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Tumor initiation and early tumorigenesis: molecular mechanisms and interventional targets

Shaosen Zhang, Xinyi Xiao, Yonglin Yi and 5 more

Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · 2024 · Review · CC BY

doi:10.1038/s41392-024-01848-7

Abstract

Tumorigenesis is a multistep process, with oncogenic mutations in a normal cell conferring clonal advantage as the initial event. However, despite pervasive somatic mutations and clonal expansion in normal tissues, their transformation into cancer remains a rare event, indicating the presence of additional driver events for progression to an irreversible, highly heterogeneous, and invasive lesion. Recently, researchers are emphasizing the mechanisms of environmental tumor risk factors and epigenetic alterations that are profoundly influencing early clonal expansion and malignant evolution, independently of inducing mutations. Additionally, clonal evolution in tumorigenesis reflects a multifaceted interplay between cell-intrinsic identities and various cell-extrinsic factors that exert selective pressures to either restrain uncontrolled proliferation or allow specific clones to progress into tumors. However, the mechanisms by which driver events induce both intrinsic cellular competency and remodel environmental stress to facilitate malignant transformation are not fully understood. In this review, we summarize the genetic, epigenetic, and external driver events, and their effects on the co-evolution of the transformed cells and their ecosystem during tumor initiation and early malignant evolution. A deeper understanding of the earliest molecular events holds promise for translational applications, predicting individuals at high-risk of tumor and developing strategies to intercept malignant transformation.

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    Zhu M, et al. Somatic mutations increase hepatic clonal fitness and regeneration in chronic liver disease. Cell. 2019;177:608-621.e612.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.cell.2019.03.026

  137. 137.

    Kakiuchi N, et al. Frequent mutations that converge on the NFKBIZ pathway in ulcerative colitis. Nature. 2020;577:260-265.

    Not in our library10.1038/s41586-019-1856-1

  138. 138.

    Liu K, et al. Sox2 cooperates with inflammation-mediated Stat3 activation in the malignant transformation of foregut basal progenitor cells. Cell. Stem Cell. 2013;12:304-315.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.stem.2013.01.007

  139. 139.

    Todoric J, Karin M. The fire within: Cell-autonomous mechanisms in inflammation-driven cancer. Cancer Cell. 2019;35:714-720.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ccell.2019.04.001

  140. 140.

    Hill MA, et al. Kras and Tp53 mutations cause cholangiocyte- and hepatocyte-derived cholangiocarcinoma. Cancer Res. 2018;78:4445-4451.

    Not in our library10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-1123

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    Seehawer M, et al. Necroptosis microenvironment directs lineage commitment in liver cancer. Nature. 2018;562:69-75.

    Not in our library10.1038/s41586-018-0519-y

  142. 142.

    Muto T, et al. Adaptive response to inflammation contributes to sustained myelopoiesis and confers a competitive advantage in myelodysplastic syndrome HSCs. Nat. Immunol. 2020;21:535-545.

    Not in our library10.1038/s41590-020-0663-z

  143. 143.

    Hormaechea-Agulla D, et al. Chronic infection drives Dnmt3a-loss-of-function clonal hematopoiesis via IFNγ signaling. Cell. Stem Cell. 2021;28:1428-1442.e1426.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.stem.2021.03.002

  144. 144.

    Jiang Z, et al. Tff2 defines transit-amplifying pancreatic acinar progenitors that lack regenerative potential and are protective against Kras-driven carcinogenesis. Cell. Stem Cell. 2023;30:1091-1109.e1097.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.stem.2023.07.002

  145. 145.

    Strobel O, et al. In vivo lineage tracing defines the role of acinar-to-ductal transdifferentiation in inflammatory ductal metaplasia. Gastroenterology. 2007;133:1999-2009.

    Not in our library10.1053/j.gastro.2007.09.009

  146. 146.

    Guerra C, et al. Chronic pancreatitis is essential for induction of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma by K-Ras oncogenes in adult mice. Cancer Cell. 2007;11:291-302.

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  147. 147.
  148. 148.

    Alonso-Curbelo D, et al. A gene–environment-induced epigenetic program initiates tumorigenesis. Nature. 2021;590:642-648.

    Not in our library10.1038/s41586-020-03147-x

  149. 149.

    Li Y, et al. Mutant Kras co-opts a proto-oncogenic enhancer network in inflammation-induced metaplastic progenitor cells to initiate pancreatic cancer. Nat. Cancer. 2021;2:49-65.

    Not in our library10.1038/s43018-020-00134-z

  150. 150.

    Ge Y, et al. Stem cell lineage infidelity drives wound repair and cancer. Cell. 2017;169:636-650.e614.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.cell.2017.03.042

  151. 151.

    Naik S, et al. Inflammatory memory sensitizes skin epithelial stem cells to tissue damage. Nature. 2017;550:475-480.

    Not in our library10.1038/nature24271

  152. 152.

    Larsen SB, et al. Establishment, maintenance, and recall of inflammatory memory. Cell Stem Cell. 2021;28:1758-1774.e1758.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.stem.2021.07.001

  153. 153.

    Gonzales KAU, et al. Stem cells expand potency and alter tissue fitness by accumulating diverse epigenetic memories. Science. 2021;374:eabh2444.

    Not in our library10.1126/science.abh2444

  154. 154.

    Ordovas-Montanes J, et al. Allergic inflammatory memory in human respiratory epithelial progenitor cells. Nature. 2018;560:649-654.

    Not in our library10.1038/s41586-018-0449-8

  155. 155.

    Lim AI, et al. Prenatal maternal infection promotes tissue-specific immunity and inflammation in offspring. Science. 2021;373:eabf3002.

    Not in our library10.1126/science.abf3002

  156. 156.

    Levra Levron C, Donati G. Multiplicity of stem cell memories of inflammation and tissue repair in epithelia. Trends Cell Biol. 2024;34:3-6.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.tcb.2023.10.008

  157. 157.

    Del Poggetto E, et al. Epithelial memory of inflammation limits tissue damage while promoting pancreatic tumorigenesis. Science. 2021;373:eabj0486.

    Not in our library10.1126/science.abj0486

  158. 158.

    Naik S, Fuchs E. Inflammatory memory and tissue adaptation in sickness and in health. Nature. 2022;607:249-255.

    Not in our library10.1038/s41586-022-04919-3

  159. 159.

    Levra Levron C, et al. Tissue memory relies on stem cell priming in distal undamaged areas. Nat. Cell Biol. 2023;25:740-753.

    Not in our library10.1038/s41556-023-01120-0

  160. 160.

    Fishbein A, Hammock BD, Serhan CN, Panigrahy D. Carcinogenesis: Failure of resolution of inflammation? Pharmacol. Ther. 2021;218:107670.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107670

  161. 161.
  162. 162.

    Yoshida K, et al. Tobacco smoking and somatic mutations in human bronchial epithelium. Nature. 2020;578:266-272.

    Not in our library10.1038/s41586-020-1961-1

  163. 163.

    Hernando B, et al. The effect of age on the acquisition and selection of cancer driver mutations in sun-exposed normal skin. Ann. Oncol. 2021;32:412-421.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.annonc.2020.11.023

  164. 164.

