Magnetic field effects in biology from the perspective of the radical pair mechanism

Abstract

Hundreds of studies have found that weak magnetic fields can significantly influence various biological systems. However, the underlying mechanisms behind these phenomena remain elusive. Remarkably, the magnetic energies implicated in these effects are much smaller than thermal energies. Here, we review these observations, and we suggest an explanation based on the radical pair mechanism, which involves the quantum dynamics of the electron and nuclear spins of transient radical molecules. While the radical pair mechanism has been studied in detail in the context of avian magnetoreception, the studies reviewed here show that magnetosensitivity is widespread throughout biology. We review magnetic field effects on various physiological functions, discussing static, hypomagnetic and oscillating magnetic fields, as well as isotope effects. We then review the radical pair mechanism as a potential unifying model for the described magnetic field effects, and we discuss plausible candidate molecules for the radical pairs. We review recent studies proposing that the radical pair mechanism provides explanations for isotope effects in xenon anaesthesia and lithium treatment of hyperactivity, magnetic field effects on the circadian clock, and hypomagnetic field effects on neurogenesis and microtubule assembly. We conclude by discussing future lines of investigation in this exciting new area of quantum biology.

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     Contalbrigo L, Stelletta C, Falcioni L, Casella S, Piccione G, Soffritti M, Morgante M. 2009 Effects of different electromagnetic fields on circadian rhythms of some haematochemical parameters in rats. Biomed. Environ. Sci. 22, 348-353. ()

     Not in our library10.1016/s0895-3988(09)60067-2

225. 225.

     Fedele G et al. 2014 Genetic analysis of circadian responses to low frequency electromagnetic fields in Drosophila melanogaster. PLoS Genet. 10, e1004804. ()

     Not in our library10.1371/journal.pgen.1004804

226. 226.

     Manzella N et al. 2015 Circadian gene expression and extremely low-frequency magnetic fields: an in vitro study. Bioelectromagnetics 36, 294-301. ()

     Not in our library10.1002/bem.21915

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     Manikonda PK, Rajendra P, Devendranath D, Gunasekaran B, Channakeshava AS, Sashidhar RB, Subramanyam C. 2014 Extremely low frequency magnetic fields induce oxidative stress in rat brain. Gen. Physiol. Biophys. 33, 81-90. ()

     Not in our library10.4149/gpb_2013059

228. 228.

     Özgün A, Marote A, Behie LA, Salgado A, Garipcan B. 2019 Extremely low frequency magnetic field induces human neuronal differentiation through NMDA receptor activation. J. Neural Transm. 126, 1281-1290. ()

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     Koch CB, Sommarin M, Persson B, Salford L, Eberhardt J. 2003 Interaction between weak low frequency magnetic fields and cell membranes. Bioelectromagnetics 24, 395-402. ()

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     Miyakoshi J, Koji Y, Wakasa T, Takebe H. 1999 Long-term exposure to a magnetic field (5 mT at 60 Hz) increases X-ray-induced mutations. J. Radiat. Res. 40, 13-21. ()

     Not in our library10.1269/jrr.40.13

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     Koyama S, Nakahara T, Hirose H, Ding GR, Takashima Y, Isozumi Y, Miyakoshi J. 2004 ELF electromagnetic fields increase hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced mutations in pTN89 plasmids. Mut. Res./Genet. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagenesis 560, 27-32. ()

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232. 232.

     Liu T, Wang S, He L, Ye K. 2008 Chronic exposure to low-intensity magnetic field improves acquisition and maintenance of memory. NeuroReport 19, 549-552. ()

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     Mostafa RM, Mostafa YM, Ennaceur A. 2002 Effects of exposure to extremely low-frequency magnetic field of 2 g intensity on memory and corticosterone level in rats. Physiol. Behav. 76, 589-595. ()

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     Fu Y, Wang C, Wang J, Lei Y, Ma Y. 2008 Long-term exposure to extremely low-frequency magnetic fields impairs spatial recognition memory in mice. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 35, 797-800. ()

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     Liu X et al. 2015 Improvement of spatial memory disorder and hippocampal damage by exposure to electromagnetic fields in an Alzheimer’s disease rat model. PLoS ONE 10, e0126963. ()

     Not in our library10.1371/journal.pone.0126963

236. 236.

