF, Gong QH, Shi JS. Neuroprotective effect of resveratrol on 6-OHDA-induced Parkinson's disease in rats. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2008;600:78-82.

     Not in our library10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.10.005

176. 176.

     Junn E, Mouradian MM. MicroRNAs in neurodegenerative diseases and their therapeutic potential. Pharmacol. Ther. 2012;133:142-150.

     Not in our library10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.10.002

177. 177.

     Kanaan NM, Kordower JH, Collier TJ. Age-related accumulation of Marinesco bodies and lipofuscin in rhesus monkey midbrain dopamine neurons: relevance to selective neuronal vulnerability. J. Comp. Neurol. 2007;502:683-700.

     Not in our library10.1002/cne.21333

178. 178.

     Kanaan NM, Kordower JH, Collier TJ. Age-related changes in dopamine transporters and accumulation of 3-nitrotyrosine in rhesus monkey midbrain dopamine neurons: relevance in selective neuronal vulnerability to degeneration. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2008;27:3205-3215.

     Not in our library10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06307.x

179. 179.

     Kastner A, Hirsch EC, Herrero MT, Javoy-Agid F, Agid Y. Immunocytochemical quantification of tyrosine hydroxylase at a cellular level in the mesencephalon of control subjects and patients with Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease. J. Neurochem. 1993;61:1024-1034.

     Not in our library10.1111/j.1471-4159.1993.tb03616.x

180. 180.

     Kayali R, Aydin S, Cakatay U. Effect of gender on main clinical chemistry parameters in aged rats. Curr. Aging Sci. 2009;2:67-71.

     Not in our library10.2174/1874609810902010067

181. 181.

     Kidd PM. Parkinson's disease as multifactorial oxidative neurodegeneration: implications for integrative management. Altern. Med. Rev. 2000;5:502-529.

     Not in our library

182. 182.

     Kim J, Inoue K, Ishii J, Vanti WB, Voronov SV, Murchison E, Hannon G, Abeliovich A. A MicroRNA feedback circuit in midbrain dopamine neurons. Science. 2007;317:1220-1224.

     Not in our library10.1126/science.1140481

183. 183.

     Kish SJ, Shannak K, Hornykiewicz O. Uneven pattern of dopamine loss in the striatum of patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Pathophysiologic and clinical implications. N. Engl. J. Med. 1988;318:876-880.

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184. 184.

     Kish SJ, Shannak K, Rajput A, Deck JH, Hornykiewicz O. Aging produces a specific pattern of striatal dopamine loss: implications for the etiology of idiopathic Parkinson's disease. J. Neurochem. 1992;58:642-648.

     Not in our library10.1111/j.1471-4159.1992.tb09766.x

185. 185.

     Knott C, Stern G, Wilkin GP. Inflammatory regulators in Parkinson's disease: iNOS, lipocortin-1, and cyclooxygenases-1 and -2. Mol. Cell Neurosci. 2000;16:724-739.

     Not in our library10.1006/mcne.2000.0914

186. 186.

     Kohama SG, Goss JR, Finch CE, McNeill TH. Increases of glial fibrillary acidic protein in the aging female mouse brain. Neurobiol. Aging. 1995;16:59-67.

     Not in our library10.1016/0197-4580(95)80008-f

187. 187.

     Kordower JH, Olanow CW, Dodiya HB, Chu Y, Beach TG, Adler CH, Halliday GM, Bartus RT. Disease duration and the integrity of the nigrostriatal system in Parkinson's disease. Brain. 2013;136:2419-2431.

     Not in our library10.1093/brain/awt192

188. 188.

     Kraytsberg Y, Kudryavtseva E, McKee AC, Geula C, Kowall NW, Khrapko K. Mitochondrial DNA deletions are abundant and cause functional impairment in aged human substantia nigra neurons. Nat. Genet. 2006;38:518-520.

     Not in our library10.1038/ng1778

189. 189.

     Kreutzberg GW. Microglia: a sensor for pathological events in the CNS. Trends Neurosci. 1996;19:312-318.

