Skip to content
naulon
Get started

No retraction, correction or concern found when last checked on Oct 19, 2026.

Talaromyces (Penicillium) marneffei infection in non-HIV-infected patients

Jasper FW Chan, Susanna KP Lau, Kwok-Yung Yuen and 1 more

Emerging Microbes & Infections · 2016 · Review · CC BY

doi:10.1038/emi.2016.18

Abstract

Talaromyces (Penicillium) marneffei is an important pathogenic thermally dimorphic fungus causing systemic mycosis in Southeast Asia. The clinical significance of T. marneffei became evident when the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome epidemic arrived in Southeast Asia in 1988. Subsequently, a decline in the incidence of T. marneffei infection among HIV-infected patients was seen in regions with access to highly active antiretroviral therapy and other control measures for HIV. Since the 1990s, an increasing number of T. marneffei infections have been reported among non-HIV-infected patients with impaired cell-mediated immunity. Their comorbidities included primary adult-onset immunodeficiency due to anti-interferon-gamma autoantibodies and secondary immunosuppressive conditions including other autoimmune diseases, solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplantations, T-lymphocyte-depleting immunsuppressive drugs and novel anti-cancer targeted therapies such as anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies and kinase inhibitors. Moreover, improved immunological diagnostics identified more primary immunodeficiency syndromes associated with T. marneffei infection in children. The higher case-fatality rate of T. marneffei infection in non-HIV-infected than HIV-infected patients might be related to delayed diagnosis due to the lack of clinical suspicion. Correction of the underlying immune defects and early use of antifungals are important treatment strategies. Clinicians should be familiar with the changing epidemiology and clinical management of T. marneffei infection among non-HIV-infected patients.

Full text

From PubMed Central, U.S. National Library of Medicine, as current on Oct 19, 2026. Paragraph numbers are ours, so an answer can point at one.

INTRODUCTION

Talaromyces (Penicillium) marneffei is an important pathogenic thermally dimorphic fungus causing systemic mycosis in Southeast Asia.,, T. marneffei is a member of the family Trichocomaceae, order Eurotiales, class Eurotiomycetes, division Ascomycota. It is the only member in the Talaromyces genus which is considered to be an important human pathogen. T. marneffei infection is endemic in tropical regions, especially Thailand, Vietnam, northeastern India, Southern China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Cambodia and Laos. The fungus was first isolated from the hepatic lesions of a bamboo rat (Rhizomys sinensis) which died spontaneously from the infection in 1956. Subsequent studies showed that bamboo rats (Rhizomys sp. and Cannomys sp.) and soil from their burrows were important enzootic and environmental reservoirs of T. marneffei, respectively.,,, The prevalence of T. marneffei infection in these susceptible animal species varies widely across Southeast Asia. Historically, T. marneffei infection in human has been considered to be exclusively associated with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection., In some regions such as Hong Kong and southern China, T. marneffei infection has long been considered as one of the top three AIDS-defining opportunistic infections, alongside tuberculosis and cryptococcosis., In recent years, improved treatment of HIV infection with highly active antiretroviral therapy and control of the HIV/AIDS epidemic with other measures have led to a change in the epidemiology of T. marneffei infection, with an increasing number and proportion of cases being reported in non-HIV-infected patients who had other immunocompromising conditions (Figure 1). T. marneffei infection in non-HIV-infected children has been discussed elsewhere. In this article, we thoroughly reviewed the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of T. marneffei infection among non-HIV-infected adult patients, and discussed on the specific management strategies for each at-risk group.