     Zhao QR, Lu JM, Yao JJ, Zhang ZY, Ling C, Mei YA. 2015 Neuritin reverses deficits in murine novel object associative recognition memory caused by exposure to extremely low-frequency (50 Hz) electromagnetic fields. Sci. Rep. 5, 1-13. ()

     Not in our library10.1038/srep11768

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     Richards PM, Persinger MA, Koren SA. 1996 Modification of semantic memory in normal subjects by application across the temporal lobes of a weak (1 microt) magnetic field structure that promotes long-term potentiation in hippocampal slices. Electro- Magnetobiol. 15, 141-148. ()

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238. 238.

     Balassa T, Szemerszky R, Bárdos G. 2009 Effect of short-term 50 Hz electromagnetic field exposure on the behavior of rats. Acta Physiol. Hung. 96, 437-448. ()

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     Jeong JH, Choi KB, Moon NJ, Park ES, Sohn UD. 2005 Benzodiazepine system is involved in hyperalgesia in rats induced by the exposure to extremely low frequency magnetic fields. Arch. Pharm. Res. 28, 238-242. ()

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     Liu T, Wang S, He L, Ye K. 2008 Anxiogenic effect of chronic exposure to extremely low frequency magnetic field in adult rats. Neurosci. Lett. 434, 12-17. ()

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     He LH, Shi HM, Liu TT, Xu Y-C, Ye KP, Wang S. 2011 Effects of extremely low frequency magnetic field on anxiety level and spatial memory of adult rats. Chin. Med. J. 124, 3362-3366.

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     Korpinar MA, Kalkan MT, Tuncel H. 2012 The 50 Hz (10 mT) sinusoidal magnetic field: effects on stress-related behavior of rats. Bratislava Med. J. 113, 521-524. ()

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     Kitaoka K, Kitamura M, Aoi S, Shimizu N, Yoshizaki K. 2012 Chronic exposure to an extremely low-frequency magnetic field induces depression-like behavior and corticosterone secretion without enhancement of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis in mice. Bioelectromagnetics 34, 43-51. ()

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     Rostami A, Shahani M, Zarrindast MR, Semnanian S, Roudsari MR, Tavirani MR, Hasanzadeh H. 2016 Effects of 3 Hz and 60 Hz extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields on anxiety-like behaviors, memory retention of passive avoidance and electrophysiological properties of male rats. J. Lasers Med. Sci. 7, 120-125. ()

     Not in our library10.15171/jlms.2016.20

245. 245.

     Salunke BP, Umathe SN, Chavan JG. 2013 Involvement of NMDA receptor in low-frequency magnetic field-induced anxiety in mice. Electromagn. Biol. Med. 33, 312-326. ()

     Not in our library10.3109/15368378.2013.839453

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     Jeong JH, Choi KB, Yi BC, Chun CH, Sung KY, Sung JY, Gimm YM, Huh IH, Sohn UD. 2000 Effects of extremely low frequency magnetic fields on pain thresholds in mice: roles of melatonin and opioids. J. Auton. Pharmacol. 20, 259-264. ()

     Not in our library10.1046/j.1365-2680.2000.00189.x

247. 247.

     Prato FS, Kavaliers M, Thomas A. 2000 Extremely low frequency magnetic fields can either increase or decrease analgaesia in the land snail depending on field and light conditions. Bioelectromagnetics 21, 287-301. ()

     Not in our library10.1002/(sici)1521-186x(200005)21:4<287::aid-bem5>3.0.co;2-n

248. 248.

     Cook CM, Thomas AW, Prato FS. 2004 Resting EEG is affected by exposure to a pulsed ELF magnetic field. Bioelectromagnetics 25, 196-203. ()

     Not in our library10.1002/bem.10188

249. 249.

     Mert T, Kurt AH, Altun I, Celik A, Baran F, Gunay I. 2017 Pulsed magnetic field enhances therapeutic efficiency of mesenchymal stem cells in chronic neuropathic pain model. Bioelectromagnetics 38, 255-264. ()

     Not in our library10.1002/bem.22038

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     Kavaliers M, Ossenkopp K-P. 1987 Calcium channel involvement in magnetic field inhibition of morphine-induced analgesia. Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 336, 308-315. ()

     Not in our library10.1007/bf00172683

251. 251.

