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The Coral Trait Database, a curated database of trait information for coral species from the global oceans

Joshua S. Madin, Kristen D. Anderson, Magnus Heide Andreasen and 28 more

Scientific Data · 2016 · CC BY

doi:10.1038/sdata.2016.17

Abstract

Trait-based approaches advance ecological and evolutionary research because traits provide a strong link to an organism’s function and fitness. Trait-based research might lead to a deeper understanding of the functions of, and services provided by, ecosystems, thereby improving management, which is vital in the current era of rapid environmental change. Coral reef scientists have long collected trait data for corals; however, these are difficult to access and often under-utilized in addressing large-scale questions. We present the Coral Trait Database initiative that aims to bring together physiological, morphological, ecological, phylogenetic and biogeographic trait information into a single repository. The database houses species- and individual-level data from published field and experimental studies alongside contextual data that provide important framing for analyses. In this data descriptor, we release data for 56 traits for 1547 species, and present a collaborative platform on which other trait data are being actively federated. Our overall goal is for the Coral Trait Database to become an open-source, community-led data clearinghouse that accelerates coral reef research.

Full text

From PubMed Central, U.S. National Library of Medicine, as current on Oct 26, 2026. Paragraph numbers are ours, so an answer can point at one.

Background & Summary

Most ecosystems are rich in species that display a wide diversity of characteristics (i.e., traits). One way to make meaningful generalizations from this diversity has been to identify physiological, ecological or functional traits of organisms to infer (e.g., using traits as explanatory variables) patterns of demography, distribution and abundance, and more broadly, ecosystem function and evolution. Moreover, species traits can be used as explanatory variables for the responses of ecosystems to environmental change, as functionally significant traits mediate species’ responses to disturbances. Recently, research has demonstrated the utility of trait-based approaches for understanding the effects of anthropogenic disturbances, the provisioning of ecosystem services, species distributions, species composition,, and energetic and ecological trade-offs,. In seminal papers, compilations of species trait data with broad taxonomic coverage have revealed, for example, a general axis of variation in plants that describes costs and benefits of key chemical, structural and physiological traits; and factors influencing the metabolic rates of organisms. However, such broad-scale insights have been restricted to relatively few taxonomic groups, often due to lack of data, particularly information about the ecological context in which data were collected, when such data do exist.

Trait data for stony corals (Cnidaria: Scleractinia) have been collected for more than 100 years and published in many languages. Sufficient data might well exist already for addressing broad-scale hypotheses regarding the ecology and evolution of corals. Although trait compilations are accumulating,, and new statistical approaches for analysing such data are emerging,, these datasets are typically gathered for specific traits in isolation to address specific questions which can result in duplication of effort by separate research groups (e.g., Darling et al. and Pratchett et al. both independently compiled growth rate data). Trait data also tend to be gathered rapidly, for instance with means extracted from tables that present a mixture of original data and data collected previously by others (i.e., meta-analyses). Such a rapid assembly of data can result in omission of important contextual information (e.g., local environmental conditions and levels of variation and replication), confusion about the origin of the data, preventing appropriate provenance and credit, and the accidental duplication of data points in large datasets.

In this data descriptor, we introduce the Coral Trait Database: a curated database of trait information for coral species from the global oceans. The goals of the Coral Trait Database are: (i) to assemble disparate information on coral traits, (ii) to provide unrestricted, open-source access to coral trait data, (iii) to facilitate and encourage the appropriate crediting of original data sources, and (iv) to engage the reef coral research community in the collection and quality control of trait data. We release 56 error-checked, validated and referenced traits, and also provide their context of measurement, together with an online system for transparently and accurately archiving and presenting coral trait data in future research. Our vision is an inclusive and accessible data resource to more rapidly advance the science and management of a sensitive ecosystem at a time of unprecedented environmental change.

Methods

The data are held in the Coral Traits Database (https://coraltraits.org). The database was designed to contain individual-level traits and species-level characteristics and is currently focused on shallow water zooxanthellate (‘reef building’) scleractinian corals. Individual-level traits include any potentially heritable quality of an organism,. In the database, individual-level traits are accompanied by contextual characteristics, which give information about the environment or situation in which an individual-level trait was measured (e.g., characteristics of the habitat, seawater or an experiment). These contextual variables are important for understanding variation in individual-level traits (e.g., as predictor variables in analyses). For example, if measurement of colony growth rate was measured at a given depth, the latter datum is included to provide important information for the focal measurement. Some individual-level traits have no or little variation (e.g., mode of larval development), and therefore contextual information is not required. Species-level characteristics do not have contextual information because they are characteristics of species as entities (such as geographical range size and maximum depth observed).

