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Global prevalence and distribution of vancomycin resistant, vancomycin intermediate and heterogeneously vancomycin intermediate Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Aref Shariati, Masoud Dadashi, Majid Taati Moghadam and 3 more (opens in a new tab)

Scientific Reports · 2020 · Meta-analysis · CC BY

doi:10.1038/s41598-020-69058-z (opens in a new tab)

Abstract

Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA), Vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus (VISA) and heterogeneous VISA (hVISA) are subject to vancomycin treatment failure. The aim of the present study was to determine their precise prevalence and investigate prevalence variability depending on different years and locations. Several international databases including Medline (PubMed), Embase and Web of Sciences were searched (data from 1997 to 2019) to identify studies that addressed the prevalence of VRSA, VISA and hVISA among human clinical isolates around the world. Subgroup analyses and meta-regression were conducted to indicate potential source of variation. Publication bias was assessed using Egger’s test. Statistical analyses were conducted using STATA software (version 14.0). Data analysis showed that VRSA, VISA and hVISA isolates were reported in 23, 50 and 82 studies, with an overall prevalence of 1.5% among 5855 S. aureus isolates, 1.7% among 22,277 strains and 4.6% among 47,721 strains, respectively. The overall prevalence of VRSA, VISA, and hVISA before 2010 was 1.2%, 1.2%, and 4%, respectively, while their prevalence after this year has reached 2.4%, 4.3%, and 5.3%. The results of this study showed that the frequency of VRSA, VISA and hVISA after 2010 represent a 2.0, 3.6 and 1.3-fold increase over prior years. In a subgroup analysis of different strain origins, the highest frequency of VRSA (3.6%) and hVISA (5.2%) was encountered in the USA while VISA (2.1%) was more prevalent in Asia. Meta-regression analysis showed significant increasing of VISA prevalence in recent years ( p value ≤ 0.05). Based on the results of case reports (which were not included in the calculations mentioned above), the numbers of VRSA, VISA and hVISA isolates were 12, 24 and 14, respectively, among different continents. Since the prevalence of VRSA, VISA and hVISA has been increasing in recent years (especially in the Asian and American continents), rigorous monitoring of vancomycin treatment, it’s the therapeutic response and the definition of appropriate control guidelines depending on geographical regions is highly recommended and essential to prevent the further spread of vancomycin-resistant S. aureus .

Full text

From PubMed Central, U.S. National Library of Medicine, as current on Oct 19, 2026. Paragraph numbers are ours, so an answer can point at one.

Introduction

Staphylococcus aureus is a common pathogen that causes various community and hospital-acquired diseases, including endocarditis, wound abscesses, osteomyelitis, skin and soft tissue infections, pneumonia and toxin-mediated syndromes in both healthy people and those with underlying illnesses,. Over the past 20 years, this bacterial species has developed resistance to many antibiotics, beta-lactams in particular,. During the seventies of the previous century, reports indicated that in the USA there was a significant increase in the morbidity and health care-associated costs, caused by methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). Currently, MRSA is endemic in hospitals around the world and the emergence of community-associated (CA) MRSA has added another serious concern. Vancomycin, the first glycopeptide antibiotic to be discovered, provides one of the empiric therapies and still is a mainstay for treatment of MRSA infections. In 1997, the first Vancomycin Intermediate S. aureus (VISA) with Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of 8 μg/ml, was reported from Japan. In 2002, the first case of Vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (VRSA) was reported in a diabetic patient in the USA. Previously, in vitro studies suggested the existence of various mechanisms for vancomycin resistance in MRSA, the main one being the decreased permeability and the increased thickness of the cell wall and hence a decreased availability of vancomycin for intracellular target molecules. Another type of resistance was caused by plasmid-mediated vancomycin resistance genes (vanA, vanB, vanD, vanE, vanF, and vanG) which may have been transferred from enterococcal species,–. Besides, a recent study has shown that VISA growth rate is lower and that the cells harbor a thicker cell wall than those fully susceptible.,. Heterogeneous VISA (hVISA) show MICs in the susceptible range (≤ 2 μg/mL), but they contain a sub-population that expresses a resistant phenotype,. Infections caused by VISA and hVISA lead to higher rates of vancomycin treatment failure and are associated with extended hospitalization, higher risk of persistent infection, and elevated treatment costs,. Despite a published systematic review and meta-analysis study on the prevalence VISA and hVISA 5 years ago, there has not been published a comprehensive study on the prevalence VRSA, VISA and hVISA worldwide, yet. In the present systematic review and meta-analysis, we pooled published studies that reported the prevalence of VRSA, VISA and hVISA. The findings of the current study will more precisely define the current epidemiology of VRSA, VISA and hVISA and may help to develop more appropriate antibiotic stewardship policies to combat vancomycin resistance.

Search strategy

A comprehensive systematic literature search was performed in Medline (via PubMed), Embase, and Web of Science databases for original research articles published from 1997 until September 2019. The following terms were applied in our search strategy: Staphylococcus aureus, S. aureus, Vancomycin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Vancomycin Resistant S. aureus, VRSA, Vancomycin Intermediate Staphylococcus aureus, Vancomycin Intermediate S. aureus, VISA, heterogeneous Vancomycin Intermediate Staphylococcus aureus, heterogeneous Vancomycin Intermediate S. aureus and hVISA. We also searched the bibliographies of relevant articles to identify additional studies.

