Activator- and repressor-type MYB transcription factors are involved in chilling injury induced flesh lignification in loquat via their interactions with the phenylpropanoid pathway

1Lignin is important for plant secondary cell-wall formation, and lignin biosynthesis and the associated regulatory mechanisms have been studied in the model plant Arabidopsis, various crops, and woody trees. Monolignols of lignin are synthesized via the phenylpropanoid pathway and then oxidatively polymerized to lignin polymers. Genes encoding the enzyme cascade of the phenylpropanoid pathway have also been widely characterized. For instance, Arabidopsis mutants, such as ref3 (cinnamate 4-hydroxylase, C4H), ref8 (p-coumarate 3-hydroxylase, C3H), and irx4 (cinnamoyl-CoA reductase, CCR), have been shown to have significantly reduced lignin content. Antisense 4-coumarate:CoA ligase (4CL) transgenic Arabidopsis plants have also been shown to have reduced lignin contents as well as changes in lignin composition.

2MYB genes constitute a very large transcription factor family with diverse functions, involved in many biological processes including lignin biosynthesis. Based on mutants and genetic mapping, many lignin biosynthesis-related MYB transcription factors have been cloned and characterized in different plants. In Arabidopsis, more than nine AtMYBs have been reported, and they function either as activators or repressors. AtMYB61, AtMYB46, AtMYB85, AtMYB58 and AtMYB63, and AtMYB83 have all been identified as activators, and AtMYB4 and AtMYB32 as repressors. Among the activators, only two members, AtMYB58 and AtMYB63, have been identified as lignin specific, and so far no lignin-specific repressor has been reported in Arabidopsis. Most lignin-associated MYB members interact with the AC elements of promoters of target genes.

3In plants other than Arabidopsis, such as Eucalyptus, Pinus taeda, Populus trichocarpa, Antirrhinum majus, and Zea mays, lignin biosynthesis has also been found to be regulated by activator or repressor MYB family members. EgMYB2 positively regulated lignin biosynthesis in stems when overexpressed in tobacco. PtMYB1 and PtMYB8 and PtrMYB3 and PtrMYB20 have been reported as activators, and AmMYB308, AmMYB330, EgMYB1, ZmMYB42, and ZmMYB31 as repressors of lignin biosynthesis. However, few studies have reported the interaction of activators and repressors in regulation of lignin biosynthesis. In addition, almost all the previous work on MYB-based regulation of lignin biosynthesis has focused on vegetative tissues/organs, whereas lignin biosynthesis can occur in other tissues such as fleshy fruit, which may provide good models that differ in phenolpropanoid synthesis and environmental responses.

4Flesh lignification significantly influences fruit texture, which eventually affects storability and fruit quality. Loquat [Eriobotrya japonica Lindl. cv. ‘Luoyangqing’ (LYQ)] fruit are susceptible to chilling injury, exhibited as substantial flesh lignification during postharvest cold storage. The dynamics of lignin biosynthetic enzymes, e.g. phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), 4CL, cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD), and peroxidase (POD), have been studied in association with lignin content in LYQ fruit. Postharvest technologies such as low-temperature conditioning (LTC), where fruit are exposed to non-damaging low temperatures to induce a degree of low-temperature tolerance, and exposure to high temperatures, are effective in alleviating flesh lignification caused by chilling injury during long-term cold storage. This provides a biological system where gene response to temperatures that affect lignin synthesis can be investigated, providing greater insight into regulation and the effects of the external environment.

5In the present study, two loquat MYB genes, EjMYB1 and EjMYB2, were isolated based on homologue studies with Arabidopsis MYBs of known function, and were expected to be a transcriptional activator and repressor, respectively. Transcripts of the EjMYB genes in response to different temperature treatments, including heat treatment (HT) and LTC, were investigated with regard to the regulation of fruit lignification. Transcriptional regulatory mechanisms and putative function characterization and interaction of these two EjMYB genes were performed with dual luciferase and transient expression systems in tobacco leaves and a yeast one-hybrid system.