For simplicity, we use the single term ‘trait’ to refer to individual-level (variant and invariant), species-level (emergent) and contextual (environmental or situational) measurements. Moreover, these traits are grouped into ten use-classes based on various sub-disciplines of reef coral research: biomechanical, conservation, ecological, geographical, morphological, phylogenetic, physiological, reproductive, stoichiometric, and contextual.

Observation and measurements

The database contains two core data tables—Observations and Measurements—each of which has a series of associated tables (Fig. 1). We follow the high-level structure of the Observation and Measurement Ontology in that observations bind related measurements and potentially provide context for other observations.

The observation table contains information about the observation of a coral or coral species. Observation-level data must include the Enterer, Species, Location and Resource. Access is an optional variable, and can be controlled by database users entering data for a project that has not yet been published (see https://coraltraits.org/procedures for more information). Observation-level data are the same for all measurements corresponding to the observation. Measurement-level data include the Trait, Value, Standard (measurement unit), Methodology, and estimates of precision (if applicable). The hypothetical example given in Fig. 1b is for growth rate that was measured within the context of a water depth and habitat that were given in the published resource.

The Species table provides taxonomy that is regularly updated by the Taxonomy Advisory Board (https://coraltraits.org/procedures) to keep pace with the rapid rate of revision. The table contains the valid name for each coral species based largely on the World Register of Marine Species (http://www.marinespecies.org), the major clade (Basal, Robust or Complex), family based on molecular work, family based on morphology (following Cairns or Veron), and other names and synonyms.

Data acquisition

All public data in the Coral Trait Database and included in this data descriptor release are linked with published resources, which include peer-reviewed papers, taxonomic monographs and books. The original source of entered data must be included (called the primary resource), even when extracted from secondary compilations (e.g., for the purpose of meta-analyses). Secondary sources can be included optionally, and so the database captures both the original data collector and subsequent data compilers, which allows both to be credited when re-using data. Measurement value types, which can be flexibly added to, currently include: raw, mean, median, maximum, minimum, expert opinion (the view of a single expert), group opinion (the consensus of a group of experts), and model derived. Continuous data are typically means extracted from tables or figures unless raw data are available. When available, aggregate values such as means and medians should be accompanied by the number of replicates and a measure of dispersion (e.g., standard deviation). Means and estimates of dispersion from figures in resources were captured using ImageJ. The data released in this data descriptor have broad taxonomic (Fig. 2), global (Fig. 3) and phylogenetic (Fig. 4) coverage. However, some large data gaps exist, because few species have been comprehensively measured in many locations.

Data Records

A static release of the 56 traits contained in this descriptor is available from the Coral Trait Database (Data Citation 1) and Figshare (Data Citation 2). Details and references for the trait data are summarised in Table 1 (available online only). Up-to-date data can be downloaded directly from the database. However, as validation (see Technical Validation, below) and data entry is ongoing, users are recommended to pull data from the static releases, to ensure results remain consistent as the database is updated. Both static releases and datasets downloaded from the database are accompanied by the primary (and, if applicable, secondary) resource lists for the data, which should be credited wherever feasible.

Technical Validation

The database is curated on a voluntary basis, which includes a Managerial Board, Editorial Board, Taxonomy Advisory Board and Database Administrator (https://coraltraits.org/procedures). Database Contributors who add data for a new trait are typically asked to be that trait’s editor. Quality control of data and editorial procedures include: Contributor approval: Database users must request permission to become a database contributor, and any observations entered by the contributor are associated with their user account. Editorial approval: Once a contributor enters an observation of a coral trait, an email is sent automatically to the editor of that trait. The editor must approve the observation to remove the ‘pending’ flag from the observation record. User feedback: Data issues can be reported for any observation using a simple form. Editors are automatically emailed if an issue with one of their traits is reported. Duplicate detection: Measurements with the same value, resource, location and species are flagged for confirmation. Outlier detection: Frequency histograms are generated in real time when loading trait pages. Outliers can be detected visually (e.g., a very large value for continuous data or a category that has one or few associated measurements for categorical data).

