Macrophage Polarization in Health and Disease

Abstract

Macrophages are terminally differentiated cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system that also encompasses dendritic cells, circulating blood monocytes, and committed myeloid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. Both macrophages and their monocytic precursors can change their functional state in response to microenvironmental cues exhibiting a marked heterogeneity. However, there are still uncertainties regarding distinct expression patterns of surface markers that clearly define macrophage subsets, particularly in the case of human macrophages. In addition to their tissue distribution, macrophages can be functionally polarized into M1 (proinflammatory) and M2 (alternatively activated) as well as regulatory cells in response to both exogenous infections and solid tumors as well as by systems biology approaches.

Cited by papers we hold 10

• Effects of helicobacter pylori on tumor microenvironment and immunotherapy responses · 2022
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• Macrophage: A Cell With Many Faces and Functions in Tuberculosis · 2022
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• Major pathways involved in macrophage polarization in cancer · 2022
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• Macrophage Reprogramming and Cancer Therapeutics: Role of iNOS-Derived NO · 2021
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• Sphingosine-1-Phosphate and Macrophage Biology—How the Sphinx Tames the Big Eater · 2019
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• Negative Immune Regulator TIPE2 Promotes M2 Macrophage Differentiation through the Activation of PI3K-AKT Signaling Pathway. · 2017
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• PPAR γ and the Innate Immune System Mediate the Resolution of Inflammation · 2015
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• Glial response during cuprizone-induced de- and remyelination in the CNS: lessons learned · 2014
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• Iron Is a Sensitive Biomarker for Inflammation in Multiple Sclerosis Lesions · 2013
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• Macrophages and their relevance in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type I infection · 2012
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