    Kessler MD, et al. Common and rare variant associations with clonal haematopoiesis phenotypes. Nature. 2022;612:301-309.

    Not in our library10.1038/s41586-022-05448-9

  165. 165.

    Griffin GK, et al. Ultraviolet radiation shapes dendritic cell leukaemia transformation in the skin. Nature. 2023;618:834-841.

    Not in our library10.1038/s41586-023-06156-8

  166. 166.

    Fernandez-Antoran D, et al. Outcompeting p53-mutant cells in the normal esophagus by redox manipulation. Cell. Stem Cell. 2019;25:329-341.e326.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.stem.2019.06.011

  167. 167.

    Chen S, et al. Mutant p53 drives clonal hematopoiesis through modulating epigenetic pathway. Nat. Commun. 2019;10:5649.

    Not in our library10.1038/s41467-019-13542-2

  168. 168.

    Hermann PC, et al. Nicotine promotes initiation and progression of KRAS-induced pancreatic cancer via Gata6-dependent dedifferentiation of acinar cells in mice. Gastroenterology. 2014;147:1119-1133.e1114.

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  169. 169.

    Vaz M, et al. Chronic cigarette smoke-induced epigenomic changes precede sensitization of bronchial epithelial cells to single-step transformation by KRAS mutations. Cancer Cell. 2017;32:360-376.e366.

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  170. 170.
  171. 171.

    Martínez-Reyes I, Chandel NS. Cancer metabolism: Looking forward. Nat. Rev. Cancer. 2021;21:669-680.

    Not in our library10.1038/s41568-021-00378-6

  172. 172.

    Pavlova NN, Zhu J, Thompson CB. The hallmarks of cancer metabolism: Still emerging. Cell Metab. 2022;34:355-377.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.cmet.2022.01.007

  173. 173.
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    Mascaux C, et al. Immune evasion before tumour invasion in early lung squamous carcinogenesis. Nature. 2019;571:570-575.

    Not in our library10.1038/s41586-019-1330-0

  175. 175.

    Brunner JS, Finley LWS. Metabolic determinants of tumour initiation. Nat. Rev. Endocrinol. 2023;19:134-150.

    Not in our library10.1038/s41574-022-00773-5

  176. 176.

    Seth Nanda C, Venkateswaran SV, Patani N, Yuneva M. Defining a metabolic landscape of tumours: genome meets metabolism. Br. J. Cancer. 2020;122:136-149.

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  177. 177.

    Morris JP, et al. α-Ketoglutarate links p53 to cell fate during tumour suppression. Nature. 2019;573:595-599.

    Not in our library10.1038/s41586-019-1577-5

  178. 178.

    Carrer A, et al. Acetyl-CoA metabolism supports multistep pancreatic tumorigenesis. Cancer Discov. 2019;9:416-435.

    Not in our library10.1158/2159-8290.cd-18-0567

  179. 179.

    Li JT, et al. BCAT2-mediated BCAA catabolism is critical for development of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Nat. Cell Biol. 2020;22:167-174.

    Not in our library10.1038/s41556-019-0455-6

  180. 180.

    Gunn K, et al. (R)-2-hydroxyglutarate inhibits kdm5 histone lysine demethylases to drive transformation in IDH-mutant cancers. Cancer Discov. 2023;13:1478-1497.

    Not in our library10.1158/2159-8290.cd-22-0825

  181. 181.

    Gallagher EJ, LeRoith D. Hyperinsulinaemia in cancer. Nat. Rev. Cancer. 2020;20:629-644.

    Not in our library10.1038/s41568-020-0295-5

  182. 182.

    López-Suárez A. Burden of cancer attributable to obesity, type 2 diabetes and associated risk factors. Metabolism. 2019;92:136-146.

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  183. 183.

    Hirabayashi S, Baranski TJ, Cagan RL. Transformed Drosophila cells evade diet-mediated insulin resistance through wingless signaling. Cell. 2013;154:664-675.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.cell.2013.06.030

  184. 184.

    Sanaki Y, et al. Hyperinsulinemia drives epithelial tumorigenesis by abrogating cell competition. Dev. Cell. 2020;53:379-389.e375.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.devcel.2020.04.008

  185. 185.

    Goncalves MD, et al. High-fructose corn syrup enhances intestinal tumor growth in mice. Science. 2019;363:1345-1349.

    Not in our library10.1126/science.aat8515

  186. 186.

    Chen T, et al. NSUN2 is a glucose sensor suppressing cGAS/STING to maintain tumorigenesis and immunotherapy resistance. Cell Metab. 2023;35:1782-1798.e1788.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.cmet.2023.07.009

  187. 187.

    Sasaki A, et al. Obesity suppresses cell-competition-mediated apical elimination of RasV12-transformed cells from epithelial tissues. Cell Rep. 2018;23:974-982.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.celrep.2018.03.104

  188. 188.

    Kon S, et al. Cell competition with normal epithelial cells promotes apical extrusion of transformed cells through metabolic changes. Nat. Cell Biol. 2017;19:530-541.

    Not in our library10.1038/ncb3509

  189. 189.

    Luo Y, et al. Oncogenic KRAS reduces expression of FGF21 in acinar cells to promote pancreatic tumorigenesis in mice on a high-fat diet. Gastroenterology. 2019;157:1413-1428.e1411.

    Not in our library10.1053/j.gastro.2019.07.030

  190. 190.

    Liu Y, et al. Rapid acceleration of KRAS-mutant pancreatic carcinogenesis via remodeling of tumor immune microenvironment by PPARδ. Nat. Commun. 2022;13:2665.

    Not in our library10.1038/s41467-022-30392-7

  191. 191.

    Yang J, et al. High-fat diet promotes colorectal tumorigenesis through modulating gut microbiota and metabolites. Gastroenterology. 2022;162:135-149.e132.

    Not in our library10.1053/j.gastro.2021.08.041

  192. 192.
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    Yang J, et al. Comprehensive analyses reveal effects on tumor immune infiltration and immunotherapy response of APOBEC mutagenesis and its molecular mechanisms in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Int. J. Biol. Sci. 2023;19:2551-2571.

    Not in our library10.7150/ijbs.83824

  194. 194.

    Knippel RJ, Drewes JL, Sears CL. The cancer microbiome: Recent highlights and knowledge gaps. Cancer Discov. 2021;11:2378-2395.

    Not in our library10.1158/2159-8290.cd-21-0324

  195. 195.

    Dohlman AB, et al. The cancer microbiome atlas: a pan-cancer comparative analysis to distinguish tissue-resident microbiota from contaminants. Cell Host Microbe. 2021;29:281-298.e285.

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  196. 196.
  197. 197.

    Poore GD, et al. Microbiome analyses of blood and tissues suggest cancer diagnostic approach. Nature. 2020;579:567-574.

    Not in our library10.1038/s41586-020-2095-1

  198. 198.

    Wang N, Fang J-Y. Fusobacterium nucleatum, a key pathogenic factor and microbial biomarker for colorectal cancer. Trends Microbiol. 2023;31:159-172.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.tim.2022.08.010

  199. 199.