Inclusion and exclusion criteria

All original human studies on the prevalence of VRSA, VISA and hVISA among clinical S. aureus isolates that reported sufficient data (including prevalence, evaluation methods, and country of origin) were assessed,,,–. Titles, abstracts and full texts of the recorded studies were checked based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The exclusion criteria were: (1) animal research only, (2) studies considering vancomycin-resistant bacteria beyond S. aureus, (3) reviews, (4) abstracts presented in conferences, and (5) duplicate studies. Two of the authors (AS and MT) evaluated all studies based on inclusion and exclusion criteria and selected the appropriate papers.

Data extraction and definitions

The following items were extracted from each included study: the last name of the first author, study years, time of publication, country, number of VRSA, VISA and hVISA, number of patients with staphylococcal infection, phenotypic methods used, genotypic identification methods applied and the sample source. Data were collected by two independent examiners and verified by another researcher. According to the CLSI, the definition of VRSA, VISA and hVISA in S. aureus isolates with reduced susceptibility to vancomycin is MIC ≥ 16 μg/mL, MIC of 4–8 μg/mL; and MIC of 1–2 μg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, articles before 2006 used the old definition of VRSA and VISA (VRSA, MIC ≥ 32 μg/mL; VISA, MIC of 8–16 μg/mL).

Quality assessment

All reviewed articles were evaluated for quality (according to guidelines developed by the Joanna Briggs Institute), and only high-quality articles that met those rules were included.

Meta-analysis

Statistical analysis was conducted with STATA software, version 14.0 (Stata Corporation, College Station, Texas, USA) to report the global prevalence of VRSA, VISA and hVISA isolated from human clinical samples. The data were pooled using the fixed-effects (FEM) and the random-effects model (REM). Subgroup analyses were conducted based on the type of isolates, publication year and geographic areas (continent/countries). Statistical heterogeneity was evaluated using the Q-test and the I2 statistical methods. P value < 0.1 was regarded as statistically-significant. To assess possible publication bias, we calculated the Egger’s test.

Meta-regression analysis

We evaluated whether the prevalence of VRSA, VISA and hVISA changed over time by performing restricted maximum likelihood (REML) random effect meta-regression analysis based on publication year as the moderator. A p value less than 0.05 (p value ≤ 0.05) was considered statistically significant.

Characteristics of included studies

In total, 3200 citations were recorded in the initial database searches. Since we collected data from three databases, many duplicate studies were included. After removing 975 duplicates, titles and abstracts of 2225 articles were checked and 1418 irrelevant studies not meeting the Briggs Institute rules were excluded from our review. In the next screening, 477 non-relevant studies were removed upon reading the full text. In the end, 155 articles were included in the final analysis (Fig. 1 shows a flow chart).

The prevalence of VRSA, VISA and hVISA isolates among human clinical isolates

Out of 155 articles that reported the prevalence of VRSA, VISA and hVISA, 89 studies were from Asia, 22 from Europe, 31 from America, 9 from Africa and 4 from Oceania (Table 1). Data analysis showed that VRSA, VISA and hVISA isolates were reported in 23, 50 and 82 studies, with an overall prevalence of 1.5% [(95% CI) 1.0–2.0] among 5855 S. aureus isolates, 1.7% [(95% CI) 1.3–2.0] among 22,277 strains and 4.6% [(95% CI) 4.1–5.1] among 47,721 strains, respectively (Table 2).

The prevalence of VRSA, VISA and hVISA in two study periods

To analyze the trends for changes in the prevalence of VRSA, VISA and hVISA in more recent years, we performed a subgroup analysis for two periods (before 2010 and 2010–2019) (Table 2, Fig. 2). The prevalence of VRSA, VISA and hVISA gradually increased. Before 2010, the prevalence was 1.2% (95% CI 0.5–1.8) among 2444 S. aureus isolates, 1.2% (95% CI 0.9–1.5) among 18,469 isolates and 4.0 (95% CI 2.9–5.0) among 41,190 S. aureus, respectively. Prevalence reached 2.4% (95% CI 1.4–3.5) among 3411 S. aureus isolates, 4.3% (95% CI 3.0–5.7) among 3808 isolates and 5.3% (95% CI 1.8–4.1) among 6531 isolates in 2010–2019, respectively. The changes in VRSA, VISA and hVISA prevalence between periods are presented in Table 2. The results of this review indicate that the frequency of VRSA, VISA and hVISA after 2010 represent a 2.0, 3.6 and 1.3-fold increase over the prior years (Fig. 2).