6Commercially mature loquat LYQ (Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.) fruit were harvested from an orchard at Luqiao, Zhejiang province, China, in 2011. The fruit were transported to the laboratory on the day of harvest. Fruit of uniform maturity with a mean firmness of 4.14 N, and with absence of disease and mechanical wounding, were selected and divided into three batches, each comprising 150 fruit. The first batch was treated at 40 °C for 4h and then transferred to 0 °C storage (HT); the second batch was stored at 5 °C for 6 d and then transferred to 0 °C storage (LTC); the third batch was stored directly at 0 °C as the control.

7Three replicates, each of five fruit, were sampled at each sampling time. The skins and stones were removed to provide three combined flesh samples. The tissues were frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at –80 °C until further use.

8Fruit firmness is one of the main indices used to monitor postharvest lignification of loquat fruit. Fruit firmness was measured using a TA-XT plus Texture Analyser (Stable Micro Systems, UK), with a 5mm diameter probe, a penetration rate of 1mm s–1 and a penetration depth of 4mm. The firmness of each fruit was averaged from two measurements 90° apart at the fruit equator, after removal of a small piece of peel. Fruit firmness was expressed as newtons (N) and 10 individual fruit replicates were used.

9Lignin content determination was according the methods described by and. The frozen sample was ground into a powder and homogenized in 5ml of washing buffer (100mM K2HPO4/KH2PO4, 0.5% Triton X-100, 0.5% PVP, pH 7.8). The mixture was cultured on a shaker at room temperature at 200rpm for 30min, and then centrifuged (6000g, 25 °C) for 20min. The pellet was suspended and washed twice in washing buffer as above and then four times in 100% methanol. The pellet was dried at 80 °C in an oven overnight. Ten milligrams of the dry power was dissolved in 1.0ml of 2.0M HCl and 0.1ml of thioglycolic acid. The mixture was then boiled in a water bath (100 °C) for 8h, and then cooled on ice for 5min before centrifugation at 10 000g for 20min at 4 °C. The pellet was washed with distilled water and suspended in 2.0ml of 1.0M NaOH. After agitating lightly at room temperature for 18h, the solution was centrifuged at 10 000g for 20min. Supernatant (0.5ml) was transferred to a new tube with 0.1ml of concentrated HCl. The tubes were left at 4 °C for 4h to precipitate the lignin thioglycolic acid, followed by centrifugation at 10 000g for 20min at 4 °C, and the precipitate was dissolved in 1ml of 1.0M NaOH. Absorbance was measured at 280nm, using 1.0M NaOH as the blank. Data were expressed on a fresh weight basis, and all measurements were done in triplicate.

10Two EjMYB genes were isolated based on the known lignin-specific Arabidopsis AtMYB58, AtMYB63 and AtMYB4 genes. Oligonucleotide primers were designed, using the apple genome for reference sequences (Supplementary Table S1 at JXB online). The untranslated region of two EjMYB sequences was amplified using a SMART RACE cDNA Amplification kit (Clontech) and the primers listed in Supplementary Table S2 at JXB online.

11Promoters of lignin biosynthesis-related genes were prepared from both Arabidopsis and loquat. Promoters of the Arabidopsis lignin biosynthesis genes were isolated according to the sequences in The Arabidopsis Information Resource (TAIR), using the primers shown in Supplementary Table S3 at JXB online.

12Loquat lignin biosynthesis genes EjPAL1 (EF685344), Ej4CL1 (EF685345), EjCAD1 (EF685346), and EjCAD2 (EF685347) were isolated in our previous work and Ej4CL2 (KF767455), Ej4CL3 (KF767456), Ej4CL4 (KF767457), Ej4CL15 (KF767458), and EjCAD3 (KF767459) were isolated using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). Promoters of these genes were isolated with a GenomeWalker kit (Clontech), using the primers described in Supplementary Table S4 and the sequences are shown in Supplementary Fig. S2 at JXB online. Cis-elements (AC elements) in the promoters were analysed with both online software (http://bioinformatics.psb.ugent.be/webtools/plantcare/html/) and the sequences indicated in [ACC(T/A)ACC].