     Siero A et al. 2004 Alternating extremely low frequency magnetic field increases turnover of dopamine and serotonin in rat frontal cortex. Bioelectromagnetics 25, 426-430. ()

     Not in our library10.1002/bem.20011

252. 252.

     Janać B, Tovilović G, Tomić M, Prolić Z, Radenović L. 2009 Effect of continuous exposure to alternating magnetic field (50 Hz, 0.5 mT) on serotonin and dopamine receptors activity in rat brain. Gen. Physiol. Biophys. 28, 41-46.

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     Sieron A, Brus R, Szkilnik R, Plech A, Kubanski N, Cieslar G. 2001 Influence of alternating low frequency magnetic fields on reactivity of central dopamine receptors in neonatal 6-hydroxydopamine treated rats. Bioelectromagnetics 22, 479-486. ()

     Not in our library10.1002/bem.76

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     Kato M, Honma K-I, Shigemitsu T, Shiga Y. 1993 Effects of exposure to a circularly polarized 50-Hz magnetic field on plasma and pineal melatonin levels in rats. Bioelectromagnetics 14, 97-106. ()

     Not in our library10.1002/bem.2250140203

255. 255.

     Karasek M, Woldanska-Okonska M, Czernicki J, Zylinska K, Swietoslawski J. 1998 Chronic exposure to 2.9 mT, 40 Hz magnetic field reduces melatonin concentrations in humans. J. Pineal Res. 25, 240-244. ()

     Not in our library10.1111/j.1600-079x.1998.tb00393.x

256. 256.

     Lai H, Singh NP. 1997 Acute exposure to a 60 Hz magnetic field increases DNA strand breaks in rat brain cells. Bioelectromagnetics 18, 156-165. ()

     Not in our library10.1002/(sici)1521-186x(1997)18:2<156::aid-bem8>3.0.co;2-1

257. 257.

     Lai H, Singh NP. 1997 Melatonin and N-tert-butyl-α-phenylnitrone block 60-Hz magnetic field-induced DNA single and double strand breaks in rat brain cells. J. Pineal Res. 22, 152-162. ()

     Not in our library10.1111/j.1600-079x.1997.tb00317.x

258. 258.

     Karabakhtsian R, Broude N, Shalts N, Kochlatyia S, Goodman R, Henderson AS. 1994 Calcium is necessary in the cell response to EM fields. FEBS Lett. 349, 1-6. ()

     Not in our library10.1016/0014-5793(94)00618-0

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     Zhou J, Yao G, Zhang J, Chang Z. 2002 CREB DNA binding activation by a 50-Hz magnetic field in HL60 cells is dependent on extra- and intracellular Ca2+ but not PKA, PKC, ERK, or p38 MAPK. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 296, 1013-1018. ()

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     Leone L, Fusco S, Mastrodonato A, Piacentini R, Barbati SA, Zaffina S, Pani G, Podda MV, Grassi C. 2014 Epigenetic modulation of adult hippocampal neurogenesis by extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields. Mol. Neurobiol. 49, 1472-1486. ()

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261. 261.

     Consales C et al. 2017 Fifty-hertz magnetic field affects the epigenetic modulation of the miR-34b/c in neuronal cells. Mol. Neurobiol. 55, 5698-5714. ()

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     Yost M, Liburdy R. 1992 Time-varying and static magnetic fields act in combination to alter calcium signal transduction in the lymphocyte. FEBS Lett. 296, 117-122. ()

     Not in our library10.1016/0014-5793(92)80361-j

263. 263.

     Lindströum E, Lindströum P, Berglund A, Mild KH, Lundgren E. 1993 Intracellular calcium oscillations induced in a t-cell line by a weak 50 Hz magnetic field. J. Cell. Physiol. 156, 395-398. ()

     Not in our library10.1002/jcp.1041560223

264. 264.

