Chronic immune activation and inflammation as the cause of malignancy

Abstract

Several chronic infections known to be associated with malignancy have established oncogenic properties. However the existence of chronic inflammatory conditions that do not have an established infective cause and are associated with the development of tumours strongly suggests that the inflammatory process itself provides the prerequisite environment for the development of malignancy. This environment includes upregulation of mediators of the inflammatory response such as cyclo-oxygenase (COX)-2 leading to the production of inflammatory cytokines and prostaglandins which themselves may suppress cell mediated immune responses and promote angiogenesis. These factors may also impact on cell growth and survival signalling pathways resulting in induction of cell proliferation and inhibition of apoptosis. Furthermore, chronic inflammation may lead to the production of reactive oxygen species and metabolites such as malondialdehyde within the affected cells that may in turn induce DNA damage and mutations and, as a result, be carcinogenic. Here it is proposed that the conditions provided by a chronic inflammatory environment are so essential for the progression of the neoplastic process that therapeutic intervention aimed at inhibiting inflammation, reducing angiogenesis and stimulating cell mediated immune responses may have a major role in reducing the incidence of common cancers.

References 152

1. 1.

   Akre K., Ekström A. M., Signorello L. B., Hansson L. E., Nyrén O. Aspirin and risk for gastric cancer: a population-based case-control study in Sweden. Br J Cancer. 2001;84(7):965-968.

   Not in our library10.1054/bjoc.2001.1702

2. 2.

   Athar M., An K. P., Morel K. D., Kim A. L., Aszterbaum M., Longley J., Epstein E. H., Bickers D. R. Ultraviolet B(UVB)-induced cox-2 expression in murine skin: an immunohistochemical study. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2001;280(4):1042-1047.

   Not in our library10.1006/bbrc.2000.4201

3. 3.

   Badawi A. F., Mostafa M. H., Probert A., O'Connor P. J. Role of schistosomiasis in human bladder cancer: evidence of association, aetiological factors, and basic mechanisms of carcinogenesis. Eur J Cancer Prev. 1995;4(1):45-59.

   Not in our library10.1097/00008469-199502000-00004

4. 4.

   Bergers G., Javaherian K., Lo K. M., Folkman J., Hanahan D. Effects of angiogenesis inhibitors on multistage carcinogenesis in mice. Science. 1999;284(5415):808-812.

   Not in our library10.1126/science.284.5415.808

5. 5.

   Bielefeldt-Ohmann H., Jarnicki A. G., Fitzpatrick D. R. Molecular pathobiology and immunology of malignant mesothelioma. J Pathol. 1996;178(4):369-378.

   Not in our library10.1002/(sici)1096-9896(199604)178:4<369::aid-path460>3.0.co;2-8

6. 6.

   Bonnet M., Guinebretiere J. M., Kremmer E., Grunewald V., Benhamou E., Contesso G., Joab I. Detection of Epstein-Barr virus in invasive breast cancers. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1999;91(16):1376-1381.

   Not in our library10.1093/jnci/91.16.1376

7. 7.

   Bontkes H. J., de Gruijl T. D., Bijl A., Verheijen R. H., Meijer C. J., Scheper R. J., Stern P. L., Burns J. E., Maitland N. J., Walboomers J. M. Human papillomavirus type 16 E2-specific T-helper lymphocyte responses in patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. J Gen Virol. 1999;80(Pt 9):2453-2459.

   Not in our library10.1099/0022-1317-80-9-2453

8. 8.

   Bontkes H. J., de Gruijl T. D., Walboomers J. M., Schiller J. T., Dillner J., Helmerhorst T. J., Verheijen R. H., Scheper R. J., Meijer C. J. Immune responses against human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 virus-like particles in a cohort study of women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. II. Systemic but not local IgA responses correlate with clearance of HPV-16. J Gen Virol. 1999;80(Pt 2):409-417.

   Not in our library10.1099/0022-1317-80-2-409

9. 9.
   Involvement of regulatory and catalytic subunits of phosphoinositide 3-kinase in NF-κB activation · 1999

   Not checked
10. 10.

    Carbone M., Rizzo P., Grimley P. M., Procopio A., Mew D. J., Shridhar V., de Bartolomeis A., Esposito V., Giuliano M. T., Steinberg S. M. Simian virus-40 large-T antigen binds p53 in human mesotheliomas. Nat Med. 1997;3(8):908-912.

    Not in our library10.1038/nm0897-908

11. 11.

    Cardone M. H., Roy N., Stennicke H. R., Salvesen G. S., Franke T. F., Stanbridge E., Frisch S., Reed J. C. Regulation of cell death protease caspase-9 by phosphorylation. Science. 1998;282(5392):1318-1321.

    Not in our library10.1126/science.282.5392.1318

12. 12.
    Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and bladder cancer prevention · 2000

    No notice
13. 13.

    Cerqueira E. M., Santoro C. L., Donozo N. F., Freitas B. A., Pereira C. A., Bevilacqua R. G., Machado-Santelli G. M. Genetic damage in exfoliated cells of the uterine cervix. Association and interaction between cigarette smoking and progression to malignant transformation? Acta Cytol. 1998;42(3):639-649.

    Not in our library10.1159/000331820

14. 14.

    Clavel C., Masure M., Levert M., Putaud I., Mangeonjean C., Lorenzato M., Nazeyrollas P., Gabriel R., Quereux C., Birembaut P. Human papillomavirus detection by the hybrid capture II assay: a reliable test to select women with normal cervical smears at risk for developing cervical lesions. Diagn Mol Pathol. 2000;9(3):145-150.

    Not in our library10.1097/00019606-200009000-00004

15. 15.

    Clerici M., Shearer G. M. The Th1-Th2 hypothesis of HIV infection: new insights. Immunol Today. 1994;15(12):575-581.

    Not in our library10.1016/0167-5699(94)90220-8

16. 16.

    Coffey D. S. Self-organization, complexity and chaos: the new biology for medicine. Nat Med. 1998;4(8):882-885.