13Due to the length and numbers of AC elements in the promoter region, only the Ej4CL1 promoter was chosen for further deletion experiments to test the interaction between EjMYB and AC elements, using the primers described in Supplementary Table S5 at JXB online.

14Alignment was performed using the neighbour-joining method in ClustalX (v.1.81), and a phylogenetic tree was reconstructed with the online software Figtree (http://tree.bio.ed.ac.uk/software/figtree/). The deduced amino acid sequences of Arabidopsis MYB were obtained from TAIR.

15The coding sequences of EjMYB1 and EjMYB2 were each cloned as C-terminal fusions in frame with the green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene into the pBI221 vector and expressed under the control of the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter (primers are listed in Supplementary Table S6 at JXB online). The fusion constructs 35S::EjMYB1-GFP and 35S::EjMYB2-GFP and control vector pBI221 (35S::GFP) were transfected with mCherry, which has a nuclear localization signal (NLS), into protoplasts obtained from suspension-cultured BY-2 tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum). The protoplasts were transfected using a modified polyethylene glycol method as described by and, and were incubated for 16h at 25 °C. The transfected cells were analysed by fluorescence microscope (Zeiss). All transient expression assays were repeated at least three times.

16Total RNA was extracted from loquat flesh, according to the protocol described by. Contaminating genomic DNA in the total RNA was removed a using TURBO DNA-free kit (Ambion). The total RNA was then quantified using Nanophotometer Pearl (Implen). RNA (3 μg) was used for cDNA synthesis with a Revert AidTM First Strand cDNA Synthesis kit (Fermentas). Tenfold-diluted cDNA was used for real-time PCR.

17For real-time PCR, gene-specific oligonucleotide primers were designed and are described in Supplementary Table S7 at JXB online. The gene specificity of each pair of primers was double checked by melting curves and product resequencing, according to the procedures described by. The EjACT gene was employed as the internal control for monitoring the abundance of the mRNA. The sequences of EjACT primers are described in Supplementary Table S7.

18Real-time PCR were performed on a LightCycler 1.5 instrument (Roche), initiated by 5 min at 95 °C and followed by 45 cycles of 95 °C for 5 s, 60 °C for 5 s, and 72 °C for 10 s, and completed with a melting- curve analysis program. The PCR mixture (10 μl total volume) comprised 2 μl of 5× LightCycler FastStart DNA MasterPLUS SYBR Green I Master Mix (Roche), 0.5 μl of each primer (10 μM), 1 μl of diluted cDNA and 6μl PCR-grade H2O. No-template controls and melting-curve analysis were included for each gene during each run.

19Dual luciferase assays were performed according to our previous reports. The promoters of the Arabidopsis and loquat lignin biosynthesis genes were amplified with the primers described in Supplementary Tables S3 and S4, respectively. Full-length EjMYB1 and EjMYB2 were inserted into the pGreen II 0029 62-SK vector (SK), while the promoters were inserted into the pGreen II 0800-LUC vector. Details of vector information are given in.

20All the constructs were electroporated into Agrobacterium tumefaciens GV3101. The dual luciferase assays were performed with Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. Agrobacterium cultures were prepared with infiltration buffer (10mM MES, 10mM MgCl2, 150mM acetosyringone, pH 5.6) to an OD600 of 0.7–1.0. Agrobacterium culture mixtures of transcription factors (1ml) and promoters (100 µl) were infiltrated into tobacco leaves using needleless syringes. The tobacco plants were grown in a glasshouse with daylight extension to 16h. Three days after infiltration, firefly luciferase and Renilla luciferase were assayed using dual luciferase assay reagents (Promega). For each transcription factor–promoter interaction, three independent experiments were performed (at least five replicates in each experiments).