    Dejea CM, et al. Patients with familial adenomatous polyposis harbor colonic biofilms containing tumorigenic bacteria. Science. 2018;359:592-597.

    Not in our library10.1126/science.aah3648

  200. 200.

    Toprak NU, et al. A possible role of Bacteroides fragilis enterotoxin in the aetiology of colorectal cancer. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 2006;12:782-786.

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1469-0691.2006.01494.x

  201. 201.

    Yachida S, et al. Metagenomic and metabolomic analyses reveal distinct stage-specific phenotypes of the gut microbiota in colorectal cancer. Nat. Med. 2019;25:968-976.

    Not in our library10.1038/s41591-019-0458-7

  202. 202.

    Chen F, et al. Integrated analysis of the faecal metagenome and serum metabolome reveals the role of gut microbiome-associated metabolites in the detection of colorectal cancer and adenoma. Gut. 2022;71:1315-1325.

    Not in our library10.1136/gutjnl-2020-323476

  203. 203.
  204. 204.

    Coker OO, et al. Mucosal microbiome dysbiosis in gastric carcinogenesis. Gut. 2018;67:1024-1032.

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  205. 205.
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    Parida S, et al. A procarcinogenic colon microbe promotes breast tumorigenesis and metastatic progression and concomitantly activates notch and β-catenin axes. Cancer Discov. 2021;11:1138-1157.

    Not in our library10.1158/2159-8290.cd-20-0537

  207. 207.

    Sepich-Poore GD, et al. The microbiome and human cancer. Science. 2021;371:eabc4552.

    Not in our library10.1126/science.abc4552

  208. 208.

    Cullin N, et al. Microbiome and cancer. Cancer Cell. 2021;39:1317-1341.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ccell.2021.08.006

  209. 209.

    Yeh SH, et al. Hepatitis B virus DNA integration drives carcinogenesis and provides a new biomarker for HBV-related HCC. Cell. Mol. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2023;15:921-929.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jcmgh.2023.01.001

  210. 210.

    Neuveut C, Wei Y, Buendia MA. Mechanisms of HBV-related hepatocarcinogenesis. J. Hepatol. 2010;52:594-604.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jhep.2009.10.033

  211. 211.

    Li CL, et al. Androgen receptor enhances hepatic telomerase reverse transcriptase gene transcription after hepatitis B virus integration or point mutation in promoter region. Hepatology. 2019;69:498-512.

    Not in our library10.1002/hep.30201

  212. 212.

    Péneau C, et al. Hepatitis B virus integrations promote local and distant oncogenic driver alterations in hepatocellular carcinoma. Gut. 2022;71:616-626.

    Not in our library10.1136/gutjnl-2020-323153

  213. 213.

    Nault JC, Ningarhari M, Rebouissou S, Zucman-Rossi J. The role of telomeres and telomerase in cirrhosis and liver cancer. Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2019;16:544-558.

    Not in our library10.1038/s41575-019-0165-3

  214. 214.

    Wang J, Chenivesse X, Henglein B, Bréchot C. Hepatitis B virus integration in a cyclin A gene in a hepatocellular carcinoma. Nature. 1990;343:555-557.

    Not in our library10.1038/343555a0

  215. 215.

    Wang J, et al. Modification of cyclin A expression by hepatitis B virus DNA integration in a hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncogene. 1992;7:1653-1656.

    Not in our library

  216. 216.

    Berasain C, et al. Oncogenic activation of a human cyclin A2 targeted to the endoplasmic reticulum upon hepatitis B virus genome insertion. Oncogene. 1998;16:1277-1288.

    Not in our library10.1038/sj.onc.1201893

  217. 217.

    Pleguezuelos-Manzano C, et al. Mutational signature in colorectal cancer caused by genotoxic pks(+) E. coli. Nature. 2020;580:269-273.

    Not in our library10.1038/s41586-020-2080-8

  218. 218.
  219. 219.

    DeStefano Shields CE, et al. Bacterial-driven inflammation and mutant BRAF expression combine to promote murine colon tumorigenesis that is sensitive to immune checkpoint therapy. Cancer Discov. 2021;11:1792-1807.

    Not in our library10.1158/2159-8290.cd-20-0770

  220. 220.

    Kadosh E, et al. The gut microbiome switches mutant p53 from tumour-suppressive to oncogenic. Nature. 2020;586:133-138.

    Not in our library10.1038/s41586-020-2541-0

  221. 221.

    Fu K, et al. Streptococcus anginosus promotes gastric inflammation, atrophy, and tumorigenesis in mice. Cell. 2024;187:882-896.e817.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.cell.2024.01.004

  222. 222.

    Pushalkar S, et al. The pancreatic cancer microbiome promotes oncogenesis by induction of innate and adaptive immune suppression. Cancer Discov. 2018;8:403-416.

    Not in our library10.1158/2159-8290.cd-17-1134

  223. 223.

    Aykut B, et al. The fungal mycobiome promotes pancreatic oncogenesis via activation of MBL. Nature. 2019;574:264-267.

    Not in our library10.1038/s41586-019-1608-2

  224. 224.

    Zhang X, et al. Tissue-resident Lachnospiraceae family bacteria protect against colorectal carcinogenesis by promoting tumor immune surveillance. Cell Host Microbe. 2023;31:418-432.e418.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.chom.2023.01.013

  225. 225.

    Chen H, et al. Urea cycle activation triggered by host-microbiota maladaptation driving colorectal tumorigenesis. Cell Metab. 2023;35:651-666.e657.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.cmet.2023.03.003

  226. 226.

    Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2018. CA. Cancer J. Clin. 2018;68:7-30.

    Not in our library10.3322/caac.21442

  227. 227.

    López-Otín C, et al. Meta-hallmarks of aging and cancer. Cell Metab. 2023;35:12-35.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.cmet.2022.11.001

  228. 228.

    Schmitt CA, Wang B, Demaria M. Senescence and cancer - role and therapeutic opportunities. Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol. 2022;19:619-636.

    Not in our library10.1038/s41571-022-00668-4

  229. 229.

    Stern JL, et al. Mutation of the TERT promoter, switch to active chromatin, and monoallelic TERT expression in multiple cancers. Genes Dev. 2015;29:2219-2224.

    Not in our library10.1101/gad.269498.115

  230. 230.
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  232. 232.

    Faget DV, Ren Q, Stewart SA. Unmasking senescence: context-dependent effects of SASP in cancer. Nat. Rev. Cancer. 2019;19:439-453.

    Not in our library10.1038/s41568-019-0156-2

  233. 233.

    Igarashi N, et al. Hepatocyte growth factor derived from senescent cells attenuates cell competition-induced apical elimination of oncogenic cells. Nat. Commun. 2022;13:4157.

    Not in our library10.1038/s41467-022-31642-4

  234. 234.

    Prieto LI, et al. Senescent alveolar macrophages promote early-stage lung tumorigenesis. Cancer Cell. 2023;41:1261-1275.e1266.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ccell.2023.05.006

  235. 235.

    Haston S, et al. Clearance of senescent macrophages ameliorates tumorigenesis in KRAS-driven lung cancer. Cancer Cell. 2023;41:1242-1260.e1246.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ccell.2023.05.004

  236. 236.