    Not in our library10.1038/nm0898-882

17. 17.

    Cordon-Cardo C., Prives C. At the crossroads of inflammation and tumorigenesis. J Exp Med. 1999;190(10):1367-1370.

    Not in our library10.1084/jem.190.10.1367

18. 18.

    Cox G., Jones J. L., O'Byrne K. J. Matrix metalloproteinase 9 and the epidermal growth factor signal pathway in operable non-small cell lung cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2000;6(6):2349-2355.

    Not in our library

19. 19.

    Dalgleish A. G. The pathogenesis of AIDS: classical and alternative views. J R Coll Physicians Lond. 1992;26(2):152-158.

    Not in our library

20. 20.

    Dalgleish A. G. Viruses and cancer. Br Med Bull. 1991;47(1):21-46.

    Not in our library10.1093/oxfordjournals.bmb.a072457

21. 21.

    Dalgleish A. The relevance of non-linear mathematics (chaos theory) to the treatment of cancer, the role of the immune response and the potential for vaccines. QJM. 1999;92(6):347-359.

    Not in our library10.1093/qjmed/92.6.347

22. 22.

    Dameron K. M., Volpert O. V., Tainsky M. A., Bouck N. Control of angiogenesis in fibroblasts by p53 regulation of thrombospondin-1. Science. 1994;265(5178):1582-1584.

    Not in our library10.1126/science.7521539

23. 23.

    De Luca A., Baldi A., Esposito V., Howard C. M., Bagella L., Rizzo P., Caputi M., Pass H. I., Giordano G. G., Baldi F. The retinoblastoma gene family pRb/p105, p107, pRb2/p130 and simian virus-40 large T-antigen in human mesotheliomas. Nat Med. 1997;3(8):913-916.

    Not in our library10.1038/nm0897-913

24. 24.

    De Marzo A. M., Coffey D. S., Nelson W. G. New concepts in tissue specificity for prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia. Urology. 1999;53(3 Suppl 3A):29-42.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0090-4295(98)00536-6

25. 25.

    Della Bella S., Molteni M., Compasso S., Zulian C., Vanoli M., Scorza R. Differential effects of cyclo-oxygenase pathway metabolites on cytokine production by T lymphocytes. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 1997;56(3):177-184.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0952-3278(97)90531-7

26. 26.

    Di Popolo A., Memoli A., Apicella A., Tuccillo C., di Palma A., Ricchi P., Acquaviva A. M., Zarrilli R. IGF-II/IGF-I receptor pathway up-regulates COX-2 mRNA expression and PGE2 synthesis in Caco-2 human colon carcinoma cells. Oncogene. 2000;19(48):5517-5524.

    Not in our library10.1038/sj.onc.1203952

27. 27.

    Doherty P. C., Tripp R. A., Sixbey J. W. Evasion of host immune responses by tumours and viruses. Ciba Found Symp. 1994;187:245-260.

    Not in our library10.1002/9780470514672.ch16

28. 28.

    Dubois R. N., Abramson S. B., Crofford L., Gupta R. A., Simon L. S., Van De Putte L. B., Lipsky P. E. Cyclooxygenase in biology and disease. FASEB J. 1998;12(12):1063-1073.

    Not in our library

29. 29.

    Dumas F., Eschwège P., Loric S. Acute bacterial prostatitis induces hematogenous dissemination of prostate epithelial cells. Clin Chem. 1997;43(10):2007-2008.

    Not in our library

30. 30.

    Duperron C., Castonguay A. Chemopreventive efficacies of aspirin and sulindac against lung tumorigenesis in A/J mice. Carcinogenesis. 1997;18(5):1001-1006.

    Not in our library10.1093/carcin/18.5.1001

31. 31.

    Edwards J. G., Abrams K. R., Leverment J. N., Spyt T. J., Waller D. A., O'Byrne K. J. Prognostic factors for malignant mesothelioma in 142 patients: validation of CALGB and EORTC prognostic scoring systems. Thorax. 2000;55(9):731-735.

    Not in our library10.1136/thorax.55.9.731

32. 32.

    El-Bayoumy K., Iatropoulos M., Amin S., Hoffmann D., Wynder E. L. Increased expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in rat lung tumors induced by the tobacco-specific nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-4-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone: the impact of a high-fat diet. Cancer Res. 1999;59(7):1400-1403.

    Not in our library

33. 33.

    Eliopoulos A. G., Gallagher N. J., Blake S. M., Dawson C. W., Young L. S. Activation of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway by Epstein-Barr virus-encoded latent membrane protein 1 coregulates interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 production. J Biol Chem. 1999;274(23):16085-16096.

    Not in our library10.1074/jbc.274.23.16085

34. 34.

    Faux S. P., Houghton C. E., Hubbard A., Patrick G. Increased expression of epidermal growth factor receptor in rat pleural mesothelial cells correlates with carcinogenicity of mineral fibres. Carcinogenesis. 2000;21(12):2275-2280.

    Not in our library10.1093/carcin/21.12.2275

35. 35.

    Faux S. P., Howden P. J. Possible role of lipid peroxidation in the induction of NF-kappa B and AP-1 in RFL-6 cells by crocidolite asbestos: evidence following protection by vitamin E. Environ Health Perspect. 1997;105(Suppl 5):1127-1130.

    Not in our library10.1289/ehp.97105s51127

36. 36.

    Fleming S. Renal cancer genetics: von Hippel Lindau and other syndromes. Int J Dev Biol. 1999;43(5):469-471.

    Not in our library

37. 37.

    Folkman J. Seminars in Medicine of the Beth Israel Hospital, Boston. Clinical applications of research on angiogenesis. N Engl J Med. 1995;333(26):1757-1763.

    Not in our library10.1056/nejm199512283332608

38. 38.

    Funkhouser E. M., Sharp G. B. Aspirin and reduced risk of esophageal carcinoma. Cancer. 1995;76(7):1116-1119.