     Not in our library10.1016/0166-2236(96)10049-7

190. 190.

     Kusnoor SV, Muly EC, Morgan JI, Deutch AY. Is the loss of thalamostriatal neurons protective in parkinsonism? Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. 2009;15(Suppl 3):S162-S166.

     Not in our library10.1016/s1353-8020(09)70806-5

191. 191.

     Lambert AJ, Boysen HM, Buckingham JA, Yang T, Podlutsky A, Austad SN, Kunz TH, Buffenstein R, Brand MD. Low rates of hydrogen peroxide production by isolated heart mitochondria associate with long maximum lifespan in vertebrate homeotherms. Aging Cell. 2007;6:607-618.

     Not in our library10.1111/j.1474-9726.2007.00312.x

192. 192.

     Langston JW, Ballard P. Parkinsonism induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP): implications for treatment and the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. Can. J. Neurol. Sci. 1984;11:160-165.

     Not in our library10.1017/s0317167100046333

193. 193.

     Lansbury PT, Brice A. Genetics of Parkinson's disease and biochemical studies of implicated gene products. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 2002;12:299-306.

     Not in our library10.1016/s0959-437x(02)00302-7

194. 194.

     de Lau LM, Bornebroek M, Witteman JC, Hofman A, Koudstaal PJ, Breteler MM. Dietary fatty acids and the risk of Parkinson disease: the Rotterdam study. Neurology. 2005;64:2040-2045.

     Not in our library10.1212/01.wnl.0000166038.67153.9f

195. 195.

     Lauri A, Pompilio G, Capogrossi MC. The mitochondrial genome in aging and senescence. Ageing Res. Rev. 2014;18:1-15.

     Not in our library10.1016/j.arr.2014.07.001

196. 196.

     Lauri A, Pompilio G, Capogrossi MC. The mitochondrial genome in aging and senescence. Ageing Res. Rev. 2014b;18C:1-15.

     Not in our library10.1016/j.arr.2014.07.001

197. 197.

     Lee T, Seeman P, Rajput A, Farley IJ, Hornykiewicz O. Receptor basis for dopaminergic supersensitivity in Parkinson's disease. Nature. 1978;273:59-61.

     Not in our library10.1038/273059a0

198. 198.

     Lee HJ, Suk JE, Patrick C, Bae EJ, Cho JH, Rho S, Hwang D, Masliah E, Lee SJ. Direct transfer of alpha-synuclein from neuron to astroglia causes inflammatory responses in synucleinopathies. J. Biol. Chem. 2010;285:9262-9272.

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199. 199.

     Leroy E, Boyer R, Auburger G, Leube B, Ulm G, Mezey E, Harta G, Brownstein MJ, Jonnalagada S, Chernova T, Dehejia A, Lavedan C, Gasser T, Steinbach PJ, Wilkinson KD, Polymeropoulos MH. The ubiquitin pathway in Parkinson's disease. Nature. 1998;395:451-452.

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200. 200.

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201. 201.

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202. 202.

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203. 203.

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204. 204.

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     Litvan I, Chesselet MF, Gasser T, Di Monte DA, Parker D, Hagg T, Hardy J, Jenner P, Myers RH, Price D, Hallett M, Langston WJ, Lang AE, Halliday G, Rocca W, Duyckaerts C, Dickson DW, Ben-Shlomo Y, Goetz CG, Melamed E. The etiopathogenesis of Parkinson disease and suggestions for future research. Part II. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 2007a;66:329-336.

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207. 207.

     Litvan I, Halliday G, Hallett M, Goetz CG, Rocca W, Duyckaerts C, Ben-Shlomo Y, Dickson DW, Lang AE, Chesselet MF, Langston WJ, Di Monte DA, Gasser T, Hagg T, Hardy J, Jenner P, Melamed E, Myers RH, Parker D, Price DL. The etiopathogenesis of Parkinson disease and suggestions for future research. Part I. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 2007b;66:251-257.