THE CHANGING EPIDEMIOLOGY OF T. MARNEFFEI INFECTION

The first human case of T. marneffei infection occurred as a laboratory-acquired infection in 1959 (Figure 2). A laboratory researcher accidentally inoculated the fungus into his own finger while performing experiments on mice and caused a localized small nodule at the inoculation site. The first natural human case of infection was reported in 1973 and involved an American minister with Hodgkin's disease who resided in Southeast Asia. Over the next 10 to 15 years, a few more sporadic cases were reported in Thailand, Hong Kong and southern China.,,,,,,,,, The HIV status of most of these patients was not known as the virus was not discovered until 1981 and laboratory diagnostics for HIV infection was not readily available in Southeast Asia in the early 1980s. The incidence rate of T. marneffei infection markedly increased after the HIV/AIDS epidemic arrived in Southeast Asia in 1988. T. marneffei infection was reported not only among HIV-infected patients residing in endemic areas, but also in HIV-infected patients who had traveled to these endemic areas.

The economic boom in Southeast Asian countries since the 1990s was accompanied by an improvement in their healthcare infrastructures. These included better control of HIV infection and improved diagnosis of non-AIDS conditions associated with impaired cell-mediated immunity. The availability of highly active antiretroviral therapy and other control measures for the HIV/AIDS epidemic led to a decrease in the incidence rate of HIV-associated T. marneffei infection. On the other hand, T. marneffei infection was increasingly reported in different groups of patients with primary or secondary immunocompromising conditions (Figure 2). The use of potent immunosuppressive drugs in patients with transplantation and autoimmune diseases was associated with an increased incidence of T. marneffei infection among these non-HIV-infected patients since the mid 1990s. Improved genetic testing for various primary immunodeficiency syndromes led to the recognition of more cases of T. marneffei infection in non-HIV-infected children., The recently identified association between T. marneffei infection and the adult-onset immunodeficiency syndrome caused by anti-interferon-gamma (anti-IFN-γ) autoantibodies helped to explain many previous cases of T. marneffei infection among non-HIV-infected adult Asian patients who had no other comorbidities. Recently, T. marneffei infection was also observed in non-HIV-infected hematology patients who were treated with novel targeted therapies including anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies and kinase inhibitors.,

OVERVIEW OF THE IMMUNOLOGICAL BASIS AND CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF T. MARNEFFEI INFECTION IN NON-HIV-INFECTED ADULT PATIENTS

T. marneffei proliferates in macrophages and disseminates via the reticuloendotheial system. Clinically, the infection is characterized by fungal invasion of multiple body organ systems, especially blood, bone marrow, skin, lungs and reticuloendothelial tissues. Similar to other intracellular pathogens, the activation of macrophages by T-lymphocyte-derived cytokines, especially those of the Th1 response such as interleukin (IL)-12, IFN-γ and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, is important for host defense against T. marneffei infection. This is supported by the observation that T. marneffei infection in nude or T-lymphocyte-depleted mice was invariably fatal, whereas the fungus could be cleared within three weeks in healthy mice., A polarized Th1 response prevented immunoevasion by T. marneffei in parasitized mononuclear phagocytes and stimulated macrophage killing of intracellular T. marneffei via the L-arginine-dependent nitric oxide pathway., Furthermore, granuloma formation, which is important for containment of the fungus, was found in wild-type mice but not in IFN-γ-knocked out mice. These evidences suggest that patients with defective cell-mediated immunity may be at risk of developing T. marneffei infection.

The severity of the infection varies among patients with different degrees of immunosuppression. In HIV-infected patients, T. marneffei infection is often disseminated and involves multiple organs., In non-HIV-infected patients, the infection may be focal or disseminated, depending on the underlying immunocompromising condition and the timing of diagnosis. In a retrospective cohort study involving 116 HIV-infected and 34 non-HIV-infected patients with T. marneffei infection in Thailand, it was found that the non-HIV-infected patients were significantly older, less likely to have fever, splenomegaly and umbilicated skin lesions, and more likely to have Sweet's syndrome and osteoarticular lesions. The non-HIV-infected patients also had higher leukocyte, CD4 lymphocyte and platelet counts, and lower alanine transaminase level and blood culture-positive rate.