    Not in our library10.1002/1097-0142(19951001)76:7<1116::aid-cncr2820760703>3.0.co;2-i

39. 39.

    Gabrilovich D. I., Ishida T., Nadaf S., Ohm J. E., Carbone D. P. Antibodies to vascular endothelial growth factor enhance the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy by improving endogenous dendritic cell function. Clin Cancer Res. 1999;5(10):2963-2970.

    Not in our library

40. 40.

    Gallucci R. M., Simeonova P. P., Matheson J. M., Kommineni C., Guriel J. L., Sugawara T., Luster M. I. Impaired cutaneous wound healing in interleukin-6-deficient and immunosuppressed mice. FASEB J. 2000;14(15):2525-2531.

    Not in our library10.1096/fj.00-0073com

41. 41.

    Ganss R., Hanahan D. Tumor microenvironment can restrict the effectiveness of activated antitumor lymphocytes. Cancer Res. 1998;58(20):4673-4681.

    Not in our library

42. 42.

    Garrido F., Cabrera T., Concha A., Glew S., Ruiz-Cabello F., Stern P. L. Natural history of HLA expression during tumour development. Immunol Today. 1993;14(10):491-499.

    Not in our library10.1016/0167-5699(93)90264-l

43. 43.

    Gately S. The contributions of cyclooxygenase-2 to tumor angiogenesis. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2000;19(1-2):19-27.

    Not in our library10.1023/a:1026575610124

44. 44.

    Giovannucci E., Egan K. M., Hunter D. J., Stampfer M. J., Colditz G. A., Willett W. C., Speizer F. E. Aspirin and the risk of colorectal cancer in women. N Engl J Med. 1995;333(10):609-614.

    Not in our library10.1056/nejm199509073331001

45. 45.

    Giovannucci E., Rimm E. B., Stampfer M. J., Colditz G. A., Ascherio A., Willett W. C. Aspirin use and the risk for colorectal cancer and adenoma in male health professionals. Ann Intern Med. 1994;121(4):241-246.

    Not in our library10.7326/0003-4819-121-4-199408150-00001

46. 46.

    Gjertsen M. K., Bjorheim J., Saeterdal I., Myklebust J., Gaudernack G. Cytotoxic CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes, generated by mutant p21-ras (12Val) peptide vaccination of a patient, recognize 12Val-dependent nested epitopes present within the vaccine peptide and kill autologous tumour cells carrying this mutation. Int J Cancer. 1997;72(5):784-790.

    Not in our library10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(19970904)72:5<784::aid-ijc14>3.0.co;2-9

47. 47.

    Gorter A., Meri S. Immune evasion of tumor cells using membrane-bound complement regulatory proteins. Immunol Today. 1999;20(12):576-582.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0167-5699(99)01537-6

48. 48.

    Grinwich K. D., Plescia O. J. Tumor-mediated immunosuppression: prevention by inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis. Prostaglandins. 1977;14(6):1175-1182.

    Not in our library10.1016/0090-6980(77)90294-5

49. 49.

    Guillou L., Estreicher A., Chaubert P., Hurlimann J., Kurt A. M., Metthez G., Iggo R., Gray A. C., Jichlinski P., Leisinger H. J. Germ cell tumors of the testis overexpress wild-type p53. Am J Pathol. 1996;149(4):1221-1228.

    Not in our library

50. 50.

    Habeshaw J., Hounsell E., Dalgleish A. Does the HIV envelope induce a chronic graft-versus-host-like disease? Immunol Today. 1992;13(6):207-210.

    Not in our library10.1016/0167-5699(92)90155-z

51. 51.

    Heriot A. G., Marriott J. B., Cookson S., Kumar D., Dalgleish A. G. Reduction in cytokine production in colorectal cancer patients: association with stage and reversal by resection. Br J Cancer. 2000;82(5):1009-1012.

    Not in our library10.1054/bjoc.1999.1034

52. 52.

    Hida T., Leyton J., Makheja A. N., Ben-Av P., Hla T., Martinez A., Mulshine J., Malkani S., Chung P., Moody T. W. Non-small cell lung cancer cycloxygenase activity and proliferation are inhibited by non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Anticancer Res. 1998;18(2A):775-782.

    Not in our library

53. 53.

    Higaki S., Akazawa A., Nakamura H., Yanai H., Yoshida T., Okita K. Metaplastic polyp of the colon develops in response to inflammation. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1999;14(7):709-714.

    Not in our library10.1046/j.1440-1746.1999.01938.x

54. 54.

    Hildesheim A., Schiffman M. H., Tsukui T., Swanson C. A., Lucci J., Scott D. R., Glass A. G., Rush B. B., Lorincz A. T., Corrigan A. Immune activation in cervical neoplasia: cross-sectional association between plasma soluble interleukin 2 receptor levels and disease. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1997;6(10):807-813.

    Not in our library

55. 55.

    Horikawa T., Yoshizaki T., Sheen T. S., Lee S. Y., Furukawa M. Association of latent membrane protein 1 and matrix metalloproteinase 9 with metastasis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Cancer. 2000;89(4):715-723.

    Not in our library10.1002/1097-0142(20000815)89:4<715::aid-cncr1>3.0.co;2-9

56. 56.

    Hsieh C. Y., You S. L., Kao C. L., Chen C. J. Reproductive and infectious risk factors for invasive cervical cancer in Taiwan. Anticancer Res. 1999;19(5C):4495-4500.

    Not in our library

57. 57.

    Hu P., Margolis B., Skolnik E. Y., Lammers R., Ullrich A., Schlessinger J. Interaction of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-associated p85 with epidermal growth factor and platelet-derived growth factor receptors. Mol Cell Biol. 1992;12(3):981-990.

    Not in our library10.1128/mcb.12.3.981-990.1992

58. 58.