The prevalence of VRSA, VISA and hVISA on different continents

The prevalence of VRSA was 1.2% (95% CI 0.7–1.8) among 5043 S. aureus isolates in Asia, 1.1% (95% CI 0.0–2.7) among 179 isolates in Europe, 3.6% (95% CI 0.5–6.6) among 140 isolates in America and 2.5% (95% CI 0.1–4.8) among 493 isolates in Africa. There has been no report of VRSA from Oceania (Figs. 3, 4, 5, 6). The results of this review showed that the prevalence of VISA isolates was 2.1% (95% CI 1.6–2.6) among 13,449 S. aureus isolates, 1.8% (95% CI 0.8–2.8) among 2198 isolates, 1.0% (95% CI 0.5–1.4) among 5040 isolates, 1.8% (95% CI 0.1–3.4) among 1072 isolates and 0.6% (95% CI 0.0–1.3) among 518 isolates from Asia, Europe, America, Africa and Oceania, respectively (Figs. 3, 4, 5, 6). Moreover, the prevalence of hVISA in Asia, Europe, America, Africa and Oceania were 4.7% (95% CI 3.9–5.4) among 16,955 S. aureus isolates, 4.4% (95% CI 3.2–5.5) among 14,680 isolates, 5.2% (95% CI 4.3–6.1) among 15,532 isolates, 4.0% (95% CI 0.2–7.8) among 100 isolates and 11.2% (95% CI 8.3–14.1) among 454 isolates, respectively (Figs. 3, 4, 5, 6).

The prevalence of VRSA, VISA and hVISA on different continents based on case reporting

After the meta-analysis of the prevalence of VRSA, VISA and hVISA among human clinical isolates in different continents, we evaluated the frequency of these three types of S. aureus isolates based on case reports published in the mentioned electronic databases. Based on the results of case reports (Supplementry information Table S2) (which were not taken into account during the analyses already mentioned above), the numbers of VRSA, VISA and hVISA isolates were 12, 24 and 14 among different continents. However, most reports have been from Asia and America continents. There has been no report of VRSA isolates in Europe and Oceania. Oceania was the only continent from which there were no case reports on VISA (Figs. 7 and 8).

Meta-regression analysis

The results of meta-regression showed that the prevalence of VISA was significantly increase by increasing published year (p value < 0.05, Supplementry information figure S1). The results of this analysis indicated that by increasing the published year of study, the prevalence of VRSA and hVISA increased, but this increase was statistically non-significant (p value > 0.05; Table 3 and Supplementry information Figure S1).

Discussion

Frequent use of vancomycin as the drug of choice for treatment of infections caused by multidrug-resistant MRSA has putatively led to selection of the is isolates with reduced susceptibility to vancomycin,. In this study we report the prevalence of VRSA, VISA and hVISA around the world. The global prevalence of VRSA, VISA and hVISA isolates was 1.5%, 1.7%, and 4.6%, respectively.

In studies mentioned in Supplementry information Table S1, presence of vanA in VRSA strains by PCR showed that 69% (55/79) of the VRSA strains were vanA positive. This elevated rate of vanA in these bacteria indicates that the resistance determinant was possibly acquired from a vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus species or from one of the other vanA positive organisms living in the human gastro-intestinal tract. Absence of vanA in the other isolates suggests that cell wall thickening and possibly vancomycin affinity trapping may be responsible for the development of vancomycin resistance in these isolates. Furthermore, many studies reported a failure to detect the vanB gene.

Regarding VISA and hVISA strains, although, there is no clear overall genetic explanation for these phenotypes, the main mechanisms of reduced susceptibility to vancomycin among VISA strains are mutations in cell wall-associated genes (thickened cell wall with an increased number of peptidoglycan layers),, and/or in the ribosomal gene rpoB. The prolonged usage of vancomycin can lead to changes in cell wall patterning or reduced expression of penicillin-binding proteins. This may accumulate from heterogeneous to selected homogeneous VISA-type resistance,. Noteworthy, when the cell wall gets thicker, the vancomycin MIC level increases,. Because of enhanced selective pressure, evolution of hVISA/VISA strains is more rapid in the hospital setting than in the community and therefore VISA is considered a more significant clinical problem than VRSA. Furthermore, the results of meta-regression results showed the prevalence of the VISA was significantly increase over the time compare to the VRSA and hVISA. It seems that the real incidence of hVISA/ VISA strains is much higher than the present reports and hence there is a clear need for the development of new diagnostic methods for detecting hVISA/VISA. This also includes the development for new antimicrobial susceptibility tests (AST). For instance, in several studies, the PAP-AUC gold standard AST method was not used due to its time-consumption and technical difficulty. Other methods such as Disk Diffusion testing are unable to detect and distinguish these strains. In overall, all studies used the culture-based methods such as E-test, PAP-AUC, broth dilution, and agar dilution. Moreover, some studies beside the culture-based methods, used PCR for detection of resistant-related gene. Since global scale sort of the same type and frequency of methods was used, the differences between developed and developing countries cannot be hypothetically addressed towards the use of different AST systems.

VRSA and/or VISA with resistance to multiple other antibiotics, including β-lactams, have been isolated from livestock animals that highlights the abuse of antibiotic in that sector and the suspected use of antibiotics as a food supplement,. The potential reasons for the emergence or detecting more resistant strains during recent years include: more frequent use of vancomycin for treatment of MRSA infections, better use of diagnostics, inadequate surveillance for drug-resistant strains and a possible change in the vancomycin-resistance breakpoints since 2006,.