Contributor approval: Database users must request permission to become a database contributor, and any observations entered by the contributor are associated with their user account.

Editorial approval: Once a contributor enters an observation of a coral trait, an email is sent automatically to the editor of that trait. The editor must approve the observation to remove the ‘pending’ flag from the observation record.

User feedback: Data issues can be reported for any observation using a simple form. Editors are automatically emailed if an issue with one of their traits is reported.

Duplicate detection: Measurements with the same value, resource, location and species are flagged for confirmation.

Outlier detection: Frequency histograms are generated in real time when loading trait pages. Outliers can be detected visually (e.g., a very large value for continuous data or a category that has one or few associated measurements for categorical data).

Usage Notes

The data release is a compressed folder containing two files:A csv-formatted data file containing all publicly available observation and measurement data, which includes contextual data.A csv-formatted resource file containing all the resources (primary and secondary) that correspond with the data. Users are expected to cite the data correctly using these resources.

A csv-formatted data file containing all publicly available observation and measurement data, which includes contextual data.

A csv-formatted resource file containing all the resources (primary and secondary) that correspond with the data. Users are expected to cite the data correctly using these resources.

An example for extracting and reshaping release data for analysis can found online (https://coraltraits.org/procedures).

Additional Information

Table 1 is only available in the online version of this paper.

How to cite this article: Madin, J. S. et al. The Coral Trait Database, a curated database of trait information for coral species from the global oceans. Sci. Data 3:160017 doi: 10.1038/sdata.2016.17 (2016).

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    Roff G., Kvennefors E. C. E., Ulstrup K. E., Fine M. & Hoegh Guldberg O. Coral disease physiology: the impact of Acroporid white syndrome on Symbiodinium. Coral Reefs 27, 373–377 (2007 ).

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    Wilkerson F. P., Kobayashi D. & Muscatine L. Mitotic index and size of symbiotic algae in Caribbean Reef corals. Coral Reefs 7, 29–36 (1988 ).

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    Edmunds P. J. & Gates R. D. Normalizing physiological data for scleractinian corals. Coral Reefs 21, 193–197 (2002 ).

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    Fitt W. K., Spero H. J., Halas J., White M. W. & Porter J. W. Recovery of the coral Montastrea annularis in the Florida Keys after the 1987 Caribbean?bleaching event? Coral Reefs 12, 57–64 (1993 ).

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    Porter J. W., Fitt W. K., Spero H. J., Rogers C. S. & White M. W. Bleaching in reef corals: Physiological and stable isotopic responses. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 86, 9342–9346 (1989 ).

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    Apprill A. M. & Gates R. D. Recognizing diversity in coral symbiotic dinoflagellate communities. Molecular Ecology 16, 1127–1134 (2006 ).

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    Baillie B. K., Belda-Baillie C. A. & Maruyama T. Conspecificity and indo-pacific distribution of symbiodinium genotypes (Dinophyceae) from giant clams. Journal of Phycology 36, 1153–1161 (2000 ).

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    Bielmyer G. et al. Differential effects of copper on three species of scleractinian corals and their algal symbionts (Symbiodinium spp.) Aquatic Toxicology 97, 125–133 (2010 ).

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    Bongaerts P. et al. Genetic Divergence across Habitats in the Widespread Coral Seriatopora hystrix and Its Associated Symbiodinium. PLoS ONE 5, e10871 (2010 ).

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    Brown B. E., Dunne R. P., Goodson M. S. & Douglas A. E. Marine ecology: Bleaching patterns in reef corals. Nature 404, 142–143 (2000 ).

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    Camargo C. et al. Community involvement in management for maintaining coral reef resilience and biodiversity in southern Caribbean marine protected areas. Biodiversity and Conservation 18, 935–956 (2008 ).

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    De Salvo M. K. et al. Coral host transcriptomic states are correlated with Symbiodinium genotypes. Molecular Ecology 19, 1174–1186 (2010 ).

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    Dove S. Scleractinian corals with photoprotective host pigments are hypersensitive to thermal bleaching. Marine Ecology Progress Series 272, 99–116 (2004 ).

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    Finney J. C. et al. The Relative Significance of Host-Habitat, Depth, and Geography on the Ecology, Endemism, and Speciation of Coral Endosymbionts in the Genus Symbiodinium. Microb Ecol 60, 250–263 (2010 ).