    Huang M., Stolina M., Sharma S., Mao J. T., Zhu L., Miller P. W., Wollman J., Herschman H., Dubinett S. M. Non-small cell lung cancer cyclooxygenase-2-dependent regulation of cytokine balance in lymphocytes and macrophages: up-regulation of interleukin 10 and down-regulation of interleukin 12 production. Cancer Res. 1998;58(6):1208-1216.

    Not in our library

59. 59.

    Huang Y. T., Sheen T. S., Chen C. L., Lu J., Chang Y., Chen J. Y., Tsai C. H. Profile of cytokine expression in nasopharyngeal carcinomas: a distinct expression of interleukin 1 in tumor and CD4+ T cells. Cancer Res. 1999;59(7):1599-1605.

    Not in our library

60. 60.

    Hudson J. D., Shoaibi M. A., Maestro R., Carnero A., Hannon G. J., Beach D. H. A proinflammatory cytokine inhibits p53 tumor suppressor activity. J Exp Med. 1999;190(10):1375-1382.

    Not in our library10.1084/jem.190.10.1375

61. 61.

    Höpfl R., Heim K., Christensen N., Zumbach K., Wieland U., Volgger B., Widschwendter A., Haimbuchner S., Müller-Holzner E., Pawlita M. Spontaneous regression of CIN and delayed-type hypersensitivity to HPV-16 oncoprotein E7. Lancet. 2000;356(9246):1985-1986.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0140-6736(00)03315-8

62. 62.

    Irani J., Goujon J. M., Ragni E., Peyrat L., Hubert J., Saint F., Mottet N. High-grade inflammation in prostate cancer as a prognostic factor for biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy. Pathologist Multi Center Study Group. Urology. 1999;54(3):467-472.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0090-4295(99)00152-1

63. 63.

    Jacobs N., Giannini S. L., Doyen J., Baptista A., Moutschen M., Boniver J., Delvenne P. Inverse modulation of IL-10 and IL-12 in the blood of women with preneoplastic lesions of the uterine cervix. Clin Exp Immunol. 1998;111(1):219-224.

    Not in our library10.1046/j.1365-2249.1998.00437.x

64. 64.

    Jankowski J. A., Wright N. A., Meltzer S. J., Triadafilopoulos G., Geboes K., Casson A. G., Kerr D., Young L. S. Molecular evolution of the metaplasia-dysplasia-adenocarcinoma sequence in the esophagus. Am J Pathol. 1999;154(4):965-973.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0002-9440(10)65346-1

65. 65.

    Janssen Y. M., Driscoll K. E., Howard B., Quinlan T. R., Treadwell M., Barchowsky A., Mossman B. T. Asbestos causes translocation of p65 protein and increases NF-kappa B DNA binding activity in rat lung epithelial and pleural mesothelial cells. Am J Pathol. 1997;151(2):389-401.

    Not in our library

66. 66.

    Jung K., Meyer A., Lein M., Rudolph B., Schnorr D., Loening S. A. Ratio of free-to-total prostate specific antigen in serum cannot distinguish patients with prostate cancer from those with chronic inflammation of the prostate. J Urol. 1998;159(5):1595-1598.

    Not in our library10.1097/00005392-199805000-00050

67. 67.

    Kano A., Watanabe Y., Takeda N., Aizawa S., Akaike T. Analysis of IFN-gamma-induced cell cycle arrest and cell death in hepatocytes. J Biochem. 1997;121(4):677-683.

    Not in our library10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a021639

68. 68.

    Keay S., Zhang C. O., Baldwin B. R., Alexander R. B. Polymerase chain reaction amplification of bacterial 16s rRNA genes in prostate biopsies from men without chronic prostatitis. Urology. 1999;53(3):487-491.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0090-4295(98)00553-6

69. 69.

    Kirk G. R., Clements W. D. Crohn's disease and colorectal malignancy. Int J Clin Pract. 1999;53(4):314-315.

    Not in our library

70. 70.

    Kitagawa N., Goto M., Kurozumi K., Maruo S., Fukayama M., Naoe T., Yasukawa M., Hino K., Suzuki T., Todo S. Epstein-Barr virus-encoded poly(A)(-) RNA supports Burkitt's lymphoma growth through interleukin-10 induction. EMBO J. 2000;19(24):6742-6750.

    Not in our library10.1093/emboj/19.24.6742

71. 71.

    Kodelja V., Müller C., Tenorio S., Schebesch C., Orfanos C. E., Goerdt S. Differences in angiogenic potential of classically vs alternatively activated macrophages. Immunobiology. 1997;197(5):478-493.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0171-2985(97)80080-0

72. 72.

    Konturek P. C., Hartwich A., Zuchowicz M., Labza H., Pierzchalski P., Karczewska E., Bielanski W., Hahn E. G., Konturek S. J. Helicobacter pylori, gastrin and cyclooxygenases in gastric cancer. J Physiol Pharmacol. 2000;51(4 Pt 1):737-749.

    Not in our library

73. 73.

    Koshiba T., Hosotani R., Miyamoto Y., Wada M., Lee J. U., Fujimoto K., Tsuji S., Nakajima S., Doi R., Imamura M. Immunohistochemical analysis of cyclooxygenase-2 expression in pancreatic tumors. Int J Pancreatol. 1999;26(2):69-76.

    Not in our library10.1007/bf02781733

74. 74.

    Lala P. K., Al-Mutter N., Orucevic A. Effects of chronic indomethacin therapy on the development and progression of spontaneous mammary tumors in C3H/HEJ mice. Int J Cancer. 1997;73(3):371-380.

    Not in our library10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(19971104)73:3<371::aid-ijc12>3.0.co;2-g

75. 75.

    Langman M. J., Cheng K. K., Gilman E. A., Lancashire R. J. Effect of anti-inflammatory drugs on overall risk of common cancer: case-control study in general practice research database. BMJ. 2000;320(7250):1642-1646.

    Not in our library10.1136/bmj.320.7250.1642

76. 76.