The prevalence of VRSA in Asia, Europe, America and Africa was 1.2%, 1.1%, 3.6% and 2.5%, respectively. By the way, 65 strains of VRSA were found in Asia versus only 5 VRSA in America. The prevalence of VISA in Asia was higher than on the other continents. It should be noted that 67% (327/485) of vancomycin-resistant strains were reported from Iran and India. Therefore, our data shows that the Asian data are biased towards two countries but also that the emergence of VRSA in India and Iran warrants active microbiological surveillance and careful monitoring of vancomycin therapy. There are several factors involved in the higher number of VRSA and a higher prevalence of VISA in Asia, in comparison to Europe/America countries. Most of the Asian countries are developing countries with lower public hygiene standards and different attitudes towards antimicrobial treatments. Furthermore, population density can lead to more MRSA infections through enhanced microbial transmission. Higher vancomycin use for the treatment of infections can play a role as well.

Previous studies have helped to identify risk factors that may contribute to VISA emergence such as previous MRSA colonization, hemodialysis dependence, long-term use of vancomycin, hospitalization in ICU and use of indwelling devices. There is no clarity on the precise clinical consequences of vancomycin non-susceptibility among S. aureus strains. Although some meta-analyses have addressed the association between elevated vancomycin MICs and worse clinical outcomes,, a recent prospective cohort study suggested exactly the opposite. Previous studies have also demonstrated a correlation between increased vancomycin MICs and daptomycin resistance in VISA isolates,. Furthermore, decreased vancomycin susceptibility is associated with increased susceptibility to beta-lactams. Therefore, the combination of vancomycin and beta-lactams can be a good option for treatment of hVISA or VISA infections,. On the other hand, those correlated resistances can lead to problems in elucidating the role of the individual resistance marker in disease severity. Since there is an emerging and increasing rate of resistance to vancomycin, thorough monitoring of the success of vancomycin treatment is essential.. The majority of VRSA strains belonged to same clonal complex (CC) such as CC5 in the USA. Interestingly, there is high prevalence of the CC5 in healthcare settings. Unlike VRSA, hVISA/VISA has been associated with many clones such as CC5, CC8, CC30, and CC45.

Antibiotics such as trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, tetracyclines, fluoroquinolones, and clindamycin are alternative treatment choices for community-acquired MRSA infections. New drugs such as linezolid, daptomycin, tigecycline, and sodium fusidate are suggested for isolates with a vancomycin MIC of greater than 2 μg/mL. Finally, in order to control the spread of vancomycin resistant staphylococci, contact precautions, disinfection of care equipment and the environment, plus adequate antimicrobial stewardship are highly recommended–.

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    Bobin-Dubreux S, et al. Clinical isolate of Vancomycin-heterointermediatestaphylococcus aureus susceptible to methicillin and in vitro selection of a vancomycin-resistant derivative. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2001;45:349-352.

    Not in our library10.1128/aac.45.1.349-352.2001 (opens in a new tab)

  41. 41.

    Cafiso V, et al. Methicillin resistance and vancomycin heteroresistance in Staphylococcus aureus in cystic fibrosis patients. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 2010;29:1277-1285.

    Not in our library10.1007/s10096-010-1000-5 (opens in a new tab)

  42. 42.

    Campanile F, et al. Heteroresistance to glycopeptides in Italian meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents. 2010;36:415-419.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2010.06.044 (opens in a new tab)

  43. 43.

    Cartolano GL, Cheron M, Benabid D, Leneveu M, Boisivon A. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) with reduced susceptibility to glycopeptides (GISA) in 63 French general hospitals. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 2004;10:448-451.

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1469-0691.2004.00830.x (opens in a new tab)

  44. 44.

    Casapao AM, et al. Evaluation of vancomycin population susceptibility analysis profile as a predictor of outcomes for patients with infective endocarditis due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2014;58:4636-4641.

    Not in our library10.1128/aac.02820-13 (opens in a new tab)

  45. 45.

    Cha HY, Kim HO, Jin JS, Lee JC. Emergence of vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus from predominant methicillin-resistant S. aureus clones in a Korean hospital. J. Microbiol. 2010;48:533-535.

    Not in our library10.1007/s12275-010-0062-5 (opens in a new tab)

  46. 46.

    Chaiwongkarjohn S, et al. The first case of vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus in Hawai'i. Hawaii Med. J. 2009;68:189.

    Not in our library

  47. 47.

    Chaiwongkarjohn S, et al. A report on the first case of vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus (VISA) in Hawai ‘i. Hawaii Med. J. 2011;70:233.

    Not in our library

  48. 48.

    Chang S, et al. Infection with vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus containing the vanA resistance gene. N. Engl. J. Med. 2003;348:1342-1347.

    Not in our library10.1056/nejmoa025025 (opens in a new tab)

  49. 49.

    Chaudhari C, et al. Heterogeneous vancomycin-intermediate among methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Med. J. Armed Forces India. 2015;71:15-18.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.mjafi.2014.03.008 (opens in a new tab)

  50. 50.

    Chaudhary M, Payasi A. Prevalence of heterogeneous glycopeptide intermediate resistance in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Am. J. Infect. Dis. 2013;9:63.

    Not in our library

  51. 51.

    Chaudhary M, Payasi A. Vancoplus kinetic study in vancomycin resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res. 2015;31:135-142.

    Not in our library

  52. 52.

    Chen C-J, Lin M-H, Shu J-C, Lu J-J. Reduced susceptibility to vancomycin in isogenic Staphylococcus aureus strains of sequence type 59: tracking evolution and identifying mutations by whole-genome sequencing. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 2013;69:349-354.