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  343. 343.

    Fitt W. et al. Response of two species of Indo-Pacific corals, Porites cylindrica and Stylophora pistillata, to short-term thermal stress: The host does matter in determining the tolerance of corals to bleaching. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 373, 102–110 (2009 ).

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    Frade P. R., De Jongh F., Vermeulen F., Van Bleijswijk J. & Bak R. P. M. Variation in symbiont distribution between closely related coral species over large depth ranges. Molecular Ecology 17, 691–703 (2007 ).

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    Frade P. R., Englebert N., Faria J., Visser P. M. & Bak R. P. M. Distribution and photobiology of Symbiodinium types in different light environments for three colour morphs of the coral Madracis pharensis: is there more to it than total irradiance? Coral Reefs 27, 913–925 (2008 ).

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    Garren M., Walsh S. M., Caccone A. & Knowlton N. Patterns of association between Symbiodinium and members of the Montastraea annularis species complex on spatial scales ranging from within colonies to between geographic regions. Coral Reefs 25, 503–512 (2006 ).

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    Green D. H., Edmunds P. J., Pochon X. & Gates R. D. The effects of substratum type on the growth, mortality, and photophysiology of juvenile corals in St. John, US Virgin Islands. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 384, 18–29 (2010 ).

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    Hunter C. L., Morden C. W. & Smith C. M. The utility of ITS sequences in assessing relationships among zooxanthellae and coral. Proceedings of the 8th International Coral Ref Symposium Vol 2, 1599–1602 (1997 ).

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    Iglesias-Prieto R., Beltran V. H., LaJeunesse T. C., Reyes-Bonilla H. & Thome P. E. Different algal symbionts explain the vertical distribution of dominant reef corals in the eastern Pacific. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 271, 1757–1763 (2004 ).

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  350. 350.

    Kemp D. W., Fitt W. K. & Schmidt G. W. A microsampling method for genotyping coral symbionts. Coral Reefs 27, 289–293 (2007 ).

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    La Jeunesse T. C. “Species” Radiations of Symbiotic Dinoflagellates in the Atlantic and Indo-Pacific Since the Miocene-Pliocene Transition. Molecular Biology and Evolution 22, 570–581 (2004 ).

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    La Jeunesse T. C. et al. Closely related Symbiodinium spp. differ in relative dominance in coral reef host communities across environmental, latitudinal and biogeographic gradients. Marine Ecology Progress Series 284, 147–161 (2004 ).

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  353. 353.

    La Jeunesse T. C. et al. Specificity and stability in high latitude eastern Pacific coral-algal symbioses. Limnol. Oceangr 53, 719–727 (2008 ).

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  354. 354.

    La Jeunesse T. C. et al. Low symbiont diversity in southern Great Barrier Reef corals relative to those of the Caribbean. Limnol. Oceangr 48, 2046–2054 (2003 ).

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    La Jeunesse T. C. et al. Long-standing environmental conditions, geographic isolation and host-symbiont specificity influence the relative ecological dominance and genetic diversification of coral endosymbionts in the genus Symbiodinium. Journal of Biogeography 37, 785–800 (2010 ).

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  356. 356.

    La Jeunesse T. C., Smith R. T., Finney J. & Oxenford H. Outbreak and persistence of opportunistic symbiotic dinoflagellates during the 2005 Caribbean mass coral ‘bleaching’ event. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 276, 4139–4148 (2009 ).

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  357. 357.

    La Jeunesse T. C. et al. Host-symbiont recombination versus natural selection in the response of coral-dinoflagellate symbioses to environmental disturbance. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 277, 2925–2934 (2010 ).

    Not in our library10.1098/rspb.2010.0385

  358. 358.

    La Jeunesse T. et al. High diversity and host specificity observed among symbiotic dinoflagellates in reef coral communities from Hawaii. Coral Reefs 23, 596–603 (2004 ).

    Not in our library

  359. 359.

    LaJeunesse T. Diversity and community structure of symbiotic dinoflagellates from Caribbean coral reefs. Marine Biology 141, 387–400 (2002 ).

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  360. 360.

    LaJeunesse T. C. Investigating the biodiversity, ecology, and phylogeny of endosymbiotic dinoflagellates in the genus symbiodinium using the its region: in search of a “species” level marker. Journal of Phycology 37, 866–880 (2001 ).