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208. 208.

     Liu JP. Molecular mechanisms of aging and related diseases. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 2014;41:445-458.

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211. 211.

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212. 212.

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213. 213.

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215. 215.

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216. 216.

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218. 218.

     Ma SY, Roytt M, Collan Y, Rinne JO. Unbiased morphometrical measurements show loss of pigmented nigral neurones with ageing. Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol. 1999;25:394-399.

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219. 219.

     Mack AF, Wolburg H. A novel look at astrocytes: aquaporins, ionic homeostasis, and the role of the microenvironment for regeneration in the CNS. Neuroscientist. 2013;19:195-207.

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221. 221.

     de Magalhaes JP, Wuttke D, Wood SH, Plank M, Vora C. Genome-environment interactions that modulate aging: powerful targets for drug discovery. Pharmacol. Rev. 2012;64:88-101.

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222. 222.
     Oxidative Stress and MicroRNAs in Vascular Diseases · 2013

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223. 223.

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224. 224.

     Manaye KF, McIntire DD, Mann DM, German DC. Locus coeruleus cell loss in the aging human brain: a non-random process. J. Comp. Neurol. 1995;358:79-87.

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225. 225.

     Mann DM. The locus coeruleus and its possible role in ageing and degenerative disease of the human central nervous system. Mech. Ageing Dev. 1983;23:73-94.

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226. 226.

     Manning-Bog AB, McCormack AL, Li J, Uversky VN, Fink AL, Di Monte DA. The herbicide paraquat causes up-regulation and aggregation of alpha-synuclein in mice: paraquat and alpha-synuclein. J. Biol. Chem. 2002;277:1641-1644.

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227. 227.

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228. 228.

     Marinova-Mutafchieva L, Sadeghian M, Broom L, Davis JB, Medhurst AD, Dexter DT. Relationship between microglial activation and dopaminergic neuronal loss in the substantia nigra: a time course study in a 6-hydroxydopamine model of Parkinson's disease. J. Neurochem. 2009;110:966-975.

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229. 229.

     Martinez-Vicente M, Talloczy Z, Kaushik S, Massey AC, Mazzulli J, Mosharov EV, Hodara R, Fredenburg R, Wu DC, Follenzi A, Dauer W, Przedborski S, Ischiropoulos H, Lansbury PT, Sulzer D, Cuervo AM. Dopamine-modified alpha-synuclein blocks chaperone-mediated autophagy. J. Clin. Invest. 2008;118:777-788.

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230. 230.

     Maruszak A, Gaweda-Walerych K, Soltyszewski I, Zekanowski C. Mitochondrial DNA in pathogenesis of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Acta Neurobiol. Exp. 2006;66:153-176.

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231. 231.

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232. 232.

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233. 233.

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234. 234.

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235. 235.

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236. 236.

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237. 237.

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238. 238.

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239. 239.

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240. 240.

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241. 241.

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242. 242.

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243. 243.

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244. 244.

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     Not in our library10.1038/nature06639

245. 245.

     Moore DJ, West AB, Dawson VL, Dawson TM. Molecular pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 2005;28:57-87.

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246. 246.

     Mor F, Quintana F, Mimran A, Cohen IR. Autoimmune encephalomyelitis and uveitis induced by T cell immunity to self beta-synuclein. J. Immunol. 2003;170:628-634.

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247. 247.

     Morales I, Rodriguez M. Self-induced accumulation of glutamate in striatal astrocytes and basal ganglia excitotoxicity. Glia. 2012;60:1481-1494.

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248. 248.

     Morales I, Sabate M, Rodriguez M. Striatal glutamate induces retrograde excitotoxicity and neuronal degeneration of intralaminar thalamic nuclei: their potential relevance for Parkinson's disease. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2013a;38:2172-2182.

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249. 249.

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250. 250.

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251. 251.

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252. 252.

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253. 253.

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254. 254.

     Mouradian MM. MicroRNAs in Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol. Dis. 2012;46:279-284.

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255. 255.