To further analyze the clinical characteristics of non-HIV-infected patients with T. marneffei infection, we reviewed the reports of non-HIV-related T. marneffei infection in the English-language literature found in a PubMed search using the key words ‘Talaromyces', ‘Penicillium', ‘marneffei' and ‘penicilliosis' on 1 October 2015. Reports involving patients with uncertain HIV status were excluded. A total of 119 patients with detailed clinical information were identified (Table 1). There were 65 males and 54 females. Their median age was 42.8 years (range, 22 to 79 years). Common clinical features of T. marneffei infection among these non-HIV-infected patients included fever, malaise, weight loss, skin and soft tissue lesions, hepatosplenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, cough and dyspnea (Table 2). Some patients also had osteoarticular involvement and abdominal symptoms such as abdominal pain and diarrhea due to mesenteric lymphadenopathy or terminal ileitis mimicking Crohn's disease. Less common clinical features included tracheomediastinal fistula and neurological manifestations such as seizure and confusion due to the presence of intracranial lesions. Laboratory investigations often revealed leukocytosis or leukopenia, anemia, thrombocytosis, deranged liver function test results and elevated inflammatory marker levels including those of C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Patients with pulmonary involvement exhibited various chest X-ray abnormalities, including uni- or multi-lobar consolidations, cavities, interstitial infiltrates, pleural effusion, pericardial effusion and enlarged hilar shadow due to mediastinal and hilar lymphadenopathies.

Overall, 33/119 (27.7%) non-HIV-infected patients with T. marneffei infection died despite most of them having received antifungal treatment with anti-T. marneffei activity, such as amphotericin B, itraconazole and voriconazole (Table 2). This case-fatality rate was similar to that of non-HIV-infected patients with T. marneffei infection in another study, in which 10/34 (29.4%) died. Both of these rates were higher than that of HIV-infected patients (24/116, 20.7%) in the same cohort, and might reflect delayed diagnosis of T. marneffei infection among non-HIV-infected patients due to the lack of clinical suspicion in the early stage. Notably, many of the non-HIV-infected patients with T. marneffei infection were initially misdiagnosed and empirically treated as tuberculosis because both infections are endemic in Southeast Asia, have similar predisposing factors and overlapping clinical manifestations (Table 2). The diagnosis of T. marneffei infection in these patients was often established weeks to months later when the clinical condition failed to improve to empirical anti-tuberculosis treatment. Moreover, some of the patients residing in non-endemic regions only became symptomatic months to years after returning from endemic areas., These factors likely led to delayed commencement of appropriate antifungal treatment. Familiarity with the non-AIDS conditions associated with T. marneffei infection would facilitate clinicians to improve the clinical management of the infection among these at-risk patients.

Anti-IFN-γ autoantibodies

Immunodeficiency due to anti-IFN-γ autoantibodies is an emerging adult-onset immunodeficiency syndrome first described in 2004., The affected patients have high-titer serum neutralizing anti-IFN-γ autoantibodies that inhibit STAT1 phosphorylation and IL-12 production, leading to a severely compromised Th1 response. As a result, these patients develop recurrent, severe and/or disseminated opportunistic infections caused by various intracellular pathogens., Over the past decade, this condition has been increasingly reported among adult Asian patients, including Filipino, Thai, Vietnamese, Japanese and Chinese residents in Hong Kong, Taiwan and mainland China.,,,,,,, This ethnic predilection is likely related to genetic predispositions among Asians. Recently, the association between anti-IFN-γ autoantibodies and HLA class II alleles, including HLA-DR*15:02/16:02 and HLA-DQ*05:01/05:02, was reported.,

As the initial reports mostly involved patients residing in areas non-endemic of T. marneffei, only non-tuberculous mycobacteriosis was recognized as an important opportunistic pathogen in these patients.,, It was not until 2010 when the association between anti-IFN-γ autoantibodies and T. marneffei infection was described among eight Chinese patients living in Hong Kong. The susceptibility of patients with anti-IFN-γ autoantibodies to other intracellular pathogens including non-typhoidal Salmonella sp., Burkholderia sp., varicella zoster virus and less commonly, Histoplasma capsulatum and Cryptococcus neoformans, was also recognized subsequently., T. marneffei infections in patients with anti-IFN-γ autoantibodies usually manifest as fever of unknown origin, cervical lymphadenitis and/or mild symptomatic infection with positive serology. Occasionally, T. marneffei infection or non-tuberculous mycobacteriosis might precipitate the development of reactive dermatoses such as Sweet's syndrome, erythema nodosum, exanthematous pustulosis and pustular psoriasis, or cause direct infective cutaneous lesions in these patients.