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  361. 361.

    Macdonald A. H. H., Sampayo E. M., Ridgway T. & Schleyer M. H. Latitudinal symbiont zonation in Stylophora pistillata from southeast Africa. Marine Biology 154, 209–217 (2008 ).

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  362. 362.

    Pochon X., Pawlowski J., Zaninetta L. & Rowan R. High genetic diversity and relative specificity among Symbiodinium -like endosymbiotic dinoflagellates in soritid foraminiferans. Marine Biology 139, 1069–1078 (2001 ).

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  363. 363.

    Pochon X. et al. Comparison of endosymbiotic and free-living symbiodinium (dinophyceae) diversity in a Hawaiian reef environment. Journal of Phycology 46, 53–65 (2010 ).

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  364. 364.

    Rodriguez Lanetty M. & Hoegh Guldberg O. Symbiont diversity within the widespread scleractinian coral Plesiastrea versipora, across the northwestern Pacific. Marine Biology 143, 501–509 (2003 ).

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    Sampayo E. M., Franceschinis L., Hoegh Guldberg O. & Dove S. Niche partitioning of closely related symbiotic dinoflagellates. Molecular Ecology 16, 3721–3733 (2007 ).

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  366. 366.

    Sampayo E. M., Ridgway T., Bongaerts P. & Hoegh Guldberg O. Bleaching susceptibility and mortality of corals are determined by fine-scale differences in symbiont type. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105, 10444–10449 (2008 ).

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    Santos S. R., Kinzie R. A., Sakai K. & Coffroth M. A. Molecular Characterization of Nuclear Small Subunit (ISS)-rDNA Pseudogenes in a Symbiotic Dinoflagellate (Symbiodinium, Dinophyta). The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 50, 417–421 (2003 ).

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1550-7408.2003.tb00264.x

  368. 368.

    Santos S. R., Taylor D. J. & Coffroth M. A. Genetic comparisons of freshly isolated versus cultured symbiotic dinoflagellates: implications for extrapolating to the intact symbiosis. Journal of Phycology 37, 900–912 (2001 ).

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    Savage A. M. et al. Molecular diversity of symbiotic algae at the latitudinal margins of their distribution: dinoflagellates of the genus Symbiodinium in corals and sea anemones. Marine Ecology Progress Series 244, 17–26 (2002 ).

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    Silverstein R. N., Correa A., La Jeunesse T. C. & Baker A. C. Novel algal symbiont (Symbiodinium spp.) diversity in reef corals of Western Australia. Marine Ecology Progress Series 422, 63–75 (2011 ).

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    Smith L. W., Wirshing H. H., Baker A. C. & Birkeland C. Environmental versus genetic influences on growth rates of the corals Pocillopora eydouxi and Porites lobata (Anthozoa: Scleractinia). Pacific Science 62, 57–69 (2008 ).

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    Smith R. T., Pinzón J. H. & La Jeunesse T. C. Symbiodinium (Dinophyta) diversity and stability in aquarium corals. Journal of Phycology 45, 1030–1036 (2009 ).

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1529-8817.2009.00730.x

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    Stat M. et al. Variation in Symbiodinium ITS2 Sequence Assemblages among Coral Colonies. PLoS ONE 6, e15854 (2011 ).

    Not in our library10.1371/journal.pone.0015854

  374. 374.

    Stat M. & Gates R. D. Vectored introductions of marine endosymbiotic dinoflagellates into Hawaii. Biol Invasions 10, 579–583 (2007 ).

    Not in our library

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    Stat M., Loh W. K. W., Hoegh Guldberg O. & Carter D. A. Symbiont acquisition strategy drives host–symbiont associations in the southern Great Barrier Reef. Coral Reefs 27, 763–772 (2008 ).

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    Stat M., Pochon X., Cowie R. & Gates R. D. Specificity in communities of Symbiodinium in corals from Johnston Atoll. Marine Ecology Progress Series 386, 83–96 (2009 ).

    Not in our library

  377. 377.

    Thornhill D. J., Fitt W. K. & Schmidt G. W. Highly stable symbioses among western Atlantic brooding corals. Coral Reefs 25, 515–519 (2006 ).

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  378. 378.

    Thornhill D. J., Kemp D. W., Bruns B. U., Fitt W. K. & Schmidt G. W. Correspondence between cold tolerance and temperate biogeography in a Western Atlantic symbiodinium (Dinophyta) lineage 1. Journal of Phycology 44, 1126–1135 (2008 ).