    Le Buanec H., D'Anna R., Lachgar A., Zagury J. F., Bernard J., Ittelé D., d'Alessio P., Hallez S., Giannouli C., Burny A. HPV-16 E7 but not E6 oncogenic protein triggers both cellular immunosuppression and angiogenic processes. Biomed Pharmacother. 1999;53(9):424-431.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0753-3322(99)80122-x

77. 77.

    Lee P. P., Zeng D., McCaulay A. E., Chen Y. F., Geiler C., Umetsu D. T., Chao N. J. T helper 2-dominant antilymphoma immune response is associated with fatal outcome. Blood. 1997;90(4):1611-1617.

    Not in our library

78. 78.

    Lengauer C., Kinzler K. W., Vogelstein B. Genetic instabilities in human cancers. Nature. 1998;396(6712):643-649.

    Not in our library10.1038/25292

79. 79.

    Lewis J. D., Deren J. J., Lichtenstein G. R. Cancer risk in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 1999;28(2):459-x.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0889-8553(05)70065-0

80. 80.

    Liu M. Y., Shih Y. Y., Li L. Y., Chou S. P., Sheen T. S., Chen C. L., Yang C. S., Chen J. Y. Expression of the Epstein-Barr virus BHRF1 gene, a homologue of Bcl-2, in nasopharyngeal carcinoma tissue. J Med Virol. 2000;61(2):241-250.

    Not in our library10.1002/(sici)1096-9071(200006)61:2<241::aid-jmv11>3.0.co;2-2

81. 81.

    Majima M., Isono M., Ikeda Y., Hayashi I., Hatanaka K., Harada Y., Katsumata O., Yamashina S., Katori M., Yamamoto S. Significant roles of inducible cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 in angiogenesis in rat sponge implants. Jpn J Pharmacol. 1997;75(2):105-114.

    Not in our library10.1254/jjp.75.105

82. 82.

    Maraveyas A., Baban B., Kennard D., Rook G. A., Westby M., Grange J. M., Lydyard P., Stanford J. L., Jones M., Selby P. Possible improved survival of patients with stage IV AJCC melanoma receiving SRL 172 immunotherapy: correlation with induction of increased levels of intracellular interleukin-2 in peripheral blood lymphocytes. Ann Oncol. 1999;10(7):817-824.

    Not in our library10.1023/a:1008307821189

83. 83.

    Mauray S., Fuzzati-Armentero M. T., Trouillet P., Rüegg M., Nicoloso G., Hart M., Aarden L., Schapira M., Duchosal M. A. Epstein-Barr virus-dependent lymphoproliferative disease: critical role of IL-6. Eur J Immunol. 2000;30(7):2065-2073.

    Not in our library10.1002/1521-4141(200007)30:7<2065::aid-immu2065>3.0.co;2-w

84. 84.

    Mayne S. T., Buenconsejo J., Janerich D. T. Previous lung disease and risk of lung cancer among men and women nonsmokers. Am J Epidemiol. 1999;149(1):13-20.

    Not in our library10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009722

85. 85.

    McCann J. Esophageal cancers: changing character, increasing incidence. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1999;91(6):497-498.

    Not in our library10.1093/jnci/91.6.497

86. 86.

    McGinty A., Chang Y. W., Sorokin A., Bokemeyer D., Dunn M. J. Cyclooxygenase-2 expression inhibits trophic withdrawal apoptosis in nerve growth factor-differentiated PC12 cells. J Biol Chem. 2000;275(16):12095-12101.

    Not in our library10.1074/jbc.275.16.12095

87. 87.

    Melief C. J., Kast W. M. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte therapy of cancer and tumor escape mechanisms. Semin Cancer Biol. 1991;2(5):347-354.

    Not in our library

88. 88.

    Mestre J. R., Chan G., Zhang F., Yang E. K., Sacks P. G., Boyle J. O., Shah J. P., Edelstein D., Subbaramaiah K., Dannenberg A. J. Inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 expression. An approach to preventing head and neck cancer. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1999;889:62-71.

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb08724.x

89. 89.

    Molina M. A., Sitja-Arnau M., Lemoine M. G., Frazier M. L., Sinicrope F. A. Increased cyclooxygenase-2 expression in human pancreatic carcinomas and cell lines: growth inhibition by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Cancer Res. 1999;59(17):4356-4362.

    Not in our library

90. 90.

    Monson R. R., Yen S., MacMahon B. Chronic mastitis and carcinoma of the breast. Lancet. 1976;2(7979):224-226.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0140-6736(76)91026-6

91. 91.

    Moore R. J., Owens D. M., Stamp G., Arnott C., Burke F., East N., Holdsworth H., Turner L., Rollins B., Pasparakis M. Mice deficient in tumor necrosis factor-alpha are resistant to skin carcinogenesis. Nat Med. 1999;5(7):828-831.

    Not in our library10.1038/10552

92. 92.

    Mosmann T. R., Coffman R. L. TH1 and TH2 cells: different patterns of lymphokine secretion lead to different functional properties. Annu Rev Immunol. 1989;7:145-173.

    Not in our library10.1146/annurev.iy.07.040189.001045

93. 93.

    Murata H., Kawano S., Tsuji S., Tsuji M., Sawaoka H., Kimura Y., Shiozaki H., Hori M. Cyclooxygenase-2 overexpression enhances lymphatic invasion and metastasis in human gastric carcinoma. Am J Gastroenterol. 1999;94(2):451-455.

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1572-0241.1999.876_e.x

94. 94.

    Nakata S., Imai K., Yamanaka H. [Study of risk factors for prostatic cancer]. Hinyokika Kiyo. 1993;39(11):1017-1025.

    Not in our library

95. 95.

    O'Byrne K. J., Dalgleish A. G., Browning M. J., Steward W. P., Harris A. L. The relationship between angiogenesis and the immune response in carcinogenesis and the progression of malignant disease. Eur J Cancer. 2000;36(2):151-169.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0959-8049(99)00241-5

96. 96.

    Paganini-Hill A. Aspirin and the prevention of colorectal cancer: a review of the evidence. Semin Surg Oncol. 1994;10(3):158-164.