21In order to verify the results obtained from the dual luciferase assay, yeast one-hybrid assays were performed using the Matchmaker Gold Yeast One-Hybrid Library Screening System (Clontech, USA). The promoter of Ej4CL1 was constructed into pAbAi vector (the primers are listed in Supplementary Table S8 at JXB online). Ej4CL1–AbAi and p53–AbAi were linearized and transformed into Y1HGold. The full-length transcription factors EjMYB1 and EjMYB2 were subcloned into pGADT7 AD vector (the primers are listed in Supplementary Table S6). All of the constructs were transformed into Y1HGold[Ej4CL1/AbAi], separately, and then were cultured on SD/–Leu medium containing 0–200ng ml–1 of aureobasidin A (AbA) at 28 °C for 3 d to test for interaction. pGADT7-Rec was co-transformed with the p53 fragment into Y1HGold[p53/AbAi] and Y1HGold[Ej4CL1/AbAi] as positive and negative controls, respectively.

22In order to determine the roles of EjMYB genes in the regulation of lignin biosynthesis, an unstable transient expression transformation system was adapted. The transient expression analyses were performed in N. tabacum, using the same batch of Agrobacterium stock and infiltration buffer of the dual luciferase assay, according to the protocols described by. Target genes (MYB) and negative controls (SK) were included on two sides of the same leaves. Five days after infiltration, the infiltrated leaves were sampled and used for lignin analysis. Tissue (0.5g) from each of the infiltrated leaves was taken for lignin analysis, making eight single leaf replicates in total. The transient expression analyses were repeated in at least three independent experiments.

23Transient activation of the endogenous target genes Nt4CL1 (U50845) and Nt4CL2 (U50846) in tobacco were chosen to be analysed. The primers are described in Supplementary Table S7, and primers for Nt4CL1 were used according to.

24The statistical significance of differences was calculated using Student’s t-test. Least significant difference (LSD) at the 5% level was calculated using DPS7.05 (Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China). Figures were drawn using Origin 8.0 (Microcal Software Inc., Northampton, MA, USA).

25Two EjMYB genes, designated EjMYB1 (KF767453) and EjMYB2 (KF767454), were isolated from loquat flesh. Based on the phylogenetic tree, EjMYB1 belongs to an activator-type MYB group and had high amino acid identity with AtMYB58 and AtMYB63, which are lignin-specific activators, while EjMYB2 belongs to a repressor-type group and clustered with EgMYB1, AmMYB308, AtMYB4 and others (Fig. 1). Alignment analysis indicated that EjMYB2 and other repressor-type MYBs have a conserved motif, named an ERF-associated amphiphilic repression domain (EAR), which is characteristic for repressor-type transcription factors (Fig. 2).

26The full-length coding sequences of EjMYB1 and EjMYB2 without stop codes were constructed in pBI221. mCherry, which localizes to the nucleus, was co-transfected with 35S::EjMYB1–GFP, 35S::EjMYB2–GFP, and empty vector pBI221 (35S::GFP). The protoplasts with 35S::GFP showed green fluorescence throughout the cell and red fluorescence in the nucleus, while the protoplasts with 35S::EjMYB1–GFP or 35S::EjMYB2–GFP displayed both green and red fluorescence in the nucleus (Fig. 3).

27The firmness of LYQ loquat fruit increased gradually during storage at 0 °C, with the firmness changing from 4.14 N at harvest to 5.17 N at 2 d and 5.52 N at 8 d (Fig. 4). After 4 d, the changes in firmness were consistent with changes in lignin content, where a 44% increase was observed (from 3.53×103 to 5.10×103 A 280 kg–1 of fresh weight) at 0 °C for 8 d (Fig. 4). Both HT and LTC overall inhibited the increase in firmness and lignin content (Fig. 4). The inhibitory effects of the treatments were not observable until after 2 d, and after 8 d of storage, firmness was 5.11 and 5.12 N for HT and LTC-treated fruit, respectively. In parallel, the lignin content in fruit after 8 d of storage was 4.12×103 A 280 kg–1 of fresh weight for HT fruit and 3.98×103 A 280 kg–1 of fresh weight for LTC-treated fruit (Fig. 4).