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  379. 379.

    Thornhill D. J., La Jeunesse T. C., Kemp D. W., Fitt W. K. & Schmidt G. W. Multi-year, seasonal genotypic surveys of coral-algal symbioses reveal prevalent stability or post-bleaching reversion. Marine Biology 148, 711–722 (2005 ).

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    Van Oppen M. J. H., Bongaerts P., Underwood J. N., Peplow L. M. & Cooper T. F. The role of deep reefs in shallow reef recovery: an assessment of vertical connectivity in a brooding coral from west and east Australia. Molecular Ecology 20, 1647–1660 (2011 ).

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1365-294x.2011.05050.x

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    Chen C. A., Wang J. T., Fang L. S. & Yang Y. W. Fluctuating algal symbiont communities in Acropora palifera (Scleractinia: Acroporidae) from Taiwan. Marine Ecology Progress Series 295, 113–121 (2005 ).

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    De Salvo M. K., Sunagawa S., Voolstra C. R. & Medina M. Transcriptomic responses to heat stress and bleaching in the elkhorn coral Acropora palmata. Marine Ecology Progress Series 402, 97–113 (2010 ).

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    Fagoonee I. The Dynamics of Zooxanthellae Populations: A Long-Term Study in the Field. Science 283, 843–845 (1999 ).

    Not in our library10.1126/science.283.5403.843

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    Iguchi A. et al. Effects of acidified seawater on coral calcification and symbiotic algae on the massive coral Porites australiensis. Marine Environmental Research 73, 32–36 (2012 ).

    Not in our library10.1016/j.marenvres.2011.10.008

  386. 386.

    Li S. et al. Interspecies and spatial diversity in the symbiotic zooxanthellae density in corals from northern South China Sea and its relationship to coral reef bleaching. Chinese Science Bulletin 53, 295–303 (2008 ).

    Not in our library

  387. 387.

    Middlebrook R., Anthony K. R. N., Hoegh Guldberg O. & Dove S. Heating rate and symbiont productivity are key factors determining thermal stress in the reef-building coral Acropora formosa. Journal of Experimental Biology 213, 1026–1034 (2010 ).

    Not in our library10.1242/jeb.031633

  388. 388.

    Middlebrook R., Hoegh Guldberg O. & Leggat W. The effect of thermal history on the susceptibility of reef-building corals to thermal stress. Journal of Experimental Biology 211, 1050–1056 (2008 ).

    Not in our library10.1242/jeb.013284

  389. 389.

    Okamoto M., Nojima S., Furushima Y. & Nojima H. Evaluation of coral bleaching condition in situ using an underwater pulse amplitude modulated fluorometer. Fisheries Science 71, 847–854 (2005 ).

    Not in our library

  390. 390.

    Quan Young L. I. & Espinoza Avalos J. Reduction of zooxanthellae density, chlorophyll a concentration, and tissue thickness of the coral Montastraea faveolata (Scleractinia) when competing with mixed turf algae. Limnol. Oceanogr. 51, 1159–1166 (2006 ).

    Not in our library

  391. 391.

    Roder C. et al. Metabolic plasticity of the corals Porites lutea and Diploastrea heliopora exposed to large amplitude internal waves. Coral Reefs 30, 57–69 (2011 ).

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  392. 392.

    Stimson J. & Kinzie R. A. The temporal pattern and rate of release of zooxanthellae from the reef coral Pocillopora damicornis (Linnaeus) under nitrogen-enrichment and control conditions. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 153, 63–74 (1991 ).

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  393. 393.

    Strychar K. B., Coates M. & Sammarco P. W. Loss of Symbiodinium from bleached Australian scleractinian corals (Acropora hyacinthus, Favites complanata and Porites solida). Mar. Freshwater Res. 55, 135 (2004 ).

    Not in our library

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    Ulstrup K. E., Berkelmans R., Ralph P. J. & Van Oppen M. Variation in bleaching sensitivity of two coral species across a latitudinal gradient on the Great Barrier Reef: the role of zooxanthellae. Marine Ecology Progress Series 314, 135–148 (2006 ).

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    Loya Y. et al. Coral bleaching: the winners and the losers. Ecology Letters 4, 122–131 (2001 ).

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  397. 397.

    Arrigoni R. et al. Forgotten in the taxonomic literature: resurrection of the scleractinian coral genus Sclerophyllia (Scleractinia, Lobophylliidae) from the Arabian Peninsula and its phylogenetic relationships. Systematics and Biodiversity 13, 140–163 (2014 ).

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  398. 398.

    Benzoni F. Psammocora albopicta sp nov., a new species of Scleractinian Coral from the Indo-West Pacific (Scleractinia; Siderastreidae). Zootaxa 1358, 49–57 (2006 ).

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  399. 399.

    Benzoni F. Echinophyllia tarae sp. n. (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Scleractinia), a new reef coral species from the Gambier Islands, French Polynesia. ZooKeys 318, 59–79 (2013 ).

    Not in our library10.3897/zookeys.318.5351

  400. 400.

    Benzoni F., Arrigoni R., Waheed Z., Stefani F. & Hoeksema B. W. Phylogenetic relationships and revision of the genus Blastomussa (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Scleractinia) with description of a new species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 62, 358–378 (2014 ).

    Not in our library

  401. 401.

    Benzoni F. & Stefani F. Porites fontanesii, a new species of hard coral (Scleractinia, Poritidae) from the southern Red Sea, the Gulf of Tadjoura, and the Gulf of Aden, and its phylogenetic relationships within the genus. Zootaxa 3447, 56–68 (2012 ).

    Not in our library

  402. 402.

    Claereboudt M. R. Reef corals and coral reefs of the Gulf of Oman. (Al-Roya Publishing, 2006 ).

    Not in our library

  403. 403.

    Ditlev H. New Scleractinian corals (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) from Sabah, North Borneo. Description of one new genus and eight new species, with notes on their taxonomy and ecology. Zoologische Mededelingen Leiden 77, 193–219 (2003 ).

    Not in our library

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    Durham J. W. Corals from the Gulf of California and the North Pacific coast of America. Geological Society of America Memoirs 20, 1–62 (1947 ).

    Not in our library

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    Forsman Z. H. & Birkeland C. Porites randalli: A new coral species (Scleractinia, Poritidae) from American Samoa. Zootaxa 2244, 51–59 (2009 ).

    Not in our library

  406. 406.

    Head S. M. An undescribed species of Merulina and a new genus and species of siderastreid coral from the Red Sea. Journal of Natural History 17, 419–435 (1983 ).

    Not in our library

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    Hoeksema B. The “Fungia patella group” (Scleractinia, Fungiidae) revisited with a description of the mini mushroom coral Cycloseris boschmai sp. ZooKeys 371, 57–84 (2014 ).

    Not in our library10.3897/zookeys.371.6677

  408. 408.

    Hoeksema B. W. Attached mushroom corals (Scleractinia: Fungiidae) in sediment-stressed reef conditions at Singapore, including a new species and a new record. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology S22, 81–90 (2009 ).

    Not in our library

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    Kitahara M. V. & Cairns S. D. A revision of the genus Deltocyathus Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848 (Scleractinia, Caryophylliidae) from New Caledonia, with the description of a new species. Zoosystema 31, 233–248 (2009 ).

    Not in our library

  410. 410.

    Kitahara M. V., Cairns S. D. & Miller D. J. Monophyletic origin of Caryophyllia (Scleractinia, Caryophylliidae), with descriptions of six new species. Systematics and Biodiversity 8, 91–118 (2010 ).

    Not in our library

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    Kitano Y. F. et al. A Phylogeny of the Family Poritidae (Cnidaria, Scleractinia) Based on Molecular and Morphological Analyses. PLoS ONE 9, e98406 (2014 ).

    Not in our library10.1371/journal.pone.0098406

  412. 412.

    Latypov Y. Y. Favia camranensis sp. n. (Scleractinia: Faviidae), a new coral species from Southern Vietnam. Russian Journal of Marine Biology 39, 223–224 (2013 ).

    Not in our library

  413. 413.

    Locke J. M., Weil E. & Coates K. A. Newly documented species of Madracis (Scleractinia: Pocilloporidae) from the Caribbean. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 120, 214–226 (2007 ).

    Not in our library

  414. 414.

    Pichon M., Chuang Y. Y. & Chen C. A. Pseudosiderastrea formosa sp nov (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Scleractinia) a New Coral Species Endemic to Taiwan. Zool Stud 51, 93–98 (2012 ).