    Visvader JE. Cells of origin in cancer. Nature. 2011;469:314-322.

    Not in our library10.1038/nature09781

  237. 237.

    Hayakawa Y, et al. Stem cells and origins of cancer in the upper gastrointestinal tract. Cell. Stem Cell. 2021;28:1343-1361.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.stem.2021.05.012

  238. 238.

    Sánchez-Danés A, Blanpain C. Deciphering the cells of origin of squamous cell carcinomas. Nat. Rev. Cancer. 2018;18:549-561.

    Not in our library10.1038/s41568-018-0024-5

  239. 239.

    Barker N, et al. Crypt stem cells as the cells-of-origin of intestinal cancer. Nature. 2008;457:608-611.

    Not in our library10.1038/nature07602

  240. 240.

    Baggiolini A, et al. Developmental chromatin programs determine oncogenic competence in melanoma. Science. 2021;373:eabc1048.

    Not in our library10.1126/science.abc1048

  241. 241.

    Boussouar F, et al. Malignant genome reprogramming by ATAD2. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 2013;1829:1010-1014.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.bbagrm.2013.06.003

  242. 242.

    Chaffer CL, et al. Poised chromatin at the ZEB1 promoter enables breast cancer cell plasticity and enhances tumorigenicity. Cell. 2013;154:61-74.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.cell.2013.06.005

  243. 243.

    Schwitalla S, et al. Intestinal tumorigenesis initiated by dedifferentiation and acquisition of stem-cell-like properties. Cell. 2013;152:25-38.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.cell.2012.12.012

  244. 244.

    Friedmann-Morvinski D, et al. Dedifferentiation of neurons and astrocytes by oncogenes can induce gliomas in mice. Science. 2012;338:1080-1084.

    Not in our library10.1126/science.1226929

  245. 245.

    Köhler C, et al. Mouse cutaneous melanoma induced by mutant braf arises from expansion and dedifferentiation of mature pigmented melanocytes. Cell. Stem Cell. 2017;21:679-693.e676.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.stem.2017.08.003

  246. 246.

    Kaufman CK, et al. A zebrafish melanoma model reveals emergence of neural crest identity during melanoma initiation. Science. 2016;351:aad2197.

    Not in our library10.1126/science.aad2197

  247. 247.

    Van Keymeulen A, et al. Reactivation of multipotency by oncogenic PIK3CA induces breast tumour heterogeneity. Nature. 2015;525:119-123.

    Not in our library10.1038/nature14665

  248. 248.

    Molyneux G, et al. BRCA1 basal-like breast cancers originate from luminal epithelial progenitors and not from basal stem cells. Cell. Stem Cell. 2010;7:403-417.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.stem.2010.07.010

  249. 249.

    Lim E, et al. Aberrant luminal progenitors as the candidate target population for basal tumor development in BRCA1 mutation carriers. Nat. Med. 2009;15:907-913.

    Not in our library10.1038/nm.2000

  250. 250.
  251. 251.

    Concepcion CP, et al. Smarca4 inactivation promotes lineage-specific transformation and early metastatic features in the lung. Cancer Discov. 2022;12:562-585.

    Not in our library10.1158/2159-8290.cd-21-0248

  252. 252.

    Chen Y, et al. Club cells employ regeneration mechanisms during lung tumorigenesis. Nat. Commun. 2022;13:4557.

    Not in our library10.1038/s41467-022-32052-2

  253. 253.
  254. 254.

    Marjanovic ND, et al. Emergence of a high-plasticity cell state during lung cancer evolution. Cancer Cell. 2020;38:229-246.e213.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ccell.2020.06.012

  255. 255.

    Kopp JL, et al. Identification of Sox9-dependent acinar-to-ductal reprogramming as the principal mechanism for initiation of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Cancer Cell. 2012;22:737-750.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ccr.2012.10.025

  256. 256.

    Wei D, et al. KLF4 is essential for induction of cellular identity change and acinar-to-ductal reprogramming during early pancreatic carcinogenesis. Cancer Cell. 2016;29:324-338.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ccell.2016.02.005

  257. 257.

    Pastushenko I, et al. Identification of the tumour transition states occurring during EMT. Nature. 2018;556:463-468.

    Not in our library10.1038/s41586-018-0040-3

  258. 258.

    Puram SV, et al. Single-cell transcriptomic analysis of primary and metastatic tumor ecosystems in head and neck cancer. Cell. 2017;171:1611-1624.e1624.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.cell.2017.10.044

  259. 259.

    Chen L, et al. Aberrant epithelial cell interaction promotes esophageal squamous-cell carcinoma development and progression. Signal Transduct. Target. Ther. 2023;8:453.

    Not in our library10.1038/s41392-023-01710-2

  260. 260.

    Pastushenko I, et al. Fat1 deletion promotes hybrid EMT state, tumour stemness and metastasis. Nature. 2021;589:448-455.

    Not in our library10.1038/s41586-020-03046-1

  261. 261.
  262. 262.

    Chen B, et al. Differential pre-malignant programs and microenvironment chart distinct paths to malignancy in human colorectal polyps. Cell. 2021;184:6262-6280.e6226.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.cell.2021.11.031

  263. 263.

    Sethi NS, et al. Early TP53 alterations engage environmental exposures to promote gastric premalignancy in an integrative mouse model. Nat. Genet. 2020;52:219-230.

    Not in our library10.1038/s41588-019-0574-9

  264. 264.

    Qin X, et al. An oncogenic phenoscape of colonic stem cell polarization. Cell. 2023;186:5554-5568.e5518.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.cell.2023.11.004

  265. 265.

    Tanimura N, Fujita Y. Epithelial defense against cancer (EDAC). Semin. Cancer Biol. 2020;63:44-48.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.05.011

  266. 266.

    Baker NE. Emerging mechanisms of cell competition. Nat. Rev. Genet. 2020;21:683-697.

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  267. 267.

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    Schlegelmilch K, et al. Yap1 acts downstream of α-catenin to control epidermal proliferation. Cell. 2011;144:782-795.

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    Brunner SF, et al. Somatic mutations and clonal dynamics in healthy and cirrhotic human liver. Nature. 2019;574:538-542.

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    Not in our library10.1155/2022/5389044

  389. 389.

    Allott EH, et al. Statin use is associated with lower risk of PTEN-null and lethal prostate cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. 2020;26:1086-1093.

    Not in our library10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-19-2853

  390. 390.

    Flick ED, et al. Statin use and risk of prostate cancer in the California Men’s Health Study cohort. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev. 2007;16:2218-2225.

    Not in our library10.1158/1055-9965.epi-07-0197

  391. 391.
  392. 392.

    Poynter JN, et al. Statins and the risk of colorectal cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 2005;352:2184-2192.

    Not in our library10.1056/nejmoa043792

  393. 393.

    Cheung K-S, et al. Statins reduce the progression of non-advanced adenomas to colorectal cancer: a postcolonoscopy study in 187 897 patients. Gut. 2019;68:1979-1985.

    Not in our library10.1136/gutjnl-2018-317714

  394. 394.

    Demierre M-F, et al. Statins and cancer prevention. Nat. Rev. Cancer. 2005;5:930-942.