The treatment of T. marneffei infection in patients with anti-IFN-γ autoantibodies comprises of both effective antifungal therapy and immunomodulation to control the underlying immunological defect. These patients often responded poorly or developed recurrent infections when they were treated with antifungal therapy alone. The most effective immunomodulating treatment available currently is rituximab, an anti-CD20 antibody which targets B lymphocytes to reduce the production of serum-neutralizing anti-IFN-γ autoantibodies., However, since rituximab has recently been identified as a potential risk factor for T. marneffei infection, a delicate balance to minimize the level of anti-IFN-γ autoantibodies, while not over-suppressing the immune system, needs to be established. The dosing regimen and time intervals of administering rituximab in patients with anti-IFN-γ autoantibodies should be further evaluated in larger clinical trials.

Other autoimmune diseases

T. marneffei infection has been reported in at least 15 patients with various other autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), mixed connective tissue disease, Sjögren's syndrome, primary biliary cirrhosis, primary immune (idiopathic) thrombocytopenia and autoimmune hemolytic anemia.,,,,,,,,,,, Although the immunological defects of these autoimmune diseases were variable, the predisposing factors for T. marneffei infection could be broadly classified into treatment-related and disease-related. In patients with organ- or tissue-specific conditions, such as Sjögren's syndrome, primary biliary cirrhosis, primary immune thrombocytopenia and autoimmune hemolytic anemia, the degree of systemic immunosuppression was usually not severe. Therefore, T. marneffei infection usually occurred when these patients received high-dose or prolonged treatment with T-lymphocyte-depleting drugs, including corticosteroids, cyclosporine, azathioprine, tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil. Treatment of T. marneffei in these patients usually required a reduction of immunosuppressive drugs together with antifungal therapy. In patients with SLE or mixed connective tissue disease who had more severely compromised cell-mediated immunity, T. marneffei infection might occur even with less immunosuppressive therapy. In patients with active SLE, marked lymphopenia may occur in the absence of immunosuppressive therapy and is an important risk factor for not only T. marneffei infection, but also opportunistic infections caused by other intracellular organisms such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, non-tuberculous mycobacteria, Nocardia sp., Rhodococcus sp., Burkholderia pseudomallei, C. neoformans, Pneumocytis jirovecii, Toxoplasma gondii and herpesviruses., The management of T. marneffei infection in these patients thus requires both effective antifungal agents and careful titration of immunosuppressive therapy to control the underlying lupus activity.

Organ transplantation

T. marneffei infection has been occasionally reported in solid organ transplantation and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) recipients. Most of these patients developed T. marneffei infection when escalated doses of immunosuppressive drugs were used to treat graft rejection. T. marneffei infection was otherwise uncommon among transplantation recipients who had minimal maintenance anti-rejection therapy. The most common type of transplantation associated with T. marneffei infection was renal transplantation, with at least 12 cases having been reported.,,,,,,,,, T. marneffei infection has also been uncommonly reported in liver transplantation, lung transplantation and HSCT recipients on multiple T-lymphocyte-depleting immunosuppressive drugs.,,,