     Barbier E, Veyret B, Dufy B. 1996 Stimulation of Ca22+ influx in rat pituitary cells under exposure to a 50 Hz magnetic field. Bioelectromagnetics 17, 303-311. ()

     Not in our library10.1002/(sici)1521-186x(1996)17:4<303::aid-bem6>3.0.co;2-7

265. 265.

     Löschinger M, Thumm S, Hämmerle H, Rodemann HP. 1999 Induction of intracellular calcium oscillations in human skin fibroblast populations by sinusoidal extremely low-frequency magnetic fields (20 Hz, 8 mT) is dependent on the differentiation state of the single cell. Radiat. Res. 151, 195. ()

     Not in our library10.2307/3579770

266. 266.

     Zhang X, Liu X, Pan L, Lee I. 2010 Magnetic fields at extremely low-frequency (50Hz, 0.8mT) can induce the uptake of intracellular calcium levels in osteoblasts. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 396, 662-666. ()

     Not in our library10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.04.154

267. 267.

     Morabito C, Guarnieri S, Fanò G, Mariggiò MA. 2010 Effects of acute and chronic low frequency electromagnetic field exposure on PC12 cells during neuronal differentiation. Cell. Physiol. Biochem. 26, 947-958. ()

     Not in our library10.1159/000324003

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     Sert C, Söker S, Deniz M, Nergiz Y. 2011 Intracellular Ca2+ levels in rat ventricle cells exposed to extremely low frequency magnetic field. Electromagn. Biol. Med. 30, 14-20. ()

     Not in our library10.3109/15368378.2011.566773

269. 269.

     Özgün A, Garipcan B. 2021 Magnetic field-induced Ca2+ intake by mesenchymal stem cells is mediated by intracellular Zn2+ and accompanied by a Zn2+ influx. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Cell Res. 1868, 119062. ()

     Not in our library10.1016/j.bbamcr.2021.119062

270. 270.

     Blackman CF, Benane SG, Rabinowitz JR, House DE, Joines WT. 1985 A role for the magnetic field in the radiation-induced efflux of calcium ions from brain tissue in vitro. Bioelectromagnetics 6, 327-337. ()

     Not in our library10.1002/bem.2250060402

271. 271.

     Manikonda PK, Rajendra P, Devendranath D, Gunasekaran B, Aradhya RSS, Sashidhar RB, Subramanyam C. 2007 Influence of extremely low frequency magnetic fields on Ca2+ signaling and NMDA receptor functions in rat hippocampus. Neurosci. Lett. 413, 145-149. ()

     Not in our library10.1016/j.neulet.2006.11.048

272. 272.

     Luo FL, Yang N, He C, Li HL, Li C, Chen F, Xiong JX, Hu ZA, Zhang J. 2014 Exposure to extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields alters the calcium dynamics of cultured entorhinal cortex neurons. Environ. Res. 135, 236-246. ()

     Not in our library10.1016/j.envres.2014.09.023

273. 273.

     Selaković V, Balind SR, Radenović L, Prolić Z, Janać B. 2013 Age-dependent effects of ELF-MF on oxidative stress in the brain of Mongolian gerbils. Cell Biochem. Biophys. 66, 513-521. ()

     Not in our library10.1007/s12013-012-9498-z

274. 274.

     Duan Y, Wang Z, Zhang H, He Y, Lu R, Zhang R, Sun G, Sun X. 2013 The preventive effect of lotus seedpod procyanidins on cognitive impairment and oxidative damage induced by extremely low frequency electromagnetic field exposure. Food Funct. 4, 1252. ()

     Not in our library10.1039/c3fo60116a

275. 275.

     Park JE, Seo YK, Yoon HH, Kim CW, Park JK, Jeon S. 2013 Electromagnetic fields induce neural differentiation of human bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells via ROS mediated EGFR activation. Neurochem. Int. 62, 418-424. ()

     Not in our library10.1016/j.neuint.2013.02.002

276. 276.

     Osera C, Amadio M, Falone S, Fassina L, Magenes G, Amicarelli F, Ricevuti G, Govoni S, Pascale A. 2015 Pre-exposure of neuroblastoma cell line to pulsed electromagnetic field prevents H2O2-induced ROS production by increasing MnSOD activity. Bioelectromagnetics 36, 219-232. ()

     Not in our library10.1002/bem.21900

277. 277.

     Benassi B, Filomeni G, Montagna C, Merla C, Lopresto V, Pinto R, Marino C, Consales C. 2015 Extremely low frequency magnetic field (ELF-MF) exposure sensitizes SH-SY5y cells to the pro-Parkinson’s disease toxin MPP+. Mol. Neurobiol. 53, 4247-4260. ()

     Not in our library10.1007/s12035-015-9354-4

278. 278.

     Roy S, Noda Y, Eckert V, Traber MG, Mori A, Liburdy R, Packer L. 1995 The phorbol 12-myristate 13- acetate (PMA)-induced oxidative burst in rat peritoneal neutrophils is increased by a 0.1 mT (60 Hz) magnetic field. FEBS Lett. 376, 164-166. ()

     Not in our library10.1016/0014-5793(95)01266-x

279. 279.

     Túnez I, Montilla P, Medina FJ, Drucker-Colın R. 2006 Effect of transcranial magnetic stimulation on oxidative stress induced by 3-nitropropionic acid in cortical synaptosomes. Neurosci. Res. 56, 91-95. ()

     Not in our library10.1016/j.neures.2006.05.012

280. 280.

     Falone S, Marchesi N, Osera C, Fassina L, Comincini S, Amadio M, Pascale A. 2016 Pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) prevents pro-oxidant effects of H2O2 in SK-n-BE(2) human neuroblastoma cells. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 92, 281-286. ()

     Not in our library10.3109/09553002.2016.1150619

281. 281.

     Vincenzi F, Ravani A, Pasquini S, Merighi S, Gessi S, Setti S, Cadossi R, Borea PA, Varani K. 2016 Pulsed electromagnetic field exposure reduces hypoxia and inflammation damage in neuron-like and microglial cells. J. Cell. Physiol. 232, 1200-1208. ()

     Not in our library10.1002/jcp.25606

282. 282.

     Lee B-C et al. 2004 Effects of extremely low frequency magnetic field on the antioxidant defense system in mouse brain: a chemiluminescence study. J. Photochem. Photobiol., B 73, 43-48. ()

     Not in our library10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2003.10.003

283. 283.

     Di Loreto S, Falone S, Caracciolo V, Sebastiani P, D’Alessandro A, Mirabilio A, Zimmitti V, Amicarelli F. 2009 Fifty hertz extremely low-frequency magnetic field exposure elicits redox and trophic response in rat-cortical neurons. J. Cell. Physiol. 219, 334-343. ()

     Not in our library10.1002/jcp.21674

284. 284.

     Lupke M, Rollwitz J, Simkó M. 2004 Cell activating capacity of 50 Hz magnetic fields to release reactive oxygen intermediates in human umbilical cord blood-derived monocytes and in Mono Mac 6 cells. Free Radic. Res. 38, 985-993. ()

     Not in our library10.1080/10715760400000968

285. 285.

     Wolf FI, Torsello A, Tedesco B, Fasanella S, Boninsegna A, D’Ascenzo M, Grassi C, Azzena GB, Cittadini A. 2005 50-Hz extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields enhance cell proliferation and DNA damage: possible involvement of a redox mechanism. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Cell Res. 1743, 120-129. ()

     Not in our library10.1016/j.bbamcr.2004.09.005

286. 286.

     Lupke M, Frahm J, Lantow M, Maercker C, Remondini D, Bersani F, Simkó M. 2006 Gene expression analysis of ELF-MF exposed human monocytes indicating the involvement of the alternative activation pathway. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Cell Res. 1763, 402-412. ()

     Not in our library10.1016/j.bbamcr.2006.03.003

287. 287.

     Koh EK, Ryu BK, Jeong DY, Bang IS, Nam MH, Chae KS. 2008 A 60-Hz sinusoidal magnetic field induces apoptosis of prostate cancer cells through reactive oxygen species. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 84, 945-955. ()

     Not in our library10.1080/09553000802460206

288. 288.

     Mannerling A-C, Simkó M, Mild KH, Mattsson M-O. 2010 Effects of 50-Hz magnetic field exposure on superoxide radical anion formation and HSP70 induction in human k562 cells. Radiat. Environ. Biophys. 49, 731-741. ()

     Not in our library10.1007/s00411-010-0306-0

289. 289.

     AyŞe I-G, Zafer A, Şule O, IŞil I-T, Kalkan T. 2010 Differentiation of K562 cells under ELF-EMF applied at different time courses. Electromagn. Biol. Med. 29, 122-130. ()

     Not in our library10.3109/15368378.2010.502451

290. 290.

     Garip A, Akan Z. 2010 Effect of ELF-EMF on number of apoptotic cells; correlation with reactive oxygen species and HSP. Acta Biol. Hung. 61, 158-167. ()

     Not in our library10.1556/abiol.61.2010.2.4

291. 291.

     Morabito C, Rovetta F, Bizzarri M, Mazzoleni G, Fanò G, Mariggiò MA. 2010 Modulation of redox status and calcium handling by extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields in C2C12 muscle cells: a real-time, single-cell approach. Free Radical Biol. Med. 48, 579-589. ()

     Not in our library10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2009.12.005

292. 292.

     Bułdak RJ et al. 2012 Short-term exposure to 50 Hz ELF-EMF alters the cisplatin-induced oxidative response in AT478 murine squamous cell carcinoma cells. Bioelectromagnetics 33, 641-651. ()

     Not in our library10.1002/bem.21732

293. 293.

     Sadeghipour R, Ahmadian S, Bolouri B, Pazhang Y, Shafiezadeh M. 2012 Effects of extremely low-frequency pulsed electromagnetic fields on morphological and biochemical properties of human breast carcinoma cells (T47D). Electromagn. Biol. Med. 31, 425-435. ()

     Not in our library10.3109/15368378.2012.683844

294. 294.
     Magnetic-field-induced DNA strand breaks in brain cells of the rat. · 2004

     No notice
295. 295.

     Ma S, Zhang Z, Yi F, Wang Y, Zhang X, Li X, Yuan Y, Cao F. 2013 Protective effects of low-frequency magnetic fields on cardiomyocytes from ischemia reperfusion Injury via ROS and NO/ONOO-. Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev. 2013, 1-9.

     Not in our library10.1155/2013/529173

296. 296.

     Luukkonen J, Liimatainen A, Juutilainen J, Naarala J. 2014 Induction of genomic instability, oxidative processes, and mitochondrial activity by 50 Hz magnetic fields in human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Mutat. Res./Fundam. Mol. Mechan. Mutagen. 760, 33-41. ()

     Not in our library10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2013.12.002

297. 297.

     Reale M, Kamal MA, Patruno A, Costantini E, D’Angelo C, Pesce M, Greig NH. 2014 Neuronal cellular responses to extremely low frequency electromagnetic field exposure: implications regarding oxidative stress and neurodegeneration. PLoS ONE 9, e104973. ()

     Not in our library10.1371/journal.pone.0104973

298. 298.

     Chen Y, Hong L, Zeng Y, Shen Y, Zeng Q. 2014 Power frequency magnetic fields induced reactive oxygen species-related autophagy in mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 57, 108-114. ()

     Not in our library10.1016/j.biocel.2014.10.013

299. 299.

     Ferroni L, Bellin G, Emer V, Rizzuto R, Isola M, Gardin C, Zavan B. 2015 Treatment by therapeutic magnetic resonance (TMRTM) increases fibroblastic activity and keratinocyte differentiation in an in vitro model of 3D artificial skin. J. Tissue Eng. Regen. Med. 11, 1332-1342. ()

     Not in our library10.1002/term.2031

300. 300.

     Yang M-l, Ye Z-m. 2015 Extremely low frequency electromagnetic field induces apoptosis of osteosarcoma cells via oxidative stress. J. Zhejiang University (Medical Science) 44, 323-328.

     Not in our library10.3785/j.issn.1008-9292.2015.05.13

301. 301.

     Patruno A, Tabrez S, Pesce M, Shakil S, Kamal MA, Reale M. 2015 Effects of extremely low frequency electromagnetic field (ELF-EMF) on catalase, cytochrome P450 and nitric oxide synthase in erythro-leukemic cells. Life Sci. 121, 117-123. ()

     Not in our library10.1016/j.lfs.2014.12.003

302. 302.