    Not in our library10.1038/nrc1751

  395. 395.

    Han J-X, et al. Microbiota-derived tryptophan catabolites mediate the chemopreventive effects of statins on colorectal cancer. Nat. Microbiol. 2023;8:919-933.

    Not in our library10.1038/s41564-023-01363-5

  396. 396.

    Joyce R, et al. Identification of aberrant luminal progenitors and mTORC1 as a potential breast cancer prevention target in BRCA2 mutation carriers. Nat. Cell Biol. 2024;26:138-152.

    Not in our library10.1038/s41556-023-01315-5

  397. 397.

    Peuget S, Zhou X, Selivanova G. Translating p53-based therapies for cancer into the clinic. Nat. Rev. Cancer. 2024;24:192-215.

    Not in our library10.1038/s41568-023-00658-3

  398. 398.

    Falcaro M, et al. The effects of the national HPV vaccination programme in England, UK, on cervical cancer and grade 3 cervical intraepithelial neoplasia incidence: a register-based observational study. Lancet. 2021;398:2084-2092.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0140-6736(21)02178-4

  399. 399.

    Trimble CL, et al. Safety, efficacy, and immunogenicity of VGX-3100, a therapeutic synthetic DNA vaccine targeting human papillomavirus 16 and 18 E6 and E7 proteins for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2/3: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2b trial. Lancet. 2015;386:2078-2088.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0140-6736(15)00239-1

  400. 400.

    Chen D-S. Hepatitis B vaccination: The key towards elimination and eradication of hepatitis B. J. Hepatol. 2009;50:805-816.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jhep.2009.01.002

  401. 401.

    Chang M-H, et al. Long-term effects of hepatitis B immunization of infants in preventing liver cancer. Gastroenterology. 2016;151:472-480. e471.

    Not in our library10.1053/j.gastro.2016.05.048

  402. 402.

    McMahon BJ, et al. Elimination of hepatocellular carcinoma and acute hepatitis B in children 25 years after a hepatitis B newborn and catch-up immunization program. Hepatology. 2011;54:801-807.

    Not in our library10.1002/hep.24442

  403. 403.

    Chien Y-C, et al. Incomplete hepatitis B immunization, maternal carrier status, and increased risk of liver diseases: a 20-year cohort study of 3.8 million vaccinees. Hepatology. 2014;60:125-132.

    Not in our library10.1002/hep.27048

  404. 404.

    Finn OJ. The dawn of vaccines for cancer prevention. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2018;18:183-194.

    Not in our library10.1038/nri.2017.140

  405. 405.

    Czerniecki BJ, et al. Targeting HER-2/neu in early breast cancer development using dendritic cells with staged interleukin-12 burst secretion. Cancer Res. 2007;67:1842-1852.

    Not in our library10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-4038

  406. 406.

    Sharma A, et al. HER-2 pulsed dendritic cell vaccine can eliminate HER-2 expression and impact ductal carcinoma in situ. Cancer. 2012;118:4354-4362.

    Not in our library10.1002/cncr.26734

  407. 407.

    Schoen RE, et al. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of MUC1 peptide vaccine for prevention of recurrent colorectal adenoma. Clin. Cancer Res. 2023;29:1678-1688.

    Not in our library10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-22-3168

  408. 408.

    Ebben JD, et al. Epidermal growth factor receptor derived peptide vaccination to prevent lung adenocarcinoma formation: An in vivo study in a murine model of EGFR mutant lung cancer. Mol. Carcinog. 2016;55:1517-1525.

    Not in our library10.1002/mc.22405

  409. 409.

    Pan J, et al. Immunoprevention of KRAS-driven lung adenocarcinoma by a multipeptide vaccine. Oncotarget. 2017;8:82689-82699.

    Not in our library10.18632/oncotarget.19831

  410. 410.

    Nasti TH, et al. Immunoprevention of chemical carcinogenesis through early recognition of oncogene mutations. J. Immunol. 2015;194:2683-2695.

    Not in our library10.4049/jimmunol.1402125

  411. 411.

    Cunningham TJ, et al. Randomized trial of calcipotriol combined with 5-fluorouracil for skin cancer precursor immunotherapy. J. Clin. Invest. 2017;127:106-116.

    Not in our library10.1172/jci89820

  412. 412.

    Rosenberg AR, et al. Skin cancer precursor immunotherapy for squamous cell carcinoma prevention. JCI Insight. 2019;4:e125476.

    Not in our library10.1172/jci.insight.125476

  413. 413.

    Centuori SM, Caulin C, Bauman JE. Precision and Immunoprevention Strategies for Tobacco-Related Head and Neck Cancer Chemoprevention. Curr. Treat. Options Oncol. 2021;22:52.

    Not in our library10.1007/s11864-021-00848-x

  414. 414.

    Sun L, et al. Single-cell and spatial dissection of precancerous lesions underlying the initiation process of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Cell Discov. 2023;9:28.

    Not in our library10.1038/s41421-023-00532-4

  415. 415.

    Krysan K, et al. The immune contexture associates with the genomic landscape in lung adenomatous premalignancy. Cancer Res. 2019;79:5022-5033.

    Not in our library10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-0153

  416. 416.

    Hanna GJ, et al. Nivolumab for patients with high-risk oral leukoplakia: A nonrandomized controlled trial. JAMA Oncol. 2024;10:32-41.

    Not in our library10.1001/jamaoncol.2023.4853

  417. 417.

    Steck SE, Murphy EA. Dietary patterns and cancer risk. Nat. Rev. Cancer. 2020;20:125-138.

    Not in our library10.1038/s41568-019-0227-4

  418. 418.

    World Cancer Research Fund International. Diet, nutrition, physical activity and cancer: a global perspective: a summary of the third expert report. Report No. 191225946X, (World Cancer Research Fund International, 2018).

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  419. 419.

    World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research. Continuous update project expert report 2018. (2018).

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  420. 420.

    Gapstur SM, et al. A blueprint for the primary prevention of cancer: Targeting established, modifiable risk factors. Ca. Cancer J. Clin. 2018;68:446-470.

    Not in our library10.3322/caac.21496

  421. 421.

    Montégut L, de Cabo R, Zitvogel L, Kroemer G. Science-driven nutritional interventions for the prevention and treatment of cancer. Cancer Discov. 2022;12:2258-2279.

    Not in our library10.1158/2159-8290.cd-22-0504

  422. 422.

    Blaževitš O, Di Tano M, Longo VD. Fasting and fasting mimicking diets in cancer prevention and therapy. Trends Cancer. 2023;9:212-222.

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  423. 423.

    Khodabakhshi A, et al. Effects of Ketogenic metabolic therapy on patients with breast cancer: A randomized controlled clinical trial. Clin. Nutr. 2021;40:751-758.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.clnu.2020.06.028

  424. 424.

    Khodabakhshi A, et al. Feasibility, safety, and beneficial effects of MCT-based ketogenic diet for breast cancer treatment: A randomized controlled trial study. Nutr. Cancer. 2020;72:627-634.

    Not in our library10.1080/01635581.2019.1650942

  425. 425.