    Not in our library10.1093/jac/dkt395 (opens in a new tab)

  53. 53.

    Chua T, et al. Molecular epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream isolates in urban Detroit. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2008;46:2345-2352.

    Not in our library10.1128/jcm.00154-08 (opens in a new tab)

  54. 54.

    Chung DR, et al. Genotype-specific prevalence of heterogeneous vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus in Asian countries. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents. 2015;46:338-341.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2015.03.009 (opens in a new tab)

  55. 55.

    Chung G, et al. Nationwide surveillance study of vancomycin intermediate Staphylococcus aureus strains in Korean hospitals from 2001 to 2006. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2010;20:637-642.

    Not in our library

  56. 56.

    Claeys KC, et al. Pneumonia caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: does vancomycin heteroresistance matter? Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2016;60:1708-1716.

    Not in our library10.1128/aac.02388-15 (opens in a new tab)

  57. 57.
    Clinical and Microbiological Characteristics of Heteroresistant and Vancomycin-Intermediate Staphylococcus aureus from Bloodstream Infections in a Brazilian Teaching Hospital. · 2016
    Not checked
  58. 58.

    Dedania VS, Hale BP, Bhatnagar P. Endogenous endophthalmitis due to clinically vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Retinal Cases Brief Rep. 2015;9:59-60.

    Not in our library10.1097/icb.0000000000000082 (opens in a new tab)

  59. 59.

    Denis O, Deplano A, De Ryck R, Nonhoff C, Struelens MJ. Emergence and spread of gentamicin-susceptible strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Belgian hospitals. Microb. Drug. Resist. 2003;9:61-71.

    Not in our library10.1089/107662903764736355 (opens in a new tab)

  60. 60.

    Denis O, et al. Emergence of vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus in a Belgian hospital: microbiological and clinical features. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 2002;50:383-391.

    Not in our library10.1093/jac/dkf142 (opens in a new tab)

  61. 61.

    Dezfulian A, et al. Identification and characterization of a high vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus harboring VanA gene cluster isolated from diabetic foot ulcer. Iran. J. Basic Med. Sci. 2012;15:803.

    Not in our library

  62. 62.

    Di Gregorio S, et al. Clinical, microbiological, and genetic characteristics of heteroresistant vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia in a teaching hospital. Microb. Drug. Resist. 2015;21:25-34.

    Not in our library10.1089/mdr.2014.0190 (opens in a new tab)

  63. 63.

    Dubey D, et al. Surveillance of infection status of drug resistant Staphylococcus aureus in an Indian teaching hospital. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Dis. 2013;3:133-142.

    Not in our library

  64. 64.

    El Ayoubi M-D, Hamze M, Mallat H, Achkar M, Dabboussi F. Glycopeptide intermediate Staphylococcus aureus and prevalence of the luk-PV gene in clinical isolates Northern Lebanon. Médecine et Maladies Infectieuses. 2014;44:223-228.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.medmal.2014.03.004 (opens in a new tab)

  65. 65.

    El-Aziz NKA, El-Hamid MIA, Bendary MM, El-Azazy AA, Ammar AM. Existence of vancomycin resistance among methicillin resistant S. aureus recovered from animal and human sources in Egypt. Vet. Med. Health Econ. 2018;55:221.

    Not in our library

  66. 66.

    ElSayed N, Ashour M, Amine AEK. Vancomycin resistance among Staphylococcus aureus isolates in a rural setting Egypt. Germs. 2018;8:134.

    Not in our library10.18683/germs.2018.1140 (opens in a new tab)

  67. 67.

    Fasihi Y, Kiaei S, Kalantar-Neyestanaki D. Characterization of SCCmec and spa types of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates from health-care and community-acquired infections in Kerman Iran. J Epidemiol Glob Health. 2017;7:263-267.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jegh.2017.08.004 (opens in a new tab)

  68. 68.

    Fasihi Y, Saffari F, Mansouri S, Kalantar-Neyestanaki D. The emergence of vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in an intensive care unit in Kerman Iran. Wien Med. Wochenschr. 2018;168:85-88.

    Not in our library10.1007/s10354-017-0562-6 (opens in a new tab)

  69. 69.
    Vancomycin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Michigan, USA, 2007 · 2009
    Not checked
  70. 70.

    Fitzgibbon MM, Rossney AS, O'Connell B. Investigation of reduced susceptibility to glycopeptides among methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates from patients in Ireland and evaluation of agar screening methods for detection of heterogeneously glycopeptide-intermediate S. aureus. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2007;45:3263-3269.

    Not in our library10.1128/jcm.00836-07 (opens in a new tab)

  71. 71.

    Fong RK, Low J, Koh TH, Kurup A. Clinical features and treatment outcomes of vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus (VISA) and heteroresistant vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus (hVISA) in a tertiary care institution in Singapore. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 2009;28:983-987.

    Not in our library10.1007/s10096-009-0741-5 (opens in a new tab)

  72. 72.

    Gagliotti C, et al. Staphylococcus aureus in a northern Italian region: phenotypic and molecular characterization. Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 2012;44:24-28.

    Not in our library10.3109/00365548.2011.603744 (opens in a new tab)

  73. 73.

    Gallon O, et al. Antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of Staphylococcus aureus isolated in 2007 from French patients with bloodstream infections: goodbye hVISA, welcome Geraldine? J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 2010;65:1297-1299.