     Mozley PD, Acton PD, Barraclough ED, Plossl K, Gur RC, Alavi A, Mathur A, Saffer J, Kung HF. Effects of age on dopamine transporters in healthy humans. J. Nucl. Med. 1999;40:1812-1817.

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256. 256.

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257. 257.

     Muller CM, de Vos RA, Maurage CA, Thal DR, Tolnay M, Braak H. Staging of sporadic Parkinson disease-related alpha-synuclein pathology: inter- and intra-rater reliability. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 2005;64:623-628.

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258. 258.

     Muller FL, Lustgarten MS, Jang Y, Richardson A, Van Remmen H. Trends in oxidative aging theories. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 2007;43:477-503.

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259. 259.

     Muller-Hocker J. Cytochrome-c-oxidase deficient cardiomyocytes in the human heart–an age-related phenomenon. A histochemical ultracytochemical study. Am. J. Pathol. 1989;134:1167-1173.

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260. 260.

     Muller-Hocker J. Cytochrome c oxidase deficient fibres in the limb muscle and diaphragm of man without muscular disease: an age-related alteration. J. Neurol. Sci. 1990;100:14-21.

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261. 261.

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262. 262.

     Nagelhus EA, Amiry-Moghaddam M, Bergersen LH, Bjaalie JG, Eriksson J, Gundersen V, Leergaard TB, Morth JP, Storm-Mathisen J, Torp R, Walhovd KB, Tonjum T. The glia doctrine: addressing the role of glial cells in healthy brain ageing. Mech. Ageing Dev. 2013;134:449-459.

     Not in our library10.1016/j.mad.2013.10.001

263. 263.

     Nakabeppu Y, Tsuchimoto D, Yamaguchi H, Sakumi K. Oxidative damage in nucleic acids and Parkinson's disease. J. Neurosci. Res. 2007;85:919-934.

     Not in our library10.1002/jnr.21191

264. 264.
     PINK1 Is Selectively Stabilized on Impaired Mitochondria to Activate Parkin · 2010

     No notice
265. 265.

     Neukomm LJ, Freeman MR. Diverse cellular and molecular modes of axon degeneration. Trends Cell Biol. 2014;24:515-523.

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266. 266.

     Nguyen D, Alavi MV, Kim KY, Kang T, Scott RT, Noh YH, Lindsey JD, Wissinger B, Ellisman MH, Weinreb RN, Perkins GA, Ju WK. A new vicious cycle involving glutamate excitotoxicity, oxidative stress and mitochondrial dynamics. Cell Death Dis. 2011;2:e240.

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267. 267.

     Nimmerjahn A, Kirchhoff F, Helmchen F. Resting microglial cells are highly dynamic surveillants of brain parenchyma in vivo. Science. 2005;308:1314-1318.

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268. 268.

     Njie EG, Boelen E, Stassen FR, Steinbusch HW, Borchelt DR, Streit WJ. Ex vivo cultures of microglia from young and aged rodent brain reveal age-related changes in microglial function. Neurobiol. Aging. 2012;33:195e1-195e12.

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269. 269.

     Numao A, Suzuki K, Miyamoto M, Miyamoto T, Hirata K. Clinical correlates of serum insulin-like growth factor-1 in patients with Parkinson's disease, multiple system atrophy and progressive supranuclear palsy. Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. 2014;20:212-216.

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270. 270.

     Nunomura A, Moreira PI, Lee HG, Zhu X, Castellani RJ, Smith MA, Perry G. Neuronal death and survival under oxidative stress in Alzheimer and Parkinson diseases. CNS Neurol. Disord. Drug Targets. 2007;6:411-423.

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271. 271.

     Obeso JA, Rodriguez-Oroz MC, Goetz CG, Marin C, Kordower JH, Rodriguez M, Hirsch EC, Farrer M, Schapira AH, Halliday G. Missing pieces in the Parkinson's disease puzzle. Nat. Med. 2010;16:653-661.

     Not in our library10.1038/nm.2165

272. 272.