     Kesari KK, Luukkonen J, Juutilainen J, Naarala J. 2015 Genomic instability induced by 50 Hz magnetic fields is a dynamically evolving process not blocked by antioxidant treatment. Mutat. Res./Genet. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen. 794, 46-51. ()

     Not in our library10.1016/j.mrgentox.2015.10.004

303. 303.

     Feng B, Dai A, Chen L, Qiu L, Fu Y, Sun W. 2016 NADPH oxidase-produced superoxide mediated a 50-Hz magnetic field-induced epidermal growth factor receptor clustering. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 92, 596-602. ()

     Not in our library10.1080/09553002.2016.1206227

304. 304.

     Feng B, Qiu L, Ye C, Chen L, Fu Y, Sun W. 2016 Exposure to a 50-Hz magnetic field induced mitochondrial permeability transition through the ROS/GSK-3β signaling pathway. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 92, 148-155. ()

     Not in our library10.3109/09553002.2016.1135261

305. 305.

     Feng B, Ye C, Qiu L, Chen L, Fu Y, Sun W. 2016 Mitochondrial ROS release and subsequent akt activation potentially mediated the anti-apoptotic effect of a 50-Hz magnetic field on FL cells. Cell. Physiol. Biochem. 38, 2489-2499. ()

     Not in our library10.1159/000445599

306. 306.

     Calcabrini C et al. 2016 Effect of extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields on antioxidant activity in the human keratinocyte cell line NCTC 2544. Biotechnol. Appl. Biochem. 64, 415-422. ()

     Not in our library10.1002/bab.1495

307. 307.

     Ehnert S et al. 2017 Extremely low frequency pulsed electromagnetic fields cause antioxidative defense mechanisms in human osteoblasts via induction of ∙O2 - and H2O2. Sci. Rep. 7, 1-11. ()

     Not in our library10.1038/s41598-017-14983-9

308. 308.

     Jeong W-Y, Kim J-B, Kim H-J, Kim C-W. 2017 Extremely low-frequency electromagnetic field promotes astrocytic differentiation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells by modulating SIRT1 expression. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 81, 1356-1362. ()

     Not in our library10.1080/09168451.2017.1308243

309. 309.

     Höytö A, Herrala M, Luukkonen J, Juutilainen J, Naarala J. 2017 Cellular detection of 50 Hz magnetic fields and weak blue light: effects on superoxide levels and genotoxicity. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 93, 646-652. ()

     Not in our library10.1080/09553002.2017.1294275

310. 310.

     Song K, Im SH, Yoon YJ, Kim HM, Lee HJ, Park GS. 2018 A 60 Hz uniform electromagnetic field promotes human cell proliferation by decreasing intracellular reactive oxygen species levels. PLoS ONE 13, e0199753. ()

     Not in our library10.1371/journal.pone.0199753

311. 311.

     Helekar SA, Hambarde S, Ijare OB, Pichumani K, Baskin DS, Sharpe MA. 2021 Selective induction of rapid cytotoxic effect in glioblastoma cells by oscillating magnetic fields. J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. 147, 3577-3589. ()

     Not in our library10.1007/s00432-021-03787-0

312. 312.

     Grassi C, D’Ascenzo M, Torsello A, Martinotti G, Wolf F, Cittadini A, Azzena GB. 2004 Effects of 50 Hz electromagnetic fields on voltage-gated Ca2+ channels and their role in modulation of neuroendocrine cell proliferation and death. Cell Calcium 35, 307-315. ()

     Not in our library10.1016/j.ceca.2003.09.001

313. 313.

     Piacentini R, Ripoli C, Mezzogori D, Azzena GB, Grassi C. 2008 Extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields promote in vitro neurogenesis via upregulation of cav1-channel activity. J. Cell. Physiol. 215, 129-139. ()

     Not in our library10.1002/jcp.21293

314. 314.