    Not in our library10.1093/jac/dkq128 (opens in a new tab)

  74. 74.

    Gardete S, Aires-De-Sousa M, Faustino A, Ludovice A, de Lencastre H. Identification of the first vancomycin intermediate-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VISA) isolate from a hospital in Portugal. Microbial. Drug Res. 2008;14:1-6.

    Not in our library10.1089/mdr.2008.0816 (opens in a new tab)

  75. 75.

    Garnier F, et al. A 1 year surveillance study of glycopeptide-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus strains in a French hospital. J Antimicrob. Chemother. 2006;57:146-149.

    Not in our library10.1093/jac/dki413 (opens in a new tab)

  76. 76.

    Gecgel ASK. Vancomycin minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) creep and its effect on mortality in adult cardiac patients who developed sepsis caused by Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus. Med. Sci. Tech. 2017;58:49-55.

    Not in our library

  77. 77.

    Ghahremani M, Jazani NH, Sharifi Y. Emergence of vancomycin-intermediate and -resistant Staphylococcus aureus among methicillin-resistant S. aureus isolated from clinical specimens in the northwest of Iran. J. Glob. Antimicrob. Resist. 2018;14:4-9.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jgar.2018.01.017 (opens in a new tab)

  78. 78.
    Community prevalence of methicillin and vancomycin resistant Staphylococcus aureus in and around Bangalore, southern India · 2011
    Not checked
  79. 79.

    Gowrishankar S, Thenmozhi R, Balaji K, Pandian SK. Emergence of methicillin-resistant, vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus among patients associated with group a Streptococcal pharyngitis infection in southern India. Infect. Genet. Evol. 2013;14:383-389.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.meegid.2013.01.002 (opens in a new tab)

  80. 80.

    Hafer C, Lin Y, Kornblum J, Lowy FD, Uhlemann AC. Contribution of selected gene mutations to resistance in clinical isolates of vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2012;56:5845-5851.

    Not in our library10.1128/aac.01139-12 (opens in a new tab)

  81. 81.

    Hageman JC, et al. Occurrence of a USA300 vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 2008;62:440-442.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2008.08.005 (opens in a new tab)

  82. 82.

    Hageman JC, et al. Vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus in a home health-care patient. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2001;7:1023.

    Not in our library10.3201/eid0706.010618 (opens in a new tab)

  83. 83.

    Hakim S, Arshed S, Iqbal M, Javaid S. Vancomycin sensitivity of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from hospital patients in Karachi Pakistan. Libyan J. Med. 2007;2:176-179.

    Not in our library10.4176/070624 (opens in a new tab)

  84. 84.

    Al-Daghistani HI, Atwa DS, Al-kharabsha MU, AL-Latif SM. Asymptomatic colonization of Staphylococcus aureus with intermediate resistance to vancomycin harboring vanB resistance gene. Pharm. Clin. Res Asian J. 2017.

    Not in our library10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i5.17285 (opens in a new tab)

  85. 85.

    Hanaki H, et al. Antibiotic susceptibility survey of blood-borne MRSA isolates in Japan from 2008 through 2011. J. Infect. Chemother. 2014;20:527-534.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jiac.2014.06.012 (opens in a new tab)

  86. 86.

    Hanaki H, et al. Occurrence of vancomycin-intermediate-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Japan. J. Infect. Chemother. 2007;13:118-121.

    Not in our library10.1007/s10156-006-0498-z (opens in a new tab)

  87. 87.

    Hasan R, Acharjee M, Noor R. Prevalence of vancomycin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) in methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains isolated from burn wound infections. Ci Ji Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2016;28:49-53.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.tcmj.2016.03.002 (opens in a new tab)

  88. 88.

    Havaei SA, et al. Genetic characterization of methicillin resistant and sensitive, vancomycin intermediate Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from different Iranian Hospitals. ISRN Microbiol. 2012.

    Not in our library10.5402/2012/215275 (opens in a new tab)

  89. 89.

    Ho CM, et al. Prevalence and accessory gene regulator (agr) analysis of vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus among methicillin-resistant isolates in Taiwan–SMART program, 2003. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 2010;29:383-389.

    Not in our library10.1007/s10096-009-0868-4 (opens in a new tab)

  90. 90.

    Hong KH, Park JS, Kim E-C. Two cases of vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus isolated from joint tissue or wound. Kor. J. Lab. Med. 2008;28:444-448.

    Not in our library10.3343/kjlm.2008.28.6.444 (opens in a new tab)

  91. 91.

    Horne KC, et al. Prospective comparison of the clinical impacts of heterogeneous vancomycin-intermediate methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-susceptible MRSA. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2009;53:3447-3452.

    Not in our library10.1128/aac.01365-08 (opens in a new tab)

  92. 92.

    Hsueh PR, Lee SY, Perng CL, Chang TY, Lu JJ. Clonal dissemination of meticillin-resistant and vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus in a Taiwanese hospital. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents. 2010;36:307-312.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2010.06.035 (opens in a new tab)

  93. 93.
    Reduced vancomycin susceptibility found in methicillin-resistant and methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates in Northeast China. · 2013
    Not checked
  94. 94.