28Transcript analysis indicated that EjMYB1 and EjMYB2 responded differently to low temperature (Fig. 4). EjMYB1 expression was rapidly induced at 0 °C, and its expression transiently increased and reached a maximum by 4 d. EjMYB2 was repressed by low temperature, with levels continuing to decline over the 8 d. Both high-temperature and the LTC treatment inhibited the low-temperature stimulation of EjMYB1. Heat had little effect on the low-temperature induced decline in EjMYB2 levels, while expression levels of EjMYB2 were higher in the LTC-treated fruit than in control fruit after 4 d of storage at 0 °C (Fig. 4). There were general consistencies between increased or inhibited lignification and expression of the putative activator EjMYB1, but the slightly increased levels in response to heat were not reflected in the lignification pattern. In addition, apart from the general decline in the putative repressor EjMYB2 levels, which were consistent with lignification, the responses to heat were not so consistent, although a simple model of maintaining repressor gene levels associated with reduced lignification did hold with the LTC response of this gene.

29In order to investigate the transcriptional regulatory linkage between EjMYB genes and lignin biosynthesis, promoters of 11 functionally characterized genes in the phenylpropanoid pathway were isolated from Arabidopsis (Fig. 5B). These promoters ranged from 1685 to 2085bp and were rich in AC elements (Fig. 5B). A dual luciferase assay indicated that EjMYB1, which is similar to AtMYB58, activated most of the promoters, including AtPAL1, AtPAL2, AtC4H, At4CL1, At4CL2, AtHCT, AtCCoAOMT1, and AtCCR1, with a pattern across the genes very similar to that of the Arabidopsis MYB, while EjMYB2 did not activate these promoters (Fig. 5A, C).

30Due to the lack of genome information for loquat, mature LYQ fruit were analysed by RNA sequencing and unigenes associated with the lignin biosynthesis phenylpropanoid pathway were isolated. Within these gene families, eight genes were successfully isolated with full or partial-length coding sequences and promoters, including one EjPAL, five Ej4CL genes, and three EjCAD genes. Except for Ej4CL4 and the EjCAD genes, at least one AC element was distributed in the promoter regions of the genes (Fig. 6A).

31In the presence of EjMYB1 or AtMYB58, the activities of the promoter of Ej4CL1 were significantly induced, with some increase for EjPAL1 and Ej4CL5, and the others showing no particular response beyond that of SK. The stimulatory effects of EjMYB1 on the promoters of EjPAL1, Ej4CL1, and Ej4CL5, which are lignin related, reached ~3-, ~14- and ~3-fold, respectively (Fig. 6B). Ej4CL1 and Ej4CL5 showed similar phylogenetic patterns to those of class I (Supplementary Fig. S1 at JXB online), which has been associated with the monolignol biosynthesis pathway. To confirm that EjMYB1 regulates lignin biosynthesis genes via binding to AC elements, further analysis was performed with the promoter of Ej4CL1, which had been induced ~14-fold and had five AC elements. The transactivation of EjMYB1 on the Ej4CL1 promoter was reduced by each deletion, accompanied by decreasing AC elements, while the fifth AC element (P4) was the least important (Fig. 6C).

32A further combination experiment was conducted to show the repressor function of EjMYB2. EjMYB2 strongly inhibited the stimulatory action of EjMYB1 and AtMYB58 on the promoters of Ej4CL1 and Ej4CL5 (Fig. 7).

33To confirm whether EjMYB2 influenced the promoter through EjMYB1 or interacted with the target promoters directly, a yeast one-hybrid system was used. Linearized pEj4CL1-AbAi and pEj4CL5-AbAi were transformed into Y1HGold and grown on SD/–Ura medium with AbA from 0 to 1000ng ml–1. The promoter of Ej4CL5 was observed to have strong activation by endogenous factors in Y1HGold (data not shown), while Y1HGold[Ej4CL1/AbAi] was suppressed by 200ng ml–1 of AbA (Fig. 8). The promoter of Ej4CL1 was therefore chosen for further interaction experiments. The interaction test indicated that both EjMYB1 and EjMYB2 could interact directly with the promoter of Ej4CL1 (Fig. 8).

34Loquat is a perennial fruit, and a stable transformation system has not yet been reported. Thus, an ectopic transient overexpression system was chosen for EjMYB functional analysis. EjMYB1 and EjMYB2, driven by the CaMV 35S promoter in the pGreen II 0029 62-SK vector, were introduced into N. tabacum leaves using Agrobacterium. Transient overexpression of EjMYB1 significantly (P<0.01) induced the lignin content in tobacco leaves, while EjMYB2 transient overexpression alone failed to suppress lignin biosynthesis (Fig. 9A). Nevertheless, a combination of EjMYB2 and EjMYB1 removed the stimulatory effect of EjMYB1 on lignin content (data not shown).

35Transcript analyses were performed on the lignin biosynthesis genes in N. tabacum leaves. In EjMYB1-overexpressing leaf blades, the endogenous tobacco lignin biosynthetic genes Nt4CL1 and Nt4CL2 were upregulated, compared with the blades infiltrated only with Agrobacterium carrying the empty vector (SK) (Fig. 9B).

36Lignification in fruit is a rather unusual and not very common process, with most ripening fruit undergoing softening rather than hardening. However, it has been well characterized in loquat fruit (e.g.; ) and has consequences on fruit quality. It is also unusual in being stimulated by low temperature, with this stimulation being modified by treatments that reduce low-temperature injury. These include LTC, which induces an element of tolerance to more damaging low temperatures, and heat treatments that appear to have a similar effect. Our data in the present study, with both HT and LTC treatment, confirmed these results, effectively reducing loquat lignification after cold storage. This scenario of fruit ripening, lignification, and a low-temperature response provides an interesting model to look at the regulation of lignin biosynthesis, which may have relevance in other plant tissues and organs.

37It is commonly recognized that MYB genes play a regulatory role in the lignin biosynthesis pathway. As described in the Introduction, at least nine Arabidopsis MYB genes have been characterized as lignin related, where they have been shown to positively or negatively regulate lignin biosynthesis in various tissues of Arabidopsis plants. For instance, overexpression of AtMYB85 increased lignin content in stems, and overexpression of AtMYB58 and AtMYB63 specifically activated lignin biosynthesis genes and concomitant ectopic deposition of lignin in cells that are normally unlignified. Similar results have also been observed and confirmed in other plants.

38With this knowledge of MYB-based activation and repression, we isolated two loquat MYB genes, EjMYB1 as an activator-type transcription factor, and EjMYB2 as a repressor containing an EAR domain, according to AtMYB58 (an activator; ) and AtMYB4 (a repressor; ). The expression of both genes was highly associated with flesh lignification. There was a consistent pattern associating low-temperature (0 °C) induction of lignification and a very strong, transient elevation in EjMYB1 expression (Fig. 4). The two treatments, HT and LTC, which reduced initial lignification rates, also strongly inhibited this increase in EjMYB1 expression. In contrast, the repressor-type EjMYB2 was suppressed in lignified loquat flesh, and while HT had no obvious effect, the conditioning treatment maintained longer-term EjMYB2 levels. Such changes suggest that EjMYB1 and EjMYB2 may act as regulators in fleshy fruit lignification, with EjMYB1 particularly sensitive to temperature modulation (both LTC and HT), while EjMYB2 specifically responded to LTC but not to HT.

39The capacity for EjMYB genes to regulate lignin synthesis was further confirmed by transient overexpression of EjMYB1, which resulted in lignin accumulation, while EjMYB2 reduced this induction by EjMYB1. The tobacco Nt4CL1 and Nt4CL2 genes were also upregulated by EjMYB1.

40Results from other plant species have indicated that the entire phenylpropanoid pathway is involved in lignin biosynthesis, e.g. quadruple mutants of pal1–4 only generated lignin at around 20–25% of that in wild-type plants and antisense 4CL transgenic poplars had around 40% lignin content compared with wild-type plants, and similar results have been observed with other enzymes and genes in the pathway. When promoters from Arabidopsis lignin genes were tested against AtMYB58 and its loquat homologue EjMYB1, eight promoters (AtPAL1, AtPAL2, AtC4H, At4CL1, At4CL2, AtHCT, AtCCoAOMT1, and AtCCR1) were inducible, with AtPAL3, AtF5H1, and AtCAD6 showing no response. The same eight were repressed by EjMYB2. These results support previous findings that MYB genes can be active in transcriptional regulation across the entire phenylpropanoid pathway. This has been shown through structural gene expression analysis in transgenic plants, such as Eucalyptus EgMYB2, Arabidopsis MYB58 and MYB63, Panicum virgatum PvMYB4, and Gossypium hirsutum GhMYB24.

41In other perennial fruit, grape VvMYB5a overexpression has been shown to alter lignin metabolism in tobacco. However, the interaction of fruit lignin-associated MYB transcription factors and promoters of endogenous genes remains unknown. Due to the lack of genome information, a combined strategy, consisting of RNA sequencing and genome walking, was used to isolate promoters of lignin biosynthesis-related genes. Using a dual luciferase system, EjMYB1 stimulated promoter activities of EjPAL1, Ej4CL1, and Ej4CL5, while EjMYB2 inhibited the induction of EjMYB1 on the target promoters. We then focused on 4CL, which is one of the key enzymes participating in the early stages of the monolignol biosynthesis pathway. The 4CL gene family can be classified into two major classes. Members of the class I group, such as At4CL1, At4CL2, Ptr4CL1, Pt4CL1, and Pv4CL1, are involved in the monolignol biosynthesis pathway and the members of class II group are involved in flavonoid and other non-lignin pathways. In our study, Ej4CL1 and Ej4CL5 belonged to the class I group (Supplementary Fig. S1) and were induced by EjMYB1. Other promoters of key genes, such as EjCAD1–3 did not give positive results and are missing AC elements.

42As AC elements are very important for MYB transcription factor recognition, a deletion experiment was performed and the results indicated that interaction of loquat EjMYB1 with the Ej4CL1 promoter also required AC elements. EjMYB1 activation was progressively reduced with fewer AC elements (Fig. 6c). This was partially confirmed in the yeast one-hybrid experiments where EjMYB1 and EjMYB2 interacted with the promoter directly. These results are highly indicative of EjMYB genes being involved in transcriptional regulation of lignin biosynthesis in loquat fruit, particularly through manipulating Ej4CL genes.

43In conclusion, the new information in this study is that MYB genes are involved in chilling injury and flesh lignification, shown by utilizing loquat fruit. The particular targeting of Ej4CL1 raises issues of detecting other regulators in different parts of the pathway responding to different stimulation. In addition, as well as published work on other plant species, we have shown that EjMYB1 and EjMYB2 are chilling responsive and modulated by postharvest temperature treatments, such as LTC and HT, in different ways. The results also indicate that EjMYB genes have transcriptional regulatory roles that have close homology to those of Arabidopsis genes, and a commonality in recognizing and competitively binding to AC elements in lignin biosynthetic gene promoters. Thus, the present research helps to expand the functional categories and regulatory mechanisms of MYB transcription factors.

44Supplementary data are available at JXB online.

45Supplementary Fig. S1. Phylogenetic tree of Ej4CL.

46Supplementary Fig. S2. Sequences of promoters of lignin biosynthesis-related genes from loquat fruit.

47Supplementary Table S1. Primers for EjMYB1 and EjMYB2 isolation.

48Supplementary Table S2. Primers for EjMYB1 and EjMYB2 UTR region isolation.

49Supplementary Table S3. Primers used for isolation on promoters of lignin biosynthesis genes from Arabidopsis.

50Supplementary Table S4. Primers for isolation of promoters of lignin biosynthesis genes from loquat using genome-walking technology.

51Supplementary Table S5. Primers for Ej4CL1 promoter deletion experiment.

52Supplementary Table S6. Primers used in subcellular localization analysis.

53Supplementary Table S7. Primers for real-time PCR.

54Supplementary Table S8. Primers used in yeast one-hybrid experiments.