     Ahmed Z, Wieraszko A. 2008 The mechanism of magnetic field-induced increase of excitability in hippocampal neurons. Brain Res. 1221, 30-40. ()

     Not in our library10.1016/j.brainres.2008.05.007

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     Yin L, Joshi S, Wu N, Tong X, Lazar MA. 2010 E3 ligases Arf-bp1 and Pam mediate lithium-stimulated degradation of the circadian heme receptor Rev-erbα. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 107, 11 614-11 619. ()

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     Buchachenko AL, Kuznetsov DA, Breslavskaya NN. 2010 Ion-radical mechanism of enzymatic ATP synthesis: DFT calculations and experimental control. J. Phys. Chem. B 114, 2287-2292. ()

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     Beaver LM, Gvakharia BO, Vollintine TS, Hege DM, Stanewsky R, Giebultowicz JM. 2002 Loss of circadian clock function decreases reproductive fitness in males of Drosophila melanogaster. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 99, 2134-2139. ()

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     Roenneberg T, Merrow M. 2016 The circadian clock and human health. Curr. Biol. 26, R432-R443. ()

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     Crnko S, Pré BCD, Sluijter JPG, Laake LWV. 2019 Circadian rhythms and the molecular clock in cardiovascular biology and disease. Nat. Rev. Cardiol. 16, 437-447. ()

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     Allada R, Chung BY. 2010 Circadian organization of behavior and physiology in Drosophila. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 72, 605-624. ()

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     Dokucu ME, Yu L, Taghert PH. 2005 Lithium- and valproate-induced alterations in circadian locomotor behavior in Drosophila. Neuropsychopharmacology 30, 2216-2224. ()

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     Lai AG, Doherty CJ, Mueller-Roeber B, Kay SA, Schippers JH, Dijkwel PP. 2012 CIRCADIAN CLOCK-ASSOCIATED 1 regulates ROS homeostasis and oxidative stress responses. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 109, 17129-17134. ()

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     Linganna RE, Levy WJ, Dmochowski IJ, Eckenhoff RG, Speck RM. 2015 Taxane modulation of anesthetic sensitivity in surgery for nonmetastatic breast cancer. J. Clin. Anesth. 27, 481-485. ()

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     Zhang L et al. 2017 27 T ultra-high static magnetic field changes orientation and morphology of mitotic spindles in human cells. eLife 6, e22911. ()

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     Qian A-R et al. 2009 Large gradient high magnetic field affects the association of MACF1 with actin and microtubule cytoskeleton. Bioelectromagnetics 30, 545-555. ()

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     Wu X, Du J, Song W, Cao M, Chen S, Xia R. 2018 Weak power frequency magnetic fields induce microtubule cytoskeleton reorganization depending on the epidermal growth factor receptor and the calcium related signaling. PLoS ONE 13, e0205569. ()

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     Amara S, Abdelmelek H, Garrel C, Guiraud P, Douki T, Ravanat JL, Favier A, Sakly M, Rhouma KB. 2006 Influence of static magnetic field on cadmium toxicity: study of oxidative stress and DNA damage in rat tissues. J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol. 20, 263-269. ()

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     Hajnorouzi A, Vaezzadeh M, Ghanati F. 2011 Growth promotion and a decrease of oxidative stress in maize seedlings by a combination of geomagnetic and weak electromagnetic fields. J. Plant Physiol. 168, 1123-1128. ()

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     Kthiri A, Hidouri S, Wiem T, Jeridi R, Sheehan D, Landouls A. 2019 Biochemical and biomolecular effects induced by a static magnetic field in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: evidence for oxidative stress. PLoS ONE 14, e0209843. ()

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     Kamalipooya S, Abdolmaleki P, Salemi Z, Javani Jouni F, Zafari J, Soleimani H. 2017 Simultaneous application of cisplatin and static magnetic field enhances oxidative stress in HeLa cell line. In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol. - Anim. 53, 783-790. ()

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     Amara S, Douki T, Garrel C, Favier A, Ben Rhouma K, Sakly M, Abdelmelek H. 2010 Effects of static magnetic field and cadmium on oxidative stress and DNA damage in rat cortex brain and hippocampus. Toxicol. Ind. Health 27, 99-106. ()

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     Chu LY et al. 2012 Extremely low frequency magnetic field induces oxidative stress in mouse cerebellum. Gen. Physiol. Biophys. 30, 415-421. ()

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