Due to the small number of cases, it is difficult to determine the reasons for the apparently higher incidence of T. marneffei infection among renal than other solid organ transplantation and HSCT recipients. Possible reasons include the earlier adoption and higher annual number of renal transplantation than the other types of transplantation in T. marneffei-endemic areas, and the different antifungal prophylaxis regimens used in these transplantation recipients. For example, in Hong Kong, the first cadaveric and living-related donor renal transplantations were performed in 1969 and 1980, respectively. The first HSCT was performed in 1990, and the first liver and lung transplantations were performed in 1991 and 1995, respectively.,, Furthermore, renal transplantation has consistently remained as one of the most common types of solid organ transplantation performed each year in Hong Kong over the past few decades. While HSCT recipients are generally considered to have more severe immunosuppression and thus higher risk of developing invasive fungal infections than solid organ transplantation recipients, they tend to receive more potent and prolonged antifungal prophylaxis and/or empirical antifungal treatment with activities against T. marneffei, such as itraconazole, voriconazole, posaconazole and amphotericin B.,,,, In contrast, fluconazole and nystatin are commonly used as antifungal prophylaxis in patients with solid organ transplantations including renal transplantation, and thus may not be effective against T. marneffei infection.

Hematological malignancies and novel anti-cancer targeted therapies

In addition to a HSCT recipient with IgA myeloma, T. marneffei infection has also been reported in a few adult patients with hematological malignancies or proliferative diseases including non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, Waldenström's macroglobulinemia and Langerhans cell histiocytosis.,,,,,, The incidence of T. marneffei infection in this group of patients has remained low in the past decades. Recently, however, we were alerted by four unprecedented cases of disseminated T. marneffei infection among hematology patients who received novel targeted therapies including anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies and kinase inhibitors.,

Rituximab and obinutuzumab are types I and II anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies, respectively, that predominantly target B lymphocytes. In contrast to Th1 response, the role of B-lymphocyte-mediated humoral response in T. marneffei infection is not well-defined. Patients with B-lymphocyte dysfunction may have impaired production of neutralizing antibodies against key virulence factors of T. marneffei identified in genome sequencing, proteome profiling and other downstream studies.,,,,,,,,,,,,,, Treatment with rituximab induces long-lasting B-lymphocyte-depleting effects. B-lymphocyte reconstitution, characterized by the expansion of functionally immature B lymphocytes and decreased memory B lymphocytes, may take more than one year after treatment completion. During this period, latent infections such as hepatitis B or even T. marneffei infection may become reactivated. The newer obinutuzumab is even more potent than rituximab in depleting B lymphocytes. Therefore, T. marneffei infection should be considered not only in patients who are receiving, but also those who have already completed treatment with anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies, when they develop compatible clinical features.

Kinase inhibitors such as ruxolitinib and sorafenib have been increasingly used to treat hematological and solid organ malignancies and/or benign conditions such as psoriasis and alopecia acreata in recent years. Ruxolitinib is a selective Janus kinase (JAK) 1 and 2 inhibitor that interferes with the signal transduction for types I and II cytokines including IFN-γ and the JAK-STAT pathway. Besides T. marneffei infection, opportunistic infections and reactivation due to other intracellular organisms, including M. tuberculosis, C. neoformans, herpes simplex virus and hepatitis B virus, have also been reported in patients who received treatment with ruxolitinib.,,, Sorafenib is a multi-kinase inhibitor that exhibits various immunomodulatory effects, including impairment of T-lymphocyte proliferation, IFN-γ production, natural killer cell activity, dendritic cell function and pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion.,, The use of sorafenib has been associated with reactivation of latent tuberculosis. With the expanding list of targeted therapies becoming available in the market and being used in endemic regions of T. marneffei, it would be important for clinicians to maintain a high index of suspicion and possibly perform serial serological surveillance for T. marneffei infection in patients who have received these agents to avoid a delay in diagnosis and treatment.

Other non-AIDS conditions

Sporadic cases of T. marneffei infection have been reported in a few other non-HIV-infected patients. Their underlying conditions included idiopathic CD4+ thrombocytopenia, Job's syndrome, diabetes mellitus, splenectomy and colonic, breast and buccal cancers.,,,,,,,, However, it is difficult to assess the exact role of these conditions in T. marneffei infection because of the limited number of cases. Interestingly, an increasing number of non-HIV-infected Asian patients with T. marneffei infection who were previously considered to have no underlying comorbidities were subsequently found to be positive for anti-IFN-γ autoantibodies. Advances in immunological diagnostics may help to identify more novel immunodeficiency syndromes and their association with T. marneffei infection in the future.