    Klement RJ, Weigel MM, Sweeney RA. A ketogenic diet consumed during radiotherapy improves several aspects of quality of life and metabolic health in women with breast cancer. Clin. Nutr. 2021;40:4267-4274.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.clnu.2021.01.023

  426. 426.

    Dmitrieva-Posocco O, et al. β-Hydroxybutyrate suppresses colorectal cancer. Nature. 2022;605:160-165.

    Not in our library10.1038/s41586-022-04649-6

  427. 427.

    Queen J, Shaikh F, Sears CL. Understanding the mechanisms and translational implications of the microbiome for cancer therapy innovation. Nat. Cancer. 2023;4:1083-1094.

    Not in our library10.1038/s43018-023-00602-2

  428. 428.

    Yang JJ, et al. Association of dietary fiber and yogurt consumption with lung cancer risk: A pooled analysis. JAMA Oncol. 2020;6:e194107.

    Not in our library10.1001/jamaoncol.2019.4107

  429. 429.

    Yu EYW, et al. Grain and dietary fiber intake and bladder cancer risk: a pooled analysis of prospective cohort studies. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2020;112:1252-1266.

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  430. 430.

    Arayici ME, et al. Soluble and insoluble dietary fiber consumption and colorectal cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr. Cancer. 2021;74:2412-2425.

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  431. 431.

    Yang W, et al. Association of intake of whole grains and dietary fiber with risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in US adults. JAMA Oncol. 2019;5:879-886.

    Not in our library10.1001/jamaoncol.2018.7159

  432. 432.

    Zheng B, et al. Dietary fiber intake and reduced risk of ovarian cancer: a meta-analysis. Nutr. J. 2018;17:99.

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  433. 433.

    Nucci D, et al. Dietary fiber intake and risk of pancreatic cancer: Systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2021;18:11556.

    Not in our library10.3390/ijerph182111556

  434. 434.

    Desai MS, et al. A dietary fiber-deprived gut microbiota degrades the colonic mucus barrier and enhances pathogen susceptibility. Cell. 2016;167:1339-1353.e1321.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.cell.2016.10.043

  435. 435.

    Schroeder BO, et al. Bifidobacteria or fiber protects against diet-induced microbiota-mediated colonic mucus deterioration. Cell Host Microbe. 2018;23:27-40.e27.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.chom.2017.11.004

  436. 436.

    Makki K, Deehan EC, Walter J, Bäckhed F. The impact of dietary fiber on gut microbiota in host health and disease. Cell Host Microbe. 2018;23:705-715.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.chom.2018.05.012

  437. 437.

    David LA, et al. Diet rapidly and reproducibly alters the human gut microbiome. Nature. 2014;505:559-563.

    Not in our library10.1038/nature12820

  438. 438.
  439. 439.

    Zhang X, et al. Modulating a prebiotic food source influences inflammation and immune-regulating gut microbes and metabolites: insights from the BE GONE trial. EBioMedicine. 2023;98:104873.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104873

  440. 440.

    Yang J, et al. High soluble fiber promotes colorectal tumorigenesis through modulating gut microbiota and metabolites in mice. Gastroenterology. 2024;166:323-337.e327.

    Not in our library10.1053/j.gastro.2023.10.012

  441. 441.

    Song M, et al. Effect of supplementation with marine ω-3 fatty acid on risk of colorectal adenomas and serrated polyps in the US general population: A prespecified ancillary study of a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Oncol. 2020;6:108-115.

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  442. 442.

    Chen Y-X, et al. Berberine versus placebo for the prevention of recurrence of colorectal adenoma: a multicentre, double-blinded, randomised controlled study. Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2020;5:267-275.

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  443. 443.

    Abdellatif M, Sedej S, Kroemer G. NAD+ metabolism in cardiac health, aging, and disease. Circulation. 2021;144:1795-1817.

    Not in our library10.1161/circulationaha.121.056589

  444. 444.

    Covarrubias AJ, Perrone R, Grozio A, Verdin E. NAD+ metabolism and its roles in cellular processes during ageing. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 2021;22:119-141.

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  445. 445.

    Chen AC, et al. A phase 3 randomized trial of nicotinamide for skin-cancer chemoprevention. N. Engl. J. Med. 2015;373:1618-1626.

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  446. 446.

    Allen NC, et al. Nicotinamide for skin-cancer chemoprevention in transplant recipients. N. Engl. J. Med. 2023;388:804-812.

    Not in our library10.1056/nejmoa2203086

  447. 447.

    Carneiro RV, et al. Acitretin and skin cancer in kidney transplanted patients. Clinical and histological evaluation and immunohistochemical analysis of lymphocytes, natural killer cells and Langerhans’ cells in sun exposed and sun protected skin. Clin. Transpl. 2005;19:115-121.

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  448. 448.

    Peila R, et al. A randomized trial of calcium plus vitamin d supplementation and risk of ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast. JNCI Cancer Spectr. 2021;5:pkab072.

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  449. 449.

    Jaszewski R, et al. Folic acid supplementation inhibits recurrence of colorectal adenomas: a randomized chemoprevention trial. World J. Gastroenterol. 2008;14:4492-4498.

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  450. 450.

    Mocellin S, Briarava M, Pilati P. Vitamin B6 and cancer risk: A field synopsis and meta-analysis. J. Natl Cancer Inst. 2017;109:1-9.

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  451. 451.

    Villagran M, Ferreira J, Martorell M, Mardones L. The role of vitamin C in cancer prevention and therapy: A literature review. Antioxid. (Basel). 2021;10:1894.

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  452. 452.

    Dang M, et al. Single cell clonotypic and transcriptional evolution of multiple myeloma precursor disease. Cancer Cell. 2023;41:1032-1047.e1034.

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  453. 453.

    Baysoy A, Bai Z, Satija R, Fan R. The technological landscape and applications of single-cell multi-omics. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2023;24:695-713.

    Not in our library10.1038/s41580-023-00615-w

  454. 454.

    Nishimura T, et al. Evolutionary histories of breast cancer and related clones. Nature. 2023;620:607-614.

    Not in our library10.1038/s41586-023-06333-9

  455. 455.

    Chen Z, Lau KS. Advances in mapping tumor progression from precancer atlases. Cancer Prev. Res. 2023;16:439-447.

    Not in our library10.1158/1940-6207.capr-22-0473

  456. 456.

    Yao P, et al. Protein-level mutant p53 reporters identify druggable rare precancerous clones in noncancerous tissues. Nat. Cancer. 2023;4:1176-1192.

    Not in our library10.1038/s43018-023-00608-w

  457. 457.

    Papaemmanuil E, et al. Clinical and biological implications of driver mutations in myelodysplastic syndromes. Blood. 2013;122:3616-3627.

    Not in our library10.1182/blood-2013-08-518886

  458. 458.

    Kulasekararaj AG, et al. Somatic mutations identify a subgroup of aplastic anemia patients who progress to myelodysplastic syndrome. Blood. 2014;124:2698-2704.

    Not in our library10.1182/blood-2014-05-574889

  459. 459.

    Cancer Genome Atlas Network. Comprehensive molecular characterization of urothelial bladder carcinoma. Nature507, 315–322 (2012).