    Huang SH, et al. Prevalence of vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus (VISA) and heterogeneous VISA among methicillin-resistant S. aureus with high vancomycin minimal inhibitory concentrations in Taiwan: a multicenter surveillance study, 2012–2013. J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect. 2016;49:701-707.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jmii.2015.07.003 (opens in a new tab)

  95. 95.

    Hubert SK, et al. Glycopeptide-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus: evaluation of a novel screening method and results of a survey of selected US hospitals. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1999;37:3590-3593.

    Not in our library10.1128/jcm.37.11.3590-3593.1999 (opens in a new tab)

  96. 96.

    Islam TAB, Shamsuzzaman S. Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of methicillin-resistant, vancomycin-resistant, and Panton-Valentine leukocidin positive Staphylococcus aureus in a tertiary care hospital Dhaka Bangladesh. Tzu Chi. Med. J. 2015;27:10-14.

    Not in our library

  97. 97.

    Jahanshahi A, Zeighami H, Haghi F. Molecular characterization of methicillin and vancomycin resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from hospitalized patients. Microb. Drug. Resist. 2018.

    Not in our library10.1089/mdr.2018.0069 (opens in a new tab)

  98. 98.

    Julian K, et al. Characterization of a daptomycin-nonsusceptible vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus strain in a patient with endocarditis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2007;51:3445-3448.

    Not in our library10.1128/aac.00559-07 (opens in a new tab)

  99. 99.

    Kang YR, et al. Decreasing prevalence of heterogeneous vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus among blood isolates in Korean hospitals. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 2016;86:464-466.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2016.09.015 (opens in a new tab)

  100. 100.

    Khatib R, et al. Relevance of vancomycin-intermediate susceptibility and heteroresistance in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 2011;66:1594-1599.

    Not in our library10.1093/jac/dkr169 (opens in a new tab)

  101. 101.

    Khatib R, et al. Decreasing prevalence of isolates with vancomycin heteroresistance and vancomycin minimum inhibitory concentrations >/=2 mg/L in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus over 11 years: potential impact of vancomycin treatment guidelines. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 2015;82:245-248.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2015.03.014 (opens in a new tab)

  102. 102.

    Khosrovaneh A, et al. Frequency of reduced vancomycin susceptibility and heterogeneous subpopulation in persistent or recurrent methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2004;38:1328-1330.

    Not in our library10.1086/383036 (opens in a new tab)

  103. 103.

    Kim ES, et al. Clinical and Molecular Characterization of Invasive Heteroresistant Vancomycin-Intermediate Staphylococcus aureus Infections in Korean Hospitals. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2016;54:760-763.

    Not in our library10.1128/jcm.02595-15 (opens in a new tab)

  104. 104.

    Kim M-N, Pai CH, Woo JH, Ryu JS, Hiramatsu K. Vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus in Korea. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2000;38:3879-3881.

    Not in our library10.1128/jcm.38.10.3879-3881.2000 (opens in a new tab)

  105. 105.

    Kim T, et al. Phenotypic changes of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus during vancomycin therapy for persistent bacteraemia and related clinical outcome. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 2017;36:1473-1481.

    Not in our library10.1007/s10096-017-2956-1 (opens in a new tab)

  106. 106.

    Kino H, et al. Central nervous system infection caused by vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus (SCCmec type IV, ST8). J. Infect. Chemother. 2014;20:643-646.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jiac.2014.06.008 (opens in a new tab)

  107. 107.

    Kirby A, et al. Staphylococcus aureus with reduced glycopeptide susceptibility in Liverpool UK. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 2010;65:721-724.

    Not in our library10.1093/jac/dkq009 (opens in a new tab)

  108. 108.

    Koh YR, Kim KH, Chang CL, Yi J. Prevalence and clinical impact of heterogeneous vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus isolated from hospitalized patients. Ann. Lab. Med. 2016;36:235-243.

    Not in our library10.3343/alm.2016.36.3.235 (opens in a new tab)

  109. 109.

    Kosowska-Shick K, et al. Incidence and characteristics of vancomycin nonsusceptible strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus at Hershey Medical Center. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2008;52:4510-4513.

    Not in our library10.1128/aac.01073-08 (opens in a new tab)

  110. 110.

    Krzyszton-Russjan J, Gniadkowski M, Polowniak-Pracka H, Hagmajer E, Hryniewicz W. The first Staphylococcus aureus isolates with reduced susceptibility to vancomycin in Poland. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 2002;50:1065-1069.

    Not in our library10.1093/jac/dkf252 (opens in a new tab)

  111. 111.

    Kumar M. Multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, India, 2013–2015. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2016;22:1666-1667.

    Not in our library10.3201/eid2209.160044 (opens in a new tab)

  112. 112.

    Lee H-W, et al. Detection of MecA gene in clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus by multiplex-PCR, and antimicrobial susceptibility of MRSA. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2003;13:354-359.

    Not in our library

  113. 113.

    Liaqat F, et al. Isolation identification and control of vancomycin resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Pak. J. Pharm. Sci. 2015;28:997-1004.

    Not in our library

  114. 114.

    Limbago BM, et al. Report of the 13th vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolate from the United States. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2014;52:998-1002.

    Not in our library10.1128/jcm.02187-13 (opens in a new tab)

  115. 115.

