Sexual behaviour, STDs and risks for prostate cancer

Abstract

A population-based case-control study was carried out among 981 men (479 black, 502 white) with pathologically confirmed prostate cancer and 1315 controls (594 black, 721 white). In-person interviews elicited information on sexual behaviour and other potential risk factors for prostate cancer. Blood was drawn for serologic studies in a subset of the cases (n = 276) and controls (n = 295). Prostate cancer risk was increased among men who reported a history of gonorrhoea or syphilis (odds ratio (OR) = 1.6; 95% confidence internal (CI) 1.2-2.1) or showed serological evidence of syphilis (MHA-TP) (OR = 1.8; 95% CI 1.0-3.5). Patterns of risk for gonorrhoea and syphilis were similar for blacks (OR = 1.7; 95% CI 1.2-2.2) and whites (OR = 1.6; 95% CI 0.8-3.2). Risks increased with increasing occurrences of gonorrhoea, rising to OR = 3.3 (95% CI 1.4-7.8) among subjects with three or more events (Ptrend = 0.0005). Frequent sexual encounters with prostitutes and failure to use condoms were also associated with increased risk. Syphilis, gonorrhoea, sex with prostitutes and unprotected sexual intercourse may be indicators of contact with a sexually transmissible factor that increases the risk of prostate cancer.

References 38

1. 1.

   Anderson J. E., McCormick L., Fichtner R. Factors associated with self-reported STDs: data from a national survey. Sex Transm Dis. 1994;21(6):303-308.

   Not in our library10.1097/00007435-199411000-00002

2. 2.

   Andersson S. O., Baron J., Bergström R., Lindgren C., Wolk A., Adami H. O. Lifestyle factors and prostate cancer risk: a case-control study in Sweden. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1996;5(7):509-513.

   Not in our library

3. 3.

   Baker L. H., Mebust W. K., Chin T. D., Chapman A. L., Hinthorn D., Towle D. The relationship of herpesvirus to carcinoma of the prostate. J Urol. 1981;125(3):370-374.

   Not in our library10.1016/s0022-5347(17)55039-9

4. 4.

   Brunham R. C., Plummer F. A. A general model of sexually transmitted disease epidemiology and its implications for control. Med Clin North Am. 1990;74(6):1339-1352.

   Not in our library10.1016/s0025-7125(16)30484-9

5. 5.

   Buena F., Swerdloff R. S., Steiner B. S., Lutchmansingh P., Peterson M. A., Pandian M. R., Galmarini M., Bhasin S. Sexual function does not change when serum testosterone levels are pharmacologically varied within the normal male range. Fertil Steril. 1993;59(5):1118-1123.

   Not in our library

6. 6.

   Carter J. J., Koutsky L. A., Wipf G. C., Christensen N. D., Lee S. K., Kuypers J., Kiviat N., Galloway D. A. The natural history of human papillomavirus type 16 capsid antibodies among a cohort of university women. J Infect Dis. 1996;174(5):927-936.

   Not in our library10.1093/infdis/174.5.927

7. 7.

   Cuzick J. Human papillomavirus infection of the prostate. Cancer Surv. 1995;23:91-95.

   Not in our library

8. 8.

   Dillner J., Knekt P., Boman J., Lehtinen M., Af Geijersstam V., Sapp M., Schiller J., Maatela J., Aromaa A. Sero-epidemiological association between human-papillomavirus infection and risk of prostate cancer. Int J Cancer. 1998;75(4):564-567.

   Not in our library10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(19980209)75:4<564::aid-ijc12>3.0.co;2-9

9. 9.

   Green L. W. Manual for scoring socioeconomic status for research on health behavior. Public Health Rep. 1970;85(9):815-827.

   Not in our library

10. 10.

    Haas J. S., Bolan G., Larsen S. A., Clement M. J., Bacchetti P., Moss A. R. Sensitivity of treponemal tests for detecting prior treated syphilis during human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Infect Dis. 1990;162(4):862-866.

    Not in our library10.1093/infdis/162.4.862

11. 11.

    Hayes R. B., Brown L. M., Schoenberg J. B., Greenberg R. S., Silverman D. T., Schwartz A. G., Swanson G. M., Benichou J., Liff J. M., Hoover R. N. Alcohol use and prostate cancer risk in US blacks and whites. Am J Epidemiol. 1996;143(7):692-697.

