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No retraction, correction or concern found when last checked on Oct 30, 2026.

HP1α is a chromatin crosslinker that controls nuclear and mitotic chromosome mechanics

Amy R Strom, Ronald J Biggs, Edward J Banigan and 13 more

eLife · 2021 · CC BY

doi:10.7554/elife.63972

Abstract

Chromatin, which consists of DNA and associated proteins, contains genetic information and is a mechanical component of the nucleus. Heterochromatic histone methylation controls nucleus and chromosome stiffness, but the contribution of heterochromatin protein HP1α (CBX5) is unknown. We used a novel HP1α auxin-inducible degron human cell line to rapidly degrade HP1α. Degradation did not alter transcription, local chromatin compaction, or histone methylation, but did decrease chromatin stiffness. Single-nucleus micromanipulation reveals that HP1α is essential to chromatin-based mechanics and maintains nuclear morphology, separate from histone methylation. Further experiments with dimerization-deficient HP1α I165E indicate that chromatin crosslinking via HP1α dimerization is critical, while polymer simulations demonstrate the importance of chromatin-chromatin crosslinkers in mechanics. In mitotic chromosomes, HP1α similarly bolsters stiffness while aiding in mitotic alignment and faithful segregation. HP1α is therefore a critical chromatin-crosslinking protein that provides mechanical strength to chromosomes and the nucleus throughout the cell cycle and supports cellular functions.

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    Singh PB, Miller JR, Pearce J, Kothary R, Burton RD, Paro R, James TC, Gaunt SJ. A sequence motif found in a Drosophila heterochromatin protein is conserved in animals and plants. Nucleic Acids Research. 1991;19:789-794.

    Not in our library10.1093/nar/19.4.789

  95. 95.

    Solovei I, Wang AS, Thanisch K, Schmidt CS, Krebs S, Zwerger M, Cohen TV, Devys D, Foisner R, Peichl L, Herrmann H, Blum H, Engelkamp D, Stewart CL, Leonhardt H, Joffe B. LBR and lamin A/C sequentially tether peripheral heterochromatin and inversely regulate differentiation. Cell. 2013;152:584-598.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.cell.2013.01.009

  96. 96.

    Stephens AD, Haase J, Vicci L, Taylor RM, Bloom K. Cohesin, condensin, and the intramolecular centromere loop together generate the mitotic chromatin spring. Journal of Cell Biology. 2011;193:1167-1180.

    Not in our library10.1083/jcb.201103138

  97. 97.

    Stephens AD, Banigan EJ, Adam SA, Goldman RD, Marko JF. Chromatin and lamin A determine two different mechanical response regimes of the cell nucleus. Molecular Biology of the Cell. 2017;28:1984-1996.

    Not in our library10.1091/mbc.e16-09-0653

  98. 98.

    Stephens AD, Liu PZ, Banigan EJ, Almassalha LM, Backman V, Adam SA, Goldman RD, Marko JF. Chromatin histone modifications and rigidity affect nuclear morphology independent of lamins. Molecular Biology of the Cell. 2018;29:220-233.

    Not in our library10.1091/mbc.e17-06-0410

  99. 99.

    Stephens AD, Banigan EJ, Marko JF. Chromatin's physical properties shape the nucleus and its functions. Current Opinion in Cell Biology. 2019a;58:76-84.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ceb.2019.02.006

  100. 100.

    Stephens AD, Liu PZ, Kandula V, Chen H, Almassalha LM, Herman C, Backman V, O'Halloran T, Adam SA, Goldman RD, Banigan EJ, Marko JF. Physicochemical mechanotransduction alters nuclear shape and mechanics via heterochromatin formation. Molecular Biology of the Cell. 2019b;30:2320-2330.

    Not in our library10.1091/mbc.e19-05-0286

  101. 101.

    Stephens AD. Chromatin rigidity provides mechanical and genome protection. Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis. 2020;821:111712.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2020.111712

  102. 102.

    Strickfaden H, Tolsma TO, Sharma A, Underhill DA, Hansen JC, Hendzel MJ. Condensed chromatin behaves like a solid on the mesoscale in Vitro and in Living Cells. Cell. 2020;183:1772-1784.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.cell.2020.11.027

  103. 103.

    Strom AR, Emelyanov AV, Mir M, Fyodorov DV, Darzacq X, Karpen GH. Phase separation drives heterochromatin domain formation. Nature. 2017;547:241-245.

    Not in our library10.1038/nature22989

  104. 104.

    Style RW, Sai T, Fanelli N, Ijavi M, Smith-Mannschott K, Xu Q, Wilen LA, Dufresne ER. Liquid-Liquid phase separation in an elastic network. Physical Review X. 2018;8:011028.