    Not in our library10.1038/nature12965

  460. 460.
  461. 461.

    Martincorena I, et al. Somatic mutant clones colonize the human esophagus with age. Science. 2018;362:911-917.

    Not in our library10.1126/science.aau3879

  462. 462.

    Liu X, et al. Genetic alterations in esophageal tissues from squamous dysplasia to carcinoma. Gastroenterology. 2017;153:166-177.

    Not in our library10.1053/j.gastro.2017.03.033

  463. 463.
  464. 464.

    Paulson TG, et al. Somatic whole genome dynamics of precancer in Barrett’s esophagus reveals features associated with disease progression. Nat. Commun. 2022;13:2300.

    Not in our library10.1038/s41467-022-29767-7

  465. 465.

    Abbas S, et al. Mutational signature dynamics shaping the evolution of oesophageal adenocarcinoma. Nat. Commun. 2023;14:4239.

    Not in our library10.1038/s41467-023-39957-6

  466. 466.

    Lac V, et al. Oncogenic mutations in histologically normal endometrium: the new normal? J. Pathol. 2019;249:173-181.

    Not in our library10.1002/path.5314

  467. 467.

    Moore L, et al. The mutational landscape of normal human endometrial epithelium. Nature. 2020;580:640-646.

    Not in our library10.1038/s41586-020-2214-z

  468. 468.

    Suda K, et al. Clonal expansion and diversification of cancer-associated mutations in endometriosis and normal endometrium. Cell Rep. 2018;24:1777-1789.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.celrep.2018.07.037

  469. 469.

    Yamaguchi M, et al. Spatiotemporal dynamics of clonal selection and diversification in normal endometrial epithelium. Nat. Commun. 2022;13:943.

    Not in our library10.1038/s41467-022-28568-2

  470. 470.

    Li L, et al. Genome-wide mutation analysis in precancerous lesions of endometrial carcinoma. J. Pathol. 2021;253:119-128.

    Not in our library10.1002/path.5566

  471. 471.

    Nault JC, et al. High frequency of telomerase reverse-transcriptase promoter somatic mutations in hepatocellular carcinoma and preneoplastic lesions. Nat. Commun. 2013;4:2218.

    Not in our library10.1038/ncomms3218

  472. 472.

    Ng SWK, et al. Convergent somatic mutations in metabolism genes in chronic liver disease. Nature. 2021;598:473-478.

    Not in our library10.1038/s41586-021-03974-6

  473. 473.

    Nault JC, et al. Telomerase reverse transcriptase promoter mutation is an early somatic genetic alteration in the transformation of premalignant nodules in hepatocellular carcinoma on cirrhosis. Hepatology. 2014;60:1983-1992.

    Not in our library10.1002/hep.27372

  474. 474.

    Pickering CR, et al. Mutational landscape of aggressive cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Clin. Cancer Res. 2014;20:6582-6592.

    Not in our library10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-1768

  475. 475.

    Fowler JC, et al. Selection of oncogenic mutant clones in normal human skin varies with body site. Cancer Discov. 2021;11:340-361.

    Not in our library10.1158/2159-8290.cd-20-1092

  476. 476.

    Thomson J, et al. The genomic landscape of actinic keratosis. J. Invest. Dermatol. 2021;141:1664-1674.e1667.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jid.2020.12.024

  477. 477.

    Tang J, et al. The genomic landscapes of individual melanocytes from human skin. Nature. 2020;586:600-605.

    Not in our library10.1038/s41586-020-2785-8

  478. 478.

    Cai Z, et al. Inhibition of inflammatory signaling in Tet2 mutant preleukemic cells mitigates stress-induced abnormalities and clonal hematopoiesis. Cell. Stem Cell. 2018;23:833-849.e835.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.stem.2018.10.013

  479. 479.

    Meisel M, et al. Microbial signals drive pre-leukaemic myeloproliferation in a Tet2-deficient host. Nature. 2018;557:580-584.

    Not in our library10.1038/s41586-018-0125-z

  480. 480.

    Higa KC, et al. Chronic interleukin-1 exposure triggers selection for Cebpa-knockout multipotent hematopoietic progenitors. J. Exp. Med. 2021;218:e20200560.

    Not in our library10.1084/jem.20200560

  481. 481.
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    Sun X, et al. Suppression of the SWI/SNF component Arid1a promotes mammalian regeneration. Cell. Stem Cell. 2016;18:456-466.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.stem.2016.03.001

  483. 483.

    Zhu L, et al. Multi-organ mapping of cancer risk. Cell. 2016;166:1132-1146.e1137.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.cell.2016.07.045

  484. 484.

    Sato N, et al. The COX-2/PGE(2) pathway suppresses apical elimination of RasV12-transformed cells from epithelia. Commun. Biol. 2020;3:132.

    Not in our library10.1038/s42003-020-0847-y

  485. 485.

    Dawoud AAZ, Tapper WJ, Cross NCP. Clonal myelopoiesis in the UK Biobank cohort: ASXL1 mutations are strongly associated with smoking. Leukemia. 2020;34:2660-2672.

    Not in our library10.1038/s41375-020-0896-8

  486. 486.

    Wong TN, et al. Role of TP53 mutations in the origin and evolution of therapy-related acute myeloid leukaemia. Nature. 2015;518:552-555.

    Not in our library10.1038/nature13968

  487. 487.

    Murai K, et al. Epidermal tissue adapts to restrain progenitors carrying clonal p53 mutations. Cell. Stem Cell. 2018;23:687-699.e688.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.stem.2018.08.017

  488. 488.

    Moon H, et al. Melanocyte stem cell activation and translocation initiate cutaneous melanoma in response to UV exposure. Cell. Stem Cell. 2017;21:665-678.e666.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.stem.2017.09.001

  489. 489.

    Viros A, et al. Ultraviolet radiation accelerates BRAF-driven melanomagenesis by targeting TP53. Nature. 2014;511:478-482.

    Not in our library10.1038/nature13298

  490. 490.

    Bruens L, et al. Calorie restriction increases the number of competing stem cells and decreases mutation retention in the intestine. Cell Rep. 2020;32:107937.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107937

  491. 491.

    Cai Z, et al. Hyperglycemia cooperates with Tet2 heterozygosity to induce leukemia driven by proinflammatory cytokine-induced lncRNA Morrbid. J. Clin. Invest. 2021;131:e140707.

    Not in our library10.1172/jci140707

  492. 492.

    Liang S, et al. Gut microbiome associated with APC gene mutation in patients with intestinal adenomatous polyps. Int. J. Biol. Sci. 2020;16:135-146.

    Not in our library10.7150/ijbs.37399

  493. 493.

    Belote RL, et al. Human melanocyte development and melanoma dedifferentiation at single-cell resolution. Nat. Cell Biol. 2021;23:1035-1047.

    Not in our library10.1038/s41556-021-00740-8

  494. 494.

    Nowicki-Osuch K, et al. Molecular phenotyping reveals the identity of Barrett’s esophagus and its malignant transition. Science. 2021;373:760-767.

    Not in our library10.1126/science.abd1449

  495. 495.
  496. 496.
  497. 497.

