Self-organization principles of intracellular pattern formation

Abstract

Dynamic patterning of specific proteins is essential for the spatio-temporal regulation of many important intracellular processes in prokaryotes, eukaryotes and multicellular organisms. The emergence of patterns generated by interactions of diffusing proteins is a paradigmatic example for self-organization. In this article, we review quantitative models for intracellular Min protein patterns in Escherichia coli , Cdc42 polarization in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the bipolar PAR protein patterns found in Caenorhabditis elegans . By analysing the molecular processes driving these systems we derive a theoretical perspective on general principles underlying self-organized pattern formation. We argue that intracellular pattern formation is not captured by concepts such as ‘activators’, ‘inhibitors’ or ‘substrate depletion’. Instead, intracellular pattern formation is based on the redistribution of proteins by cytosolic diffusion, and the cycling of proteins between distinct conformational states. Therefore, mass-conserving reaction–diffusion equations provide the most appropriate framework to study intracellular pattern formation. We conclude that directed transport, e.g. cytosolic diffusion along an actively maintained cytosolic gradient, is the key process underlying pattern formation. Thus the basic principle of self-organization is the establishment and maintenance of directed transport by intracellular protein dynamics. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Self-organization in cell biology’.

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     Goh RN, Mesuro S, Scheel A 2011 Spatial wavenumber selection in recurrent precipitation. SIAM J. Appl. Math. 10, 360–402. ()

     Not in our library10.1137/100793086

112. 112.

     Mori Y, Jilkine A, Edelstein-Keshet L 2011 Asymptotic and bifurcation analysis of wave-pinning in a reaction-diffusion model for cell polarization. SIAM J. Appl. Math. 71, 1401–1427. ()

     Not in our library10.1137/10079118x

113. 113.

     Kessler DA, Levine H 2016 Nonlinear self-adapting wave patterns. New J. Phys. 18, 122001 ()

     Not in our library10.1088/1367-2630/18/12/122001

114. 114.

     Goryachev AB, Leda M 2017 Many roads to symmetry breaking: molecular mechanisms and theoretical models of yeast cell polarity. Mol. Biol. Cell 28, 370–380. ()

     Not in our library10.1091/mbc.e16-10-0739

115. 115.

     Trong PK, Nicola EM, Goehring NW, Kumar KV, Grill SW 2014 Parameter-space topology of models for cell polarity. New J. Phys. 16, 065009 ()

     Not in our library10.1088/1367-2630/16/6/065009

Reads

A person counts once a day per paper. We keep no cookie and no address: a reader is a hash that changes every day. Any month under five reads shows no number.