    Lin SY, et al. Molecular epidemiology and clinical characteristics of hetero-resistant vancomycin intermediate Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia in a Taiwan Medical Center. J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect. 2012;45:435-441.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jmii.2012.05.004 (opens in a new tab)

  116. 116.

    Liu C, et al. Molecular characteristics and virulence factors in methicillin-susceptible, resistant, and heterogeneous vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus from central-southern China. J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect. 2015;48:490-496.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jmii.2014.03.003 (opens in a new tab)

  117. 117.

    Lulitanond A, et al. The first vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from patients in Thailand. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2009;47:2311-2316.

    Not in our library10.1128/jcm.01749-08 (opens in a new tab)

  118. 118.

    Mabed M, Marouf S. Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a bone marrow transplantation unit. Ann. Hematol. 2005;84:133-135.

    Not in our library10.1007/s00277-004-0968-2 (opens in a new tab)

  119. 119.

    Maor Y, et al. Prevalence and characteristics of heteroresistant vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia in a tertiary care center. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2007;45:1511-1514.

    Not in our library10.1128/jcm.01262-06 (opens in a new tab)

  120. 120.

    Marchese A, Balistreri G, Tonoli E, Debbia E, Schito G. Heterogeneous Vancomycin Resistance in Methicillin-ResistantStaphylococcus aureus Strains Isolated in a Large Italian Hospital. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2000;38:866-869.

    Not in our library10.1128/jcm.38.2.866-869.2000 (opens in a new tab)

  121. 121.

    Martirosov DM, et al. Relationship between day 1 and day 2 Vancomycin area under the curve values and emergence of heterogeneous Vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus (hVISA) by Etest(R) macromethod among patients with MRSA bloodstream infections: a pilot study. BMC Infect. Dis. 2017;17:534.

    Not in our library10.1186/s12879-017-2609-0 (opens in a new tab)

  122. 122.

    Melo GB, et al. Analysis of the genetic diversity of vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Braz. J. Microbiol. 2005;36:126-130.

    Not in our library

  123. 123.

    Melo-Cristino J, Resina C, Manuel V, Lito L, Ramirez M. First case of infection with vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Europe. The Lancet. 2013;382:205.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0140-6736(13)61219-2 (opens in a new tab)

  124. 124.

    Mendem SK, Alasthimannahalli Gangadhara T, Shivannavar CT, Gaddad SM. Antibiotic resistance patterns of Staphylococcus aureus: A multi center study from India. Microb. Pathog. 2016;98:167-170.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.micpath.2016.07.010 (opens in a new tab)

  125. 125.

    Mirani ZA, Jamil N. Characterization of a vancomycin intermediate-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from a hospital. J. Coll. Phys. Surg. Pak. 2010;20:558-559.

    Not in our library

  126. 126.

    Mirza HC, Sancak B, Gur D. The prevalence of vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus and heterogeneous VISA among methicillin-resistant strains isolated from pediatric population in a Turkish University Hospital. Microb. Drug. Resist. 2015;21:537-544.

    Not in our library10.1089/mdr.2015.0048 (opens in a new tab)

  127. 127.

    Mlynarczyk A, Mlynarczyk G, Luczak M. Searching for Staphylococcus aureus strains with reduced susceptibility to glycopeptides among clinical isolates obtained during the year of 2002. Med. Dosw. Mikrobiol. 2003;55:209-217.

    Not in our library

  128. 128.

    Monaco M, Sanchini A, Grundmann H, Pantosti A. Vancomycin-heteroresistant phenotype in invasive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates belonging to spa type 041. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 2010;29:771-777.

    Not in our library10.1007/s10096-010-0922-2 (opens in a new tab)

  129. 129.

    Muneeri SS, Mobaiyen H, Mirzaie H. Study on Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and identification of VanA gene in these strains isolated from Tabriz Shuhada Hospital using e-test and PCR methods. Life Sci. J. 2013;10:748-752.

    Not in our library

  130. 130.

    Musta AC, et al. Vancomycin MIC plus heteroresistance and outcome of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: trends over 11 years. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2009;47:1640-1644.

    Not in our library10.1128/jcm.02135-08 (opens in a new tab)

  131. 131.

    Naimi TS, et al. Vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus with phenotypic susceptibility to methicillin in a patient with recurrent bacteremia. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2003;36:1609-1612.

    Not in our library10.1086/375228 (opens in a new tab)

  132. 132.

    Najar-Peerayeh S, Mirzaee M, Behmanesh M. Molecular characterization of vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus isolates from Tehran. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Dis. 2016;6:726-731.

    Not in our library

  133. 133.

    Neetu TJP, Murugan S. Genotyping of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus from tertiary care hospitals in Coimbatore, South India. J. Glob. Infect. Dis. 2016;8:68.

    Not in our library10.4103/0974-777x.182119 (opens in a new tab)

  134. 134.

    Neoh H-M, et al. Impact of reduced vancomycin susceptibility on the therapeutic outcome of MRSA bloodstream infections. Ann. Clin. Microbiol. Antimicrob. 2007;6:13.

    Not in our library10.1186/1476-0711-6-13 (opens in a new tab)

  135. 135.

    Nonhoff C, Denis O, Struelens M. Low prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus with reduced susceptibility to glycopeptides in Belgian hospitals. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 2005;11:214-220.

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