    Not in our library10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a008802

12. 12.

    Hayes R. B., Liff J. M., Pottern L. M., Greenberg R. S., Schoenberg J. B., Schwartz A. G., Swanson G. M., Silverman D. T., Brown L. M., Hoover R. N. Prostate cancer risk in U.S. blacks and whites with a family history of cancer. Int J Cancer. 1995;60(3):361-364.

    Not in our library10.1002/ijc.2910600315

13. 13.

    Hayes R. B., Pottern L. M., Greenberg R., Schoenberg J., Swanson G. M., Liff J., Schwartz A. G., Brown L. M., Hoover R. N. Vasectomy and prostate cancer in US blacks and whites. Am J Epidemiol. 1993;137(3):263-269.

    Not in our library10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116673

14. 14.

    Hayes R. B., Pottern L. M., Swanson G. M., Liff J. M., Schoenberg J. B., Greenberg R. S., Schwartz A. G., Brown L. M., Silverman D. T., Hoover R. N. Tobacco use and prostate cancer in blacks and whites in the United States. Cancer Causes Control. 1994;5(3):221-226.

    Not in our library10.1007/bf01830240

15. 15.

    Hayes R. B., Ziegler R. G., Gridley G., Swanson C., Greenberg R. S., Swanson G. M., Schoenberg J. B., Silverman D. T., Brown L. M., Pottern L. M. Dietary factors and risks for prostate cancer among blacks and whites in the United States. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1999;8(1):25-34.

    Not in our library

16. 16.

    Heshmat M. Y., Kovi J., Herson J., Jones G. W., Jackson M. A. Epidemiologic association between Gonorrhea and prostatic carcinoma. Urology. 1975;6(4):457-460.

    Not in our library10.1016/0090-4295(75)90627-5

17. 17.

    Honda G. D., Bernstein L., Ross R. K., Greenland S., Gerkins V., Henderson B. E. Vasectomy, cigarette smoking, and age at first sexual intercourse as risk factors for prostate cancer in middle-aged men. Br J Cancer. 1988;57(3):326-331.

    Not in our library10.1038/bjc.1988.74

18. 18.

    Jackson M. A., Kovi J., Heshmat M. Y., Ogunmuyiwa T. A., Jones G. W., Williams A. O., Christian E. C., Nkposong E. O., Rao M. S., Jackson A. G. Characterization of prostatic carcinoma among blacks: a comparison between a low-incidence area, Ibadan, Nigeria, and a high-incidence area, Washington, DC. Prostate. 1980;1(2):185-205.

    Not in our library10.1002/pros.2990010205

19. 19.

    Kilmarx P. H., Zaidi A. A., Thomas J. C., Nakashima A. K., St Louis M. E., Flock M. L., Peterman T. A. Sociodemographic factors and the variation in syphilis rates among US counties, 1984 through 1993: an ecological analysis. Am J Public Health. 1997;87(12):1937-1943.

    Not in our library10.2105/ajph.87.12.1937

20. 20.

    Koopman J. S., Longini I. M. The ecological effects of individual exposures and nonlinear disease dynamics in populations. Am J Public Health. 1994;84(5):836-842.

    Not in our library10.2105/ajph.84.5.836

21. 21.

    Krain L. S. Some epidemiologic variables in prostatic carcinoma in California. Prev Med. 1974;3(1):154-159.

    Not in our library10.1016/0091-7435(74)90070-x

22. 22.

    La Vecchia C., Franceschi S., Talamini R., Negri E., Boyle P., D'Avanzo B. Marital status, indicators of sexual activity and prostatic cancer. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1993;47(6):450-453.

    Not in our library10.1136/jech.47.6.450

23. 23.

    Lees R. E., Steele R., Wardle D. Arsenic, syphilis, and cancer of the prostate. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1985;39(3):227-230.

    Not in our library10.1136/jech.39.3.227

24. 24.

    Mandel J. S., Schuman L. M. Sexual factors and prostatic cancer: results from a case-control study. J Gerontol. 1987;42(3):259-264.

    Not in our library10.1093/geronj/42.3.259

25. 25.

    Mantzoros C. S., Georgiadis E. I., Trichopoulos D. Contribution of dihydrotestosterone to male sexual behaviour. BMJ. 1995;310(6990):1289-1291.

    Not in our library10.1136/bmj.310.6990.1289

26. 26.

    Mishina T., Watanabe H., Araki H., Nakao M. Epidemiological study of prostatic cancer by matched-pair analysis. Prostate. 1985;6(4):423-436.

    Not in our library10.1002/pros.2990060411

27. 27.

    Nakashima A. K., Rolfs R. T., Flock M. L., Kilmarx P., Greenspan J. R. Epidemiology of syphilis in the United States, 1941--1993. Sex Transm Dis. 1996;23(1):16-23.

    Not in our library10.1097/00007435-199601000-00006

28. 28.

    Nomura A. M., Kolonel L. N. Prostate cancer: a current perspective. Epidemiol Rev. 1991;13:200-227.

    Not in our library10.1093/oxfordjournals.epirev.a036069

29. 29.

    Pienta K. J., Esper P. S. Risk factors for prostate cancer. Ann Intern Med. 1993;118(10):793-803.

    Not in our library10.7326/0003-4819-118-10-199305150-00007

30. 30.

    Romanowski B., Sutherland R., Fick G. H., Mooney D., Love E. J. Serologic response to treatment of infectious syphilis. Ann Intern Med. 1991;114(12):1005-1009.

    Not in our library10.7326/0003-4819-114-12-1005

31. 31.

    Rotkin I. D. Studies in the epidemiology of prostatic cancer: expanded sampling. Cancer Treat Rep. 1977;61(2):173-180.

    Not in our library

32. 32.

    Schiffman M. H., Bauer H. M., Hoover R. N., Glass A. G., Cadell D. M., Rush B. B., Scott D. R., Sherman M. E., Kurman R. J., Wacholder S. Epidemiologic evidence showing that human papillomavirus infection causes most cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1993;85(12):958-964.

    Not in our library10.1093/jnci/85.12.958

33. 33.

    Staskus K. A., Zhong W., Gebhard K., Herndier B., Wang H., Renne R., Beneke J., Pudney J., Anderson D. J., Ganem D. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus gene expression in endothelial (spindle) tumor cells. J Virol. 1997;71(1):715-719.

    Not in our library10.1128/jvi.71.1.715-719.1997

34. 34.

    Steele R., Lees R. E., Kraus A. S., Rao C. Sexual factors in the epidemiology of cancer of the prostate. J Chronic Dis. 1971;24(1):29-37.

    Not in our library10.1016/0021-9681(71)90056-7

35. 35.

    Strickler H. D., Burk R., Shah K., Viscidi R., Jackson A., Pizza G., Bertoni F., Schiller J. T., Manns A., Metcalf R. A multifaceted study of human papillomavirus and prostate carcinoma. Cancer. 1998;82(6):1118-1125.

    Not in our library

36. 36.

    Strickler H. D., Hildesheim A., Viscidi R. P., Shah K. V., Goebel B., Drummond J., Waters D., Sun Y., Hubbert N. L., Wacholder S. Interlaboratory agreement among results of human papillomavirus type 16 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. J Clin Microbiol. 1997;35(7):1751-1756.

    Not in our library10.1128/jcm.35.7.1751-1756.1997

37. 37.

    Thomas J. C., Schoenbach V. J., Weiner D. H., Parker E. A., Earp J. A. Rural gonorrhea in the southeastern United States: a neglected epidemic? Am J Epidemiol. 1996;143(3):269-277.

    Not in our library10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a008738

38. 38.

    Wynder E. L., Mabuchi K., Whitmore W. F. Epidemiology of cancer of the prostate. Cancer. 1971;28(2):344-360.

    Not in our library10.1002/1097-0142(197108)28:2<344::aid-cncr2820280214>3.0.co;2-#

Cited by papers we hold 1

• Therapeutic Applications of Herbal Medicines for Cancer Patients · 2013
  No notice

Reads

A person counts once a day per paper. We keep no cookie and no address: a reader is a hash that changes every day. Any month under five reads shows no number.