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    Quelch J. J. Report of the reef-corals collected by the H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873–1976. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of HMS Challenger (1873-76), Zoology 16, 1–203 (1886 ).

    Not in our library

  416. 416.

    Schmidt Roach S., Miller K. J. & Andreakis N. Pocillopora aliciae: a new species of scleractinian coral (Scleractinia, Pocilloporidae) from subtropical Eastern Australia. Zootaxa 3626, 576 (2013 ).

    Not in our library10.11646/zootaxa.3626.4.11

  417. 417.

    Schmidt Roach S., Miller K. J., Lundgren P. & Andreakis N. With eyes wide open: a revision of species within and closely related to the Pocillopora damicornis species complex (Scleractinia; Pocilloporidae) using morphology and genetics. Zool J Linn Soc. 170, 1–33 (2014 ).

    Not in our library

  418. 418.

    Sheppard C. R. C. Coral species of the Indian Ocean and adjacent seas: a synonymized compilation and some regional distributional patterns. Atoll Research Bulletin 307, 1–32 (1987 ).

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    Vaughan T. W. Some madreporarian corals from French Somaliland, East Africa, collected by Dr. Charles Gravier. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 32, 249–266 (1907 ).

    Not in our library

  421. 421.

    Vermeij M. J. A., Diekmann O. E. & Bak R. P. M. New species of scleractinian coral (Cnidaria, anthozoa), Madracis carmabi n. sp from the Caribbean. Bulletin of Marine Science 73, 679–684 (2003 ).

    Not in our library

  422. 422.

    Wallace C. C., Done B. J. & Muir P. R. Revision and catalogue of worldwide staghorn corals Acropora and Isopora (Scleractinia: Acroporidae) in the Museum of Tropical Queensland. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 57, 1–255 (2012 ).

    Not in our library

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    Abe N. Ecological studies on Rhizopsammia minuta var. mutsuensis. Jubilee published in the commemoration of Prof. H. Yabe 60th Birthday 1, 175–187 (1939 ).

    Not in our library

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    Ayre D. J. & Resing J. M. Sexual and asexual production of planulae in reef corals. Mar. Biol. 90, 187–190 (1986 ).

    Not in our library

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    Babcock R. C., Baird A. H., Piromvaragorn S., Thomson D. P. & Willis B. L. Identification of scleractinian coral recruits from Indo-Pacific reefs. Zoological Studies 42, 211–226 (2003 ).

    Not in our library

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    Babcock R. C. et al. Synchronous spawnings of 105 scleractinian coral species on the Great Barrier Reef. Mar. Biol. 90, 379–394 (1986 ).

    Not in our library

  427. 427.

    Babcock R. C. & Heyward A. J. Larval development of certain gamete-spawning scleractinian corals. Coral Reefs 5, 111–116 (1986 ).

    Not in our library

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    Babcock R. C., Wills B. L. & Simpson C. J. Mass spawning of corals on a high latitude coral reef. Coral Reefs 13, 161–169 (1994 ).

    Not in our library

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    Baird A. H., Babcock R. C. & Mundy C. P. Habitat selection by larvae influences the depth distribution of six common coral species. Marine Ecology Progress Series 252, 289–293 (2003 ).

    Not in our library

  430. 430.

    Baird A. H. et al. Coral reproduction on the world’s southernmost reef at Lord Howe Island, Australia. Aquat. Biol. 23, 275–284 (2015 ).

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    Lueg J. R., Moulding A. L., Kosmynin V. N. & Gilliam D. S. Gametogenesis and Spawning of Solenastrea bournoni and Stephanocoenia intersepta in Southeast Florida, USA. Journal of Marine Biology 2012, 1–13 (2012 ).

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    Madsen A., Madin J. S., Tan C. H. & Baird A. H. The reproductive biology of the scleractinian coral Plesiastrea versipora in Sydney Harbour, Australia. Sexuality and Early Development in Aquatic Organisms 1, 25–33 (2014 ).

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    Penland L., Kloulechad J. & Idip D. Timing of coral spawning in Palau. In: International Coral Reef Center, Palau, 12 (2004 ).

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    Peters E. C. A survey of cellular reactions to environmental stress and disease in Caribbean scleractinian corals. Helgoländer Meeresuntersuchungen 37, 113–137 (1984 ).

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