    Wang R, et al. Evolution of immune and stromal cell states and ecotypes during gastric adenocarcinoma progression. Cancer Cell. 2023;41:1407-1426.e1409.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ccell.2023.06.005

  498. 498.

    Gil Del Alcazar CR, et al. Immune escape in breast cancer during in situ to invasive carcinoma transition. Cancer Discov. 2017;7:1098-1115.

    Not in our library10.1158/2159-8290.cd-17-0222

  499. 499.

    Zavidij O, et al. Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals compromised immune microenvironment in precursor stages of multiple myeloma. Nat. Cancer. 2020;1:493-506.

    Not in our library10.1038/s43018-020-0053-3

  500. 500.
  501. 501.

    Carpenter ES, et al. Analysis of donor pancreata defines the transcriptomic signature and microenvironment of early neoplastic lesions. Cancer Discov. 2023;13:1324-1345.

    Not in our library10.1158/2159-8290.cd-23-0013

  502. 502.

    Liu X, et al. Spatial transcriptomics analysis of esophageal squamous precancerous lesions and their progression to esophageal cancer. Nat. Commun. 2023;14:4779.

    Not in our library10.1038/s41467-023-40343-5

  503. 503.

    Lee SH, et al. Apposition of fibroblasts with metaplastic gastric cells promotes dysplastic transition. Gastroenterology. 2023;165:374-390.

    Not in our library10.1053/j.gastro.2023.04.038

  504. 504.

    Bernard V, et al. Single-cell transcriptomics of pancreatic cancer precursors demonstrates epithelial and microenvironmental heterogeneity as an early event in neoplastic progression. Clin. Cancer Res. 2019;25:2194-2205.

    Not in our library10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-1955

  505. 505.

    Schütz S, et al. Functionally distinct cancer-associated fibroblast subpopulations establish a tumor promoting environment in squamous cell carcinoma. Nat. Commun. 2023;14:5413.

    Not in our library10.1038/s41467-023-41141-9

  506. 506.

    Widlak MM, et al. Risk stratification of symptomatic patients suspected of colorectal cancer using faecal and urinary markers. Colorectal Dis. 2018;20:O335-O342.

    Not in our library10.1111/codi.14431

  507. 507.

    Wong SH, et al. Quantitation of faecal Fusobacterium improves faecal immunochemical test in detecting advanced colorectal neoplasia. Gut. 2017;66:1441-1448.

    Not in our library10.1136/gutjnl-2016-312766

  508. 508.

    Uchiyama K, et al. Serum metabolomics analysis for early detection of colorectal cancer. J. Gastroenterol. 2017;52:677-694.

    Not in our library10.1007/s00535-016-1261-6

  509. 509.

    Le Cornet C, et al. Circulating immune cell composition and cancer risk: A prospective study using epigenetic cell count measures. Cancer Res. 2020;80:1885-1892.

    Not in our library10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-3178

  510. 510.

    Yamashita S, et al. Genetic and epigenetic alterations in normal tissues have differential impacts on cancer risk among tissues. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. Usa. 2018;115:1328-1333.

    Not in our library10.1073/pnas.1717340115

  511. 511.

    Ho PJ, et al. Breast cancer risk stratification using genetic and non-genetic risk assessment tools for 246,142 women in the UK Biobank. Genet. Med. 2023;25:100917.

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    Jobard E, et al. Investigation of circulating metabolites associated with breast cancer risk by untargeted metabolomics: a case-control study nested within the French E3N cohort. Br. J. Cancer. 2021;124:1734-1743.

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    Sin DD, et al. Pro-surfactant protein B as a biomarker for lung cancer prediction. J. Clin. Oncol. 2013;31:4536-4543.

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    Guida F, et al. Assessment of lung cancer risk on the basis of a biomarker panel of circulating proteins. JAMA Oncol. 2018;4:e182078.

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    Beane J, et al. Detecting the presence and progression of premalignant lung lesions via airway gene expression. Clin. Cancer Res. 2017;23:5091-5100.

    Not in our library10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-2540

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    Huang RJ, et al. Pepsinogens and gastrin demonstrate low discrimination for gastric precancerous lesions in a multi-ethnic United States cohort. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2022;20:950-952.e953.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.cgh.2021.01.009

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    Zagari RM, et al. Systematic review with meta-analysis: diagnostic performance of the combination of pepsinogen, gastrin-17 and anti-Helicobacter pylori antibodies serum assays for the diagnosis of atrophic gastritis. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 2017;46:657-667.

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    Li, X. et al. Proteomic profiling identifies signatures associated with progression of precancerous gastric lesions and risk of early gastric cancer. EBioMedicine74, 103714 (2021).

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103714

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    Verhoef VM, et al. Triage by methylation-marker testing versus cytology in women who test HPV-positive on self-collected cervicovaginal specimens (PROHTECT-3): a randomised controlled non-inferiority trial. Lancet Oncol. 2014;15:315-322.

    Not in our library10.1016/s1470-2045(14)70019-1

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    Wu Z, et al. Development of models for cervical cancer screening: construction in a cross-sectional population and validation in two screening cohorts in China. BMC Med. 2021;19:197.

    Not in our library10.1186/s12916-021-02078-2

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    Shaw VE, et al. Serum cytokine biomarker panels for discriminating pancreatic cancer from benign pancreatic disease. Mol. Cancer. 2014;13:114.

    Not in our library10.1186/1476-4598-13-114

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    Colbert K, et al. Molecular cancer prevention: Current status and future directions. CA Cancer J. Clin. 2015;65:345-383.

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    Rothwell PM, et al. Long-term effect of aspirin on colorectal cancer incidence and mortality: 20-year follow-up of five randomised trials. Lancet. 2010;376:1741-1750.

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    Takayama T, et al. Randomized double-blind trial of sulindac and etodolac to eradicate aberrant crypt foci and to prevent sporadic colorectal polyps. Clin. Cancer Res. 2011;17:3803-3811.

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    Bertagnolli MM, et al. Celecoxib for the prevention of sporadic colorectal adenomas. N. Engl. J. Med. 2006;355:873-884.

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    Bavinck JN, et al. Prevention of skin cancer and reduction of keratotic skin lesions during acitretin therapy in renal transplant recipients: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J. Clin. Oncol. 1995;13:1933-1938.

    Not in our library10.1200/jco.1995.13.8.1933

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    Chen AC, et al. A phase II randomized controlled trial of nicotinamide for skin cancer chemoprevention in renal transplant recipients. Br. J. Dermatol. 2016;175:1073-1075.

    Not in our library10.1111/bjd.14662

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    Barry EL, et al. Vitamin D receptor genotype, vitamin D3 supplementation, and risk of colorectal adenomas: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Oncol. 2017;3:628-635.

    Not in our library10.1001/jamaoncol.2016.5917

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    Baron JA, et al. Calcium supplements for the prevention of colorectal adenomas. Calcium Polyp Prevention Study Group. N. Engl. J. Med. 1999;340:101-107.

    Not in our library10.1056/nejm199901143400204

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    Reid ME, et al. Selenium supplementation and colorectal adenomas: An analysis of the nutritional prevention of cancer trial. Int. J. Cancer. 2006;118:1777-1781.

    Not in our library10.1002/ijc.21529

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