CONCLUDING REMARKS

The epidemiology of T. marneffei infection has changed significantly in the past three decades. It is now widely recognized that the infection is not limited to HIV-infected patients. Looking ahead, more cases of T. marneffei infection are likely to be reported in the future because of several reasons. First, improvement in the healthcare systems of developing countries in Southeast Asia, such as mainland China, Thailand and Vietnam, will likely lead to an enlarging population of non-HIV-infected patients at risk of the infection, including transplantation recipients and cancer patients on targeted therapies. The discovery of novel immunodeficiency syndromes in children and adults will continue to identify more at-risk patient groups. The availability of new diagnostic and typing methods will facilitate the detection and molecular characterization of the T. marneffei strains infecting the patients in these areas.,,,,,, Finally, further studies to address key questions regarding the use of prospective surveillance and optimal treatment strategies will become feasible with this continuously expanding population of non-HIV-infected patients with T. marneffei infection.

References 126

  1. 1.

    Vanittanakom N, Cooper CR Jr, Fisher MC et al. Penicillium marneffei infection and recent advances in the epidemiology and molecular biology aspects. Clin Microbiol Rev 2006; 19: 95–110.

    Not in our library10.1128/cmr.19.1.95-110.2006

  2. 2.

    Wong SS, Siau H, Yuen KY. Penicilliosis marneffei—West meets East. J Med Microbiol 1999; 48: 973–975.

    Not in our library10.1099/00222615-48-11-973

  3. 3.

    Hu Y, Zhang J, Li X et al. Penicillium marneffei infection: an emerging disease in mainland China. Mycopathologia 2013; 175: 57–67.

    Not in our library10.1007/s11046-012-9577-0

  4. 4.

    Capponi M, Segretain G, Sureau P. Penicillosis from Rhizomys sinensis. Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales 1956; 49: 418–421.

    Not in our library

  5. 5.

    Deng ZL, Yun M, Ajello L. Human penicilliosis marneffei and its relation to the bamboo rat (Rhizomys pruinosus. J Med Vet Mycol 1986; 24: 383–389.

    Not in our library10.1080/02681218680000581

  6. 6.

    Chariyalertsak S, Vanittanakom P, Nelson KE et al. Rhizomys sumatrensis and Cannomys badius, new natural animal hosts of Penicillium marneffei. J Med Vet Mycol 1996; 34: 105–110.

    Not in our library

  7. 7.

    Gugnani H, Fisher MC, Paliwal-Johsi A et al. Role of Cannomys badius as a natural animal host of Penicillium marneffei in India. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42: 5070–5075.

    Not in our library10.1128/jcm.42.11.5070-5075.2004

  8. 8.

    Duong TA. Infection due to Penicillium marneffei, an emerging pathogen: review of 155 reported cases. Clin Infect Dis 1996; 23: 125–130.

    Not in our library10.1093/clinids/23.1.125

  9. 9.

    Yuen KY, Wong SS, Tsang DN et al. Serodiagnosis of Penicillium marneffei infection. Lancet 1994; 344: 444–445.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0140-6736(94)91771-x

  10. 10.

    Lee PP, Chan KW, Lee TL et al. Penicilliosis in children without HIV infection—are they immunodeficient? Clin Infect Dis 2012; 54: e8–e19.

    Not in our library10.1093/cid/cir754

  11. 11.

    Segretain G. Penicillium marneffei n.sp., agent of a mycosis of the reticuloendothelial system. Mycopathologia 1959; 11: 327–353.

    Not in our library10.1007/bf02089507

  12. 12.

    Di Salvo AF, Fickling AM, Ajello L. Infection caused by Penicillium marneffei: description of first natural infection in man. Am J Clin Pathol 1973; 60: 259–263.

    Not in our library10.1093/ajcp/60.2.259

  13. 13.

    Pautler KB, