No retraction, correction or concern found when last checked on Oct 18, 2026.

Multifunctional mesoporous silica nanoparticles for biomedical applications

Bolong Xu, Shanshan Li, Rui Shi and 1 more

Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · 2023 · Review · CC BY

Abstract

Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) are recognized as a prime example of nanotechnology applied in the biomedical field, due to their easily tunable structure and composition, diverse surface functionalization properties, and excellent biocompatibility. Over the past two decades, researchers have developed a wide variety of MSNs-based nanoplatforms through careful design and controlled preparation techniques, demonstrating their adaptability to various biomedical application scenarios. With the continuous breakthroughs of MSNs in the fields of biosensing, disease diagnosis and treatment, tissue engineering, etc., MSNs are gradually moving from basic research to clinical trials. In this review, we provide a detailed summary of MSNs in the biomedical field, beginning with a comprehensive overview of their development history. We then discuss the types of MSNs-based nanostructured architectures, as well as the classification of MSNs-based nanocomposites according to the elements existed in various inorganic functional components. Subsequently, we summarize the primary purposes of surface-functionalized modifications of MSNs. In the following, we discuss the biomedical applications of MSNs, and highlight the MSNs-based targeted therapeutic modalities currently developed. Given the importance of clinical translation, we also summarize the progress of MSNs in clinical trials. Finally, we take a perspective on the future direction and remaining challenges of MSNs in the biomedical field.

Full text

From PubMed Central, U.S. National Library of Medicine, as current on Oct 22, 2026. Paragraph numbers are ours, so an answer can point at one.

Introduction

1With the rapid development of nanotechnology, nanomaterials have shown great promise in the biomedical field due to their excellent physicochemical properties. A variety of nanoformulations have been widely explored and developed for cargo delivery,– disease diagnosis,– and therapeutic purposes.– Compared to macroscale counterparts, nanoformulations always enjoy the unique merits, including higher bioavailability, reduced toxic effects and improved selectivity, in the living organism. Typically, nanoformulations include two major categories: organic and inorganic nanoformulations., Organic ones such as liposomes and polymers have been demonstrated to be a very effective and safe class of drug carriers, as evidenced by the fact that Doxill® is the first American Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved nanoliposomal drug formulation, and the recently reported development of two lipid nanoparticles (NPs)-based COVID-19 mRNA vaccines (BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273). For inorganic NPs-based formulations, although they are slightly inferior to organic NPs-based formulations in terms of biocompatibility and safety, they are superior to organic NPs-based formulations in terms of stability and drug delivery efficiency. Importantly, some unique properties possessed by inorganic NPs such as optical, ultrasonic, magnetic and catalytic properties have given rise to some novel NPs-based therapies, i.e., photothermal therapy (PTT),, photodynamic therapy (PDT),, sonodynamic therapy (SDT),, chemodynamic therapy (CDT), and nanozyme-based catalytic therapy., Encouragingly, inorganic NPs are also gradually moving to the clinical stage, with about 25 inorganic nanomedicines approved for clinical use.

2Among the different types of inorganic NPs-based formulations, mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) are of great interest to researchers worldwide due to their extreme flexibility in the manipulation of structure and properties. In recent years, the number of research papers on the applications of MSNs in the biomedical field has exceeded 300 per year (Fig. 1a). MSNs are characterized by a large range of tunable specific surface area and pore size, adjustable particle size and morphology, and easy surface functionalization. On the one hand, these features enable them to effectively load therapeutic drugs including small molecules, genes, peptides and proteins through electrostatic adsorption or chemical bonding, thus ultimately achieving targeted delivery and therapy.– On the other hand, MSNs can act as substrate materials to load nanomaterials such as carbon dots,, gold NPs, and iron oxide NPs,, resulting in inorganic nanocomposites with diverse properties to meet the requirements of various biomedical applications. In general, we can control the synthesis conditions to precisely modulate the topology with excellent internal and surface architecture of MSNs, and to obtain the desired performance.

3An additional advantage of MSNs over other inorganic NPs is their relatively superior safety profile. A typical example is that the FDA has approved colloidal silica for use as a glidant in the production of tablets. Also, the widely used food additive E511 consists of amorphous silica NPs with a diameter of 100 nm. Importantly, there are numbers of clinical trials and clinical studies confirming the safety and efficacy of silica NPs when used in applications such as oral drug delivery, bioimaging and PTT. For example, in a clinical study involving 12 volunteers, ordered MSNs were able to significantly increase the bioavailability of fenofibrate by 54%, far better than the commercially available product Lipanthyl®. In another clinical trial involving 16 patients with prostate cancer, gold-silica nanoshells (GSNs) enabled tumor ablation by photothermal action, ultimately achieving effective tumor eradication in 94% (15/16) of patients. The physiological toxicity of MSNs is closely related to particle size, morphology, and structural composition. Currently, lots of silica-based nanoformulations have been developed, and their systematic safety evaluation is a matter of ongoing concern. However, there is no doubt that mesoporous silica-based NPs will always be more promising in the biomedical field than other inorganic NPs.

4Although lots of reviews have already reported on the progress of MSNs in the biomedical field (Fig. 1b), the scope of this review provides a more comprehensive summary over the past decades from different aspects. Throughout this review, we provide an overview of the development history of MSNs in the biomedical field, introduce some key research advances, and summarize the various types of MSNs. We then summarize the nanocomposites composed of different functional inorganic components (i.e., metal compound NPs, noble metal NPs, upconversion NPs, and metal-free NPs) with MSNs. Our review focuses on the objectives of surface functionalization of MSNs, which include improving biocompatibility, enhancing targeting, and enabling precise drug delivery processes. We also highlight recent advances in MSNs-based biomedical applications, with particular emphasis on various types of targeted therapeutic strategies. Finally, we discuss the clinical translational status of MSNs and the current challenges they face in the biomedical field.

Development history of MSNs

5Silica possesses tetrahedral framework structure, which consists of a silicon atom and four oxygen atoms formed by covalent bonding. Mesoporous silica is a class of porous materials with the pore size distribution of 2–50 nm. In the preparation process of mesoporous silica, soluble silica precursors can be assembled into liquid-crystalline mesophases by adding the block copolymers or amphiphilic surfactants as the structure-directing agents., The silanes condensation followed by the structure-directing agents removal using solvent extraction or calcination methods results in the synthesis of amorphous mesoporous silica with different mesoporous phases (e.g., hexagonal, cubic, lamellar, and disordered structures). Research on mesoporous silica dates back to the 1960s, when some United States patents mentioned the preparation of mesoporous silica,, but it was not until the 1990s that the study of mesoporous silica received increasing attention from researchers. In 1992, scientists from the Mobil Research and Development Corporation first synthesized a novel mesoporous material, Mobil Composition of Matter No. 41 (MCM-41), which is one member of the family of silicate-based mesoporous molecular sieves (M41S). MCM-41 exhibits an ordered hexagonal arrangement of uniform mesopores, and the channels of MCM-41 can be tailored in the range of 1.5–10 nm in size. In general, MCM-41 is prepared by using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as the surfactant and Tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) as the silica source (Fig. 2). Under strong alkaline condition, the surfactant initially forms micellar rods, and then stacks and arranges in hexagonal arrays. After adding the TEOS, the silicate in solution covers the hexagonal arrays to produce inorganic structure, in which the electrostatic interaction between negatively charged Si−O− and positively charged −N+(CH3)3 results in the hydrolysis and condensation of silanes. Later, the calcination treatment leads to the removal of surfactant template to give the final product. At present, MCM-41 has become the most common nanomaterial used to build biomedical nanoplatforms.

6Due to the important role of MSNs in the biomedical field, the timeline of some key achievements involving MSNs is presented in Fig. 3. Similar to MCM-41, Santa Barbara Amorphous-15 (SBA-15) is also demonstrated to be another very promising nanomaterial in the biomedical field, which is a highly stable mesoporous silica sieve reported by scientists from the University of California at Santa Barbara in 1998. Several years later, the first example of biomedical applications involving mesoporous silica for drug delivery is reported. MCM-41 is demonstrated to have the ability to load and deliver the anti-inflammatory drug, ibuprofen, with a weight percent ratio of 30%. In the same year, researchers from two different research groups both reported that the particle size of MCM-41 could be tuned to the nanoscale,, and its morphology could also be precisely designed. These findings have greatly encouraged researchers to explore the potential biomedical applications of MSNs. In 2003, Lai et al. explored the feasibility of MCM-41-type MSNs in controlled-release delivery systems, in which they used cadmium sulfide (CdS) NPs as chemically removable caps to encapsulate drug molecules into the pore channels of MSNs. Subsequently, the disulfide bond-reducing molecules served as triggers to control the stimuli-responsive release of drug molecules including vancomycin and adenosine triphosphate. Meanwhile, the same research group also utilized polyamidoamines to modify the surface of MCM-41-type MSNs, and constructed a novel gene transfection system in 2004, which is the first study of the uptake behavior about MSNs into the eukaryotic cells. Afterwards, Lin et al. developed fluorescein-labelled hexagonal crystal-like MSNs with a size of 110 nm as cell marker. To fully exploit the physicochemical properties of MSNs and their potential for biomedical applications, in 2008, Liong et al. loaded superparamagnetic iron oxide into the internal pores of MSNs and subjected MSNs to phosphonate coating, targeting ligand modification and anti-cancer drug encapsulation, resulting in a multifunctional silica-based nanoplatform that can be used for imaging, targeting and drug delivery. Since the degradability of MSNs is critical to the development of nanoformulations with high safety, researchers continue to explore the degradation behavior and mechanisms of MSNs. In 2010, a three-state degradation process of MSNs was proposed, which presented a new understanding of the degradation kinetic mechanism of MSNs that differs significantly from that of traditional non-porous silica-based materials. Besides, Lin et al. systematically revealed the impact of MSNs with various particle size, pore structure and surface modification on hemolytic activity in 2010. This pioneering work provides guidance for understanding the toxic effects of MSNs in vivo. In 2011, Cornell dots, which are silica-based hybrid NPs with a size of 6–10 nm, become the first FDA-approved nanoformulation for a first-in-human clinical trial. The first-in-human clinical trial of 124I-labelled Cornell dots showed that they can be applied to diagnose and stage tumors including melanoma and malignant brain cancer. In addition, to obtain MSNs with rapid biodegradability, Zhao’s group developed a biphase stratification method for preparing monodispersed three-dimensional dendritic MSNs (3D-dendritic MSNs). The as-prepared 3D-dendritic MSNs can degrade completely in the simulated biological medium within 24 h. In recent years, with the outbreak and spread of coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, nanotechnology based on MSNs against coronavirus infection has also developed. In 2020, Balagna et al. performed preliminary antiviral test toward SARS-CoV-2 by using the silver nanocluster/silica nanocomposite deposited onto facial masks. In another work, a FDA-approved antiviral drug, niclosamide (NIC), was encapsulated into MSNs, followed by the coating with Tween 60. The MSNs-based nanocomposite was demonstrated to be a potential oral formulation for SARS-CoV-2.

7From these pioneering and outstanding works, we can witness that the research on MSNs covers all aspects of the biomedical field. With the further development of highly safe and efficient MSNs-based nanocomposites, as well as the systematic exploration of their in vivo biological action mechanisms, MSNs are gradually moving from basic research to clinical translation, contributing to the development of nanomedicine.

Types of MSNs

8In general, MSNs are often manufactured via surfactant-templating sol-gel method. Their structure and morphology are influenced by different factors, i.e., surfactants, silica sources, reaction catalysts, and other external reaction conditions such as pH and temperature.– Of these, the surfactants as the structure-directing agents play a crucial role in determining the mesoporous architectures of MSNs, since they can induce the micellization of foam during the reaction process. Three main categories of structure-directing agents are frequently used in the synthesis of MSNs, including cationic surfactants (e.g., CTAB and cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTAC)), anionic surfactants (e.g., phosphoric acid, sodium dodecyl sulfate, and alkyl carboxylic acid), and non-ionic surfactants (Pluronic F123, F127, polyethylene oxide (PEO) and polypropylene oxide (PPO)). Due to the diversity of surfactants, various MSNs with unique configurations have been created and received phenomenal attention from researchers. At present, MSNs can be divided into M41S-series, SBA-series, Fudan University (FDU)-series, and Korea Institute of Technology (KIT)-series, etc, according to the mesoporous materials family. Table 1 summarizes some of the more well-studied types of MSNs. These different families of mesoporous silicas are detailed as follows.

M41S-series

9As mentioned above, M41S-series mesoporous materials were firstly prepared by the Mobil Research and Development Corporation., The M41S series materials are typically characterized by a large amount of silanol groups (Si–OH) on both the internal pores and surface, the presence of which makes them easier to surface-functionalize for specific bioapplications. In addition, their mesophase arrangement, pore size, particle morphology and dimensions can be easily adjusted by changing the synthesis conditions. The most typical materials of the M41S series are MCM-41, MCM-48 and MCM-50,, and those mesoporous materials can be synthesized by controlling the ratio of surfactants to silica source. As the well-investigated member of the nanostructured mesoporous materials, MCM-41 possesses two-dimensional (2D) hexagonal arrangements of unidirectional mesoporous pores, with P6mm space group symmetry. Different from MCM-41, MCM-48 shows the cubic arrangement containing Ia3d space-group symmetry, and it possesses a higher specific pore volume (up to 1.2 cm3 g−1), specific surface area (up to 1600 m2 g–1), and thermal stability. Accordingly, the three-dimensional (3D) pore structure and high porosity of MCM-48 makes it also advantageous in the field of drug delivery.– The lamellar phase-MCM-50, which is separated by the surfactant layer to form a sandwich-like structure, has a p2 space-group symmetry in the uncalcined form., When the surfactant is removed at high temperature, the lamellar structure of MCM-50 is unstable, which easily leads to the dense phases with little structural arrangement and porosity.

SBA-series

10SBA-series mesoporous materials were first reported by researchers from the University of California at Santa Barbara, which consists of a silica-based framework with highly ordered mesoporous structure, tunable pore size, high specific surface area, and thermal stability. There are many silica-based mesoporous materials in the SBA family, including SBA-1, SBA-2, SBA-3, SBA-6, SBA-7, SBA-8, SBA-11, SBA-12, SBA-14, SBA-15 and SBA-16.,,, However, of these materials, only SBA-15 and SBA-16 are widely used in biomedical applications, while other types of MSNs such as SBA-1,– SBA-2,, SBA-3,, SBA-11,, SBA-12 are mainly applied in the field of adsorption and catalysis. By using a triblock copolymer, Pluronic 123, as the structure-directing agent under acidic condition, SBA-15 with 2D hexagonal structure containing P6mm space-group symmetry can be synthesized., Compared with MCM-41, the thick pore walls (up to 9 nm) make SBA-15 more stable thermally and mechanically. Especially, the high specific surface area (~1000 m2g–1) and larger pore size (4–30 nm) of SBA-15 make it an excellent cargo carrier to load large molecule drugs in the biomedical field. Similarly, a cubic (Im3̄m) cage-structured SBA-16 can be obtained by using Pluronic F127 as the structure-directing agent, and the surface area and stability of SBA-16 are comparable to that of SBA-15.

FDU-series

11FDU-series mesoporous silica is mainly represented by FDU-1, FDU-2, FDU-5, and FDU-12, firstly reported by Zhao’s group from Fudan University. All of these possess 3D mesoporous architectures, well-ordered pore arrangements, amorphous pore wall structures and excellent thermal and mechanical stability. The first FDU-series MSN to be synthesized was FDU-1 in 2000, which has an Im3̄m space-group symmetry and exhibits a similar mesoporous structure to SBA-16. Unlike the SBA- and MCM-series MSNs, the FDU series have few bioapplications, and there are only a few reports of FDU-12 in the field of drug delivery., FDU-12 presents 3D cubic mesostructure with Fm3̄m space-group symmetry, and possesses a large cavity (10–12.3 nm), whose entrance sizes can be regulated in the range of ≈ 4–9 nm.

KIT-series

12The KIT-series was first reported by Ryoo’s group at Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), and the typical materials include KIT-1, KIT-5 and KIT-6. KIT-1 has disordered mesopores and amorphous pore walls, but its pore size is uniform and tunable, and it is more thermally stable than MCM-41. Meanwhile, KIT-5 and KIT-6 present well-ordered mesostructure with the space-group symmetry of Fm3̄m and Ia3̄d, respectively., Both the materials also have high specific surface areas, uniform pore size distribution and good stability, making them an excellent catalytic support. In addition, KIT-6 can be used to construct drug delivery systems for antimicrobial therapy, anti-tumor therapy and anti-blastocystosis therapy.–

Others

13In addition to the aforementioned types of MSNs, other research groups have also reported the synthesis of MSNs with various mesoporous structures by changing the synthesis conditions, such as Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (IBN)-series, (AMS)-series, hexagonal mesoporous silica (HMS)-series, and Michigan State University (MSU)-series. These materials show similar structural characteristics to the SBA- and MCM-series MSNs, and thus have widespread applications in the fields of separation, adsorption, and catalysis.– Since they have few studies in the biomedical field, we will not describe them much here.

MSNs-based nanocomposites

14MSNs are a kind of relatively inert inorganic nanomaterials and are less frequently used as functional components for bioimaging or therapeutic purposes. However, as mentioned above, the features of MSNs including the high specific surface area, tunable pore size, controlled morphology and high mechanical/thermal stability, as well as good biosafety and biodegradability, make them excellent substrate materials for the construction of a wide range of nanocomposites.– Through the host-guest assembly process, different kinds of inorganic functional components can be introduced to give the nanocomposites new physicochemical properties, such as magnetic-, light- and ultrasonic-response properties.– Depending on the assembly strategy, specific nanostructured composites can be obtained, and there are five main types of MSNs-based nanocomposites (Fig. 4a): (1) Type I: Core-shell architectures, where the MSNs act as the inner core and the functional components as the outer shell. The functional nanoshells with specific sizes can be easily obtained by manipulating MSNs hard template. (2) Type II: Small-sized functional components loaded directly into the pores of MSNs. The common functional components such as carbon quantum dots and black phosphorus quantum dots are often encapsulated into MSNs in this form. In this architecture, MSNs enable slow and controlled release of small-sized functional components. (3) Type III: The functional component is loaded directly onto the surface of MSNs or on the periphery of the pore channel through covalent bonding or electrostatic adsorption. A distinct advantage of the Type III architecture is that it does not mask the active sites of the functional components, ensuring their catalytic stability. (4) Type IV: Core-shell architectures,,, but in which the MSNs act as the outer shell and the functional component acts as the inner core. Type IV architecture can avoid the aggregation of bare inorganic functional components, and afford the nanocomposites enhanced stability and decreased physiological toxicity. A common example is the upconversion NPs@MSNs nanocomposites, in which the MSNs are also often loaded with photosensitizers to synergize with the upconversion NPs for PDT. (5) Type V: Janus-type architectures. Janus-type nanocomposites have the biphasic geometries with distinct compositions or anisotropic structures, and the physicochemical properties between the individual components are largely unaffected, in contrast to the aforementioned Type I–IV nanocomposites.

15According to the elements that act as the main components in inorganic functional nanomaterials, the currently existing types of MSNs-based nanocomposites for biomedical applications are summarized as follows.

Noble metal NPs/MSNs nanocomposites

16As an important branch in the field of inorganic nanomedicines, noble metal NPs have attracted widespread interest in the biomedical field from the very beginning. Noble metal NPs have made promising progress in areas including bioimaging,, photothermal tumor ablation,– PDT,,, radiotherapy sensitization,, and recently developed nanozyme-based catalytic therapy,– due to their tunable optical properties, excellent catalytic activity and good biocompatibility. Among those noble metal NPs, ruthenium (Ru), palladium (Pd),, silver (Ag),, platinum (Pt),, and gold (Au), NPs have been reported to be loaded into MSNs to form various noble metal NPs/MSNs nanocomposites for biomedical applications (Fig. 4b). Of them, Au and Ag NPs are the most studied because of their relatively well-established synthetic routes, relatively high earthly reserves and good safety profiles.

17During the applications of noble metal NPs/MSNs nanocomposites, the corresponding noble metal elements can be properly selected and the aforementioned nanostructured architectures (Types I–V) or some new architectures can be rationally designed, according to the performance requirements and various therapeutic scenarios. For example, Au NPs are a promising photothermal agent due to their unique localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR), but the bare Au NPs are not sufficiently stable during light irradiation, and suffer from poor colloidal stability under physiological conditions. To address this issue, a silica-protection strategy was developed, as reported by Duan et al., they coated mesoporous silica shell onto the surface of gold nanorods, and meanwhile additional gold nanoclusters were also incorporated on the surface of the mesoporous silica shell. The resulting core-shelled Au NP/MSNs nanocomposites (Type I architecture) achieved a photothermal conversion efficiency of 77.6%, significantly higher than that of bare gold nanorods. To overcome the cancer multidrug resistance (MDR) and enhance the penetration efficiency of nanomedicines, Kankala et al. designed a zinc metal species modified MSNs nanocarrier (Zn-MSNs), which could effectively disperse ultra-small Pt NPs, and the silica framework structure substantially promoted the loading efficiency of doxorubicin (DOX) (Type II architecture). During treatment, the ultra-small Pt NPs were able to penetrate deep into the tumor under the stimulation of acidic condition, and exhibited the peroxidase-like activity, decomposing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) into toxic hydroxyl radicals (•OH) to kill tumor cells. Importantly, these consequences of the synergistic ablation of MDR cells by ultra-small Pt NPs were favorable only in the presence of the free radical generator, DOX. In addition, to design nanocomposites with high intelligence, e.g., in response to environmental stimuli or with self-propelling characteristic, the nanocomposites, asymmetric Janus-type nanostructures, have been created. Janus Ag/MSNs with SPR effect for pH-responsive drug delivery and SERS imaging, Janus Au/MSNs with the radiation absorption and SPR properties for CT and PA imaging of tumor,, and Janus Pt/MSNs as an ultrafast self-propelled motion for smart drug delivery, have been reported successively.

Metal compound NPs/MSNs nanocomposites

18There is a wide variety of nanocomposites formed by metal compound NPs with MSNs, and the available noble metal-free elements include 13 elements, such as calcium (Ca),, titanium (Ti),, vanadium (V),, manganese (Mn),, iron (Fe),, cobalt (Co), copper (Cu),, zinc (Zn),, Niobium (Nb),, molybdenum (Mo),, cadmium (Cd),, iridium (Ir), and bismuth (Bi), (Fig. 4b). These metal elements can form metal oxide, sulfide, nitride, carbide and selenide, which exhibit different physicochemical properties and promising biomedical applications by combining with MSNs.– Next we will take some typical examples as illustrations.

19Among various metal oxide NPs/MSNs nanocomposites, the Fe3O4 NPs with magnetic targeting, magnetic hyperthermia, enzyme-like activity or Fenton reaction activity are the most studied functional nanostructures. Importantly, MSNs can also play a different role in the applications of these nanocomposites. For instance, MSNs that confine two different enzymes or enzyme mimics within the pore channel can be used as a nanoreactor for biomimetic cascade catalysis., Gao et al. encapsulated ultrasmall Au and Fe3O4 NPs into the pores of dendritic MSNs for the construction of a tumor microenvironment-responsive nanocatalytic reactor. In the spatially isolated Au-based and Fe3O4-based reaction chamber, Au NPs exhibited unique glucose oxidase-like activity, catalyzing the conversion of glucose to gluconic acid and H2O2, while the generated H2O2 was able to be utilized by the Fe3O4-based reaction chamber to boost the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by exhibiting peroxidase-like activity. In addition, MSNs are an ideal nanotherapeutic platform that can achieve synergistic treatment of Fe3O4-mediated catalytic therapy with other therapeutic modalities including PTT, PDT, and chemotherapy, by loading other therapeutic agents. As reported by Li et al., they utilized organo-mesoporous silica to load the ultrasmall Fe3O4 NPs and the photothermal agent Indocyanine Green (ICG). The photothermal effect caused by ICG could promote the Fenton reaction activity of Fe3O4 NPs, thus achieving amplified intracellular oxidative stress. Besides, Sun et al. reported the construction of core-shelled Fe3O4@MSNs that encapsulated DOX and 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole (AT). The MSNs-based therapeutic nanoplatform can realize enhanced anti-tumor efficacy by releasing chemotherapeutic drugs for the enhanced catalytic generation of ROS.

20For metal sulfide NPs/MSNs nanocomposites, the small-sized CdS NPs as a gatekeeper is the first example of MSNs-based therapeutic system for controlled drug delivery, reported in 2003. Other metal sulfides such as copper sulfide (CuS), molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) and bismuth sulfide (Bi2S3) exhibit high NIR absorption coefficients in the NIR region due to their plasmon resonance effect or electron-hole generation and relaxation mechanism,– and thus those metal sulfides NPs can serve as potential photothermal agents. For instance, hollow MSNs functionalized with chitosan were synthesized, and then loaded with CuS nanodots. The CuS nanodots could act as a gatekeeper to seal the surface pores of MSNs, leading to the controllable release of DOX. The as-resulted CuS/MSNs-based therapeutic nanoplatform, with the photothermal conversion efficiency being 36.4%, dramatically extended the survival rate of tumor-bearing mice by the photothermal-enhanced synergistic therapy. Similarly, in another study, the MoS2 nanosheets with excellent photothermal conversion capability were also used as a capping agent to block MSNs to realize the drug release. Experimental results demonstrated that the MoS2/MSNs nanocomposite has the capability of pH-dependent and photothermal-triggered DOX release, thus achieving the targeted tumor killing by the combination of chemotherapy and PTT.

21In addition to the aforementioned metal sulfide NPs, the titanium nitride (TiN) NPs are also considered as a promising photothermal agent due to their high plasmonic absorption in the NIR region. It is worth noting that the silica coating may be beneficial to boost the photothermal conversion performance of TiN NPs., Gschwend et al. found that the plasmonic performance of silica-coated TiN NPs was much higher than that of bare TiN NPs, due to the reduced plasmonic coupling effects. The optimized nanocomposite showed a photothermal conversion efficiency of up to 58.5%, much higher than that of Au nanoshells that were used in the clinical trials and other commonly used inorganic photothermal agents. Besides, Chen’s group has reported the synthesis of a series of MSNs-coated transition metal carbide nanostructures, such as Nb2C and Ti3C2 with different surface modifications.,,,, These nanocomposites were demonstrated to show excellent photothermal properties, and realized the efficient combination of multiple therapeutic modalities through MSNs-mediated targeted drug delivery, thus providing some new solutions for the disease diagnosis and treatment.

Upconversion NPs/MSNs nanocomposites

22Upconversion NPs are a class of lanthanide ions-doped inorganic nanomaterials that can absorb low energy light, and then emit high energy light (visible or ultraviolet light) through the anti-Stokes effect.– The rare earth elements are the main components used to prepare upconversion NPs (Fig. 4b). The unique optical property of upconversion NPs, i.e., converting NIR light with high biological tissue penetration into the visible or ultraviolet light, can be used for the photosensitiser excitation in PDT or serve as the contrast agents in bioimaging.– In general, the upconversion NPs consist of three main parts, namely the activator, sensitizer and host. The common activators include trivalent ions such as Pr3+, Nd3+, Er3+, and Tm3+. These ions have abundant ladder-like energy levels and their spectra are less affected by the host. Yb3+ is the most commonly used and effective sensitizer, with a large absorption cross-section at about 980 nm and a good match with the absorption spectra of the activator, which can significantly promote the energy transfer efficiency between the activator and Yb3+ sensitizer.–

23The upconversion NPs are characterized by large anti-Stokes shifts, narrow emission bandwidths, and minimal spectral overlap with tissue autofluorescence., To modify the surface hydrophilicity of upconversion NPs to provide stable aqueous colloidal dispersions, and obtain the ability to conjugate biomolecules and other ligands on the upconversion NPs, a common approach for researchers is to coat the upconversion NPs surface with a layer of MSNs., Such constructed upconversion NPs/MSNs nanocomposites-based platform offers a wide range of applications of the upconversion NPs in the biomedical field., In bioimaging applications, the coating of MSNs is able to not only reduce particle aggregation and enhance particle stability, but also modulate the contrast properties of upconversion NPs., In Gd3+-doped core-shelled upconversion NPs/MSNs nanocomposite, the outer MSNs with flexible and adjustable shell layer thickness and porosity can regulate the coordination number, residence time and rotational correlation time of water molecules, thus affecting the relaxation mechanism and magnetic resonance sensitivity of upconversion NPs. In the construction of therapeutic systems, the drug delivery capability of MSNs can be used to achieve NIR-mediated PDT, chemotherapy or multimodal synergistic therapy. For example, NaYF4:Yb/Er, an upconversion nanomaterial that produces both green and red emission under NIR light excitation, enables dual photosensitisers activation at a single NIR light excitation by encapsulating both merocyanine 540 (MC540) and zinc (II) phthalocyanine (ZnPc) photosensitisers into the surface layer of MSNs, thereby achieving enhanced 1O2 production. In another study, to address the clinical aspects of therapeutic agents in thrombolytic therapy, a NIR-mediated upconversion NPs/MSNs therapeutic drug delivery platform was constructed. The upconversion NPs emit UV/blue light upon excitation by 808 nm NIR light, which could fuel azobenzene to propel the release of urokinase (UK), as well as induce the responsive release of NO, resulting in effective synergistic thrombolytic and anticoagulation therapy.

Metal-free NPs/MSNs nanocomposites

24Among the non-metallic elements, two elements, carbon and phosphorus, can be used to construct carbon-based nanomaterials (e.g., graphene,– carbon dots,– carbon nanotubes– and amorphous carbon–) and black phosphorus (BP),– respectively, resulting in metal-free NPs/MSNs nanocomposites (Fig. 4b). Compared to metal- or metal compounds-based nanomaterials, metal-free NPs can largely reduce potential metal ion-induced toxic effects., The delivery of these functional metal-free NPs via MSNs often also allows for desired therapeutic effects comparable to or even higher than those of metal- or metal compound-based nanomaterials.

25For carbon-based nanomaterials, they can serve as photothermal agents for photothermal antibacterial and photothermal tumor ablation due to their broad-spectrum light-absorption properties.– However, the disadvantages such as poor solubility and negative material-biological interface interactions limit their further applications., To address this issue, MSNs-coated carbon-based nanomaterials have been created. Such-constructed nanocomposites not only improve the surface interface properties of carbon-based materials, but also combine the advantages of two different drug carriers, including the enhanced water solubility and dispersibility, easier surface functionalization properties and higher drug loading and delivery performance., Another problematic aspect of carbon-based materials is that their in vivo biodegradability is difficult to manipulate, which may bring some potential long-term physiological toxicity issues. In tumor therapy, although NPs smaller than 5.5 nm can usually be cleared from the body by the renal metabolic system, particle sizes too small to be enriched to tumor sites by the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect when performing administration intravenously.– For this reason, researchers can use the MSNs with excellent biodegradable properties to address these issues of carbon-based nanomaterials. A recent study showed that by coating a carbon layer on the surface of dendritic degradable MSNs, accelerated degradation of MSNs and collapse of the surface carbon layer could be observed with NIR irradiation. This carbon-silica nanocomposite was rapidly cleared from the body after completion of a synergistic PTT and PDT.

26BP is a 2D semiconductor nanomaterial, commonly found as quantum dots and nanosheets,– whose excellent NIR photocatalytic activity and broad-spectrum light-absorption give it photodynamic effect and photothermal conversion capability, respectively., Since BP nanosheets have a large number of lone-pair electrons in their own structure, which are difficult to stabilize in the presence of water and oxygen, BP nanosheets exhibit rapid biodegradability under physiological conditions and can be degraded to less toxic phosphate species., In addition, BP nanosheets tend to exhibit a hydrophobic surface, which is poorly dispersed and not easily functionalized under physiological conditions., However, the formation of BP/MSNs nanocomposites, on the one hand, reduces the rate of degradation of BP and prevents its premature clearance through renal excretion, on the other hand, have a more stable drug loading capacity and an effective modification potential. Besides, MSNs also possess the ability to regulate the physicochemical properties of BP. For example, the MSNs encapsulated on the surface of BP nanosheets could improve the photoluminescence lifetime of BP to some extent by affecting the local microenvironment, resulting in an extended photoluminescence lifetime, significantly higher than that of pure BP NPs.

SURFACE functionalization

27MSNs have very competitive applications in various areas of biomedicine, to a large extent due to their hydrophilic surface containing a large proportion of Si–OH groups, which makes them susceptible to various functionalization modifications on the external or internal porous surface., Surface functionalization to adjust the physicochemical properties of MSNs is expected to overcome some of the shortcomings of MSNs, or to make them smarter in their applications, adapting them to changes in response to different application scenarios and external stimuli., For example, while MSNs can improve the drug stability and delivery efficiency, it is still of interest to ensure that the drug is protected from enzymatic degradation and to avoid premature release., In this case, attempts have been made to address this issue by coating the MSNs surface with polymers and lipid bilayers, or by introducing environmentally responsive factors.– Surface-functionalized modifications of MSNs not only offer unique advantages in terms of improved biosafety, long circulation and targeting ability, but can also be used to construct intelligent stimuli-responsive drug delivery systems.– Once they reach the lesion sites, the spatial and temporal controlled release of drugs in response to stimuli such as pH,, temperature,, light– and ultrasound, can be achieved. We next will describe the purpose of surface functionalization of MSNs.

Improving the biosafety of MSNs

28Although the biosafety of MSNs has been significantly improved compared to other inorganic NPs, their toxicity mechanism study cannot be ignored. In general, the toxicity of silica NPs is highly related to their size, morphology, surface charge, crystallinity and dose.,– For example, it was shown that MSNs with positive surface charge were able to induce stronger ROS-mediated toxic effects than MSNs with other charges.– In addition, Napierska et al. showed that MSNs with particle size larger than 100 nm exhibited low cytotoxicity, while those smaller than 50 nm could induce obvious cell death. The toxicity of MSNs to normal cells can be attributed to two aspects: (1) Elevates intracellular oxidative stress by inducing the production of toxic ROS and decreases the expression level of glutathione, which has a role in regulating redox homeostasis, leading to lipid peroxidation and subsequent cell death., (2) The unbonded Si–OH groups on the surface of MSNs interact electrostatically with phospholipids on the cell membrane surface, leading to the damage of cell membrane., In addition, bare MSNs are less stable under the physiological ionic strength, are prone to aggregation, and are rapidly removed from the circulation by nonspecific binding and uptake by the immune system. Currently, the most prominent mechanisms of toxicity for silica NPs include autophagy, oxidative stress, and pro-inflammatory response (Fig. 5). For instance, studies have pointed out that environmental exposure to silica NPs can cause the ROS-mediated autophagy dysfunction and cell apoptosis through MAPK/Bcl-2 and PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathways. The NLRP3- inflammasome-activation pathway underlies the asbestosis and silicosis. The NF-κB signaling pathway, activated by silica NPs in many types of cells, leads to the upregulation of inflammatory gene and autophagy-related cell death.,

29Considering these factors, substantial efforts have been carried out to go for specific surface functionalization modifications of MSNs to decrease their toxicity such as neurotoxicity, immunotoxicity, and systemic toxicity (Fig. 6a). A common approach is to integrate the biocompatible polymers with MSNs. Polymers including polyethylene glycol (PEG), polyethylenimine (PEI) and chitosan have been demonstrated to be excellent surface coating agents for MSNs, which can significantly improve the in vivo circulation time, reduce cytotoxicity and hemolytic effect of MSNs.– In terms of reducing protein adsorption and improving the colloidal stability of the particles, PEG is currently considered as a very excellent polymer.– Hao et al. systematically investigated the hemolytic activity and protein adsorption behavior of bare MSNs, MSNs modified with chitosan (MSNs-CS) and MSNs co-modified with chitosan and PEG (MSNs-CS-PEG). Results showed that the hemolysis percentage and protein adsorption of MSNs-CS-PEG were 2% and 3.2%, respectively, which were remarkably lower than those of bare MSNs (30.9% and 14.5%, respectively), and they also exhibited lower toxicity toward MCF-7 cells. This was similarly demonstrated in a study by He et al. In addition to polymers, liposomes have the advantages of high biocompatibility, low immunogenicity and long circulation, thereby they can also be used to improve the biosafety of MSNs.– MSNs can be encapsulated by lipid bilayers or multilayers, and these liposomes act as protective shells to reduce toxicity by masking the reactive groups on the surface of MSNs. Compared to bare MSNs, liposome-encapsulated MSNs exhibit superior particle dispersion and lower non-specific binding., Moreover, they lead to the higher bioavailability and the in vivo half-life can be prolonged more than 10-fold, reducing the distribution of MSNs in reticuloendothelial system (RES)-related organs. Protein coating is also a way to improve the biocompatibility and particle stability of MSNs., Negatively charged bull serum albumin (BSA), which is highly physiologically stable during blood circulation, can tightly bind to the amino groups on the MSNs surface, preventing the premature release of drug loaded on the MSNs. Besides, given that the positively charged MSNs show significant toxicity effect, some researchers have devoted to regulating the surface properties of MSNs by direct group modification. The surface potential of MSNs can be regulated by various functionalization via carboxyl (–COOH), phenyl (–Ph), and methyl phosphonate (–PO3−) groups with negative and neutral zeta potentials.,

Increasing the targeting ability of MSNs to the lesion site

30The pathway of administration of MSN during treatment includes oral, inhalation, intravenous, intramuscular and intraperitoneal injections. Regardless of the administration method, it is expected that the MSNs will be maximally enriched at the lesion site. However, in those delivery systems, MSNs-based formulations tend to distribute throughout the body., Some studies have shown that MSNs accumulate mainly in the liver and spleen,,, and that the high concentration of MSNs at these normal organ tissues not only severely reduces the therapeutic efficacy of MSNs-based formulations, but also induces some potentially toxic effects on the RES. Therefore, enhancing the active targeting ability of MSNs has significant implications for facilitating preclinical studies of MSNs-based therapeutic system.

31Targeted delivery strategies are generally divided into two categories: passive targeting and active targeting. Passive targeting relies on the pathological characteristics of the disease microenvironment and the nature of the drug delivery system itself, which allows the drug to effectively accumulate at the lesion site of disease. The most well-known passive targeting is the EPR effect of tumor, which refers to the phenomenon that some particles with specific size (20–200 nm) penetrate more easily into tumor tissue and remain there for a long time when compared to normal tissue., Therefore, controlling the size of MSNs to a suitable range will facilitate their enrichment in the tumor sites. However, it has also been pointed out that the passive targeting strategy relying on the EPR effect can achieve only 0.7% of the injected NPs enrichment in solid tumors, which will not be beneficial for the clinical translation of nanotechnology. In contrast, active targeting relies on the active recognition between the molecules on the NPs surface and the specific molecules or proteins in the disease microenvironment, which is also referred to as ligand-receptor specific binding. The active targeting shows a higher drug delivery efficiency compared to passive targeting. Targeted ligands, such as proteins, antibodies, peptides, nucleic acids and chemical small molecules, can be modified on the surface of MSNs, and the modified MSNs are capable of selectively aggregating at the lesion site based on the strong affinity between the targeted ligands and the specific receptors overexpressed in the disease microenvironment.– For example, compared to mature vascular endothelial cells, tumor neovascular endothelial cells are highly expressed in a variety of proteins, including integrins, transmembrane glycoproteins and aminopeptidase N. Molecules that recognize these highly expressed proteins can be used for neovascular-based targeted drug delivery. A typical example is that arginylglycylaspartic acid (RGD)-modified MSNs can selectively bind integrin ανβ3 receptor and thus be applied to target tumor neovascularization.

32In addition to targeted ligand, cell membrane-based biomimetic strategy is also a current and very feasible approach to improve the targeting ability of MSNs (Fig. 6b). The cell membrane biomimetic technique dates back to 2011, when Zhang’s group used intact red blood cell membranes to encapsulate NPs via a top-down strategy. Compared with unencapsulated NPs, NPs encapsulated by red blood cell membranes have a longer half-life in mice and remain in circulation for up to 72 h due to the immune escape function possessed by the cell membrane. The preparation process is generally divided into three steps: membrane extraction, preparation of inner core NPs, and fusion of membrane and NPs. The cell membrane-coated NPs combine the advantages of outer cells and inner core NPs, and achieve long-term in vivo circulation and targeted delivery while greatly improving biocompatibility. The therapeutic potential of various types of cell membranes-engineered MSNs-based drug delivery systems has been demonstrated in a variety of disease models. For example, platelet membrane-coated MSNs were used for early atherosclerosis therapy by mimicking the immune escape ability of platelet. Cancer cell membrane-coated MSNs were specifically enriched in tumor sites by homologous targeting properties, and activated the ferroptosis-related immunogenic cell death on gastric cancer. Bacterial outer membrane-coated MSNs are used for targeted delivery of the antibiotic rifampicin to achieve in vivo resistance to gram-negative bacterial infections. Despite the limitations of current research related to cell membrane biomimetic strategy, these examples invariably demonstrate the effectiveness of cell membrane-based active targeting strategy in improving the targeting ability and therapeutic efficacy of MSNs.

Controlling the drug delivery of MSNs

33MSNs are gradually being developed as promising drug delivery carriers due to their excellent biocompatibility, biodegradability, and highly ordered pore structure. Due to the great flexibility in tuning the surface properties of MSNs, specific surface functionalization modification of MSNs can achieve precise modulation of drug delivery behavior, thus to meet the application requirements. Currently, the most researched is the construction of stimuli-responsive MSNs-based drug delivery system (Fig. 6c), i.e., when MSNs reach the lesion site, the release of drugs is controllably stimulated by specific internal or external factors, thus achieving the improved drug utilization and avoiding drug leakage at non-lesion sites.,, The most core step in this process is connecting some caps with stimulus-responsive properties onto the MSNs surface, which can be called gatekeepers,, nanovalves,, or others. Once the therapeutic drug is filled into the mesopore of MSNs, the pore entrances are blocked by the caps to prevent the drug from diffusing out. Under normal physiological conditions, the caps always keep the pores in a closed state, but when reaching to the lesion, the caps are separated under the stimulation of certain factors, which in turn induces targeted on-demand release of drugs. These caps can be polymers, metal/metal compound NPs,, biomolecules, etc. While exogenous stimuli such as light, ultrasound, magnetic field and electric field, endogenous stimuli such as temperature, pH, redox agents, and enzymes, can activate the caps. Several examples about the surface modification of MSNs and the corresponding stimuli-responsive strategies are briefly described here.

34The pH in normal tissues under physiological conditions is generally neutral, while in solid tumors, the tumor microenvironment is generally slightly acidic due to the exuberant metabolism of tumor cells that leads to the production of large amounts of lactic acid., Therefore, the construction of pH-responsive MSNs nanocarriers can achieve targeted drug release and tumor therapy. Wagner et al. functionalized the external surface of MSNs by carboxylic groups, followed by attaching a stimuli-responsive capping system, that consists of a pH-responsive acetal linker and a biotin–avidin gatekeeper. After uptaken by lysosome in tumor environment, the biotin–avidin caps were separated out and the immune-stimulant R848 (resiquimod) could be released, thus achieving enhanced targeted delivery of immune modulator to antigen-presenting cells. Besides, in the construction of a light-responsive drug delivery system, Zhao et al. grafted the light-responsive azobenzene group on the surface of biodegradable MSNs, and β-cyclodextrin-modified polymer as the cap agent. In vitro experiments verified that the visible light triggered the isomerization of azobenzene, followed by the dissociation of CD-PMPC from MSNs surface and subsequent drug release. The excellent anti-inflammatory effect of MSNs-based platform demonstrated their potential in the treatment of osteoarthritis. Regarding enzyme-responsive drug delivery system, some researchers reported the synthesis of MSNs attached with chitosan gatekeeper via azo bonds. The azo bonds could be cleaved by the colon-specific enzyme, leading to the separation of chitosan gatekeeper and the release of DOX. In all, these functionalized MSNs-based drug delivery systems that specifically respond multiple stimulus signals offer a precisely localized and targeted way for disease treatments.

Biomedical applications

35MSNs are chemically and biologically inert nanomaterials compared to other inorganic nanomaterials. Only a few studies have been reported on the biomedical applications based on the inherent activities of MSNs. For example, it has been pointed out that the MSNs containing rich pore structure possess ultrasound-induced cavitation effect, and they exhibit sonodynamic activity by moderately modulating the surface wettability for thrombolysis therapy. In addition, Si ions have been demonstrated to show some natural bioactivity in tissue engineering, and the Si ions released from the degradation of MSNs can activate the expression of bone-related genes or proteins, stimulate the cartilage differentiation, and thus play an important role in the formation process of bone and cartilage. However, given their relatively low outcome efficiency, the current research on MSNs in the biomedical field is more focused on acting as matrix to form nanocomposites, or as nanocarriers to deliver various cargos. In this part, the various types of MSNs-based nanomaterials in biosensing, bioimaging, targeted disease therapy and tissue engineering will be summarized (Table 2).

Biosensing

36Biosensing technology provides a simple, convenient and fast method for basic medical research and clinical diagnosis. In MSNs-based biosensing applications, the functionalized MSNs matrix and the receptor or indicator embedded in the MSNs together consist of a biosensor. The principle of sensing is to detect the changes in optical or electrical signal of some specific analytes. Of these, the optical signal is easier to detect and more sensitive. The detection of different kinds of biological targets (glucose, glutathione, amino acids, proteins, bacteria, viruses, etc.) can be achieved by various optical detection means,– such as naked-eye colorimetric detection, UV-Vis spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy based on the MSNs-based nanosensors. MSNs have multiple roles in biosensing applications. On the one hand, MSNs matrix has the capability to enhance the physiological stability of the receptor or indicator, resulting in increased sensitivity and detection rate. On the other hand, as the location where the reaction takes place, MSNs provide some reaction chambers or facilitate interfacial interactions through ordered mesoporous structures. Researches on MSNs-based nanosensors have been ongoing for the past two decades. In a recent study, researchers achieved the bacterial quantitative determination via aptamer-gated aminated MSNs. During the construction of biosensor, the 4-aminothiophenol (4-ATP) signal molecules were firstly encapsulated into the pores of MSNs, and then the negatively charged aptamers were connected to the pore entrance. After adding the Staphylococcus aureus, the aptamers gatekeepers were specially separated and 4-ATP molecules were released, which could be detected by Raman spectroscopy for analyzing the concentration of Staphylococcus aureus. In another study on aptamer-gated MSNs nanosensors, Tabrizi et al. encapsulated the methylene blue into the pores of MSNs, and developed an electrochemical biosensor for detecting the receptor-binding domain of SARS-CoV-2. The electrochemical signal increased with decreasing methylene blue concentration, and the biosensor thus constructed exhibited good stability, sensitivity and selectivity, providing a new tool for the early detection of SARS-CoV-2.

Bioimaging

37Bioimaging is a powerful tool that can be used for the diagnosis of various diseases, and the NPs-based contrast agents have become the research frontier in the field of bioimaging.– The integration of contrast agents onto MSNs can address the problems of insufficient stability and poor water solubility of contrast agents, as well as the targeting ligand modification on the surface of MSNs can enhance the enrichment of contrast agents at selected sites., In magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the mesoporous structure of MSNs allows the free access of water molecules in the MSNs matrix, thus enhancing the contrast performance of Fe/Mn/Gd-involved MSNs-based nanoprobes. In fluorescence imaging (FL), the protective effect of MSNs can prevent the dye self-aggregation or self-quenching, improves the photobleaching resistance property and enhances quantum yields. Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging is a noninvasive imaging modality and often applied in disease diagnosis. The molecular probes used in PET imaging need to be labeled with the radioisotopes, e.g., 64Cu and 18F. The introduction of MSNs matrix offers great potential in extending the half-life of radioisotopes.– In photoacoustic (PA) imaging, the PA contrast agents such as polydopamine (PDA) NPs, Cy754, and ICG have also been demonstrated to be protected by MSNs matrix, thus to obtain desirable PA signals. In addition to those listed above, MSNs have been widely applied in ultrasound imaging,, X-ray computed tomography (CT) imaging,, or multimodality imaging.–

Targeted disease therapy

38The unique properties of MSNs make it highly superior for the construction of multifunctional nanocomposites and drug delivery system. Different therapeutic nanoplatforms obtained through the careful design of MSNs have shown promising potential in the field of targeted disease therapy. Current applications of MSNs include tumor therapy,– anti-infection therapy (bacteria and virus),– anti-oxidant/anti-inflammatory therapy (Alzheimer’s disease, acute kidney injury, etc.),– and metabolic diseases treatment (diabetes, osteoporosis, fatty liver, etc)– (Fig. 7). In general, the targeted therapeutic characteristics of MSNs can be reflected in the following aspects: (1) Loading chemotherapy drugs or other drugs with toxic side effects, so that they can be released in a controlled manner by MSNs at the targeted sites to prevent their premature release. (2) Selective enrichment at the lesion sites through passive targeting or active targeting, resulting in the higher therapeutic efficacy. (3) Use the MSNs matrix to develop a non-invasive, spatial and temporal controllable targeted therapeutic strategy, thus to overcome the limitations and defects of conventional clinical treatment modalities. To date, the emerging targeted therapeutic modalities developed based on MSNs include dynamic therapy such as photodynamic, sonodynamic and chemodynamic therapies, thermal ablation therapy such as photothermal therapy and magnetic thermotherapy, enzyme-like catalytic therapy, immunotherapy, gene therapy, and others. Meanwhile, the integration of various therapeutic modalities on a single MSNs is expected to enhance the therapeutic efficacy synergistically (Fig. 7). In this part, we will discuss MSNs-based therapeutic modalities.

Chemotherapy and radiotherapy

39Chemotherapy and radiotherapy are routine clinical treatments. In chemotherapy, numerous chemotherapeutic agents such as doxorubicin, camptothecin and cisplatin have proven to be very effective in the treatment of malignant tumors, but they suffer from low solubility in the aqueous systems, poor physiological stability, and hard intravenous administration. To overcome these obstacles, researchers have been making a variety of attempts. Back in 2007, Lu et al. tried to encapsulate the anti-tumor drug camptothecin into the pores of fluorescent MSNs, and the resulting camptothecin-loaded MSNs showed remarkably growth inhibition of human cancer cells including pancreatic cancer cells, colon cancer cells and stomach cancer cells, compared with free camptothecin. And since chemotherapy has been associated with high side effects and poor patient compliance, more research has focused on combining chemotherapy with other treatment modalities, e.g., chemo-photothermal therapy based on Pd/MSNs nanocomposite, synergistic electrodynamic-chemotherapy based on Pt/MSNs nanocomposite, chemodynamic-chemotherapy based on Mn/Au/MSNs nanocomposite. In radiotherapy, Au NPs have been widely studied as a radiosensitizer because of their high X-ray absorption coefficient, and MSNs are often used to improve the stability, non-specific interactions and toxicity of Au NPs., A study reported by Chen et al. demonstrated that the gold-nanorod-seeded MSNs could avoid the undesired aggregation in the physiological medium, and act as a highly efficient radiosensitizer for the radiotherapy of oral squamous carcinoma with high therapeutic index. Of course, the combination of radiotherapy with other treatment modalities has been also extensively studied to offer higher therapeutic outcome. For example, cell membrane-coated, and CuS-loaded MSNs were designed by Wu et al. for synergistic photothermal-radiotherapy, selenadiazole derivative-loaded and folic acid-modified MSNs reported by Liu et al. for synergistic cervical cancer chemo-radiotherapy.

Thermal therapy

40The common thermal therapy strategies include PTT and magnetothermal therapy (MTT). The integration of some certain functional components into the MSNs can induce photothermal or magnetothermal effects by external light irradiation or by applying a magnetic field, respectively. During the thermal therapy, the locally generated thermal effect can cause irreversible damage to cells or tissues at the lesion, thus achieving targeted, non-invasive treatment. In terms of PTT, organic photothermal agents (PTAs) such as phthalocyanines and porphyrins can convert light energy into heat energy through non-radiative forms of decay-vibrational relaxation,, as well as inorganic PTAs such as noble metals achieve photothermal conversion through LSPR effect,, to produce the temperature required for treatment. The single MSNs-based PTT modality has been thoroughly studied, and the current research focuses on the construction of integrated nanoplatform for diagnosis and treatment, or the development of multimodal synergistic treatment strategies. A recent study reported by Kadria-Vili et al. demonstrated that MSNs could encapsulate Gd2O3 NPs for dual T1/T2 contrast and Au nanoshell PTA for NIR light-responsive PTT, thus giving clinicians the ability to “see and treat”. In addition, MSNs were considered as a biocompatible and multifunctional nanoplatform for photothermal-immunotherapy against melanoma tumors, through simply integrating polydopamine PTA, ovalbumin model antigen, and ammonium bicarbonate antigen release promoter. PTT suffers from insufficient penetration depth of NIR light, resulting in decreased treatment efficiency. In contrast, MTT is able to kill deep tumor cells by increasing the temperature to 43–48 °C, without causing significant side effects to surrounding normal cells. During the action, the magnetic NPs act as thermoseeds, exposed to an alternating magnetic field, absorbing magnetic energy and dissipating thermal energy through the magnetic relaxation effect., In a study reported by Yao et al., MSNs-based nanoplatform was proven to achieve synergistic therapeutic effect of PTT and MTT. They utilized MSNs shell to coat magnetic Fe3O4, and served graphene quantum dots with photothermal conversion capacity as the cap to control DOX release. After reaching the tumor acidic microenvironment and applying external light and magnetic field stimuli, DOX was released in a controlled manner and the accelerated tumor hyperthermia was achieved. In addition to PTT and MTT, the MSNs-mediated radiofrequency thermotherapy is also reported. Especially, the Si NPs themselves can serve as an excellent sensitizer to enhance the radiofrequency radiation effect. A study by Tamarov et al. demonstrated that the radiofrequency radiation could more efficiently trigger temperature-responsive drug release than infrared light, thus inhibiting tumor cell growth even after one treatment.

Dynamic therapy

41Dynamic therapy refers to an emerging therapeutic modality in which nanosensitizers are activated in the presence of exogenous stimuli such as light, ultrasound and electric field or endogenous small molecules such as H2O2, and sequentially induce the in situ production of toxic free radicals for damaging important cellular components (e.g., lipids, proteins or DNA), thus leading to cell apoptosis or necrosis., Typical dynamic therapy strategies include photosensitizer-mediated PDT, sonosensitizer-mediated SDT, nanocatalyst-mediated CDT and electrodynamic therapy (EDT). In dynamic therapy processes, MSNs are excellent substrate materials for loading nanosensitizers, and their roles include enhancing nanosensitizer stability, reducing potential toxicity, providing a suitable microenvironment for chemical reactions, and acting as a therapeutic nanoplatform to integrate multifunctional components. For example, PDT is an oxygen-dependent therapeutic modality, and its therapeutic efficiency is affected by the oxygen concentration. However, the tumor microenvironment or biofilm microenvironment are always characterized with hypoxia.– For this reason, the simultaneous integration of some components with oxygen-producing functions, such as catalase,, MnO2,, and Pt NPs,, into the pores or surfaces of MSNs is expected to enhance the photodynamic performance. Similar to PDT, SDT is also a non-invasive therapeutic modality and many of sonosensitizers are originated from photosensitizers, such as Mn protoporphyrin-encapsulated biodegradable MSNs for MRI-guided tumor SDT, and IR-780 sonosensitizer-loaded hollow MSNs for SDT of pancreatic cancer. Differently, a very unique feature in MSNs-based SDT is that MSNs themselves are potentially effective sonosensitizers with the ability to enhance ultrasound-induced cavitation effect, without the introduction of additional sonosensitizers. The main reason for this is that MSNs possess large amounts of hydrophobic mesopores that can serve as bubble nucleation seeds in response to low-intensity ultrasound., CDT exploits the disease microenvironment to activate the Fenton/Fenton-like reaction to produce strongly oxidizing •OH for specific and targeted disease therapy, which is first proposed by Zhang et al. in 2016, and has subsequently attracted much attention from researchers., The efficiency of CDT is closely related to the H2O2 content in the disease microenvironment, so researches have focused on introducing functional components on MSNs matrix to enhance the content of H2O2 reactants, thus increasing the yield of •OH. In this regard, Li et al. encapsulated both ultra-small CaO2 and Fe3O4 NPs in dendritic MSNs. In the acidic tumor microenvironment, CaO2 reacts with H+ to produce large amounts of H2O2, leading to the enhancement of Fe3O4-mediated Fenton reaction. In another study, natural glucose oxidase was used to consume intratumoral glucose while generating additional H2O2 for the subsequent Fenton reaction catalyzed by Fe3O4 NPs. Besides, EDT is an emerging therapeutic approach newly proposed in 2019. In this pioneering work, Pt NPs, assisted by a square-wave alternating current electric field, induced the breakdown of water molecules on their surface to generate cytotoxic •OH, which effectively inhibited tumor cell proliferation and triggered tumor cell apoptosis. Regarding the MSNs-based EDT, Gu et al. designed a Pt/MSNs nanocomplex for the first time and encapsulated DOX into MSNs pore channels, followed by a layer of chitosan to prevent the premature drug release. Under the tumor microenvironment and alternating current electric field, the designed MSNs-based nanoplatform effectively eliminated large-sized tumors (over 500 mm3) while ensuring minimal side effects. This work is the first study to combine EDT and chemotherapy, and it provided new insights into the development of MSNs-based EDT nanoplatforms.

Enzyme-like catalytic therapy

42In this process, nanozymes are capable of following enzyme kinetics under physiological conditions and catalyzing the conversion of enzyme substrates by mimicking the structure or function of natural enzymes. Current nanozymes are dominated by oxidoreductase activity, i.e., oxidative stress amplification-related POD or OXD mimics,, and antioxidation-related CAT or SOD mimics., By designing nanozymes with various catalytic activities, the redox balance of cells can be precisely regulated, i.e., boosted ROS generation or ROS scavenging, enabling symptomatic treatment in a variety of disease models.– Due to the rich and tunable pore structure, MSNs have become an excellent nanoreactor in enzyme-like catalytic therapy.– In a study by Wu et al., MSNs were developed as a compartmental hierarchical nanoreactor for multi-pathway generation of 1O2. Specifically, they designed a compartmental multienzyme nanoreactor with penetrated super cavity and connected dual mesoporous channels for the encapsulation of a multi-enzyme complex (SOD-lactoperoxidase (LPO)) and a photosensitizer ICG molecule. The cascade biocatalysis and enzyme-enhanced photosensitization could occur in parallel, due to the unimpeded substrate diffusion between SOD and LPO and reduced external diffusion effects. This strategy offers unique advantages in the treatment of hypoxia tumors. In terms of MSNs-based ROS elimination platform, Purikova et al. filled ultrasmall cerium dioxide (CeO2) NPs with superior colloidal stability into the pore channels of MSNs, and functionalized the MSNs surface with ROS-responsive methylthiopropyl groups. The released CeO2 NPs could scavenge more than 80% of H2O2 within 10 min in an ROS-excess environment, which was demonstrated to be a potentially safe and efficient antioxidant therapeutic agent.

Immunotherapy

43Immunotherapy is a therapeutic approach implemented using the immune system of biological organisms, and can be carried out by activating or suppressing the immune system., The most common application is cancer immunotherapy., In cancer therapy, immunotherapeutic agents such as tumor-associated antigens or immune adjuvants are often used to educate antigen-presenting cells and T cells, thus to enhance the host immune response to cancer. However, it remains a challenge to improve the delivery efficiency of immunotherapeutic agents, to avoid dose-dependent toxicity, and to mitigate immune-mediated adverse effects., In this regard, MSNs have emerged as an ideal multifunctional platform for improving immunotherapy because of their excellent porosity, good biocompatibility and ease of surface modification., In MSNs-based immunotherapy, MSNs can play a role in different periods of the cancer immune cycle. For example, chemokine-loaded MSNs promote T-cell tumor chemotaxis, MSNs-based platforms regulate the immune checkpoint proteins, MSNs loaded with chemotherapeutic drugs, photosensitizers, sonosensitizers or PTAs induce immunogenic cell death (ICD), and MSNs as vaccine vehicles are utilized to deliver antigens and adjuvants. In particular, MSNs themselves can serve as effective adjuvants, and contribute to the recruitment and activation of immune cells.– At present, there has been considerable progress in MSNs-based immunotherapy platforms. A few recent studies are presented as brief examples. Large-pore MSNs-coated upconversion NPs are used as immune adjuvants to deliver photosensitizers merocyanine 540, model proteins, and tumor antigens for synergistic photodynamic immunotherapy of cancer. The diselenide-bridged organic MSNs loaded with chemotherapeutic ruthenium compound were acted as potential ICD nanoamplifiers for improved cancer chemo-immunotherapy. Au, BP co-loaded MSNs modified with macrophage cell membrane were applied to deliver CO precursor for improving SDT-induced ICD effect and inhibiting the growth and metastasis of breast tumor.

Gene therapy

44Gene therapy refers to the introduction of exogenous genes into the target cells to treat diseases by replacing defective genes or adding new genes., In many cases, the core of gene therapy lies in the selection of a suitable gene vector to efficiently deliver the gene to the target cells., Viral vectors are frequently used in clinical settings, and although they have high efficiency in gene transfection, their safety issue, i.e., causing adverse immune response in the body, cannot be ignored. MSNs, as excellent multifunctional non-viral vectors, have advantages in biocompatibility, tissue toxicity, and targeting., As early as 2004, MCM-41-type MSNs were used as gene transfection reagents for delivery of plasmid DNA. Since then, many different gene therapy strategies have been developed based on MSNs, and their therapeutic effects have been validated in the fields of tumor therapy,– diabetes treatment, and wound healing., As an example, suicide gene therapy as a gene-mediated enzyme prodrug treatment, is able to kill tumor cells specifically after in situ conversion of the drug into toxic drugs. To control the synergistic intracellular release of suicide genes and prodrugs and enhance therapeutic efficacy, Wang et al. investigated the efficacy of spherical and rod-shaped magnetic MSNs in targeted drug delivery, and gene transfection, MRI imaging, and hepatocellular carcinoma treatment. It was demonstrated that the Janus-type rod-like magnetic MSNs loaded with ganciclovir (GCV) and functionalized by PEG-g-PLL showed better drug-loading capability and faster drug release behavior, indicating that they are a useful tool to construct the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase/ganciclovir (HSV-TK/GCV) gene therapy system.

Multimodal synergistic therapy

45The complexity and heterogeneity of the disease microenvironment leads to the problem of poor therapeutic efficiency of single therapies.– The current clinical research trend has gradually shifted to multimodal synergistic therapy, as we have mentioned above with many examples of multimodal synergistic therapy platform construction. In multimodal synergistic therapy, the interaction between different treatment modalities can significantly improve the shortcomings of single therapy, such as overcoming the lack of light penetration depth in PDT, reducing the toxic side effects of chemotherapy, etc., and generating stronger therapeutic outcome through superimposed effects (namely “1 + 1 > 2”).– A prominent feature of multimodal synergistic therapies is the ability to effectively overcome multidrug resistance in diseases, and MSNs are uniquely advantageous in integrating these aforementioned treatment modalities.,– As an example, most of the multidrug resistance generated during chemotherapy of malignant tumors might stem from the overexpression of transmembrane ATP-binding cassette transporter and transmembrane Ca2+ channels., To address this problem, researchers used mesoporous silica nanocapsules to encapsulate and deliver the cytotoxic drug DOX and T-type Ca2+ channel siRNA. On the one hand, MSNs can bypass the drug efflux pumps and enter cells directly through endocytosis, increasing the intracellular accumulation of drugs. On the other hand, siRNA can knock down the T-type Ca2+ channel, leading to a decrease in cytosol Ca2+ concentration in the cytosol, thus increasing the sensitivity of tumor cells to DOX. Accordingly, the as-designed MSNs-based therapeutic system achieved effective chemotherapy-gene therapy to overcome the multidrug resistance in breast cancer. Besides, drug-resistant bacterial infections are a current thorny public health issue. In this regard, researchers have developed a photodynamic combined lysozyme antimicrobial therapy based on upconversion NPs/MSNs nanocomposites to combat the problem of drug-resistant bacterial infections in deep tissues. Briefly, upconversion NPs were sequentially encapsulated with hierarchical coating of dense silica and dendritic mesoporous silica, followed by loading photosensitizers and lysozyme, and finally modified with bacterial hyaluronidase-response valves on the MSNs surface to achieve controllable release of lysozyme. The results showed that this system promoted direct attack of ROS on cell membranes and cytoplasm through enzymatic cell wall disassembly, resulting in an excellent bactericidal rate toward methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (> 5 log10 viability reduction).

Tissue engineering

46In addition to being widely used in targeted disease therapy, MSNs are emerging in the field of tissue engineering., Tissue engineering refers to the fabrication of bioactive scaffolds by technical means for restoring, maintaining and enhancing the function of damaged tissues and organs. The ideal bioactive scaffolds should have excellent biocompatibility and good interaction with cells. The unique advantages of MSNs can be well combined with scaffolds to enhance the bioactivity by utilizing the carrier nature of MSNs to achieve controlled release of bioactive agents. In particular, the inherent bioactivity of Si ions gives them an advantage in repair-related regenerative medicine., Up to now, MSNs have made great research progress in many aspects of tissue engineering, especially in bone tissue engineering.

47MSNs-based scaffolds are able to enhance the cell proliferation, migration, adhesion and differentiation in bone tissue engineering. Many studies have systematically investigated and revealed the role of MSNs-based scaffolds in the regulation of cellular functions.– Bone defects-involved regenerative repair is difficult to obtain a desired outcome due to the delay of early vascularization and poor osteogenic activity of bone implants. In this regard, researchers have designed a polycaprolactone network containing vascular-like structure, and introduced a nanofibrous gelatin-silica scaffold into it. Dimethyloxalylglycine (DMOG) and peptide-1 (BFP) were then loaded into MSNs, and the differential spatial distribution and sequential release of DMOG and BFP allowed the bioactive scaffold to promote angiogenesis by stimulating the migration of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), the tube formation and the expression of angiogenesis-related genes/proteins (HIF-1α, e-NOS, KDR and VEGF), as well as enhance osteogenesis by upregulating the expression of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs)-related osteogenic genes (Runx2, Col I, OPN and OCN) and promoting mineral matrix formation. Besides, Mora-Raimundo et al. reported MSNs as a nanocarrier to deliver SOST small interfering RNA (siRNA) and osteostatin, and the as-designed system could be used for osteoporosis remission via improving the bone microarchitecture. Wang et al. designed a biomimetic silica-collagen scaffold via a robust biosilicification strategy, and the silica-collagen scaffold could mimic the unique microenvironment of bone extracellular matrix (ECM), resulting in the improvement of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) recruitment and bone repair. These MSNs-based scaffolds have great potential for clinical translation in the treatment of bone defects.

48A few studies on MSNs as a nanocarrier to deliver drugs for vascular tissue engineering were also reported. To promote the early angiogenesis in revascularization, Guo et al. developed salvianic acid-loaded MSNs and subsequently doped into a bilayered gelatin/polyurethane tubular scaffold. The addition of salvianic acid-loaded MSNs allowed the tubular scaffold to show better cell proliferation capacity and anticoagulant function. In another study, researchers constructed a bilayered vascular graft, which consisted of the inner layer Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)/Collagen (PC) nanofibers and the outer layer polyurethane (PU) nanofibers. The heparin-loaded MSNs were modified into the inner layer for promoting cell proliferation and blood compatibility. The hematoxylin-eosin and immunohistochemical staining experiments indicated the regeneration of monolayer endothelium and smooth muscle on the vascular grafts, demonstrating their feasibility in serving as useful blood vessels with long-term patency. In addition, in wound healing, MSNs contribute to promoting healing efficiency through similar effects as discussed above. One difference, however, is that MSNs can also deliver some antioxidant components for ROS scavenging,, since the over-expression of ROS at the wound site can slow down the healing process.,

49In oral tissue engineering, MSNs can act as a noninvasive vehicle for oral rehabilitation. Typically, oral disease such as dental caries and dentin hypersensitivity can be well treated by constructing stimu-responsive delivery nanoplatforms. Chlorhexidine (CHX) is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent, and often used in oral rehabilitation. To enhance its antibacterial effect, CHX-loaded MSNs are modified into dentin adhesives. Under the acidic environment caused by cariogenic bacteria, CHX can be released by pH responsiveness, thus inhibiting the formation of cariogenic biofilm., To achieve effective treatment of dentin hypersensitivity, MSNs-based biomaterials are used to block the dentinal tubules to reduce their sensitivity to chemical and physical stimuli. For example, in nano-hydroxyapatite@MSNs complexes, MSNs enhance the acid stabilization of nano-hydroxyapatite and allow it to form stable crystal deposits in the demineralized portion of the teeth. Ag-based bioactive glass nanoparticles@MSNs are used to treat dentin hypersensitivity by blocking dentinal tubules and promoting soft tissue regeneration.

Clinical translation

50Clinical trials involving mesoporous silica have been ongoing since 2007, exploring its potential in various biomedical applications (Table 3). To date, the clinical trials have demonstrated the safety and good tolerability of silica in human subjects. In 2014, MSNs as oral delivery carriers for enhancing the pharmacokinetic profile of drugs with limited aqueous solubility were reported. A silica NPs-lipid hybrid formulation loading with ibuprofen (Lipoceramic-IBU) was prepared. The randomized, double-blind, single-dose oral administration study (20 mg ibuprofen) was conducted on 16 healthy male volunteers. The bioavailability of Lipoceramic-IBU was found to be 1.95 times higher than that of the commercial tablet Nurofen®. This result suggested the safe and effective use of silica-based NPs in mimicking food effects to optimize the oral absorption of drugs with poor water solubility. In another clinical trial consisting of 12 participants in 2016, the bioavailability of ordered MSNs-based fenofibrate formulation increased by 54.1% after a single oral dose, when compared to the commercial formulation Lipanthyl®. Due to the potentially ideal clinical outcomes of silica-based nanocarriers, the pharmacokinetics, safety, and metabolic profile of a hybrid core-shell silica NP (named Cornell dots, C dots) with a diameter of 6 nm functionalized with 124I, targeting peptide cyclo-(Arg-Gly-Asp-Tyr), and Cy5 (124I-cRGDY–PEG–C’ dots) is first conducted in humans using PET imaging and clinical tracer at clinical trials in 2014 (NCT01266096). Results showed the good safety and reproducible PK signatures of C dots with the whole-body clearance half-time of 13–21 h after intravenous administration in patients, which is shorter than 111In labeled liposomes and 131I-labeled humanized monoclonal antibody A33. These results verified the possibility of these NPs for cancer diagnostics in humans. Similarly, 8 nm core-shell silica NPs encapsulated with Cy5.5 in the core and connected with cRGDY on the surface (cRGDY-PEG-Cy5.5-nanoparticles) were used in patients at nanomole doses for sentinel lymph nodes detection of head and neck melanoma at a phase 1/2 human clinical trial. The remarkable safety, accuracy, reliability, and high contrast of these particles for visual identification of sentinel lymph nodes are irreplaceable by other available imaging molecules currently, of which phase 2 clinical trial is ongoing and will be finished in 2024 (NCT02106598). In the meantime, another two clinical trials based on C dots are carried out. In 2018, the 89Zr-DFO-cRGDY-PEG-Cy5-C’ dots tracers were first used in both surgical and non-surgical patients for PET-CT imaging of malignant brain tumors in phase 1 clinical trial (NCT03465618). The distribution and removal profiles from the body of these particles will also be assessed till 2023. In 2019, 64Cu-NOTA-PSMA-PEG-Cy5.5-C’ dots tracer was used in another human phase 1 clinical trial for guiding the surgery of prostate cancer by PET and MRI imaging (NCT04167969).As a nanocomposite with high safety and excellent photothermal conversion efficiency, the silica-gold NPs have also been demonstrated to be potential therapeutic agents for plasmonic photothermal therapy of atherosclerosis (NCT01270139),, and photothermal ablation of tumors (NCT00848042, NCT04240639). In addition, an engineered mesoporous silica (SiPore15™) with particle size of 1.1–1.5 μm × 0.2–0.4 μm was developed by Baek et al., and they demonstrated that such pure synthetic amorphous silica could remarkably decrease long-term blood glucose levels, showing great promise for the treatment of prediabetes (NCT03823027). In other clinical trials, an amorphous silica-containing bioactive scaffold, called Siloss®, was used to promote bone regeneration, and could be replaced by natural bone due to its fully resorbable nature (NCT02639572), and the silica-calcium phosphate nanocomposite (SCPC) was developed as graft material for the reconstruction of the volume-deficient alveolar ridges (NCT05317039). In all, these clinical trials demonstrate the safety and efficacy of MSNs in various biomedical application scenarios.

Conclusion and perspective

51With the continuous research and development of nanotechnology in the biomedical fields, the global healthcare nanotechnology market is expected to grow gradually from US$ 17,245 million in 2019 to US$ 252,400 million by 2024. As an important part of the nanomaterials library, MSNs have become indispensable in the biomedical field due to their easily tunable structure and composition, relatively excellent biocompatibility, and flexible surface functionalization properties. Their footprints have covered various aspects, serving as carriers to deliver various therapeutic agents, as matrixes to construct nanocomposites for meeting specific requirements, or as efficient agents with intrinsic therapeutic effect or bioactivity.

52This review provides an overview of the development of MSNs in the biomedical field, highlighting some key research advances, briefly summarizing the types of MSNs developed by different research groups (M41S-series, SBA-series, FDU-series, KIT-series, etc.). In addition, in view of the high versatility of MSNs-based nanocomposites for diagnostic and therapeutic applications, the current MSNs-based architectures and the types of nanocomposites by active elements are summarized. Subsequently, the purpose of surface functionalization of MSNs is discussed. Further, we comprehensively review the biomedical applications of MSNs, including biosensing, bioimaging, targeted disease therapy, and tissue engineering, etc. In particular, targeted therapeutic modalities based on various strategies are meticulously discussed. Finally, the current status of MSNs in clinical trials is presented. It is believed that this review will provide a thorough understanding of MSNs involved in the development history, design, functionalization, and biomedical applications. Despite numerous breakthroughs, the current challenges in MSNs research include three main aspects: systematic toxicity study, construction of simple but efficient MSNs-based nanoplatforms, and in-depth insight into the in vivo action mechanism.

53Firstly, although several silica-based nanoformulations have already proceeded to the clinical trial stage and have been shown to be remarkably efficacious and acceptably safe, this is not nearly enough given the tremendous cost researchers have put in upfront. The most important consideration driving the successful clinical translation is a comprehensive and systematic toxicity study of MSNs. Despite the fact that a relatively complete set of toxicity studies on MSNs has been established in the scientific community, a sustained effort is still needed. It is noteworthy that many of the currently designed therapeutic systems for MSNs are disconnected from systematic toxicological evaluations. Some researchers have focused more on the therapeutic effects, but the feasible MSNs-based nanocomposites constructed on this basis are far from the silica NPs used by another part of the researchers in MSNs toxicology evaluation. In future research, under the premise of guaranteeing the efficacy of MSNs-based nanomedicines, more emphasis on the toxicological evaluation and long-term biosafety assessment of MSNs will be more beneficial to promote the possibility of their clinical translation.

54Secondly, it is needed to construct simple but efficient MSNs-based nanoplatforms. The abundant characteristics of MSNs have led to their extensive exploitation as multifunctional nanocarriers, and this may be accompanied by the introduction of two or more components into MSNs. Although these multifunctional nanoplatforms have proven to be very effective in numerous papers, the complexity of these platforms does not seem to be friendly to the scale-up preparation and clinical translation. On the one hand, it is well known that the laboratory-level synthesis methods of MSN are very different from those used for industrial scale-up production required for clinical screening and use. The reproducibility and batch stability of nanoformulations are always an important factor to consider in industrial scale-up production, and in this process, simplifying the production steps is the key to promote the industrial scale-up production. However, the complex MSNs-based nanoplatforms require higher nanoformulation preparation technologies and more stringent storage methods, which often require more time, effort, and economic investments. On the other hand, the multiple components may introduce more unsafe factors, it appears to be a huge challenge at this stage to systematically reveal the toxicity mechanisms of these different components when we still do not fully understand the toxicity mechanisms of MSNs. Therefore, it is advocated to slim down the MSNs-based platform as much as possible while meeting the clinical requirements.

55Thirdly, an in-depth insight into the in vivo action mechanism of MSNs is needed. The lesion microenvironment has many features that are quite different from normal tissue, and the clinical manifestations of many diseases show heterogeneity in pathology. There is a discrepancy between studies on the action mechanism of MSNs-based nanomedicines at the cellular level and the nanomedicines behavior in the real in vivo environment. In this regard, we need to closely combine different disciplines, research models and characterization tools to deeply reveal the molecular mechanisms of MSNs-based nanomedicines and elucidate the action behavior between materials and biological interfaces.

56With the increasing research on MSNs and the continuous efforts to address the aforementioned key scientific problems of MSNs in the biomedical field, it is reasonable to believe that more MSNs-based nanoformulations will move toward clinical trials and achieve successful clinical translation in the future.

References 516

1.
Ickenstein LM, Garidel P. Lipid-based nanoparticle formulations for small molecules and RNA drugs. Expert Opin. Drug Deliv. 2019;16:1205-1226.
Not in our library10.1080/17425247.2019.1669558
2.
Manzano M, Vallet-Regí M. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles for drug delivery. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2020;30:1902634.
Not in our library10.1002/adfm.201902634
3.
Targeted therapy in chronic diseases using nanomaterial-based drug delivery vehicles · 2019
No notice
4.
Parra-Nieto J, Del Cid MAG, de Cárcer IA, Baeza A. Inorganic porous nanoparticles for drug delivery in antitumoral therapy. Biotechnol. J. 2021;16:2000150.
Not in our library10.1002/biot.202000150
5.
Recent progress in targeted delivery vectors based on biomimetic nanoparticles · 2021
No notice
6.
Gupta J, et al. Nanoparticle formulations in the diagnosis and therapy of Alzheimer’s disease. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2019;130:515-526.
Not in our library10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.02.156
7.
Soh JH, Chan H-M, Ying JY. Strategies for developing sensitive and specific nanoparticle-based lateral flow assays as point-of-care diagnostic device. Nano Today. 2020;30:100831.
Not in our library10.1016/j.nantod.2019.100831
8.
Farzin A, Etesami SA, Quint J, Memic A, Tamayol A. Magnetic nanoparticles in cancer therapy and diagnosis. Adv. Healthc. Mater. 2020;9:1901058.
Not in our library10.1002/adhm.201901058
9.
Xu H, Li S, Liu Y-S. Nanoparticles in the diagnosis and treatment of vascular aging and related diseases. Signal Transduct. Target Ther. 2022;7:231.
Not in our library10.1038/s41392-022-01082-z
10.
van der Meel R, et al. Smart cancer nanomedicine. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2019;14:1007-1017.
Not in our library10.1038/s41565-019-0567-y
11.
Zhou Y, et al. Blood-brain barrier–penetrating siRNA nanomedicine for Alzheimer’s disease therapy. Sci. Adv. 2020;6:eabc7031.
Not in our library10.1126/sciadv.abc7031
12.
de Lázaro I, Mooney DJ. Obstacles and opportunities in a forward vision for cancer nanomedicine. Nat. Mater. 2021;20:1469-1479.
Not in our library10.1038/s41563-021-01047-7
13.
Germain M, et al. Delivering the power of nanomedicine to patients today. J. Control. Release. 2020;326:164-171.
Not in our library10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.07.007
14.
Mitchell MJ, et al. Engineering precision nanoparticles for drug delivery. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 2021;20:101-124.
Not in our library10.1038/s41573-020-0090-8
15.
Desai PP, Date AA, Patravale VB. Overcoming poor oral bioavailability using nanoparticle formulations–opportunities and limitations. Drug Discov. Today Technol. 2012;9:e87-e95.
Not in our library10.1016/j.ddtec.2011.12.001
16.
Barenholz YC. Doxil®—The first FDA-approved nano-drug: Lessons learned. J. Control. Release. 2012;160:117-134.
Not in our library10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.03.020
17.
Nanoparticles in the clinic: An update post COVID ‐19 vaccines · 2021
No notice
18.
An D, et al. NIR‐II responsive inorganic 2D nanomaterials for cancer photothermal therapy: recent advances and future challenges. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2021;31:2101625.
Not in our library10.1002/adfm.202101625
19.
Wang Y, Meng H-M, Li Z. Near-infrared inorganic nanomaterial-based nanosystems for photothermal therapy. Nanoscale. 2021;13:8751-8772.
Not in our library10.1039/d1nr00323b
20.
Li S, et al. Degradable holey palladium nanosheets with highly active 1D nanoholes for synergetic phototherapy of hypoxic tumors. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2020;142:5649-5656.
Not in our library10.1021/jacs.9b12929
21.
Younis MR, et al. Inorganic nanomaterials with intrinsic singlet oxygen generation for photodynamic therapy. Adv. Sci. 2021;8:2102587.
Not in our library10.1002/advs.202102587
22.
Pan X, et al. Metal–organic‐framework‐derived carbon nanostructure augmented sonodynamic cancer therapy. Adv. Mater. 2018;30:1800180.
Not in our library10.1002/adma.201800180
23.
Sun L, et al. Design and application of inorganic nanoparticles for sonodynamic cancer therapy. Biomater. Sci. 2021;9:1945-1960.
Not in our library10.1039/d0bm01875a
24.
Hao Y-N, et al. State-of-the-art advances of copper-based nanostructures in the enhancement of chemodynamic therapy. J. Mater. Chem. B. 2021;9:250-266.
Not in our library10.1039/d0tb02360d
25.
Huang Y, et al. A metabolic multistage glutathione depletion used for tumor-specific chemodynamic therapy. ACS Nano. 2022;16:4228-4238.
Not in our library10.1021/acsnano.1c10231
26.
Xu B, et al. A single‐atom nanozyme for wound disinfection applications. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2019;58:4911-4916.
Not in our library10.1002/anie.201813994
27.
Hu X, et al. Biodegradation-mediated enzymatic activity-tunable molybdenum oxide nanourchins for tumor-specific cascade catalytic therapy. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2019;142:1636-1644.
Not in our library10.1021/jacs.9b13586
28.
Huang H, Feng W, Chen Y, Shi J. Inorganic nanoparticles in clinical trials and translations. Nano Today. 2020;35:100972.
Not in our library10.1016/j.nantod.2020.100972
29.
Croissant JG, Fatieiev Y, Almalik A, Khashab NM. Mesoporous silica and organosilica nanoparticles: physical chemistry, biosafety, delivery strategies, and biomedical applications. Adv. Healthc. Mater. 2018;7:1700831.
Not in our library10.1002/adhm.201700831
30.
Nguyen TL, Choi Y, Kim J. Mesoporous silica as a versatile platform for cancer immunotherapy. Adv. Mater. 2019;31:1803953.
Not in our library10.1002/adma.201803953
31.
Escriche‐Navarro B, et al. Mesoporous silica materials as an emerging tool for cancer immunotherapy. Adv. Sci. 2022;9:2200756.
Not in our library10.1002/advs.202200756
32.
Li W, et al. Carbon dot-silica nanoparticle composites for ultralong lifetime phosphorescence imaging in tissue and cells at room temperature. Chem. Mater. 2019;31:9887-9894.
Not in our library10.1021/acs.chemmater.9b04120
33.
Zhao S, et al. In situ synthesis of fluorescent mesoporous silica–carbon dot nanohybrids featuring folate receptor-overexpressing cancer cell targeting and drug delivery. Nano-micro Lett. 2019;11:1-13.
Not in our library10.1007/s40820-019-0263-3
34.
Li X, et al. An RGD-modified hollow silica@ Au core/shell nanoplatform for tumor combination therapy. Acta Biomater. 2017;62:273-283.
Not in our library10.1016/j.actbio.2017.08.024
35.
Chakraborti S, Basu RN, Panda S. Vertically aligned silicon nanowire array decorated by Ag or Au nanoparticles as SERS substrate for bio-molecular detection. Plasmonics. 2018;13:1057-1080.
Not in our library10.1007/s11468-017-0605-2
36.
Gan Q, Zhu J, Yuan Y, Liu C. pH-Responsive Fe3O4 nanopartilces-capped mesoporous silica supports for protein delivery. J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 2016;16:5470-5479.
Not in our library10.1166/jnn.2016.11744
37.
Shao D, et al. Facile Synthesis of Core–shell Magnetic Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles for pH‐sensitive Anticancer Drug Delivery. Chem. Biol. Drug Des. 2015;86:1548-1553.
Not in our library10.1111/cbdd.12622
38.
Janjua TI, Cao Y, Yu C, Popat A. Clinical translation of silica nanoparticles. Nat. Rev. Mater. 2021;6:1072-1074.
Not in our library10.1038/s41578-021-00385-x
39.
Bukara K, et al. Ordered mesoporous silica to enhance the bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs: Proof of concept in man. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 2016;108:220-225.
Not in our library10.1016/j.ejpb.2016.08.020
40.
Rastinehad AR, et al. Gold nanoshell-localized photothermal ablation of prostate tumors in a clinical pilot device study. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA. 2019;116:18590-18596.
Not in our library10.1073/pnas.1906929116
41.
Yang P, Gai S, Lin J. Functionalized mesoporous silica materials for controlled drug delivery. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2012;41:3679-3698.
Not in our library10.1039/c2cs15308d
42.
Croissant JG, Butler KS, Zink JI, Brinker CJ. Synthetic amorphous silica nanoparticles: Toxicity, biomedical and environmental implications. Nat. Rev. Mater. 2020;5:886-909.
Not in our library10.1038/s41578-020-0230-0
43.
Hanns, B. & Gottfried, K. Process for producing silica in the form of hollow spheres. US Patent No. 3,383,172, https://patents.google.com/patent/US3383172A/en (1968).
Not in our library
44.
Le Page, M., Beau, R. & Duchene, J. Porous silica particles containing a crystallized phase and method. US Patent No. 3,493,341, https://patents.google.com/patent/US3493341A/en (1970).
Not in our library
45.
Kresge AC, Leonowicz M, Roth WJ, Vartuli J, Beck J. Ordered mesoporous molecular sieves synthesized by a liquid-crystal template mechanism. Nature. 1992;359:710-712.
Not in our library10.1038/359710a0
46.
Beck JS, et al. A new family of mesoporous molecular sieves prepared with liquid crystal templates. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992;114:10834-10843.
Not in our library10.1021/ja00053a020
47.
Zhao D, et al. Triblock copolymer syntheses of mesoporous silica with periodic 50 to 300 angstrom pores. Science. 1998;279:548-552.
Not in our library10.1126/science.279.5350.548
48.
Vallet-Regi M, Rámila A, Del Real R, Pérez-Pariente J. A new property of MCM-41: drug delivery system. Chem. Mater. 2001;13:308-311.
Not in our library10.1021/cm0011559
49.
Fowler C, Khushalani D, Lebeau B, Mann S. Nanoscale materials with mesostructured interiors. Adv. Mater. 2001;13:649-652.
Not in our library10.1002/1521-4095(200105)13:9<649::aid-adma649>3.0.co;2-g
50.
Cai Q, et al. Dilute solution routes to various controllable morphologies of MCM-41 silica with a basic medium. Chem. Mater. 2001;13:258-263.
Not in our library10.1021/cm990661z
51.
Lai C-Y, et al. A mesoporous silica nanosphere-based carrier system with chemically removable CdS nanoparticle caps for stimuli-responsive controlled release of neurotransmitters and drug molecules. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003;125:4451-4459.
Not in our library10.1021/ja028650l
52.
Radu DR, et al. A polyamidoamine dendrimer-capped mesoporous silica nanosphere-based gene transfection reagent. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004;126:13216-13217.
Not in our library10.1021/ja046275m
53.
Lin Y-S, et al. Well-ordered mesoporous silica nanoparticles as cell markers. Chem. Mater. 2005;17:4570-4573.
Not in our library10.1021/cm051014c
54.
Liong M, et al. Multifunctional inorganic nanoparticles for imaging, targeting, and drug delivery. ACS Nano. 2008;2:889-896.
Not in our library10.1021/nn800072t
55.
He Q, Shi J, Zhu M, Chen Y, Chen F. The three-stage in vitro degradation behavior of mesoporous silica in simulated body fluid. Micropor. Mesopor. Mater. 2010;131:314-320.
Not in our library10.1016/j.micromeso.2010.01.009
56.
Lin Y-S, Haynes CL. Impacts of mesoporous silica nanoparticle size, pore ordering, and pore integrity on hemolytic activity. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010;132:4834-4842.
Not in our library10.1021/ja910846q
57.
Benezra M, et al. Multimodal silica nanoparticles are effective cancer-targeted probes in a model of human melanoma. J. Clin. Investig. 2011;121:2768-2780.
Not in our library10.1172/jci45600
58.
Phillips E, et al. Clinical translation of an ultrasmall inorganic optical-PET imaging nanoparticle probe. Sci. Transl. Med. 2014;6:260ra149.
Not in our library10.1126/scitranslmed.3009524
59.
Shen D, et al. Biphase stratification approach to three-dimensional dendritic biodegradable mesoporous silica nanospheres. Nano Lett. 2014;14:923-932.
Not in our library10.1021/nl404316v
60.
Balagna C, Perero S, Percivalle E, Nepita EV, Ferraris M. Virucidal effect against coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 of a silver nanocluster/silica composite sputtered coating. Open Ceram. 2020;1:100006.
Not in our library10.1016/j.oceram.2020.100006
61.
Piao H, et al. Niclosamide encapsulated in mesoporous silica and geopolymer: A potential oral formulation for COVID-19. Micropor. Mesopor. Mater. 2021;326:111394.
Not in our library10.1016/j.micromeso.2021.111394
62.
Wan Y, Zhao D. On the controllable soft-templating approach to mesoporous silicates. Chem. Rev. 2007;107:2821-2860.
Not in our library10.1021/cr068020s
63.
Costa JAS, Paranhos CM. Mitigation of silica-rich wastes: an alternative to the synthesis eco-friendly silica-based mesoporous materials. Micropor. Mesopor. Mater. 2020;309:110570.
Not in our library10.1016/j.micromeso.2020.110570
64.
Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles: A Comprehensive Review on Synthesis and Recent Advances · 2018
No notice
65.
Han L, Che S. Anionic surfactant templated mesoporous silicas (AMSs). Chem. Soc. Rev. 2013;42:3740-3752.
Not in our library10.1039/c2cs35297d
66.
Kankala RK, et al. Nanoarchitectured structure and surface biofunctionality of mesoporous silica nanoparticles. Adv. Mater. 2020;32:1907035.
Not in our library10.1002/adma.201907035
67.
Kresge CT, Roth WJ. The discovery of mesoporous molecular sieves from the twenty year perspective. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2013;42:3663-3670.
Not in our library10.1039/c3cs60016e
68.
Costa JAS, et al. Synthesis, functionalization, and environmental application of silica-based mesoporous materials of the M41S and SBA-n families: a review. J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 2021;9:105259.
Not in our library10.1016/j.jece.2021.105259
69.
Vartuli J, et al. Effect of surfactant/silica molar ratios on the formation of mesoporous molecular sieves: inorganic mimicry of surfactant liquid-crystal phases and mechanistic implications. Chem. Mater. 1994;6:2317-2326.
Not in our library10.1021/cm00048a018
70.
Schumacher K, Grün M, Unger K. Novel synthesis of spherical MCM-48. Micropor. Mesopor. Mater. 1999;27:201-206.
Not in our library10.1016/s1387-1811(98)00254-6
71.
Pajchel L, Kolodziejski W. Synthesis and characterization of MCM-48/hydroxyapatite composites for drug delivery: Ibuprofen incorporation, location and release studies. Mater. Sci. Eng. C. 2018;91:734-742.
Not in our library10.1016/j.msec.2018.06.028
72.
Zeleňák V, et al. Ordered cubic nanoporous silica support MCM-48 for delivery of poorly soluble drug indomethacin. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2018;443:525-534.
Not in our library10.1016/j.apsusc.2018.02.260
73.
Raza A, et al. Microfluidic assembly of pomegranate-like hierarchical microspheres for efflux regulation in oral drug delivery. Acta Biomater. 2021;126:277-290.
Not in our library10.1016/j.actbio.2021.03.042
74.
Zhang J, Luz Z, Goldfarb D. EPR studies of the formation mechanism of the mesoporous materials MCM-41 and MCM-50. J. Phys. Chem. B. 1997;101:7087-7094.
Not in our library10.1021/jp9709621
75.
Huo Q, Margolese DI, Stucky GD. Surfactant control of phases in the synthesis of mesoporous silica-based materials. Chem. Mater. 1996;8:1147-1160.
Not in our library10.1021/cm960137h
76.
Tanev PT, Pinnavaia TJ. Biomimetic assembly of porous lamellar silica molecular sieves with a vesicular particle architecture. Supramol. Sci. 1998;5:399-404.
Not in our library10.1016/s0968-5677(98)00039-x
77.
Sakamoto Y, et al. Direct imaging of the pores and cages of three-dimensional mesoporous materials. Nature. 2000;408:449-453.
Not in our library10.1038/35044040
78.
Zhao D, Huo Q, Feng J, Chmelka BF, Stucky GD. Nonionic triblock and star diblock copolymer and oligomeric surfactant syntheses of highly ordered, hydrothermally stable, mesoporous silica structures. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998;120:6024-6036.
Not in our library10.1021/ja974025i
79.
Zapilko C, Liang Y, Nerdal W, Anwander R. A General Strategy for the Rational Design of Size‐Selective Mesoporous Catalysts. Chem. Eur. J. 2007;13:3169-3176.
Not in our library10.1002/chem.200601598
80.
Saikia D, Deka JR, Wu C-E, Yang Y-C, Kao H-M. pH responsive selective protein adsorption by carboxylic acid functionalized large pore mesoporous silica nanoparticles SBA-1. Mater. Sci. Eng. C. 2019;94:344-356.
Not in our library10.1016/j.msec.2018.09.043
81.
Zhao X, Wang X. Synthesis, characterization and catalytic application of Cr–SBA-1 mesoporous molecular sieves. J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem. 2007;261:225-231.
Not in our library10.1016/j.molcata.2006.08.008
82.
Emparan-Legaspi MJ, et al. Dynamic adsorption separation of benzene/cyclohexane mixtures on micro-mesoporous silica SBA-2. Micropor. Mesopor. Mater. 2020;294:109942.
Not in our library10.1016/j.micromeso.2019.109942
83.
Hunter HM, Wright PA. Synthesis and characterisation of the mesoporous silicate SBA-2 and its performance as an acid catalyst. Micropor. Mesopor. Mater. 2001;43:361-373.
Not in our library10.1016/s1387-1811(01)00266-9
84.
Janiszewska E, Zieliński M, Kot M, Kowalewski E, Śrębowata A. Aqueous‐phase hydrodechlorination of trichloroethylene on Ir catalysts supported on SBA-3 materials. ChemCatChem. 2018;10:4109-4118.
Not in our library10.1002/cctc.201800873
85.
Anunziata OA, Beltramone AR, Martínez ML, Belon LL. Synthesis and characterization of SBA-3, SBA-15, and SBA-1 nanostructured catalytic materials. J. Coll. Interfac. Sci. 2007;315:184-190.
Not in our library10.1016/j.jcis.2007.06.033
86.
Gabaldon JP, Bore M, Datye AK. Mesoporous silica supports for improved thermal stability in supported Au catalysts. Top. Catal. 2007;44:253-262.
Not in our library10.1007/s11244-007-0298-4
87.
Kim KS, et al. Adsorbate-dependent uptake behavior of topographically bi-functionalized ordered mesoporous silica materials. J. Porours Mater. 2015;22:1297-1303.
Not in our library10.1007/s10934-015-0008-8
88.
Feliczak-Guzik A, Szczyglewska P, Jaroniec M, Nowak I. Ruthenium-containing SBA-12 catalysts for anisole hydrodeoxygenation. Catal. Today. 2020;354:67-76.
Not in our library10.1016/j.cattod.2020.03.006
89.
Margolese D, Melero J, Christiansen S, Chmelka B, Stucky G. Direct syntheses of ordered SBA-15 mesoporous silica containing sulfonic acid groups. Chem. Mater. 2000;12:2448-2459.
Not in our library10.1021/cm0010304
90.
Vallet‐Regí M, Balas F, Arcos D. Mesoporous materials for drug delivery. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2007;46:7548-7558.
Not in our library10.1002/anie.200604488
91.
Yu, C., Yu, Y. & Zhao, D. Highly ordered large caged cubic mesoporous silica structures templated by triblock PEO–PBO–PEO copolymer. Chem. Commun. 575–576 (2000).
Not in our library
92.
Liu X, Che S. Enhanced release of the poorly soluble drug itraconazole loaded in ordered mesoporous silica. Sci. China Chem. 2015;58:400-410.
Not in our library10.1007/s11426-015-5333-x
93.
Carmona D, Balas F, Santamaria J. Pore ordering and surface properties of FDU-12 and SBA-15 mesoporous materials and their relation to drug loading and release in aqueous environments. Mater. Res. Bull. 2014;59:311-322.
Not in our library10.1016/j.materresbull.2014.07.039
94.
Fan J, et al. Cubic mesoporous silica with large controllable entrance sizes and advanced adsorption properties. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2003;42:3146-3150.
Not in our library10.1002/anie.200351027
95.
Ryoo R, Kim J, Ko C, Shin C. Disordered molecular sieve with branched mesoporous channel network. J. Phys. Chem. 1996;100:17718-17721.
Not in our library10.1021/jp9620835
96.
Kleitz F, et al. Large cage face-centered-cubic Fm 3 m mesoporous silica: synthesis and structure. J. Phys. Chem. B. 2003;107:14296-14300.
Not in our library10.1021/jp036136b
97.
Kleitz, F., Choi, S. H. & Ryoo, R. Cubic Ia 3 d large mesoporous silica: synthesis and replication to platinum nanowires, carbon nanorods and carbon nanotubes. Chem. Commun. 2136–2137 (2003).
Not in our library10.1039/b306504a
98.
Song Y, et al. Multifunctional bismuth oxychloride/mesoporous silica composites for photocatalysis, antibacterial test, and simultaneous stripping analysis of heavy metals. ACS Omega. 2018;3:973-981.
Not in our library10.1021/acsomega.7b01590
99.
Ma’Mani L, et al. Curcumin-loaded guanidine functionalized PEGylated I3ad mesoporous silica nanoparticles KIT-6: practical strategy for the breast cancer therapy. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2014;83:646-654.
Not in our library10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.06.069
100.
Jermy BR, Al-Jindan RY, Ravinayagam V, El-Badry AA. Anti-blastocystosis activity of antioxidant coated ZIF-8 combined with mesoporous silicas MCM-41 and KIT-6. Sci. Rep. 2022;12:1-12.
Not in our library10.1038/s41598-022-10397-4
101.
Han Y, Ying JY. Generalized fluorocarbon‐surfactant‐mediated synthesis of nanoparticles with various mesoporous structures. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2005;44:288-292.
Not in our library10.1002/anie.200460892
102.
Garcia-Bennett AE, Terasaki O, Che S, Tatsumi T. Structural investigations of AMS-n mesoporous materials by transmission electron microscopy. Chem. Mater. 2004;16:813-821.
Not in our library10.1021/cm035074z
103.
Tanev PT, Pinnavaia TJ. A neutral templating route to mesoporous molecular sieves. Science. 1995;267:865-867.
Not in our library10.1126/science.267.5199.865
104.
Bagshaw SA, Prouzet E, Pinnavaia TJ. Templating of mesoporous molecular sieves by nonionic polyethylene oxide surfactants. Science. 1995;269:1242-1244.
Not in our library10.1126/science.269.5228.1242
105.
Yang Z, et al. Efficient and selective separation of U (VI) and Th (IV) from rare earths using functionalized hierarchically mesoporous silica. J. Mater. Sci. 2018;53:3398-3416.
Not in our library10.1007/s10853-017-1808-9
106.
Lee XY, Chew TL, Oh PC, Jawad ZA, Ho C-D. CO2 adsorption of MSU-2 synthesized by using nonionic polyethyleneoxide (PEO)-based surfactants. Chem. Eng. Commun. 2021;208:474-482.
Not in our library10.1080/00986445.2019.1659785
107.
Kadam RG, Petr M, Zbořil R, Gawande MB, Jayaram RV. Hexagonal mesoporous silica supported ultrasmall copper oxides for oxidative amidation of carboxylic acids. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 2018;6:12935-12945.
Not in our library10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b02247
108.
Wang Z, Liu L. Mesoporous silica supported phosphotungstic acid catalyst for glycerol dehydration to acrolein. Catal. Today. 2021;376:55-64.
Not in our library10.1016/j.cattod.2020.08.007
109.
Zhou S, et al. Acid-redox bifunctional Fe/Al-AMS catalyst: Simultaneously oriented introducing Fe2O3 in the channels and Al in the framework of AMS and its enhanced catalytic performance. Appl. Catal. A Gen. 2019;575:159-169.
Not in our library10.1016/j.apcata.2019.02.022
110.
Castillo RR, Vallet-Regí M. Functional mesoporous silica nanocomposites: biomedical applications and biosafety. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019;20:929.
Not in our library10.3390/ijms20040929
111.
Tahmasbi L, Sedaghat T, Motamedi H, Kooti M. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles supported copper (II) and nickel (II) Schiff base complexes: Synthesis, characterization, antibacterial activity and enzyme immobilization. J. Solid State Chem. 2018;258:517-525.
Not in our library10.1016/j.jssc.2017.11.015
112.
Song Y, Jiang H, Wang B, Kong Y, Chen J. Silver-incorporated mussel-inspired polydopamine coatings on mesoporous silica as an efficient nanocatalyst and antimicrobial agent. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfac. 2018;10:1792-1801.
Not in our library10.1021/acsami.7b18136
113.
Perton F, et al. Fluorescent and magnetic stellate mesoporous silica for bimodal imaging and magnetic hyperthermia. Appl. Mater. Today. 2019;16:301-314.
Not in our library10.1016/j.apmt.2019.06.006
114.
Liu S, et al. An all-in-one theranostic nanoplatform based on upconversion dendritic mesoporous silica nanocomposites for synergistic chemodynamic/photodynamic/gas therapy. Nanoscale. 2020;12:24146-24161.
Not in our library10.1039/d0nr06790c
115.
Xuan M, et al. Magnetic mesoporous silica nanoparticles cloaked by red blood cell membranes: applications in cancer therapy. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2018;57:6049-6053.
Not in our library10.1002/anie.201712996
116.
Wan L, et al. A magnetic‐field guided interface coassembly approach to magnetic mesoporous silica nanochains for osteoclast‐targeted inhibition and heterogeneous nanocatalysis. Adv. Mater. 2018;30:1707515.
Not in our library10.1002/adma.201707515
117.
Lei W, et al. Polydopamine-coated mesoporous silica nanoparticles for multi-responsive drug delivery and combined chemo-photothermal therapy. Mater. Sci. Eng. C. 2019;105:110103.
Not in our library10.1016/j.msec.2019.110103
118.
Lu H, et al. Multi-stimuli responsive mesoporous silica-coated carbon nanoparticles for chemo-photothermal therapy of tumor. Coll. Surf. B Biointerfac. 2020;190:110941.
Not in our library10.1016/j.colsurfb.2020.110941
119.
Malekmohammadi S, Hadadzadeh H, Rezakhani S, Amirghofran Z. Design and synthesis of gatekeeper coated dendritic silica/titania mesoporous nanoparticles with sustained and controlled drug release properties for targeted synergetic chemo-sonodynamic therapy. ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng. 2019;5:4405-4415.
Not in our library10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b00237
120.
Yang B, et al. Super-assembled core-shell mesoporous silica-metal-phenolic network nanoparticles for combinatorial photothermal therapy and chemotherapy. Nano Res. 2020;13:1013-1019.
Not in our library10.1007/s12274-020-2736-6
121.
Poorakbar E, et al. Synthesis of magnetic gold mesoporous silica nanoparticles core shell for cellulase enzyme immobilization: improvement of enzymatic activity and thermal stability. Process Biochem. 2018;71:92-100.
Not in our library10.1016/j.procbio.2018.05.012
122.
Ding B, et al. Large‐pore mesoporous‐silica‐coated upconversion nanoparticles as multifunctional immunoadjuvants with ultrahigh photosensitizer and antigen loading efficiency for improved cancer photodynamic immunotherapy. Adv. Mater. 2018;30:1802479.
Not in our library10.1002/adma.201802479
123.
Liu Y, et al. Multifunctional Janus nanoplatform for efficiently synergistic theranostics of rheumatoid arthritis. ACS Nano. 2023;17:8167-8182.
Not in our library10.1021/acsnano.2c11777
124.
Ou X, Liu Y, Zhang M, Hua L, Zhan S. Plasmonic gold nanostructures for biosensing and bioimaging. Microchim. Acta. 2021;188:1-15.
Not in our library10.1007/s00604-021-04964-1
125.
Qiu K, et al. Ultralong-term super-resolution tracking of lysosomes in brain organoids by near-infrared noble metal nanoclusters. ACS Mater. Lett. 2022;4:1565-1573.
Not in our library10.1021/acsmaterialslett.2c00436
126.
Lv Z, He S, Wang Y, Zhu X. Noble metal nanomaterials for NIR‐triggered photothermal therapy in cancer. Adv. Healthc. Mater. 2021;10:2001806.
Not in our library10.1002/adhm.202001806
127.
Huang X, Jain PK, El-Sayed IH, El-Sayed MA. Plasmonic photothermal therapy (PPTT) using gold nanoparticles. Lasers Med. Sci. 2008;23:217-228.
Not in our library10.1007/s10103-007-0470-x
128.
Huang X, El-Sayed IH, Qian W, El-Sayed MA. Cancer cell imaging and photothermal therapy in the near-infrared region by using gold nanorods. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006;128:2115-2120.
Not in our library10.1021/ja057254a
129.
Dhanalekshmi K, et al. Preparation and characterization of core-shell type Ag@SiO2 nanoparticles for photodynamic cancer therapy. Photodiagn. Photodyn. Ther. 2019;28:324-329.
Not in our library10.1016/j.pdpdt.2019.10.006
130.
Li S, et al. Tensile‐strained palladium nanosheets for synthetic catalytic therapy and phototherapy. Adv. Mater. 2022;34:2202609.
Not in our library10.1002/adma.202202609
131.
Daneshvar F, et al. Combined X-ray radiotherapy and laser photothermal therapy of melanoma cancer cells using dual-sensitization of platinum nanoparticles. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B: Biol. 2020;203:111737.
Not in our library10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2019.111737
132.
Kayani Z, et al. Combating cancer by utilizing noble metallic nanostructures in combination with laser photothermal and X-ray radiotherapy. J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol. 2021;65:102689.
Not in our library10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102689
133.
Wang M, et al. A noble AuPtAg‐GOx nanozyme for synergistic tumor immunotherapy induced by starvation therapy‐augmented mild photothermal therapy. Adv. Sci. 2022;9:2202332.
Not in our library10.1002/advs.202202332
134.
Zhang B, et al. Au–Pt nanozyme-based multifunctional hydrogel dressing for diabetic wound healing. Biomater. Adv. 2022;137:212869.
Not in our library10.1016/j.bioadv.2022.212869
135.
Meng F, et al. Fully‐exposed Pd cluster catalyst: An excellent catalytic antibacterial nanomaterial. Small. 2022;18:2203283.
Not in our library10.1002/smll.202203283
136.
Sun D, et al. Ruthenium-loaded mesoporous silica as tumor microenvironment-response nano-fenton reactors for precise cancer therapy. J. Nanobiotechnol. 2021;19:1-16.
Not in our library10.1186/s12951-021-00848-x
137.
Fang W, et al. Pd nanosheet‐covered hollow mesoporous silica nanoparticles as a platform for the chemo‐photothermal treatment of cancer cells. Small. 2012;8:3816-3822.
Not in our library10.1002/smll.201200962
138.
Fang W, Yang J, Gong J, Zheng N. Photo‐and pH‐triggered release of anticancer drugs from mesoporous silica‐coated Pd@Ag nanoparticles. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2012;22:842-848.
Not in our library10.1002/adfm.201101960
139.
Shao D, et al. Janus silver-mesoporous silica nanocarriers for SERS traceable and pH-sensitive drug delivery in cancer therapy. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfac. 2016;8:4303-4308.
Not in our library10.1021/acsami.5b11310
140.
He X, et al. Silver mesoporous silica nanoparticles: Fabrication to combination therapies for cancer and infection. Chem. Rec. 2022;22:e202100287.
Not in our library10.1002/tcr.202100287
141.
Gu T, et al. Mesoporous silica decorated with platinum nanoparticles for drug delivery and synergistic electrodynamic-chemotherapy. Nano Res. 2020;13:2209-2215.
Not in our library10.1007/s12274-020-2838-1
142.
Zhao L, et al. Double-mesoporous core–shell nanosystems based on platinum nanoparticles functionalized with lanthanide complexes for in vivo magnetic resonance imaging and photothermal therapy. Nanoscale. 2017;9:16012-16023.
Not in our library10.1039/c7nr04983h
143.
Zhou J, Wang M, Han Y, Lai J, Chen J. Multistage-targeted gold/mesoporous silica nanocomposite hydrogel as in situ injectable drug release system for chemophotothermal synergistic cancer therapy. ACS Appl. Bio. Mater. 2019;3:421-431.
Not in our library10.1021/acsabm.9b00895
144.
Liu H, et al. Multifunctional gold nanoshells on silica nanorattles: A platform for the combination of photothermal therapy and chemotherapy with low systemic toxicity. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2011;50:891-895.
Not in our library10.1002/anie.201002820
145.
Azharuddin M, et al. A repertoire of biomedical applications of noble metal nanoparticles. Chem. Commun. 2019;55:6964-6996.
Not in our library10.1039/c9cc01741k
146.
Duan Q, et al. Gold nanoclusters modified mesoporous silica coated gold nanorods: Enhanced photothermal properties and fluorescence imaging. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B: Biol. 2021;215:112111.
Not in our library10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2020.112111
147.
Kankala RK, Liu C-G, Yang D-Y, Wang S-B, Chen A-Z. Ultrasmall platinum nanoparticles enable deep tumor penetration and synergistic therapeutic abilities through free radical species-assisted catalysis to combat cancer multidrug resistance. Chem. Eng. J. 2020;383:123138.
Not in our library10.1016/j.cej.2019.123138
148.
Wang Z, et al. Janus gold nanoplatform for synergetic chemoradiotherapy and computed tomography imaging of hepatocellular carcinoma. ACS Nano. 2017;11:12732-12741.
Not in our library10.1021/acsnano.7b07486
149.
Park JH, Dumani DS, Arsiwala A, Emelianov S, Kane RS. Tunable aggregation of gold-silica janus nanoparticles to enable contrast-enhanced multiwavelength photoacoustic imaging in vivo. Nanoscale. 2018;10:15365-15370.
Not in our library10.1039/c8nr03973a
150.
Díez P, et al. Ultrafast directional Janus Pt–mesoporous silica nanomotors for smart drug delivery. ACS Nano. 2021;15:4467-4480.
Not in our library10.1021/acsnano.0c08404
151.
Lei J, et al. A bioactive nanocomposite sponge for simultaneous hemostasis and antimicrobial therapy. Nano Res. 2023;16:4004-4012.
Not in our library10.1007/s12274-022-5226-1
152.
Wang Y, et al. Construction of calcium carbonate-liposome dual-film coated mesoporous silica as a delayed drug release system for antitumor therapy. Coll. Surf. B Biointerfac. 2022;212:112357.
Not in our library10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112357
153.
Gschwend PM, Conti S, Kaech A, Maake C, Pratsinis SE. Silica-coated TiN particles for killing cancer cells. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfac. 2019;11:22550-22560.
Not in our library10.1021/acsami.9b07239
154.
Liu Y, et al. A novel microwave stimulus remote-controlled anticancer drug release system based on Janus TiO2-x&mSiO2 nanocarriers. Mater. Sci. Eng. C. 2021;123:111968.
Not in our library10.1016/j.msec.2021.111968
155.
Cheng Z, et al. YVO4: Eu3+ functionalized porous silica submicrospheres as delivery carriers of doxorubicin. Dalton Trans. 2012;41:1481-1489.
Not in our library10.1039/c1dt11399b
156.
Mao H, et al. Enhanced antibacterial activity of V-doped ZnO@SiO2 composites. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2021;546:149127.
Not in our library10.1016/j.apsusc.2021.149127
157.
Lu M, et al. Location and size regulation of manganese oxides within mesoporous silica for enhanced antibiotic degradation. Chin. J. Chem. Eng. 2022;48:36-43.
Not in our library10.1016/j.cjche.2021.08.009
158.
Miao Y, Feng Y, Bai J, Liu Z, Zhao X. Optimized mesoporous silica nanoparticle-based drug delivery system with removable manganese oxide gatekeeper for controlled delivery of doxorubicin. J. Coll. Interfac. Sci. 2021;592:227-236.
Not in our library10.1016/j.jcis.2021.02.054
159.
Guo X, et al. The facile formation of hierarchical mesoporous silica nanocarriers for tumor-selective multimodal theranostics. Biomater. Sci. 2021;9:5237-5246.
Not in our library10.1039/d1bm00564b
160.
Sagir T, et al. Folic acid conjugated PAMAM-modified mesoporous silica-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for potential cancer therapy. J. Coll. Interfac. Sci. 2022;625:711-721.
Not in our library10.1016/j.jcis.2022.06.069
161.
Flood-Garibay JA, Méndez-Rojas MA. Synthesis and characterization of magnetic wrinkled mesoporous silica nanocomposites containing Fe3O4 or CoFe2O4 nanoparticles for potential biomedical applications. Coll. Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp. 2021;615:126236.
Not in our library10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.126236
162.
Niu S, et al. Hollow mesoporous silica nanoparticles gated by chitosan-copper sulfide composites as theranostic agents for the treatment of breast cancer. Acta Biomater. 2021;126:408-420.
Not in our library10.1016/j.actbio.2021.03.024
163.
Zhang M, et al. Tumor environment responsive degradable CuS@mSiO2@MnO2/DOX for MRI guided synergistic chemo-photothermal therapy and chemodynamic therapy. Chem. Eng. J. 2020;389:124450.
Not in our library10.1016/j.cej.2020.124450
164.
Su G, et al. Mesoporous silica doped with different water-soluble ligands to enhance the antibacterial performance of nano zinc oxides by coordination effect. Coll. Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp. 2022;640:128414.
Not in our library10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.128414
165.
Krakor E, et al. Hollow mesoporous silica capsules loaded with copper, silver, and zinc oxide nanoclusters for sustained antibacterial efficacy. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 2022;105:1685-1696.
Not in our library10.1111/jace.18002
166.
Xiang H, Lin H, Yu L, Chen Y. Hypoxia-irrelevant photonic thermodynamic cancer nanomedicine. ACS Nano. 2019;13:2223-2235.
Not in our library10.1021/acsnano.8b08910
167.
Yin H, et al. Nanomedicine‐enabled photonic thermogaseous cancer therapy. Adv. Sci. 2020;7:1901954.
Not in our library10.1002/advs.201901954
168.
Chen L, Xu J, Wang Y, Huang R. Ultra-small MoS2 nanodots-incorporated mesoporous silica nanospheres for pH-sensitive drug delivery and CT imaging. J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 2021;63:91-96.
Not in our library10.1016/j.jmst.2020.03.019
169.
Yang L, et al. Rod-shape MSN@MoS2 nanoplatform for FL/MSOT/CT imaging-guided photothermal and photodynamic therapy. Theranostics. 2019;9:3992.
Not in our library10.7150/thno.32715
170.
Yang Y-J, Tao X, Hou Q, Chen J-F. Fluorescent mesoporous silica nanotubes incorporating CdS quantum dots for controlled release of ibuprofen. Acta Biomater. 2009;5:3488-3496.
Not in our library10.1016/j.actbio.2009.05.002
171.
Synthesis of iridium-based nanocomposite with catalase activity for cancer phototherapy · 2021
Not checked
172.
Lu Y, et al. Enhancing osteosarcoma killing and CT imaging using ultrahigh drug loading and NIR‐responsive bismuth sulfide@mesoporous silica nanoparticles. Adv. Healthc. Mater. 2018;7:1800602.
Not in our library10.1002/adhm.201800602
173.
Li L, et al. Actively targeted deep tissue imaging and photothermal‐chemo therapy of breast cancer by antibody‐functionalized drug‐loaded X‐ray‐responsive bismuth sulfide@mesoporous silica core–shell nanoparticles. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2018;28:1704623.
Not in our library10.1002/adfm.201704623
174.
Kankala RK, et al. Metal species–encapsulated mesoporous silica nanoparticles: current advancements and latest breakthroughs. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2019;29:1902652.
Not in our library10.1002/adfm.201902652
175.
Li Z, et al. Surface nanopore engineering of 2D MXenes for targeted and synergistic multitherapies of hepatocellular carcinoma. Adv. Mater. 2018;30:1706981.
Not in our library10.1002/adma.201706981
176.
Song C, et al. Confined construction of ultrasmall molybdenum disulfide-loaded porous silica particles for efficient tumor therapy. ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng. 2022;8:3377-3386.
Not in our library10.1021/acsbiomaterials.2c00629
177.
Chai S, et al. Fabricating polydopamine-coated MoSe2-wrapped hollow mesoporous silica nanoplatform for controlled drug release and chemo-photothermal therapy. Int. J. Nanomed. 2018;13:7607.
Not in our library10.2147/ijn.s181681
178.
Begum G, Swathi P, Bandarapu AK, Nayak J, Rana RK. Spatial confinement of enzyme and nanozyme in silica-based hollow microreactors. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfac. 2020;12:45476-45484.
Not in our library10.1021/acsami.0c11195
179.
Nanocatalytic Tumor Therapy by Biomimetic Dual Inorganic Nanozyme‐Catalyzed Cascade Reaction · 2018
No notice
180.
Li J, et al. Amorphous ultra‐small fe‐based nanocluster engineered and ICG loaded organo‐mesoporous silica for GSH depletion and photothermal‐chemodynamic synergistic therapy. Adv. Healthc. Mater. 2022;11:2201986.
Not in our library10.1002/adhm.202201986
181.
Sun K, et al. Enhanced highly toxic reactive oxygen species levels from iron oxide core–shell mesoporous silica nanocarrier-mediated Fenton reactions for cancer therapy. J. Mater. Chem. B. 2018;6:5876-5887.
Not in our library10.1039/c8tb01731j
182.
Cheng X, et al. Defect-driven selective oxidation of MoS2 nanosheets with photothermal effect for photo-catalytic hydrogen evolution reaction. Chem. Eng. J. 2022;439:135757.
Not in our library10.1016/j.cej.2022.135757
183.
Zheng Z, et al. Starch capped atomically thin CuS nanocrystals for efficient photothermal therapy. Small. 2021;17:2103461.
Not in our library10.1002/smll.202103461
184.
Cheng Y, et al. Spatiotemporally synchronous oxygen self‐supply and reactive oxygen species production on Z‐scheme heterostructures for hypoxic tumor therapy. Adv. Mater. 2020;32:1908109.
Not in our library10.1002/adma.201908109
185.
Wang Y, et al. MoS2@In2S3/Bi2S3 core-shell dual Z-scheme tandem heterojunctions with broad-spectrum response and enhanced photothermal-photocatalytic performance. Chem. Eng. J. 2022;431:133355.
Not in our library10.1016/j.cej.2021.133355
186.
Wan X, et al. The ultrasmall biocompatible CuS@BSA nanoparticle and its photothermal effects. Front. Pharmacol. 2019;10:141.
Not in our library10.3389/fphar.2019.00141
187.
Wu J, et al. Functionalized MoS2 nanosheet-capped periodic mesoporous organosilicas as a multifunctional platform for synergistic targeted chemo-photothermal therapy. Chem. Eng. J. 2018;342:90-102.
Not in our library10.1016/j.cej.2018.02.052
188.
Liu J, et al. A titanium nitride nanozyme for pH‐responsive and irradiation‐enhanced cascade‐catalytic tumor therapy. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2021;60:25328-25338.
Not in our library10.1002/anie.202106750
189.
Wei Q, et al. Silica-coating-assisted nitridation of TiO2 nanoparticles and their photothermal property. Nano Res. 2021;14:3228-3233.
Not in our library10.1007/s12274-021-3427-7
190.
He C, Yu L, Yao H, Chen Y, Hao Y. Combinatorial photothermal 3D‐printing scaffold and checkpoint blockade inhibits growth/metastasis of breast cancer to bone and accelerates osteogenesis. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2021;31:2006214.
Not in our library10.1002/adfm.202006214
191.
Yang Q, et al. Engineering 2D mesoporous Silica@MXene‐integrated 3D‐printing scaffolds for combinatory osteosarcoma therapy and NO‐augmented bone regeneration. Small. 2020;16:1906814.
Not in our library10.1002/smll.201906814
192.
Wang F, Banerjee D, Liu Y, Chen X, Liu X. Upconversion nanoparticles in biological labeling, imaging, and therapy. Analyst. 2010;135:1839-1854.
Not in our library10.1039/c0an00144a
193.
Chen B, Wang F. Emerging frontiers of upconversion nanoparticles. Trends Chem. 2020;2:427-439.
Not in our library10.1016/j.trechm.2020.01.008
194.
Advances in highly doped upconversion nanoparticles · 2018
No notice
195.
Recent Progress of Rare‐Earth Doped Upconversion Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Optimization, and Applications · 2019
No notice
196.
Huo M, et al. Upconversion nanoparticles hybridized cyanobacterial cells for near‐infrared mediated photosynthesis and enhanced photodynamic therapy. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2021;31:2010196.
Not in our library10.1002/adfm.202010196
197.
Jin F, et al. Cancer-cell-biomimetic Upconversion nanoparticles combining chemo-photodynamic therapy and CD73 blockade for metastatic triple-negative breast cancer. J. Control. Release. 2021;337:90-104.
Not in our library10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.07.021
198.
Chu Z, et al. Upconversion nanoparticles@AgBiS2 core-shell nanoparticles with cancer-cell-specific cytotoxicity for combined photothermal and photodynamic therapy of cancers. Bioact. Mater. 2022;17:71-80.
Not in our library10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.01.010
199.
Li Y, Chen C, Liu F, Liu J. Engineered lanthanide-doped upconversion nanoparticles for biosensing and bioimaging application. Microchim. Acta. 2022;189:109.
Not in our library10.1007/s00604-022-05180-1
200.
Hao C, et al. Chiral core–shell upconversion nanoparticle@MOF nanoassemblies for quantification and bioimaging of reactive oxygen species in vivo. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2019;141:19373-19378.
Not in our library10.1021/jacs.9b09360
201.
Zhao M, et al. Supramolecularly engineered NIR‐II and Upconversion nanoparticles in vivo assembly and disassembly to improve bioimaging. Adv. Mater. 2018;30:1804982.
Not in our library10.1002/adma.201804982
202.
Cheng X, et al. Recent development in sensitizers for lanthanide-doped upconversion luminescence. Chem. Rev. 2022.
Not in our library10.1021/acs.chemrev.1021c00772
203.
Auzel F. Upconversion and anti-stokes processes with f and d ions in solids. Chem. Rev. 2004;104:139-174.
Not in our library10.1021/cr020357g
204.
Wu X, et al. Upconversion nanoparticles: a versatile solution to multiscale biological imaging. Bioconjugate Chem. 2015;26:166-175.
Not in our library10.1021/bc5003967
205.
Wang F, Wang J, Liu X. Direct evidence of a surface quenching effect on size‐dependent luminescence of upconversion nanoparticles. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2010;49:7456-7460.
Not in our library10.1002/anie.201003959
206.
Chen G, et al. Lanthanide-doped ultrasmall yttrium fluoride nanoparticles with enhanced multicolor upconversion photoluminescence. J. Mater. Chem. 2012;22:20190-20196.
Not in our library10.1039/c2jm32298f
207.
Wu X, et al. Dye-sensitized core/active shell upconversion nanoparticles for optogenetics and bioimaging applications. ACS Nano. 2016;10:1060-1066.
Not in our library10.1021/acsnano.5b06383
208.
Zhou B, et al. Enhancing multiphoton upconversion through interfacial energy transfer in multilayered nanoparticles. Nat. Commun. 2020;11:1174.
Not in our library10.1038/s41467-020-14879-9
209.
Chen G, Qiu H, Prasad PN, Chen X. Upconversion nanoparticles: design, nanochemistry, and applications in theranostics. Chem. Rev. 2014;114:5161-5214.
Not in our library10.1021/cr400425h
210.
Cheng X, Tu D, Zheng W, Chen X. Energy transfer designing in lanthanide-doped upconversion nanoparticles. Chem. Commun. 2020;56:15118-15132.
Not in our library10.1039/d0cc05878e
211.
Liu J, et al. Controlled synthesis of uniform and monodisperse upconversion core/mesoporous silica shell nanocomposites for bimodal imaging. Chem. Eur. J. 2012;18:2335-2341.
Not in our library10.1002/chem.201102599
212.
Yan H, Dong J, Huang X, Du X. Protein-gated upconversion nanoparticle-embedded mesoporous silica nanovehicles via diselenide linkages for drug release tracking in real time and tumor chemotherapy. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfac. 2021;13:29070-29082.
Not in our library10.1021/acsami.1c04447
213.
Liu J-N, Bu W-B, Shi J-L. Silica coated upconversion nanoparticles: a versatile platform for the development of efficient theranostics. Acc. Chem. Res. 2015;48:1797-1805.
Not in our library10.1021/acs.accounts.5b00078
214.
Li C, et al. Multifunctional upconversion mesoporous silica nanostructures for dual modal imaging and in vivo drug delivery. Small. 2013;9:4150-4159.
Not in our library10.1002/smll.201301093
215.
Chen F, et al. Gd3+‐ion‐doped upconversion nanoprobes: Relaxivity mechanism probing and sensitivity optimization. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2013;23:298-307.
Not in our library10.1002/adfm.201201469
216.
Idris NM, et al. In vivo photodynamic therapy using upconversion nanoparticles as remote-controlled nanotransducers. Nat. Med. 2012;18:1580-1585.
Not in our library10.1038/nm.2933
217.
Liu S, et al. Upconversion nanoparticles regulated drug & gas dual-effective nanoplatform for the targeting cooperated therapy of thrombus and anticoagulation. Bioact. Mater. 2022;18:91-103.
Not in our library10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.03.013
218.
Wang Y, et al. MRI‐visualized, dual‐targeting, combined tumor therapy using magnetic graphene‐based mesoporous silica. Small. 2014;10:109-116.
Not in our library10.1002/smll.201301297
219.
Shao L, et al. Mesoporous silica coated polydopamine functionalized reduced graphene oxide for synergistic targeted chemo-photothermal therapy. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfac. 2017;9:1226-1236.
Not in our library10.1021/acsami.6b11209
220.
Liu X, et al. Reduced graphene oxide/mesoporous silica nanocarriers for pH-triggered drug release and photothermal therapy. ACS Appl. Bio Mater. 2020;3:2577-2587.
Not in our library10.1021/acsabm.9b01108
221.
Kang MS, et al. Optical imaging and anticancer chemotherapy through carbon dot created hollow mesoporous silica nanoparticles. Acta Biomater. 2017;55:466-480.
Not in our library10.1016/j.actbio.2017.03.054
222.
Ryplida B, Lee G, In I, Park SY. Zwitterionic carbon dot-encapsulating pH-responsive mesoporous silica nanoparticles for NIR light-triggered photothermal therapy through pH-controllable release. Biomater. Sci. 2019;7:2600-2610.
Not in our library10.1039/c9bm00160c
223.
Zhang Q, Li X, Peng L, Zou X, Zhao Y. Porous silica nanoparticles capped with polyethylenimine/green carbon dots for pH/redox responsive drug release. Inorg. Chem. Commun. 2021;123:108340.
Not in our library10.1016/j.inoche.2020.108340
224.
Liu J, et al. Mesoporous silica coated single‐walled carbon nanotubes as a multifunctional light‐responsive platform for cancer combination therapy. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2015;25:384-392.
Not in our library10.1002/adfm.201403079
225.
Li B, et al. Near infra-red light responsive carbon nanotubes@mesoporous silica for photothermia and drug delivery to cancer cells. Mater. Today Chem. 2020;17:100308.
Not in our library10.1016/j.mtchem.2020.100308
226.
Li B, et al. Near-infrared responsive nanocomposite hydrogels made from enzyme-coated carbon nanotubes@large pore mesoporous silica for remotely triggered drug delivery. Materialia. 2022;22:101414.
Not in our library10.1016/j.mtla.2022.101414
227.
Li L, et al. Multifunctional carbon–silica nanocapsules with gold core for synergistic photothermal and chemo‐cancer therapy under the guidance of bimodal imaging. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2016;26:4252-4261.
Not in our library10.1002/adfm.201600985
228.
Zhou M, et al. Cancer cell membrane camouflaged semi‐yolk@spiky‐shell nanomotor for enhanced cell adhesion and synergistic therapy. Small. 2020;16:2003834.
Not in our library10.1002/smll.202003834
229.
Wang H, et al. Degradable carbon–silica nanocomposite with immunoadjuvant property for dual-modality photothermal/photodynamic therapy. ACS Nano. 2020;14:2847-2859.
Not in our library10.1021/acsnano.9b06168
230.
Lan S, Lin Z, Zhang D, Zeng Y, Liu X. Photocatalysis enhancement for programmable killing of hepatocellular carcinoma through self-compensation mechanisms based on black phosphorus quantum-dot-hybridized nanocatalysts. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfac. 2019;11:9804-9813.
Not in our library10.1021/acsami.8b21820
231.
Ren X, et al. Multifunctional hierarchical mesoporous silica and black phosphorus nanohybrids as chemo-photothermal synergistic agents for enhanced cancer therapy. Nanoscale. 2020;12:12578-12588.
Not in our library10.1039/d0nr02044c
232.
Chen L, et al. Multifunctional mesoporous black phosphorus-based nanosheet for enhanced tumor-targeted combined therapy with biodegradation-mediated metastasis inhibition. Biomaterials. 2020;236:119770.
Not in our library10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.119770
233.
Karlsson HL, Cronholm P, Gustafsson J, Moller L. Copper oxide nanoparticles are highly toxic: a comparison between metal oxide nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 2008;21:1726-1732.
Not in our library10.1021/tx800064j
234.
He X, Aker WG, Fu PP, Hwang H-M. Toxicity of engineered metal oxide nanomaterials mediated by nano–bio–eco–interactions: a review and perspective. Environ. Sci. Nano. 2015;2:564-582.
Not in our library10.1039/c5en00094g
235.
Kim JW, Shashkov EV, Galanzha EI, Kotagiri N, Zharov VP. Photothermal antimicrobial nanotherapy and nanodiagnostics with self‐assembling carbon nanotube clusters. Lasers Surg. Med. 2007;39:622-634.
Not in our library10.1002/lsm.20534
236.
Miao W, Shim G, Lee S, Oh Y-K. Structure-dependent photothermal anticancer effects of carbon-based photoresponsive nanomaterials. Biomaterials. 2014;35:4058-4065.
Not in our library10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.01.043
237.
Guan Q, et al. A carbon nanomaterial derived from a nanoscale covalent organic framework for photothermal therapy in the NIR-II biowindow. Chem. Commun. 2020;56:7793-7796.
Not in our library10.1039/d0cc00861c
238.
Thomas DT, Baby A, Raman V, Balakrishnan SP. Carbon‐Based Nanomaterials for Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis: A Review. ChemistrySelect. 2022;7:e202202455.
Not in our library10.1002/slct.202202455
239.
Li D, Müller MB, Gilje S, Kaner RB, Wallace GG. Processable aqueous dispersions of graphene nanosheets. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2008;3:101-105.
Not in our library10.1038/nnano.2007.451
240.
Compton OC, Nguyen ST. Graphene oxide, highly reduced graphene oxide, and graphene: Versatile building blocks for carbon‐based materials. Small. 2010;6:711-723.
Not in our library10.1002/smll.200901934
241.
Wang Y, et al. Multifunctional mesoporous silica-coated graphene nanosheet used for chemo-photothermal synergistic targeted therapy of glioma. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2013;135:4799-4804.
Not in our library10.1021/ja312221g
242.
Chong Y, et al. Reduced cytotoxicity of graphene nanosheets mediated by blood-protein coating. ACS Nano. 2015;9:5713-5724.
Not in our library10.1021/nn5066606
243.
Peng C, Huang Y, Zheng J. Renal clearable nanocarriers: Overcoming the physiological barriers for precise drug delivery and clearance. J. Control. Release. 2020;322:64-80.
Not in our library10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.03.020
244.
Du B, et al. Glomerular barrier behaves as an atomically precise bandpass filter in a sub-nanometre regime. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2017;12:1096-1102.
Not in our library10.1038/nnano.2017.170
245.
Liu J, Yu M, Zhou C, Zheng J. Renal clearable inorganic nanoparticles: a new frontier of bionanotechnology. Mater. Today. 2013;16:477-486.
Not in our library10.1016/j.mattod.2013.11.003
246.
Zhang X, et al. Black phosphorus quantum dots. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2015;54:3653-3657.
Not in our library10.1002/anie.201409400
247.
Gui R, Jin H, Wang Z, Li J. Black phosphorus quantum dots: synthesis, properties, functionalized modification and applications. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2018;47:6795-6823.
Not in our library10.1039/c8cs00387d
248.
Chen W, et al. Black phosphorus nanosheet‐based drug delivery system for synergistic photodynamic/photothermal/chemotherapy of cancer. Adv. Mater. 2017;29:1603864.
Not in our library10.1002/adma.201603864
249.
Sun Z, et al. Ultrasmall black phosphorus quantum dots: synthesis and use as photothermal agents. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2015;54:11526-11530.
Not in our library10.1002/anie.201506154
250.
Yang X, et al. Platinum nanoenzyme functionalized black phosphorus nanosheets for photothermal and enhanced-photodynamic therapy. Chem. Eng. J. 2021;409:127381.
Not in our library10.1016/j.cej.2020.127381
251.
Zhao Y, et al. Stable and multifunctional dye-modified black phosphorus nanosheets for near-infrared imaging-guided photothermal therapy. Chem. Mater. 2017;29:7131-7139.
Not in our library10.1021/acs.chemmater.7b01106
252.
Yang X, et al. Functional black phosphorus nanosheets for mitochondria-targeting photothermal/photodynamic synergistic cancer therapy. Chem. Sci. 2019;10:3779-3785.
Not in our library10.1039/c8sc04844d
253.
Zeng G, Chen Y. Surface modification of black phosphorus-based nanomaterials in biomedical applications: Strategies and recent advances. Acta Biomater. 2020;118:1-17.
Not in our library10.1016/j.actbio.2020.10.004
254.
Meng X, et al. Photoluminescence lifetime of black phosphorus nanoparticles and their applications in live cell imaging. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 2018;10:31136-31145.
Not in our library10.1021/acsami.8b11648
255.
Huang R, et al. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles: Facile surface functionalization and versatile biomedical applications in oncology. Acta Biomater. 2020;116:1-15.
Not in our library10.1016/j.actbio.2020.09.009
256.
Giannakoudakis DA, et al. Enhanced uranium removal from acidic wastewater by phosphonate-functionalized ordered mesoporous silica: Surface chemistry matters the most. J. Hazard. Mater. 2021;413:125279.
Not in our library10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125279
257.
Park SS, et al. Functionalised mesoporous silica nanoparticles with excellent cytotoxicity against various cancer cells for pH-responsive and controlled drug delivery. Mater. Des. 2019;184:108187.
Not in our library10.1016/j.matdes.2019.108187
258.
Li T, et al. Recent advancements in mesoporous silica nanoparticles towards therapeutic applications for cancer. Acta Biomater. 2019;89:1-13.
Not in our library10.1016/j.actbio.2019.02.031
259.
Mura S, Nicolas J, Couvreur P. Stimuli-responsive nanocarriers for drug delivery. Nat. Mater. 2013;12:991-1003.
Not in our library10.1038/nmat3776
260.
Cordeiro RA, Mendonça PV, Coelho J, Faneca H. Engineering silica-polymer hybrid nanosystems for dual drug and gene delivery. Biomater. Adv. 2022;135:212742.
Not in our library10.1016/j.bioadv.2022.212742
261.
Peralta ME, et al. Synthesis and in vitro testing of thermoresponsive polymer-grafted core-shell magnetic mesoporous silica nanoparticles for efficient controlled and targeted drug delivery. J. Coll. Interfac. Sci. 2019;544:198-205.
Not in our library10.1016/j.jcis.2019.02.086
262.
Gao J, et al. PEGylated lipid bilayer coated mesoporous silica nanoparticles co-delivery of paclitaxel and curcumin leads to increased tumor site drug accumulation and reduced tumor burden. Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 2019;140:105070.
Not in our library10.1016/j.ejps.2019.105070
263.
Li Z, et al. Folic acid modified lipid-bilayer coated mesoporous silica nanoparticles co-loading paclitaxel and tanshinone IIA for the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia. Int. J. Pharm. 2020;586:119576.
Not in our library10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119576
264.
Liu M, Tu J, Feng Y, Zhang J, Wu J. Synergistic co-delivery of diacid metabolite of norcantharidin and ABT-737 based on folate-modified lipid bilayer-coated mesoporous silica nanoparticle against hepatic carcinoma. J. Nanobiotechnol. 2020;18:114.
Not in our library10.1186/s12951-020-00677-4
265.
Li X, et al. Mesoporous silica nanobeans dual-functionalized with AIEgens and leaning pillar[6]arene-based supramolecular switches for imaging and stimuli-responsive drug release. Chem. Commun. 2019;55:14099-14102.
Not in our library10.1039/c9cc07115f
266.
Newham G, Mathew RK, Wurdak H, Evans SD, Ong ZY. Polyelectrolyte complex templated synthesis of monodisperse, sub-100 nm porous silica nanoparticles for cancer targeted and stimuli-responsive drug delivery. J. Coll. Interfac. Sci. 2021;584:669-683.
Not in our library10.1016/j.jcis.2020.10.133
267.
Cheng C-A, Deng T, Lin F-C, Cai Y, Zink JI. Supramolecular nanomachines as stimuli-responsive gatekeepers on mesoporous silica nanoparticles for antibiotic and cancer drug delivery. Theranostics. 2019;9:3341.
Not in our library10.7150/thno.34576
268.
Chen C, et al. A self-targeting and controllable drug delivery system constituting mesoporous silica nanoparticles fabricated with a multi-stimuli responsive chitosan-based thin film layer. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2019;122:1090-1099.
Not in our library10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.09.058
269.
Dong S, et al. Engineered design of a mesoporous silica nanoparticle-based nanocarrier for efficient mRNA delivery in vivo. Nano Lett. 2023;23:2137-2147.
Not in our library10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c04486
270.
Moorthy MS, et al. Chitosan oligosaccharide coated mesoporous silica nanoparticles for pH-stimuli responsive drug delivery applications. J. Porours Mater. 2019;26:217-226.
Not in our library10.1007/s10934-018-0646-8
271.
Li S, et al. Dual stimuli-responsive nanoplatform based on core-shell structured graphene oxide/mesoporous silica@ alginate. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2021;175:209-216.
Not in our library10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.02.021
272.
Zhang R-Q, Liu Z-Q, Luo Y-L, Xu F, Chen Y-S. Tri-stimuli responsive carbon nanotubes covered by mesoporous silica graft copolymer multifunctional materials for intracellular drug delivery. J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 2019;80:431-443.
Not in our library10.1016/j.jiec.2019.08.023
273.
Thirupathi K, et al. Thermosensitive polymer-modified mesoporous silica for pH and temperature-responsive drug delivery. Pharmaceutics. 2023;15:795.
Not in our library10.3390/pharmaceutics15030795
274.
Zhao W, et al. Light-responsive dual-functional biodegradable mesoporous silica nanoparticles with drug delivery and lubrication enhancement for the treatment of osteoarthritis. Nanoscale. 2021;13:6394-6399.
Not in our library10.1039/d0nr08887k
275.
Rodrigues FS, Campos A, Martins J, Ambrosio AF, Campos EJ. Emerging trends in nanomedicine for improving ocular drug delivery: light-responsive nanoparticles, mesoporous silica nanoparticles, and contact lenses. ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng. 2020;6:6587-6597.
Not in our library10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c01347
276.
Li S, et al. Emulsifying performance of near-infrared light responsive polydopamine-based silica particles to control drug release. Powder Technol. 2020;359:17-26.
Not in our library10.1016/j.powtec.2019.09.064
277.
Amin MU, et al. Ultrasound-responsive smart drug delivery system of lipid coated mesoporous silica nanoparticles. Pharmaceutics. 2021;13:1396.
Not in our library10.3390/pharmaceutics13091396
278.
Manzano M, Vallet-Regí M. Ultrasound responsive mesoporous silica nanoparticles for biomedical applications. Chem. Commun. 2019;55:2731-2740.
Not in our library10.1039/c8cc09389j
279.
Joglekar M, Roggers RA, Zhao Y, Trewyn BG. Interaction effects of mesoporous silica nanoparticles with different morphologies on human red blood cells. RSC Adv. 2013;3:2454-2461.
Not in our library10.1039/c2ra22264g
280.
Teng W, et al. Toxicity evaluation of mesoporous silica particles Santa Barbara No. 15 amorphous in human umbilical vein endothelial cells: influence of particle morphology. J. Appl. Toxicol. 2021;41:1467-1478.
Not in our library10.1002/jat.4137
281.
Wang X, Li X, Ito A, Sogo Y, Ohno T. Particle-size-dependent toxicity and immunogenic activity of mesoporous silica-based adjuvants for tumor immunotherapy. Acta Biomater. 2013;9:7480-7489.
Not in our library10.1016/j.actbio.2013.03.031
282.
Souris JS, et al. Surface charge-mediated rapid hepatobiliary excretion of mesoporous silica nanoparticles. Biomaterials. 2010;31:5564-5574.
Not in our library10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.03.048
283.
Yu T, Malugin A, Ghandehari H. Impact of silica nanoparticle design on cellular toxicity and hemolytic activity. ACS Nano. 2011;5:5717-5728.
Not in our library10.1021/nn2013904
284.
Zhou S, et al. Chemically engineered mesoporous silica nanoparticles-based intelligent delivery systems for theranostic applications in multiple cancerous/non-cancerous diseases. Coord. Chem. Rev. 2022;452:214309.
Not in our library10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214309
285.
Sharma N, Jha S. Amorphous nanosilica induced toxicity, inflammation and innate immune responses: A critical review. Toxicology. 2020;441:152519.
Not in our library10.1016/j.tox.2020.152519
286.
Napierska D, et al. Size‐dependent cytotoxicity of monodisperse silica nanoparticles in human endothelial cells. Small. 2009;5:846-853.
Not in our library10.1002/smll.200800461
287.
Zhang H, et al. Processing pathway dependence of amorphous silica nanoparticle toxicity: colloidal vs pyrolytic. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2012;134:15790-15804.
Not in our library10.1021/ja304907c
288.
Lehman SE, et al. Silica nanoparticle-generated ROS as a predictor of cellular toxicity: mechanistic insights and safety by design. Environ. Sci. Nano. 2016;3:56-66.
Not in our library10.1039/c5en00179j
289.
Nash T, Allison A, Harington J. Physico-chemical properties of silica in relation to its toxicity. Nature. 1966;210:259-261.
Not in our library10.1038/210259a0
290.
Brigante M, Schulz PC. Adsorption of paraquat on mesoporous silica modified with titania: effects of pH, ionic strength and temperature. J. Coll. Interfac. Sci. 2011;363:355-361.
Not in our library10.1016/j.jcis.2011.07.061
291.
Chen L, et al. The toxicity of silica nanoparticles to the immune system. Nanomedicine. 2018;13:1939-1962.
Not in our library10.2217/nnm-2018-0076
292.
Guo C, et al. Amorphous silica nanoparticles trigger vascular endothelial cell injury through apoptosis and autophagy via reactive oxygen species-mediated MAPK/Bcl-2 and PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling. Int. J. Nanomed. 2016;11:5257.
Not in our library10.2147/ijn.s112030
293.
Dostert C, et al. Innate immune activation through Nalp3 inflammasome sensing of asbestos and silica. Science. 2008;320:674-677.
Not in our library10.1126/science.1156995
294.
Yazdi AS, et al. Nanoparticles activate the NLR pyrin domain containing 3 (Nlrp3) inflammasome and cause pulmonary inflammation through release of IL-1α and IL-1β. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA. 2010;107:19449-19454.
Not in our library10.1073/pnas.1008155107
295.
Ultrasmall targeted nanoparticles with engineered antibody fragments for imaging detection of HER2-overexpressing breast cancer · 2018
No notice
296.
Tamarov K, Näkki S, Xu W, Lehto V-P. Approaches to improve the biocompatibility and systemic circulation of inorganic porous nanoparticles. J. Mater. Chem. B. 2018;6:3632-3649.
Not in our library10.1039/c8tb00462e
297.
Establishing the effects of mesoporous silica nanoparticle properties on in vivo disposition using imaging-based pharmacokinetics · 2018
No notice
298.
Alison L, et al. Pickering and network stabilization of biocompatible emulsions using chitosan-modified silica nanoparticles. Langmuir. 2016;32:13446-13457.
Not in our library10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b03439
299.
Thierry B, et al. Electrostatic self-assembly of PEG copolymers onto porous silica nanoparticles. Langmuir. 2008;24:8143-8150.
Not in our library10.1021/la8007206
300.
Pelaz B, et al. Surface functionalization of nanoparticles with polyethylene glycol: effects on protein adsorption and cellular uptake. ACS Nano. 2015;9:6996-7008.
Not in our library10.1021/acsnano.5b01326
301.
Hao N, et al. The shape effect of PEGylated mesoporous silica nanoparticles on cellular uptake pathway in Hela cells. Micropor. Mesopor. Mater. 2012;162:14-23.
Not in our library10.1016/j.micromeso.2012.05.040
302.
He Q, et al. The effect of PEGylation of mesoporous silica nanoparticles on nonspecific binding of serum proteins and cellular responses. Biomaterials. 2010;31:1085-1092.
Not in our library10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.10.046
303.
Rideau E, Dimova R, Schwille P, Wurm FR, Landfester K. Liposomes and polymersomes: a comparative review towards cell mimicking. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2018;47:8572-8610.
Not in our library10.1039/c8cs00162f
304.
Correa S, Boehnke N, Deiss-Yehiely E, Hammond PT. Solution conditions tune and optimize loading of therapeutic polyelectrolytes into layer-by-layer functionalized liposomes. ACS Nano. 2019;13:5623-5634.
Not in our library10.1021/acsnano.9b00792
305.
Amin MU, et al. Enhanced efficacy and drug delivery with lipid coated mesoporous silica nanoparticles in cancer therapy. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 2021;165:31-40.
Not in our library10.1016/j.ejpb.2021.04.020
306.
Van Schooneveld MM, et al. Improved biocompatibility and pharmacokinetics of silica nanoparticles by means of a lipid coating: a multimodality investigation. Nano Lett. 2008;8:2517-2525.
Not in our library10.1021/nl801596a
307.
Ashley CE, et al. The targeted delivery of multicomponent cargos to cancer cells by nanoporous particle-supported lipid bilayers. Nat. Mater. 2011;10:389-397.
Not in our library10.1038/nmat2992
308.
Croissant JG, et al. Protein-gold clusters-capped mesoporous silica nanoparticles for high drug loading, autonomous gemcitabine/doxorubicin co-delivery, and in-vivo tumor imaging. J. Control. Release. 2016;229:183-191.
Not in our library10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.03.030
309.
Lu J, et al. BSA modified, disulfide-bridged mesoporous silica with low biotoxicity for dual-responsive drug delivery. Micropor. Mesopor. Mater. 2019;278:257-266.
Not in our library10.1016/j.micromeso.2018.12.001
310.
Liu J, Jiang X, Ashley C, Brinker CJ. Electrostatically mediated liposome fusion and lipid exchange with a nanoparticle-supported bilayer for control of surface charge, drug containment, and delivery. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009;131:7567-7569.
Not in our library10.1021/ja902039y
311.
Tang F, Li L, Chen D. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles: synthesis, biocompatibility and drug delivery. Adv. Mater. 2012;24:1504-1534.
Not in our library10.1002/adma.201104763
312.
He Q, Zhang Z, Gao F, Li Y, Shi J. In vivo biodistribution and urinary excretion of mesoporous silica nanoparticles: effects of particle size and PEGylation. Small. 2011;7:271-280.
Not in our library10.1002/smll.201001459
313.
Farjadian F, Roointan A, Mohammadi-Samani S, Hosseini M. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles: synthesis, pharmaceutical applications, biodistribution, and biosafety assessment. Chem. Eng. J. 2019;359:684-705.
Not in our library10.1016/j.cej.2018.11.156
314.
Huang X, et al. The shape effect of mesoporous silica nanoparticles on biodistribution, clearance, and biocompatibility in vivo. ACS Nano. 2011;5:5390-5399.
Not in our library10.1021/nn200365a
315.
Wu SH, et al. Multifunctional mesoporous silica nanoparticles for intracellular labeling and animal magnetic resonance imaging studies. ChemBioChem. 2008;9:53-57.
Not in our library10.1002/cbic.200700509
316.
Matsumura Y, Maeda H. A new concept for macromolecular therapeutics in cancer chemotherapy: mechanism of tumoritropic accumulation of proteins and the antitumor agent smancs. Cancer Res. 1986;46:6387-6392.
Not in our library
317.
Danhier F. To exploit the tumor microenvironment: Since the EPR effect fails in the clinic, what is the future of nanomedicine? J. Control. Release. 2016;244:108-121.
Not in our library10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.11.015
318.
Wilhelm S, et al. Analysis of nanoparticle delivery to tumours. Nat. Rev. Mater. 2016;1:16014.
Not in our library10.1038/natrevmats.2016.14
319.
Active Targeting Strategies Using Biological Ligands for Nanoparticle Drug Delivery Systems · 2019
No notice
320.
Pearce AK, O’Reilly RK. Insights into active targeting of nanoparticles in drug delivery: Advances in clinical studies and design considerations for cancer nanomedicine. Bioconjugate Chem. 2019;30:2300-2311.
Not in our library10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.9b00456
321.
Liu Y, et al. Dual-functionalized janus mesoporous silica nanoparticles with active targeting and charge reversal for synergistic tumor-targeting therapy. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfac. 2019;11:44582-44592.
Not in our library10.1021/acsami.9b15434
322.
Lohiya G, Katti DS. Carboxylated chitosan-mediated improved efficacy of mesoporous silica nanoparticle-based targeted drug delivery system for breast cancer therapy. Carbohydr. Polym. 2022;277:118822.
Not in our library10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118822
323.
Liu M, et al. Paclitaxel and quercetin co-loaded functional mesoporous silica nanoparticles overcoming multidrug resistance in breast cancer. Coll. Surf. B Biointerfac. 2020;196:111284.
Not in our library10.1016/j.colsurfb.2020.111284
324.
Chen C, et al. Hyaluronic acid conjugated polydopamine functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticles for synergistic targeted chemo-photothermal therapy. Nanoscale. 2019;11:11012-11024.
Not in our library10.1039/c9nr01385g
325.
Li J, et al. Tumor microenvironment enhanced NIR II fluorescence imaging for tumor precise surgery navigation via tetrasulfide mesoporous silica-coated Nd-based rare-earth nanocrystals. Mater. Today Bio. 2022;16:100397.
Not in our library10.1016/j.mtbio.2022.100397
326.
Hu C-MJ, et al. Erythrocyte membrane-camouflaged polymeric nanoparticles as a biomimetic delivery platform. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA. 2011;108:10980-10985.
Not in our library10.1073/pnas.1106634108
327.
Cell Membrane Coating Technology: A Promising Strategy for Biomedical Applications · 2019
No notice
328.
Chen L, et al. Platelet membrane-coated nanocarriers targeting plaques to deliver anti-cd47 antibody for atherosclerotic therapy. Research. 2022;2022:9845459.
Not in our library10.34133/2022/9845459
329.
Guo W, et al. Cancer cell membrane biomimetic mesoporous silica nanotheranostics for enhanced ferroptosis-mediated immuogenic cell death on gastric cancer. Chem. Eng. J. 2023;455:140868.
Not in our library10.1016/j.cej.2022.140868
330.
Wu S, et al. Bacterial outer membrane‐coated mesoporous silica nanoparticles for targeted delivery of antibiotic rifampicin against Gram‐negative bacterial infection in vivo. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2021;31:2103442.
Not in our library10.1002/adfm.202103442
331.
Salve R, Kumar P, Ngamcherdtrakul W, Gajbhiye V, Yantasee W. Stimuli-responsive mesoporous silica nanoparticles: A custom-tailored next generation approach in cargo delivery. Mater. Sci. Eng. C. 2021;124:112084.
Not in our library10.1016/j.msec.2021.112084
332.
Li R, Mei X, Li X, Zhang C, Ruan L. A bolt-like-blocking nanovalve on mesoporous silica nanoparticles for controlled release. Micropor. Mesopor. Mater. 2021;317:111007.
Not in our library10.1016/j.micromeso.2021.111007
333.
Özalp VC, Schäfer T. Aptamer‐based switchable nanovalves for stimuli‐responsive drug delivery. Chem. Eur. J. 2011;17:9893-9896.
Not in our library10.1002/chem.201101403
334.
Cai D, et al. Chitosan-capped enzyme-responsive hollow mesoporous silica nanoplatforms for colon-specific drug delivery. Nanoscale Res. Lett. 2020;15:123.
Not in our library10.1186/s11671-020-03351-8
335.
Song Z, et al. Mesoporous silica-coated gold nanorods with a thermally responsive polymeric cap for near-infrared-activated drug delivery. J. Mater. Sci. 2018;53:7165-7179.
Not in our library10.1007/s10853-018-2117-7
336.
Luo Z, et al. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles end‐capped with collagen: redox‐responsive nanoreservoirs for targeted drug delivery. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2011;50:640-643.
Not in our library10.1002/anie.201005061
337.
Feng L, Dong Z, Tao D, Zhang Y, Liu Z. The acidic tumor microenvironment: a target for smart cancer nano-theranostics. Natl Sci. Rev. 2018;5:269-286.
Not in our library10.1093/nsr/nwx062
338.
Lactic Acid and an Acidic Tumor Microenvironment suppress Anticancer Immunity · 2020
No notice
339.
Wagner J, et al. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles as pH-responsive carrier for the immune-activating drug resiquimod enhance the local immune response in mice. ACS Nano. 2021;15:4450-4466.
Not in our library10.1021/acsnano.0c08384
340.
Wu Q, et al. Surface wettability of nanoparticle modulated sonothrombolysis. Adv. Mater. 2021;33:2007073.
Not in our library10.1002/adma.202007073
341.
Eivazzadeh-Keihan R, et al. Recent advances in the application of mesoporous silica-based nanomaterials for bone tissue engineering. Mater. Sci. Eng. C. 2020;107:110267.
Not in our library10.1016/j.msec.2019.110267
342.
Gao M, Zeng J, Liang K, Zhao D, Kong B. Interfacial assembly of mesoporous silica‐based optical heterostructures for sensing applications. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2020;30:1906950.
Not in our library10.1002/adfm.201906950
343.
Qiu Z, Shu J, Tang D. Bioresponsive release system for visual fluorescence detection of carcinoembryonic antigen from mesoporous silica nanocontainers mediated optical color on quantum dot-enzyme-impregnated paper. Anal. Chem. 2017;89:5152-5160.
Not in our library10.1021/acs.analchem.7b00989
344.
Huang F, et al. An acid-responsive microfluidic salmonella biosensor using curcumin as signal reporter and ZnO-capped mesoporous silica nanoparticles for signal amplification. Sens. Actuators, B. 2020;312:127958.
Not in our library10.1016/j.snb.2020.127958
345.
Guo J, et al. A sensitive and quantitative prognosis of C-reactive protein at picogram level using mesoporous silica encapsulated core-shell up-conversion nanoparticle based lateral flow strip assay. Talanta. 2021;230:122335.
Not in our library10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122335
346.
Zhu A, et al. SERS sensors based on aptamer-gated mesoporous silica nanoparticles for quantitative detection of staphylococcus aureus with signal molecular release. Anal. Chem. 2021;93:9788-9796.
Not in our library10.1021/acs.analchem.1c01280
347.
Tuna BG, et al. Detection of viruses by probe-gated silica nanoparticles directly from swab samples. Talanta. 2022;246:123429.
Not in our library10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123429
348.
Singh RK, Patel KD, Leong KW, Kim H-W. Progress in nanotheranostics based on mesoporous silica nanomaterial platforms. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfac. 2017;9:10309-10337.
Not in our library10.1021/acsami.6b16505
349.
Tabrizi MA, Acedo P. Highly sensitive aptasensor for the detection of SARS-CoV-2-RBD using aptamer-gated methylene blue@mesoporous silica film/laser engraved graphene electrode. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2022;215:114556.
Not in our library10.1016/j.bios.2022.114556
350.
Liu Q, et al. A DNA-based nanodevice for near-infrared light-controlled drug release and bioimaging. Nano Today. 2023;48:101747.
Not in our library10.1016/j.nantod.2022.101747
351.
An unconventional nano-AIEgen originating from a natural plant polyphenol for multicolor bioimaging · 2022
Not checked
352.
Al-Hetty HRAK, et al. Engineering and surface modification of carbon quantum dots for cancer bioimaging. Inorg. Chem. Commun. 2023;149:110433.
Not in our library10.1016/j.inoche.2023.110433
353.
Yu L, Lin H, Lu X, Chen Y. Multifunctional mesoporous silica nanoprobes: Material chemistry–based fabrication and bio‐imaging functionality. Adv. Ther. 2018;1:1800078.
Not in our library10.1002/adtp.201800078
354.
Sun B, Zhen X, Jiang X. Development of mesoporous silica-based nanoprobes for optical bioimaging applications. Biomater. Sci. 2021;9:3603-3620.
Not in our library10.1039/d1bm00204j
355.
Shaffer TM, et al. Stable radiolabeling of sulfur-functionalized silica nanoparticles with copper-64. Nano Lett. 2016;16:5601-5604.
Not in our library10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b02161
356.
Rojas S, et al. Novel methodology for labelling mesoporous silica nanoparticles using the 18 F isotope and their in vivo biodistribution by positron emission tomography. J. Nanopart. Res. 2015;17:131.
Not in our library10.1007/s11051-015-2938-0
357.
Chen F, et al. In vivo tumor vasculature targeting of CuS@MSN based theranostic nanomedicine. ACS Nano. 2015;9:3926-3934.
Not in our library10.1021/nn507241v
358.
Cai C, et al. Polydopamine-coated gold core/hollow mesoporous silica shell particles as a nanoplatform for multimode imaging and photothermal therapy of tumors. Chem. Eng. J. 2019;362:842-850.
Not in our library10.1016/j.cej.2019.01.072
359.
Liu Z, et al. Dual-modality noninvasive mapping of sentinel lymph node by photoacoustic and near-infrared fluorescent imaging using dye-loaded mesoporous silica nanoparticles. Mol. Pharma. 2015;12:3119-3128.
Not in our library10.1021/mp500698b
360.
Ferrauto G, Carniato F, Di Gregorio E, Botta M, Tei L. Photoacoustic ratiometric assessment of mitoxantrone release from theranostic ICG-conjugated mesoporous silica nanoparticles. Nanoscale. 2019;11:18031-18036.
Not in our library10.1039/c9nr06524e
361.
Ho Y-J, et al. Superhydrophobic drug-loaded mesoporous silica nanoparticles capped with β-cyclodextrin for ultrasound image-guided combined antivascular and chemo-sonodynamic therapy. Biomaterials. 2020;232:119723.
Not in our library10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119723
362.
Kempen PJ, et al. Theranostic mesoporous silica nanoparticles biodegrade after pro-survival drug delivery and ultrasound/magnetic resonance imaging of stem cells. Theranostics. 2015;5:631.
Not in our library10.7150/thno.11389
363.
Yuan Y, et al. Enriched Au nanoclusters with mesoporous silica nanoparticles for improved fluorescence/computed tomography dual‐modal imaging. Cell Prolif. 2021;54:e13008.
Not in our library10.1111/cpr.13008
364.
Grzelak J, et al. Magnetic mesoporous silica nanorods loaded with ceria and functionalized with fluorophores for multimodal imaging. ACS Appl. Nano Mater. 2022;5:2113-2125.
Not in our library10.1021/acsanm.1c03837
365.
Huang C, et al. A dual‐model imaging theragnostic system based on mesoporous silica nanoparticles for enhanced cancer phototherapy. Adv. Healthc. Mater. 2019;8:1900840.
Not in our library10.1002/adhm.201900840
366.
Zou R, et al. 68Ga-labeled magnetic-NIR persistent luminescent hybrid mesoporous nanoparticles for multimodal imaging-guided chemotherapy and photodynamic therapy. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfac. 2021;13:9667-9680.
Not in our library10.1021/acsami.0c21623
367.
Zhu H, et al. Novel biomimetic mesoporous silica nanoparticle system possessing targetability and immune synergy facilitates effective solid tumor immuno-chemotherapy. Biomater. Adv. 2023;144:213229.
Not in our library10.1016/j.bioadv.2022.213229
368.
Wang X, et al. Recent developments in mesoporous silica nanoparticles for tumor theranostic applications. Curr. Pharm. Des. 2022;28:151-164.
Not in our library10.2174/1381612827666211111152839
369.
Gao Y, Gao D, Shen J, Wang Q. A review of mesoporous silica nanoparticle delivery systems in chemo-based combination cancer therapies. Front. Chem. 2020;8:598722.
Not in our library10.3389/fchem.2020.598722
370.
Zhong X, et al. One-pot self-assembly strategy to prepare mesoporous silica-based nanocomposites with enhanced and long-term antibacterial performance. Coll. Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp. 2022;650:129654.
Not in our library10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.129654
371.
Lo T-H, et al. Curcumin-loaded mesoporous silica nanoparticles with dual-imaging and temperature control inhibits the infection of Zika virus. Micropor. Mesopor. Mater. 2021;314:110886.
Not in our library10.1016/j.micromeso.2021.110886
372.
AbouAitah K, et al. Virucidal action against avian influenza H5N1 virus and immunomodulatory effects of nanoformulations consisting of mesoporous silica nanoparticles loaded with natural prodrugs. Int. J. Nanomedicine. 2020;15:5181-5202.
Not in our library10.2147/ijn.s247692
373.
Karaman DŞ, Pamukçu A, Karakaplan MB, Kocaoglu O, Rosenholm JM. Recent advances in the use of mesoporous silica nanoparticles for the diagnosis of bacterial infections. Int. J. Nanomed. 2021;16:6575.
Not in our library10.2147/ijn.s273062
374.
Zilony‐Hanin N, et al. Neuroprotective effect of nerve growth factor loaded in porous silicon nanostructures in an Alzheimer’s Disease model and potential delivery to the brain. Small. 2019;15:1904203.
Not in our library10.1002/smll.201904203
375.
Ribeiro TDC, et al. Curcumin-loaded mesoporous silica nanoparticles dispersed in thermo-responsive hydrogel as potential Alzheimer disease therapy. Pharmaceutics. 2022;14:1976.
Not in our library10.3390/pharmaceutics14091976
376.
Zhao G, Li N, Yin M, Xu M. Atorvastatin (ATV)-Loaded lipid bilayer-coated mesoporous silica nanoparticles enhance the therapeutic efficacy of acute kidney injury. J. Biomed. Nanotechnol. 2021;17:1754-1764.
Not in our library10.1166/jbn.2021.3153
377.
Tao Y, et al. Delivery of microRNA-33 antagomirs by mesoporous silica nanoparticles to ameliorate lipid metabolic disorders. Front. Pharmacol. 2020;11:921.
Not in our library10.3389/fphar.2020.00921
378.
Geng S, et al. Effective and safe delivery of GLP-1AR and FGF-21 plasmids using amino-functionalized dual-mesoporous silica nanoparticles in vitro and in vivo. Biomaterials. 2021;271:120763.
Not in our library10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.120763
379.
Mora‐Raimundo P, et al. Osteoporosis remission and new bone formation with mesoporous silica nanoparticles. Adv. Sci. 2021;8:2101107.
Not in our library10.1002/advs.202101107
380.
Waara ER, et al. Entrapping digestive enzymes with engineered mesoporous silica particles reduces metabolic risk factors in humans. Adv. Healthc. Mater. 2020;9:2000057.
Not in our library10.1002/adhm.202000057
381.
Lu J, Liong M, Zink JI, Tamanoi F. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles as a delivery system for hydrophobic anticancer drugs. Small. 2007;3:1341-1346.
Not in our library10.1002/smll.200700005
382.
Sha Z, et al. Manganese-doped gold core mesoporous silica particles as a nanoplatform for dual-modality imaging and chemo-chemodynamic combination osteosarcoma therapy. Nanoscale. 2021;13:5077-5093.
Not in our library10.1039/d0nr09220g
383.
Koosha F, Farsangi ZJ, Samadian H, Amini SM. Mesoporous silica coated gold nanorods: a multifunctional theranostic platform for radiotherapy and X-ray imaging. J. Porours Mater. 2021;28:1961-1968.
Not in our library10.1007/s10934-021-01137-6
384.
Chen M-H, et al. Using Gold-nanorod-filled mesoporous silica nanobeads for enhanced radiotherapy of oral squamous carcinoma. Nanomaterials. 2021;11:2235.
Not in our library10.3390/nano11092235
385.
Wu L, et al. Cell Membrane-camouflaged Multi-functional Dendritic Large Pore Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles for Combined Photothermal Therapy and Radiotherapy of Cancer. Chem. Res. Chin. Univ. 2022;38:562-571.
Not in our library10.1007/s40242-021-1068-8
386.
Liu X, et al. Selenium-driven enhancement of synergistic cancer chemo-/radiotherapy by targeting nanotherapeutics. Biomater. Sci. 2021;9:4691-4700.
Not in our library10.1039/d1bm00348h
387.
Guo B, et al. A porphyrin‐based conjugated polymer for highly efficient in vitro and in vivo photothermal therapy. Small. 2016;12:6243-6254.
Not in our library10.1002/smll.201602293
388.
Feng G, Zhang G-Q, Ding D. Design of superior phototheranostic agents guided by Jablonski diagrams. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2020;49:8179-8234.
Not in our library10.1039/d0cs00671h
389.
Zeng S, Baillargeat D, Ho H-P, Yong K-T. Nanomaterials enhanced surface plasmon resonance for biological and chemical sensing applications. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2014;43:3426-3452.
Not in our library10.1039/c3cs60479a
390.
Gao M, Zhu L, Peh CK, Ho GW. Solar absorber material and system designs for photothermal water vaporization towards clean water and energy production. Energy Environ. Sci. 2019;12:841-864.
Not in our library10.1039/c8ee01146j
391.
Wang K, et al. Current trends in smart mesoporous silica-based nanovehicles for photoactivated cancer therapy. J. Control. Release. 2021;339:445-472.
Not in our library10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.10.005
392.
Kadria-Vili Y, et al. Gd2O3-mesoporous silica/gold nanoshells: a potential dual T1/T2 contrast agent for MRI-guided localized near-IR photothermal therapy. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA. 2022;119:e2123527119.
Not in our library10.1073/pnas.2123527119
393.
Huang C, et al. Robust nanovaccine based on polydopamine‐coated mesoporous silica nanoparticles for effective photothermal‐immunotherapy against melanoma. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2021;31:2010637.
Not in our library10.1002/adfm.202010637
394.
Kumar CS, Mohammad F. Magnetic nanomaterials for hyperthermia-based therapy and controlled drug delivery. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 2011;63:789-808.
Not in our library10.1016/j.addr.2011.03.008
395.
Hergt R, et al. Enhancement of AC-losses of magnetic nanoparticles for heating applications. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 2004;280:358-368.
Not in our library10.1016/j.jmmm.2004.03.034
396.
Rajan A, Kaczmarek-Szczepańskac B, Sahu NK. Magneto-thermal response of Fe3O4@CTAB nanoparticles for cancer hyperthermia applications. Mater. Today Commun. 2021;28:102583.
Not in our library10.1016/j.mtcomm.2021.102583
397.
Yao X, et al. Graphene quantum dots‐capped magnetic mesoporous silica nanoparticles as a multifunctional platform for controlled drug delivery, magnetic hyperthermia, and photothermal therapy. Small. 2017;13:1602225.
Not in our library10.1002/smll.201602225
398.
Tamarov KP, et al. Radio frequency radiation-induced hyperthermia using Si nanoparticle-based sensitizers for mild cancer therapy. Sci. Rep. 2014;4:7034.
Not in our library10.1038/srep07034
399.
Tamarov K, et al. Temperature responsive porous silicon nanoparticles for cancer therapy – spatiotemporal triggering through infrared and radiofrequency electromagnetic heating. J. Control. Release. 2016;241:220-228.
Not in our library10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.09.028
400.
Zhou Z, Song J, Nie L, Chen X. Reactive oxygen species generating systems meeting challenges of photodynamic cancer therapy. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2016;45:6597-6626.
Not in our library10.1039/c6cs00271d
401.
Xu Q, et al. Recent trends of mesoporous silica-based nanoplatforms for nanodynamic therapies. Coord. Chem. Rev. 2022;469:214687.
Not in our library10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214687
402.
Patel A, Sant S. Hypoxic tumor microenvironment: Opportunities to develop targeted therapies. Biotech. Adv. 2016;34:803-812.
Not in our library10.1016/j.biotechadv.2016.04.005
403.
Li X, Kwon N, Guo T, Liu Z, Yoon J. Innovative strategies for hypoxic‐tumor photodynamic therapy. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2018;57:11522-11531.
Not in our library10.1002/anie.201805138
404.
Relief of Biofilm Hypoxia Using an Oxygen Nanocarrier: A New Paradigm for Enhanced Antibiotic Therapy · 2020
Not checked
405.
Zhang L, et al. Intelligent gold nanostars for in vivo CT imaging and catalase-enhanced synergistic photodynamic & photothermal tumor therapy. Theranostics. 2019;9:5424.
Not in our library10.7150/thno.33015
406.
Tian W, et al. Periodic mesoporous organosilica coupled with chlorin e6 and catalase for enhanced photodynamic therapy to treat triple-negative breast cancer. J. Coll. Interfac. Sci. 2022;610:634-642.
Not in our library10.1016/j.jcis.2021.11.107
407.
Yin Z, et al. H2O2-responsive gold nanoclusters@mesoporous silica@manganese dioxide nanozyme for “off/on” modulation and enhancement of magnetic resonance imaging and photodynamic therapy. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfac. 2021;13:14928-14937.
Not in our library10.1021/acsami.1c00430
408.
Fang J, et al. Albumin-MnO2 gated hollow mesoporous silica nanosystem for modulating tumor hypoxia and synergetic therapy of cervical carcinoma. Coll. Surf. B Biointerfac. 2019;179:250-259.
Not in our library10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.03.070
409.
Cai X, et al. Integrating in situ formation of nanozymes with three-dimensional dendritic mesoporous silica nanospheres for hypoxia-overcoming photodynamic therapy. Nanoscale. 2018;10:22937-22945.
Not in our library10.1039/c8nr07679k
410.
Li Y, et al. Protein shell-encapsulated Pt clusters as continuous O2-supplied biocoats for photodynamic therapy in hypoxic cancer cells. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfac. 2019;11:17215-17225.
Not in our library10.1021/acsami.9b02484
411.
Qian X, Zheng Y, Chen Y. Micro/nanoparticle‐augmented sonodynamic therapy (SDT): breaking the depth shallow of photoactivation. Adv. Mater. 2016;28:8097-8129.
Not in our library10.1002/adma.201602012
412.
Huang P, et al. Metalloporphyrin-encapsulated biodegradable nanosystems for highly efficient magnetic resonance imaging-guided sonodynamic cancer therapy. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2017;139:1275-1284.
Not in our library10.1021/jacs.6b11846
413.
Chen J, et al. Oxygen-self-produced nanoplatform for relieving hypoxia and breaking resistance to sonodynamic treatment of pancreatic cancer. ACS Nano. 2017;11:12849-12862.
Not in our library10.1021/acsnano.7b08225
414.
Zhao Y, Zhu Y. Synergistic cytotoxicity of low-energy ultrasound and innovative mesoporous silica-based sensitive nanoagents. J. Mater. Sci. 2014;49:3665-3673.
Not in our library10.1007/s10853-014-8073-y
415.
Zhao Y, Zhu Y, Fu J, Wang L. Effective cancer cell killing by hydrophobic nanovoid‐enhanced cavitation under safe low‐energy ultrasound. Chem. –Asian J. 2014;9:790-796.
Not in our library10.1002/asia.201301333
416.
Wang J, Jiao Y, Shao Y. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles for dual-mode chemo-sonodynamic therapy by low-energy ultrasound. Materials. 2018;11:2041.
Not in our library10.3390/ma11102041
417.
Zhang C, et al. Synthesis of iron nanometallic glasses and their application in cancer therapy by a localized Fenton reaction. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2016;55:2101-2106.
Not in our library10.1002/anie.201510031
418.
Strategies for enhancing cancer chemodynamic therapy performance · 2022
No notice
419.
Zhao P, Li H, Bu W. A forward vision for chemodynamic therapy: Issues and opportunities. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2023;62:e202210415.
Not in our library10.1002/anie.202210415
420.
Li Z, Rong L. Cascade reaction-mediated efficient ferroptosis synergizes with immunomodulation for high-performance cancer therapy. Biomater. Sci. 2020;8:6272-6285.
Not in our library10.1039/d0bm01168a
421.
Tumor-selective catalytic nanomedicine by nanocatalyst delivery · 2017
No notice
422.
Gu T, et al. Platinum nanoparticles to enable electrodynamic therapy for effective cancer treatment. Adv. Mater. 2019;31:1806803.
Not in our library10.1002/adma.201806803
423.
Xu B, et al. A bioinspired five‐coordinated single‐atom iron nanozyme for tumor catalytic therapy. Adv. Mater. 2022;34:2107088.
Not in our library10.1002/adma.202107088
424.
Chong Y, Liu Q, Ge C. Advances in oxidase-mimicking nanozymes: Classification, activity regulation and biomedical applications. Nano Today. 2021;37:101076.
Not in our library10.1016/j.nantod.2021.101076
425.
Zhao H, Zhang R, Yan X, Fan K. Superoxide dismutase nanozymes: an emerging star for anti-oxidation. J. Mater. Chem. B. 2021;9:6939-6957.
Not in our library10.1039/d1tb00720c
426.
Xu D, Wu L, Yao H, Zhao L. Catalase‐like nanozymes: Classification, catalytic mechanisms, and their applications. Small. 2022;18:2203400.
Not in our library10.1002/smll.202203400
427.
Xu B, et al. Immunomodulation‐enhanced nanozyme‐based tumor catalytic therapy. Adv. Mater. 2020;32:2003563.
Not in our library10.1002/adma.202003563
428.
Liu Y, et al. Integrated cascade nanozyme catalyzes in vivo ROS scavenging for anti-inflammatory therapy. Sci. Adv. 2020;6:eabb2695.
Not in our library10.1126/sciadv.abb2695
429.
Wang Q, et al. A valence‐engineered self‐cascading antioxidant nanozyme for the therapy of inflammatory bowel disease. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2022;61:e202201101.
Not in our library10.1002/anie.202201101
430.
Xu B, Huang Z, Liu Y, Li S, Liu H. MOF-based nanomedicines inspired by structures of natural active components. Nano Today. 2023;48:101690.
Not in our library10.1016/j.nantod.2022.101690
431.
Zhou D, et al. Multifunctional mesoporous silica-cerium oxide nanozymes facilitate miR129 delivery for high-quality healing of radiation-induced skin injury. J. Nanobiotechnol. 2022;20:409.
Not in our library10.1186/s12951-022-01620-5
432.
Li X, et al. A bimetallic nanozyme with cascade effect for synergistic therapy of cancer. ChemMedChem. 2022;17:e202100663.
Not in our library10.1002/cmdc.202100663
433.
Zhao R, et al. Constructing virus-like SiOx/CeO2/VOx nanozymes for 1064 nm light-triggered mild-temperature photothermal therapy and nanozyme catalytic therapy. Nanoscale. 2022;14:361-372.
Not in our library10.1039/d1nr06128c
434.
Chang J, et al. Combining cobalt ferrite nanozymes with a natural enzyme to reshape the tumor microenvironment for boosted cascade enzyme-like activities. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfac. 2022;14:45217-45228.
Not in our library10.1021/acsami.2c14433
435.
Xiong Y, Zhang Y, Zhou C, Yu T. ROS scavenging Manganese-loaded mesoporous silica nanozymes for catalytic anti-inflammatory therapy. Adv. Powder Technol. 2023;34:103886.
Not in our library10.1016/j.apt.2022.103886
436.
Wu C, et al. A compartmental silica nanoreactor for multienzyme‐regulated superactive catalytic therapy. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2021;31:2103531.
Not in our library10.1002/adfm.202103531
437.
Purikova O, et al. Free‐blockage mesoporous silica nanoparticles loaded with cerium oxide as ROS‐responsive and ROS‐scavenging nanomedicine. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2022;32:2208316.
Not in our library10.1002/adfm.202208316
438.
Goldberg MS. Improving cancer immunotherapy through nanotechnology. Nat. Rev. Cancer. 2019;19:587-602.
Not in our library10.1038/s41568-019-0186-9
439.
Liu Q, et al. Nano-immunotherapy: Unique mechanisms of nanomaterials in synergizing cancer immunotherapy. Nano Today. 2021;36:101023.
Not in our library10.1016/j.nantod.2020.101023
440.
Recent applications of immunomodulatory biomaterials for disease immunotherapy · 2022
No notice
441.
Emerging Nano‐/Microapproaches for Cancer Immunotherapy · 2019
No notice
442.
Nguyen TL, Cha BG, Choi Y, Im J, Kim J. Injectable dual-scale mesoporous silica cancer vaccine enabling efficient delivery of antigen/adjuvant-loaded nanoparticles to dendritic cells recruited in local macroporous scaffold. Biomaterials. 2020;239:119859.
Not in our library10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.119859
443.
Wang X, Li X, Ito A, Sogo Y, Ohno T. Synergistic anti-tumor efficacy of a hollow mesoporous silica-based cancer vaccine and an immune checkpoint inhibitor at the local site. Acta Biomater. 2022;145:235-245.
Not in our library10.1016/j.actbio.2022.04.001
444.
Liu Q, et al. Hyaluronidase-functionalized silica nanocarrier for enhanced chemo-immunotherapy through inducing immunogenic cell death. ACS Appl. Bio Mater. 2020;3:3378-3389.
Not in our library10.1021/acsabm.0c00299
445.
Yang Y, et al. Red-light-triggered self-destructive mesoporous silica nanoparticles for cascade-amplifying chemo-photodynamic therapy favoring antitumor immune responses. Biomaterials. 2022;281:121368.
Not in our library10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121368
446.
Zhang D, et al. Ultrasound-driven biomimetic nanosystem suppresses tumor growth and metastasis through sonodynamic therapy, CO therapy, and indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase inhibition. ACS Nano. 2020;14:8985-8999.
Not in our library10.1021/acsnano.0c03833
447.
Yue J, et al. Light-triggered multifunctional nanoplatform for efficient cancer photo-immunotherapy. J. Nanobiotechnol. 2022;20:1-16.
Not in our library10.1186/s12951-022-01388-8
448.
Wang X, et al. Stimulation of in vivo antitumor immunity with hollow mesoporous silica nanospheres. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2016;55:1899-1903.
Not in our library10.1002/anie.201506179
449.
Navarro-Tovar G, Palestino G, Rosales-Mendoza S. An overview on the role of silica-based materials in vaccine development. Expert Rev. Vaccines. 2016;15:1449-1462.
Not in our library10.1080/14760584.2016.1188009
450.
Lee JY, Kim MK, Nguyen TL, Kim J. Hollow mesoporous silica nanoparticles with extra-large mesopores for enhanced cancer vaccine. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfac. 2020;12:34658-34666.
Not in our library10.1021/acsami.0c09484
451.
Zhang F, et al. Coordination and redox dual‐responsive mesoporous organosilica nanoparticles amplify immunogenic cell death for cancer chemoimmunotherapy. Small. 2021;17:2100006.
Not in our library10.1002/smll.202100006
452.
Dunbar CE, et al. Gene therapy comes of age. Science. 2018;359:eaan4672.
Not in our library10.1126/science.aan4672
453.
Sayed N, et al. Gene therapy: Comprehensive overview and therapeutic applications. Life Sci. 2022;294:120375.
Not in our library10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120375
454.
Li C, Samulski RJ. Engineering adeno-associated virus vectors for gene therapy. Nat. Rev. Genet. 2020;21:255-272.
Not in our library10.1038/s41576-019-0205-4
455.
Viral vector platforms within the gene therapy landscape · 2021
No notice
456.
Carvalho AM, Cordeiro RA, Faneca H. Silica-based gene delivery systems: From design to therapeutic applications. Pharmaceutics. 2020;12:649.
Not in our library10.3390/pharmaceutics12070649
457.
Meng H, et al. Codelivery of an optimal drug/siRNA combination using mesoporous silica nanoparticles to overcome drug resistance in breast cancer in vitro and in vivo. ACS Nano. 2013;7:994-1005.
Not in our library10.1021/nn3044066
458.
Li T, et al. Folate-functionalized magnetic-mesoporous silica nanoparticles for drug/gene codelivery to potentiate the antitumor efficacy. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfac. 2016;8:13748-13758.
Not in our library10.1021/acsami.6b02963
459.
Du M, et al. Ultrasound responsive magnetic mesoporous silica nanoparticle-loaded microbubbles for efficient gene delivery. ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng. 2020;6:2904-2912.
Not in our library10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c00014
460.
Heidari R, Khosravian P, Mirzaei SA, Elahian F. siRNA delivery using intelligent chitosan-capped mesoporous silica nanoparticles for overcoming multidrug resistance in malignant carcinoma cells. Sci. Rep. 2021;11:20531.
Not in our library10.1038/s41598-021-00085-0
461.
Turner CT, et al. Delivery of flightless I siRNA from porous silicon nanoparticles improves wound healing in mice. ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng. 2016;2:2339-2346.
Not in our library10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6b00550
462.
Liu Q, et al. Mesoporous silica-coated silver nanoparticles as ciprofloxacin/siRNA carriers for accelerated infected wound healing. J. Nanobiotechnol. 2022;20:386.
Not in our library10.1186/s12951-022-01600-9
463.
Springer CJ, Niculescu-Duvaz I. Prodrug-activating systems in suicide gene therapy. J. Clin. Investig. 2000;105:1161-1167.
Not in our library10.1172/jci10001
464.
Wang Z, et al. Shape-controlled magnetic mesoporous silica nanoparticles for magnetically-mediated suicide gene therapy of hepatocellular carcinoma. Biomaterials. 2018;154:147-157.
Not in our library10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.10.047
465.
Junttila MR, De Sauvage FJ. Influence of tumour micro-environment heterogeneity on therapeutic response. Nature. 2013;501:346-354.
Not in our library10.1038/nature12626
466.
Das PK, et al. Plasticity of cancer stem cell: origin and role in disease progression and therapy resistance. Stem Cell Rev. Rep. 2020;16:397-412.
Not in our library10.1007/s12015-019-09942-y
467.
Cleary AS, Leonard TL, Gestl SA, Gunther EJ. Tumour cell heterogeneity maintained by cooperating subclones in Wnt-driven mammary cancers. Nature. 2014;508:113-117.
Not in our library10.1038/nature13187
468.
Ren Y, et al. Emergent heterogeneous microenvironments in biofilms: substratum surface heterogeneity and bacterial adhesion force-sensing. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 2018;42:259-272.
Not in our library10.1093/femsre/fuy001
469.
Dong H, et al. Biofilm microenvironment response nanoplatform synergistically degrades biofilm structure and relieves hypoxia for efficient sonodynamic therapy. Chem. Eng. J. 2023;453:139839.
Not in our library10.1016/j.cej.2022.139839
470.
Fan W, Yung B, Huang P, Chen X. Nanotechnology for multimodal synergistic cancer therapy. Chem. Rev. 2017;117:13566-13638.
Not in our library10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00258
471.
Huo J, et al. Emerging photothermal-derived multimodal synergistic therapy in combating bacterial infections. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2021;50:8762-8789.
Not in our library10.1039/d1cs00074h
472.
Zhou Y, Fan S, Feng L, Huang X, Chen X. Manipulating intratumoral fenton chemistry for enhanced chemodynamic and chemodynamic‐synergized multimodal therapy. Adv. Mater. 2021;33:2104223.
Not in our library10.1002/adma.202104223
473.
Wang Y, et al. Antibiotic-loaded, silver core-embedded mesoporous silica nanovehicles as a synergistic antibacterial agent for the treatment of drug-resistant infections. Biomaterials. 2016;101:207-216.
Not in our library10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.06.004
474.
Cao C, et al. Mesoporous silica supported silver–bismuth nanoparticles as photothermal agents for skin infection synergistic antibacterial therapy. Small. 2020;16:2000436.
Not in our library10.1002/smll.202000436
475.
Bian Y, et al. Cu-based MOFs decorated dendritic mesoporous silica as tumor microenvironment responsive nanoreactor for enhanced tumor multimodal therapy. Chem. Eng. J. 2022;435:135046.
Not in our library10.1016/j.cej.2022.135046
476.
Gottesman MM, Fojo T, Bates SE. Multidrug resistance in cancer: role of ATP–dependent transporters. Nat. Rev. Cancer. 2002;2:48-58.
Not in our library10.1038/nrc706
477.
Schwab BL, et al. Cleavage of plasma membrane calcium pumps by caspases: a link between apoptosis and necrosis. Cell Death Diff. 2002;9:818-831.
Not in our library10.1038/sj.cdd.4401042
478.
Wang S, et al. Regulation of Ca2+ signaling for drug-resistant breast cancer therapy with mesoporous silica nanocapsule encapsulated doxorubicin/siRNA cocktail. ACS Nano. 2018;13:274-283.
Not in our library10.1021/acsnano.8b05639
479.
Chambers HF, DeLeo FR. Waves of resistance: Staphylococcus aureus in the antibiotic era. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2009;7:629-641.
Not in our library10.1038/nrmicro2200
480.
Li Z, et al. Synergistic lysozyme‐photodynamic therapy against resistant bacteria based on an intelligent upconversion nanoplatform. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2021;60:19201-19206.
Not in our library10.1002/anie.202103943
481.
Chen L, Zhou X, He C. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles for tissue‐engineering applications. Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Nanomed. Nanobiotechnol. 2019;11:e1573.
Not in our library10.1002/wnan.1573
482.
Shi M, et al. Stimulation of osteogenesis and angiogenesis of hBMSCs by delivering Si ions and functional drug from mesoporous silica nanospheres. Acta Biomater. 2015;21:178-189.
Not in our library10.1016/j.actbio.2015.04.019
483.
Nekounam H, et al. Silica nanoparticles-incorporated carbon nanofibers as bioactive biomaterial for bone tissue engineering. Diam. Relat. Mater. 2021;115:108320.
Not in our library10.1016/j.diamond.2021.108320
484.
Dejob L, et al. Electrospinning of in situ synthesized silica-based and calcium phosphate bioceramics for applications in bone tissue engineering: A review. Acta Biomater. 2021;123:123-153.
Not in our library10.1016/j.actbio.2020.12.032
485.
Zhou X, et al. Incorporation of dexamethasone-loaded mesoporous silica nanoparticles into mineralized porous biocomposite scaffolds for improving osteogenic activity. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2020;149:116-126.
Not in our library10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.01.237
486.
Zhu H, Zheng K, Boccaccini AR. Multi-functional silica-based mesoporous materials for simultaneous delivery of biologically active ions and therapeutic biomolecules. Acta Biomater. 2021;129:1-17.
Not in our library10.1016/j.actbio.2021.05.007
487.
Ha Y, et al. Bone microenvironment‐mimetic scaffolds with hierarchical microstructure for enhanced vascularization and bone regeneration. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2022;32:2200011.
Not in our library10.1002/adfm.202200011
488.
Wang SJ, et al. Biomimetic nanosilica–collagen scaffolds for in situ bone regeneration: toward a cell‐free, one‐step surgery. Adv. Mater. 2019;31:1904341.
Not in our library10.1002/adma.201904341
489.
Guo X, et al. Facile preparation of a controlled-release tubular scaffold for blood vessel implantation. J. Coll. Interfac. Sci. 2019;539:351-360.
Not in our library10.1016/j.jcis.2018.12.086
490.
Kuang H, et al. Electrospun bilayer composite vascular graft with an inner layer modified by polyethylene glycol and haparin to regenerate the blood vessel. J. Biomed. Nanotechnol. 2019;15:77-84.
Not in our library10.1166/jbn.2019.2666
491.
Wu H, et al. Ceria nanocrystals decorated mesoporous silica nanoparticle based ROS-scavenging tissue adhesive for highly efficient regenerative wound healing. Biomaterials. 2018;151:66-77.
Not in our library10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.10.018
492.
Huang J, et al. Combination wound healing using polymer entangled porous nanoadhesive hybrids with robust ROS scavenging and angiogenesis properties. Acta Biomater. 2022;152:171-185.
Not in our library10.1016/j.actbio.2022.08.069
493.
Schäfer M, Werner S. Oxidative stress in normal and impaired wound repair. Pharmacol. Res. 2008;58:165-171.
Not in our library10.1016/j.phrs.2008.06.004
494.
Niethammer P, Grabher C, Look AT, Mitchison TJ. A tissue-scale gradient of hydrogen peroxide mediates rapid wound detection in zebrafish. Nature. 2009;459:996-999.
Not in our library10.1038/nature08119
495.
Fang L, et al. The application of mesoporous silica nanoparticles as a drug delivery vehicle in oral disease treatment. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol. 2023;13:1124411.
Not in our library10.3389/fcimb.2023.1124411
496.
Akram Z, Daood U, Aati S, Ngo H, Fawzy AS. Formulation of pH-sensitive chlorhexidine-loaded/mesoporous silica nanoparticles modified experimental dentin adhesive. Mater. Sci. Eng. C. 2021;122:111894.
Not in our library10.1016/j.msec.2021.111894
497.
Yan H, Yang H, Li K, Yu J, Huang C. Effects of chlorhexidine-encapsulated mesoporous silica nanoparticles on the anti-biofilm and mechanical properties of glass ionomer cement. Molecules. 2017;22:1225.
Not in our library10.3390/molecules22071225
498.
Yu J, et al. A novel application of nanohydroxyapatite/mesoporous silica biocomposite on treating dentin hypersensitivity: an in vitro study. J. Dent. 2016;50:21-29.
Not in our library10.1016/j.jdent.2016.04.005
499.
Jung J-H, et al. Effect of different sizes of bioactive glass-coated mesoporous silica nanoparticles on dentinal tubule occlusion and mineralization. Clin. Oral. Investig. 2019;23:2129-2141.
Not in our library10.1007/s00784-018-2658-9
500.
Tan A, Eskandar NG, Rao S, Prestidge CA. First in man bioavailability and tolerability studies of a silica–lipid hybrid (Lipoceramic) formulation: a Phase I study with ibuprofen. Drug Deliv. Transl. Res. 2014;4:212-221.
Not in our library10.1007/s13346-013-0172-9
501.
Zanoni DK, et al. Use of ultrasmall core-shell fluorescent silica nanoparticles for image-guided sentinel lymph node biopsy in head and neck melanoma: a nonrandomized clinical trial. JAMA Netw. Open. 2021;4:e211936-e211936.
Not in our library10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.1936
502.
Kharlamov AN, et al. Silica–gold nanoparticles for atheroprotective management of plaques: results of the NANOM-FIM trial. Nanoscale. 2015;7:8003-8015.
Not in our library10.1039/c5nr01050k
503.
Kharlamov AN, et al. Plasmonic photothermal therapy of atherosclerosis with nanoparticles: long-term outcomes and safety in NANOM-FIM trial. Future Cardiol. 2017;13:345-363.
Not in our library10.2217/fca-2017-0009
504.
Baek J, et al. Engineered mesoporous silica reduces long-term blood glucose, HbA1c, and improves metabolic parameters in prediabetics. Nanomedicine. 2022;17:9-22.
Not in our library10.2217/nnm-2021-0235
505.
https://www.wiseguyreports.com/reports/3702298-global-healthcare-nanotechnology-market-growth-status-and-outlook-3702019-3702024 (2019). Wiseguyreports.com. Global Healthcare Nanotechnology Market Growth (Status and Outlook) 2019-2024.
Not in our library
506.
Huo Q, et al. Generalized synthesis of periodic surfactant/inorganic composite materials. Nature. 1994;368:317-321.
Not in our library10.1038/368317a0
507.
Huo Q, Leon R, Petroff PM, Stucky GD. Mesostructure design with gemini surfactants: supercage formation in a three-dimensional hexagonal array. Science. 1995;268:1324-1327.
Not in our library10.1126/science.268.5215.1324
508.
Shen, S. et al. A novel ordered cubic mesoporous silica templated with tri-head group quaternary ammonium surfactant. Chem. Commun. 2212–2213 (2002).
Not in our library10.1039/b206993h
509.
Liu X, et al. Room‐temperature synthesis in acidic media of large‐pore three‐dimensional bicontinuous mesoporous silica with Ia3d symmetry. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2002;41:3876-3878.
Not in our library10.1002/1521-3773(20021018)41:20<3876::aid-anie3876>3.0.co;2-r
510.
Zhou Y, et al. FITC doped rattle-type silica colloidal particle-based ratiometric fluorescent sensor for biosensing and imaging of superoxide anion. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfac. 2016;8:6423-6430.
Not in our library10.1021/acsami.6b01031
511.
Aghayan M, et al. The development of a novel copper-loaded mesoporous silica nanoparticle as a peroxidase mimetic for colorimetric biosensing and its application in H2O2 and GSH assay. Anal. Sci. 2023;39:1-11.
Not in our library10.1007/s44211-023-00339-z
512.
Yadav S, Choudhary N, Sonpal V, Paital AR. Engineering excitation-independent turn-on fluorescent probe for mercury: Functionalized dendritic silica doped with red-emissive carbon dots towards simultaneous detection and remediation with biosensing application. Chem. Eng. J. 2023;471:144715.
Not in our library10.1016/j.cej.2023.144715
513.
Biswas R, et al. Vanadium‐Incorporated Mesoporous Silica as Oxidase Mimic for Colorimetric Dopamine Detection and Anticancer Activity. ChemistrySelect. 2023;8:e202204989.
Not in our library10.1002/slct.202204989
514.
Chen X, et al. Gadolinium (III)‐chelated deformable mesoporous organosilica nanoparticles as magnetic resonance imaging contrast agent. Adv. Mater. 2023;35:2211578.
Not in our library10.1002/adma.202211578
515.
Kumar P, et al. Highly luminescent biocompatible CsPbBr3@SiO2 core–shell nanoprobes for bioimaging and drug delivery. J. Mater. Chem. B. 2020;8:10337-10345.
Not in our library10.1039/d0tb01833c
516.
Huang J, Wu Z, Xu J. Effects of biofilm nano-composite drugs OMVs-MSN-5-FU on cervical lymph node metastases from oral squamous cell carcinoma. Front. Oncol. 2022;12:881910.
Not in our library10.3389/fonc.2022.881910

Cited by papers we hold 1

Advanced Nanomaterial Platforms for Targeted Therapy of Myocardial Ischemia–Reperfusion Injury · 2025
Not checked

Reads

Read by people on this page

None yet.

Checked or read by AI through naulon

None yet.

A person counts once a day per paper. We keep no cookie and no address: a reader is a hash that changes every day. Any month under five reads shows no number.

Are you an author?

Is this your paper?

Claim it to add your note and be paid when agents cite it. Free.