     Okawara M, Katsuki H, Kurimoto E, Shibata H, Kume T, Akaike A. Resveratrol protects dopaminergic neurons in midbrain slice culture from multiple insults. Biochem. Pharmacol. 2007;73:550-560.

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273. 273.

     Olanow CW, Tatton WG. Etiology and pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 1999;22:123-144.

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274. 274.

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275. 275.

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276. 276.

     Olson CB. A review of why and how we age: a defense of multifactorial aging. Mech. Ageing Dev. 1987;41:1-28.

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277. 277.

     Orimo S, Uchihara T, Kanazawa T, Itoh Y, Wakabayashi K, Kakita A, Takahashi H. Unmyelinated axons are more vulnerable to degeneration than myelinated axons of the cardiac nerve in Parkinson's disease. Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol. 2011;37:791-802.

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278. 278.

     Orr CF, Rowe DB, Mizuno Y, Mori H, Halliday GM. A possible role for humoral immunity in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. Brain. 2005;128:2665-2674.

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279. 279.

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280. 280.

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281. 281.

     Ouchi Y, Yoshikawa E, Sekine Y, Futatsubashi M, Kanno T, Ogusu T, Torizuka T. Microglial activation and dopamine terminal loss in early Parkinson's disease. Ann. Neurol. 2005;57:168-175.

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282. 282.

     Outeiro TF, Kontopoulos E, Altmann SM, Kufareva I, Strathearn KE, Amore AM, Volk CB, Maxwell MM, Rochet JC, McLean PJ, Young AB, Abagyan R, Feany MB, Hyman BT, Kazantsev AG. Sirtuin 2 inhibitors rescue alpha-synuclein-mediated toxicity in models of Parkinson's disease. Science. 2007;317:516-519.

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283. 283.

     Palacino JJ, Sagi D, Goldberg MS, Krauss S, Motz C, Wacker M, Klose J, Shen J. Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative damage in parkin-deficient mice. J. Biol. Chem. 2004;279:18614-18622.

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284. 284.

     Palikaras K, Tavernarakis N. Mitophagy in neurodegeneration and aging. Front. Genet. 2012;3:297.

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285. 285.

     Pallas M, Pizarro JG, Gutierrez-Cuesta J, Crespo-Biel N, Alvira D, Tajes M, Yeste-Velasco M, Folch J, Canudas AM, Sureda FX, Ferrer I, Camins A. Modulation of SIRT1 expression in different neurodegenerative models and human pathologies. Neuroscience. 2008;154:1388-1397.

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286. 286.

     Paolini M, Sapone A, Gonzalez FJ. Parkinson's disease, pesticides and individual vulnerability. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 2004;25:124-129.

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287. 287.

     Parker WD, Boyson SJ, Parks JK. Abnormalities of the electron transport chain in idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Ann. Neurol. 1989;26:719-723.

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288. 288.

     Patil SP, Jain PD, Ghumatkar PJ, Tambe R, Sathaye S. Neuroprotective effect of metformin in MPTP-induced Parkinson's disease in mice. Neuroscience. 2014;277:747-754.

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289. 289.

     Paulus W, Jellinger K. The neuropathologic basis of different clinical subgroups of Parkinson's disease. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 1991;50:743-755.

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290. 290.

     Pearce RK, Owen A, Daniel S, Jenner P, Marsden CD. Alterations in the distribution of glutathione in the substantia nigra in Parkinson's disease. J. Neural. Transm. 1997;104:661-677.

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291. 291.

     Perez VI, Buffenstein R, Masamsetti V, Leonard S, Salmon AB, Mele J, Andziak B, Yang T, Edrey Y, Friguet B, Ward W, Richardson A, Chaudhuri A. Protein stability and resistance to oxidative stress are determinants of longevity in the longest-living rodent, the naked mole-rat. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA. 2009;106:3059-3064.

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292. 292.

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305. 305.
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306. 306.

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320. 320.

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322. 322.

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328. 328.

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333. 333.

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334. 334.

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335. 335.

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337. 337.

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340. 340.

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341. 341.

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343. 343.

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353. 353.

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354. 354.

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355. 355.

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356. 356.

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357. 357.

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359. 359.

     Valente EM, Abou-Sleiman PM, Caputo V, Muqit MM, Harvey K, Gispert S, Ali Z, Del Turco D, Bentivoglio AR, Healy DG, Albanese A, Nussbaum R, Gonzalez-Maldonado R, Deller T, Salvi S, Cortelli P, Gilks WP, Latchman DS, Harvey RJ, Dallapiccola B, Auburger G, Wood NW. Hereditary early-onset Parkinson's disease caused by mutations in PINK1. Science. 2004a;304:1158-1160.

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366. 366.

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367. 367.

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     Wake H, Moorhouse AJ, Jinno S, Kohsaka S, Nabekura J. Resting microglia directly monitor the functional state of synapses in vivo and determine the fate of ischemic terminals. J. Neurosci. 2009;29:3974-3980.

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369. 369.

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370. 370.

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371. 371.

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372. 372.

     Webb JL, Ravikumar B, Atkins J, Skepper JN, Rubinsztein DC. Alpha-Synuclein is degraded by both autophagy and the proteasome. J. Biol. Chem. 2003;278:25009-25013.

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375. 375.
     Proteome analysis of human substantia nigra in Parkinson's disease · 2008

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376. 376.

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377. 377.

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379. 379.
     PINK1 Is Necessary for Long Term Survival and Mitochondrial Function in Human Dopaminergic Neurons · 2008

     Corrected
380. 380.

     Yang ML, Hasadsri L, Woods WS, George JM. Dynamic transport and localization of alpha-synuclein in primary hippocampal neurons. Mol. Neurodegener. 2010;5:9.

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381. 381.

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382. 382.

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383. 383.

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384. 384.

     Zeevalk GD, Razmpour R, Bernard LP. Glutathione and Parkinson's disease: is this the elephant in the room? Biomed. Pharmacother. 2008;62:236-249.

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385. 385.

     Zhang W, Wang T, Pei Z, Miller DS, Wu X, Block ML, Wilson B, Zhang W, Zhou Y, Hong JS, Zhang J. Aggregated alpha-synuclein activates microglia: a process leading to disease progression in Parkinson's disease. Faseb J. 2005;19:533-542.

     Not in our library10.1096/fj.04-2751com

386. 386.

     Zhang F, Wang S, Gan L, Vosler PS, Gao Y, Zigmond MJ, Chen J. Protective effects and mechanisms of sirtuins in the nervous system. Prog. Neurobiol. 2011;95:373-395.

     Not in our library10.1016/j.pneurobio.2011.09.001

387. 387.

     Zhao T, Li J, Chen AF. MicroRNA-34a induces endothelial progenitor cell senescence and impedes its angiogenesis via suppressing silent information regulator 1. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 2010;299:E110-E116.

     Not in our library10.1152/ajpendo.00192.2010

388. 388.

     Zweig RM, Jankel WR, Hedreen JC, Mayeux R, Price DL. The pedunculopontine nucleus in Parkinson's disease. Ann. Neurol. 1989;26:41-46.

     Not in our library10.1002/ana.410260106

Cited by papers we hold 5

• Hypoxia signaling in human health and diseases: implications and prospects for therapeutics · 2022
  No notice
• Boosting Antioxidant Self-defenses by Grafting Astrocytes Rejuvenates the Aged Microenvironment and Mitigates Nigrostriatal Toxicity in Parkinsonian Brain via an Nrf2-Driven Wnt/β-Catenin Prosurvival Axis · 2020
  Not checked
• Regional Distributions of Iron, Copper and Zinc and Their Relationships With Glia in a Normal Aging Mouse Model · 2019
  Not checked
• Astrocytes and Aging · 2018
  No notice
• Mitochondrial dynamics in Parkinson's disease: a role for α-synuclein? · 2017
  No notice

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