    Not in our library10.1103/physrevx.8.011028

  105. 105.

    Sun M, Biggs R, Hornick J, Marko JF. Condensin controls mitotic chromosome stiffness and stability without forming a structurally contiguous scaffold. Chromosome Research. 2018;26:277-295.

    Not in our library10.1007/s10577-018-9584-1

  106. 106.

    Tamashunas AC, Tocco VJ, Matthews J, Zhang Q, Atanasova KR, Paschall L, Pathak S, Ratnayake R, Stephens AD, Luesch H, Licht JD, Lele TP. High-throughput gene screen reveals modulators of nuclear shape. Molecular Biology of the Cell. 2020;31:1392-1402.

    Not in our library10.1091/mbc.e19-09-0520

  107. 107.

    Tanaka F. Theoretical Study of Molecular Association and Thermoreversible Gelation in Polymers. Polymer Journal. 2002;34:479-509.

    Not in our library10.1295/polymj.34.479

  108. 108.

    Thiru A, Nietlispach D, Mott HR, Okuwaki M, Lyon D, Nielsen PR, Hirshberg M, Verreault A, Murzina NV, Laue ED. Structural basis of HP1/PXVXL motif peptide interactions and HP1 localisation to heterochromatin. The EMBO Journal. 2004;23:489-499.

    Not in our library10.1038/sj.emboj.7600088

  109. 109.

    Uhler C, Shivashankar GV. Nuclear Mechanopathology and Cancer Diagnosis. Trends in Cancer. 2018;4:320-331.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.trecan.2018.02.009

  110. 110.

    Vad-Nielsen J, Nielsen AL. Beyond the histone tale: HP1α deregulation in breast cancer epigenetics. Cancer Biology & Therapy. 2015;16:189-200.

    Not in our library10.1080/15384047.2014.1001277

  111. 111.

    Verschure PJ, van der Kraan I, de Leeuw W, van der Vlag J, Carpenter AE, Belmont AS, van Driel R. In Vivo HP1 Targeting Causes Large-Scale Chromatin Condensation and Enhanced Histone Lysine Methylation. Molecular and Cellular Biology. 2005;25:4552-4564.

    Not in our library10.1128/mcb.25.11.4552-4564.2005

  112. 112.

    Wang P, Dreger M, Madrazo E, Williams CJ, Samaniego R, Hodson NW, Monroy F, Baena E, Sánchez-Mateos P, Hurlstone A, Redondo-Muñoz J. WDR5 modulates cell motility and morphology and controls nuclear changes induced by a 3D environment. PNAS. 2018;115:8581-8586.

    Not in our library10.1073/pnas.1719405115

  113. 113.

    Williams JF, Surovtsev IV SSM, Nguyen H. Phase separation enables heterochromatin domains to do mechanical work. bioRxiv. 2020.

    Not in our library10.1101/2020.07.02.184127

  114. 114.

    Wreggett KA, Hill F, James PS, Hutchings A, Butcher GW, Singh PB. A mammalian homologue of Drosophila heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1) is a component of constitutive heterochromatin. Cytogenetic and Genome Research. 1994;66:99-103.

    Not in our library10.1159/000133676

  115. 115.

    Xia Y, Ivanovska IL, Zhu K, Smith L, Irianto J, Pfeifer CR, Alvey CM, Ji J, Liu D, Cho S, Bennett RR, Liu AJ, Greenberg RA, Discher DE. Nuclear rupture at sites of high curvature compromises retention of DNA repair factors. Journal of Cell Biology. 2018;217:3796-3808.

    Not in our library10.1083/jcb.201711161

  116. 116.

    Xie G, Walker RR, Irianto J. Nuclear mechanosensing: mechanism and consequences of a nuclear rupture. Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis. 2020;821:111717.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2020.111717

  117. 117.

    Ye Q, Callebaut I, Pezhman A, Courvalin J-C, Worman HJ. Domain-specific Interactions of Human HP1-type Chromodomain Proteins and Inner Nuclear Membrane Protein LBR. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1997;272:14983-14989.

    Not in our library10.1074/jbc.272.23.14983

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    Yi Q, Chen Q, Liang C, Yan H, Zhang Z, Xiang X, Zhang M, Qi F, Zhou L, Wang F. HP1 links centromeric heterochromatin to centromere cohesion in mammals. EMBO Reports. 2018;19:e45484.

    Not in our library10.15252/embr.201745484

  119. 119.

    Zhiteneva A, Bonfiglio JJ, Makarov A, Colby T, Vagnarelli P, Schirmer EC, Matic I, Earnshaw WC. Mitotic post-translational modifications of histones promote chromatin compaction in vitro. Open Biology. 2017;7:170076.

    Not in our library10.1098/rsob.170076

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