    Not in our library10.1002/ssu.2980100303

97. 97.

    Pamphilon D. H., Alnaqdy A. A., Wallington T. B. Immunomodulation by ultraviolet light: clinical studies and biological effects. Immunol Today. 1991;12(4):119-123.

    Not in our library10.1016/0167-5699(91)90095-b

98. 98.

    Pettit S. J., Seymour K., O'Flaherty E., Kirby J. A. Immune selection in neoplasia: towards a microevolutionary model of cancer development. Br J Cancer. 2000;82(12):1900-1906.

    Not in our library10.1054/bjoc.2000.1206

99. 99.

    Peus D., Vasa R. A., Meves A., Beyerle A., Pittelkow M. R. UVB-induced epidermal growth factor receptor phosphorylation is critical for downstream signaling and keratinocyte survival. Photochem Photobiol. 2000;72(1):135-140.

    Not in our library10.1562/0031-8655(2000)072<0135:uiegfr>2.0.co;2

100. 100.

     Piccinni M. P., Beloni L., Livi C., Maggi E., Scarselli G., Romagnani S. Defective production of both leukemia inhibitory factor and type 2 T-helper cytokines by decidual T cells in unexplained recurrent abortions. Nat Med. 1998;4(9):1020-1024.

     Not in our library10.1038/2006

101. 101.

     Prince M. M., Hildreth N. G. The influence of potential biases on the risk of breast tumors among women who received radiotherapy for acute postpartum mastitis. J Chronic Dis. 1986;39(7):553-560.

     Not in our library10.1016/0021-9681(86)90200-6

102. 102.

     Raza A. Consilience across evolving dysplasias affecting myeloid, cervical, esophageal, gastric and liver cells: common themes and emerging patterns. Leuk Res. 2000;24(1):63-72.

     Not in our library10.1016/s0145-2126(99)00152-6

103. 103.

     Raziuddin S., Shetty S., Ibrahim A. T-cell abnormality and defective interleukin-2 production in patients with carcinoma of the urinary bladder with schistosomiasis. J Clin Immunol. 1991;11(2):103-113.

     Not in our library10.1007/bf00917746

104. 104.

     Richards J. S., Fitzpatrick S. L., Clemens J. W., Morris J. K., Alliston T., Sirois J. Ovarian cell differentiation: a cascade of multiple hormones, cellular signals, and regulated genes. Recent Prog Horm Res. 1995;50:223-254.

     Not in our library10.1016/b978-0-12-571150-0.50014-7

105. 105.

     Rook G. A., Hernandez-Pando R., Lightman S. L. Hormones, peripherally activated prohormones and regulation of the Th1/Th2 balance. Immunol Today. 1994;15(7):301-303.

     Not in our library10.1016/0167-5699(94)90075-2

106. 106.

     Saareks V., Mucha I., Sievi E., Vapaatalo H., Riutta A. Nicotine stereoisomers and cotinine stimulate prostaglandin E2 but inhibit thromboxane B2 and leukotriene E4 synthesis in whole blood. Eur J Pharmacol. 1998;353(1):87-92.

     Not in our library10.1016/s0014-2999(98)00384-7

107. 107.

     Sawaoka H., Kawano S., Tsuji S., Tsuji M., Sun W., Gunawan E. S., Hori M. Helicobacter pylori infection induces cyclooxygenase-2 expression in human gastric mucosa. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 1998;59(5):313-316.

     Not in our library10.1016/s0952-3278(98)90079-5

108. 108.

     Sawaoka H., Kawano S., Tsuji S., Tsujii M., Gunawan E. S., Takei Y., Nagano K., Hori M. Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors suppress the growth of gastric cancer xenografts via induction of apoptosis in nude mice. Am J Physiol. 1998;274(6 Pt 1):G1061-G1067.

     Not in our library10.1152/ajpgi.1998.274.6.g1061

109. 109.

     Sawaoka H., Kawano S., Tsuji S., Tsujii M., Murata H., Hori M. Effects of NSAIDs on proliferation of gastric cancer cells in vitro: possible implication of cyclooxygenase-2 in cancer development. J Clin Gastroenterol. 1998;27(Suppl 1):S47-S52.

     Not in our library10.1097/00004836-199800001-00009

110. 110.

     Sawaoka H., Tsuji S., Tsujii M., Gunawan E. S., Sasaki Y., Kawano S., Hori M. Cyclooxygenase inhibitors suppress angiogenesis and reduce tumor growth in vivo. Lab Invest. 1999;79(12):1469-1477.

     Not in our library

111. 111.

     Schreinemachers D. M., Everson R. B. Aspirin use and lung, colon, and breast cancer incidence in a prospective study. Epidemiology. 1994;5(2):138-146.

     Not in our library10.1097/00001648-199403000-00003

112. 112.

     Schrör K., Zimmermann K. C., Tannhäuser R. Augmented myocardial ischaemia by nicotine--mechanisms and their possible significance. Br J Pharmacol. 1998;125(1):79-86.

     Not in our library10.1038/sj.bjp.0702061

113. 113.

     Schäffer M., Barbul A. Lymphocyte function in wound healing and following injury. Br J Surg. 1998;85(4):444-460.

     Not in our library10.1046/j.1365-2168.1998.00734.x

114. 114.

     Scott M., Stites D. P., Moscicki A. B. Th1 cytokine patterns in cervical human papillomavirus infection. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 1999;6(5):751-755.

     Not in our library10.1128/cdli.6.5.751-755.1999

115. 115.

     Singer A. J., Clark R. A. Cutaneous wound healing. N Engl J Med. 1999;341(10):738-746.

     Not in our library10.1056/nejm199909023411006

116. 116.

     Spitz M. R., Wei Q., Li G., Wu X. Genetic susceptibility to tobacco carcinogenesis. Cancer Invest. 1999;17(8):645-659.

     Not in our library10.3109/07357909909032849

117. 117.

     Spivak MYa, Lakatosh V. P., Lazarenko L. M., Lyanenko L. M., Azarskova M. V., Mikhailenko O. M., Tkáciková L., Boroda A. M. Interrelation of lymphocyte subpopulations in peripheral blood under cervical papillomavirus infection. Folia Microbiol (Praha). 1999;44(6):721-725.

     Not in our library10.1007/bf02825669

118. 118.

     Strand S., Galle P. R. Immune evasion by tumours: involvement of the CD95 (APO-1/Fas) system and its clinical implications. Mol Med Today. 1998;4(2):63-68.

     Not in our library10.1016/s1357-4310(97)01191-x

119. 119.

     Subbaramaiah K., Zakim D., Weksler B. B., Dannenberg A. J. Inhibition of cyclooxygenase: a novel approach to cancer prevention. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1997;216(2):201-210.

     Not in our library10.3181/00379727-216-44170

120. 120.

     Takada K. Epstein-Barr virus and gastric carcinoma. Mol Pathol. 2000;53(5):255-261.

     Not in our library10.1136/mp.53.5.255

121. 121.

     Takahashi Y., Kawahara F., Noguchi M., Miwa K., Sato H., Seiki M., Inoue H., Tanabe T., Yoshimoto T. Activation of matrix metalloproteinase-2 in human breast cancer cells overexpressing cyclooxygenase-1 or -2. FEBS Lett. 1999;460(1):145-148.

     Not in our library10.1016/s0014-5793(99)01328-9

122. 122.

     Taketo M. M. Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors in tumorigenesis (Part II). J Natl Cancer Inst. 1998;90(21):1609-1620.

     Not in our library10.1093/jnci/90.21.1609

123. 123.

     Thanos D., Maniatis T. NF-kappa B: a lesson in family values. Cell. 1995;80(4):529-532.

     Not in our library10.1016/0092-8674(95)90506-5

124. 124.

     Thun M. J., Namboodiri M. M., Heath C. W. Aspirin use and reduced risk of fatal colon cancer. N Engl J Med. 1991;325(23):1593-1596.

     Not in our library10.1056/nejm199112053252301

125. 125.

     Tomozawa S., Nagawa H., Tsuno N., Hatano K., Osada T., Kitayama J., Sunami E., Nita M. E., Ishihara S., Yano H. Inhibition of haematogenous metastasis of colon cancer in mice by a selective COX-2 inhibitor, JTE-522. Br J Cancer. 1999;81(8):1274-1279.

     Not in our library10.1038/sj.bjc.6694262

126. 126.

     Tsuji S., Kawano S., Sawaoka H., Takei Y., Kobayashi I., Nagano K., Fusamoto H., Kamada T. Evidences for involvement of cyclooxygenase-2 in proliferation of two gastrointestinal cancer cell lines. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 1996;55(3):179-183.

     Not in our library10.1016/s0952-3278(96)90095-2

127. 127.

     Tsujii M., DuBois R. N. Alterations in cellular adhesion and apoptosis in epithelial cells overexpressing prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase 2. Cell. 1995;83(3):493-501.

     Not in our library10.1016/0092-8674(95)90127-2

128. 128.
     Cyclooxygenase-2 expression in human colon cancer cells increases metastatic potential · 1997

     Not checked
129. 129.

     Tsujii M., Kawano S., Tsuji S., Sawaoka H., Hori M., DuBois R. N. Cyclooxygenase regulates angiogenesis induced by colon cancer cells. Cell. 1998;93(5):705-716.

     Not in our library10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81433-6

130. 130.

     Ung A., Kramer T. R., Schiffman M., Herrero R., Bratti M. C., Burk R. D., Swanson C. A., Sherman M. E., Hutchinson M. L., Alfaro M. Soluble interleukin 2 receptor levels and cervical neoplasia: results from a population-based case-control study in Costa Rica. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1999;8(3):249-253.

     Not in our library

131. 131.

     Vaganova I. G. Apoptoz i proliferatsiia épiteliotsitov éktotserviksa u bol'nykh papillomavirusnym i khlamidiinym tservitsitom. Vopr Onkol. 2000;46(5):578-582.

     Not in our library

132. 132.

     Vainio H., Morgan G. Cyclo-oxygenase 2 and breast cancer prevention. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents are worth testing in breast cancer. BMJ. 1998;317(7162):828-828.

     Not in our library10.1136/bmj.317.7162.828

133. 133.

     Vane J. R., Bakhle Y. S., Botting R. M. Cyclooxygenases 1 and 2. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 1998;38:97-120.

     Not in our library10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.38.1.97

134. 134.

     Vogelstein B., Fearon E. R., Hamilton S. R., Kern S. E., Preisinger A. C., Leppert M., Nakamura Y., White R., Smits A. M., Bos J. L. Genetic alterations during colorectal-tumor development. N Engl J Med. 1988;319(9):525-532.

     Not in our library10.1056/nejm198809013190901

135. 135.

     Wallenius V., Wallenius K., Jansson J. O. Normal pharmacologically-induced, but decreased regenerative liver growth in interleukin-6-deficient (IL-6(-/-)) mice. J Hepatol. 2000;33(6):967-974.

     Not in our library10.1016/s0168-8278(00)80130-0

136. 136.

     Wang L. S., Chow K. C., Wu Y. C., Li W. Y., Huang M. H. Detection of Epstein-Barr virus in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in Taiwan. Am J Gastroenterol. 1999;94(10):2834-2839.

     Not in our library10.1111/j.1572-0241.1999.01425.x

137. 137.

     Watanabe M., McCormick K. L., Volker K., Ortaldo J. R., Wigginton J. M., Brunda M. J., Wiltrout R. H., Fogler W. E. Regulation of local host-mediated anti-tumor mechanisms by cytokines: direct and indirect effects on leukocyte recruitment and angiogenesis. Am J Pathol. 1997;150(5):1869-1880.

     Not in our library

138. 138.

     Westby M., Marriott J. B., Guckian M., Cookson S., Hay P., Dalgleish A. G. Abnormal intracellular IL-2 and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) production as HIV-1-assocated markers of immune dysfunction. Clin Exp Immunol. 1998;111(2):257-263.

     Not in our library10.1046/j.1365-2249.1998.00505.x

139. 139.

     Whitby D., Boshoff C. Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus as a new paradigm for virus-induced oncogenesis. Curr Opin Oncol. 1998;10(5):405-412.

     Not in our library10.1097/00001622-199809000-00007

140. 140.

     White C. D., Macatol F. R., DeJosef A. B. Inflammatory cell infiltrate in the cervix as a predictor of residual cervical intraepithelial neoplasia after conization. J Reprod Med. 1992;37(9):799-802.

     Not in our library

141. 141.

     Williams M. P., Pounder R. E. Helicobacter pylori: from the benign to the malignant. Am J Gastroenterol. 1999;94(11 Suppl):S11-S16.

     Not in our library10.1016/s0002-9270(99)00657-7

142. 142.

     Wolff H., Saukkonen K., Anttila S., Karjalainen A., Vainio H., Ristimäki A. Expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in human lung carcinoma. Cancer Res. 1998;58(22):4997-5001.

     Not in our library

143. 143.

     Xu Z. G., Iwatsuki K., Oyama N., Ohtsuka M., Satoh M., Kikuchi S., Akiba H., Kaneko F. The latency pattern of Epstein-Barr virus infection and viral IL-10 expression in cutaneous natural killer/T-cell lymphomas. Br J Cancer. 2001;84(7):920-925.

     Not in our library10.1054/bjoc.2000.1687

144. 144.

     Yamamoto T., Nakamura Y., Kishimoto K., Takeuchi H., Shirakata M., Mitsuya T., Hirai K. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-infected cells were frequently but dispersely detected in T-cell lymphomas of various types by in situ hybridization with an RNA probe specific to EBV-specific nuclear antigen 1. Virus Res. 1999;65(1):43-55.

     Not in our library10.1016/s0168-1702(99)00101-x

145. 145.

     Yang T., Schnermann J. B., Briggs J. P. Regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 expression in renal medulla by tonicity in vivo and in vitro. Am J Physiol. 1999;277(1 Pt 2):F1-F9.

     Not in our library10.1152/ajprenal.1999.277.1.f1

146. 146.

     Yao R., Rioux N., Castonguay A., You M. Inhibition of COX-2 and induction of apoptosis: two determinants of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs' chemopreventive efficacies in mouse lung tumorigenesis. Exp Lung Res. 2000;26(8):731-742.

     Not in our library10.1080/01902140150216783

147. 147.

     Yeung M. C., Lau A. S. Tumor suppressor p53 as a component of the tumor necrosis factor-induced, protein kinase PKR-mediated apoptotic pathway in human promonocytic U937 cells. J Biol Chem. 1998;273(39):25198-25202.

     Not in our library10.1074/jbc.273.39.25198

148. 148.

     Yucel-Lindberg T., Ahola H., Carlstedt-Duke J., Modéer T. Involvement of tyrosine kinases on cyclooxygenase expression and prostaglandin E2 production in human gingival fibroblasts stimulated with interleukin-1beta and epidermal growth factor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1999;257(2):528-532.

     Not in our library10.1006/bbrc.1999.0523

149. 149.

     Zhou B. P., Hu M. C., Miller S. A., Yu Z., Xia W., Lin S. Y., Hung M. C. HER-2/neu blocks tumor necrosis factor-induced apoptosis via the Akt/NF-kappaB pathway. J Biol Chem. 2000;275(11):8027-8031.

     Not in our library10.1074/jbc.275.11.8027

150. 150.

     al-Saleh W., Giannini S. L., Jacobs N., Moutschen M., Doyen J., Boniver J., Delvenne P. Correlation of T-helper secretory differentiation and types of antigen-presenting cells in squamous intraepithelial lesions of the uterine cervix. J Pathol. 1998;184(3):283-290.

     Not in our library10.1002/(sici)1096-9896(199803)184:3<283::aid-path25>3.0.co;2-k

151. 151.

     del Peso L., González-García M., Page C., Herrera R., Nuñez G. Interleukin-3-induced phosphorylation of BAD through the protein kinase Akt. Science. 1997;278(5338):687-689.

     Not in our library10.1126/science.278.5338.687

152. 152.

     zur Hausen A., Brink A. A., Craanen M. E., Middeldorp J. M., Meijer C. J., van den Brule A. J. Unique transcription pattern of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in EBV-carrying gastric adenocarcinomas: expression of the transforming BARF1 gene. Cancer Res. 2000;60(10):2745-2748.

     Not in our library

Cited by papers we hold 7

• Deletion of interleukin-6 in monocytes/macrophages suppresses the initiation of hepatocellular carcinoma in mice · 2016
  No notice
• The wound inflammatory response exacerbates growth of pre‐neoplastic cells and progression to cancer · 2015
  No notice
• The Potential Benefits of Red Beetroot Supplementation in Health and Disease · 2015
  No notice
• The tissue microlocalisation and cellular expression of CD163, VEGF, HLA-DR, iNOS, and MRP 8/14 is correlated to clinical outcome in NSCLC. · 2011
  Not checked
• Pre-treatment with chemotherapy can enhance the antigenicity and immunogenicity of tumours by promoting adaptive immune responses · 2009
  No notice
• The relationship between tumour T-lymphocyte infiltration, the systemic inflammatory response and survival in patients undergoing curative resection for colorectal cancer · 2005
  No notice
• The proteosome inhibitor MG132 attenuates Retinoic Acid Receptor trans-activation and enhances trans-repression of Nuclear Factor κB. Potential relevance to chemo-preventive interventions with retinoids · 2004
  Not checked

Reads

A person counts once a day per paper. We keep no cookie and no address: a reader is a hash that changes every day. Any month under five reads shows no number.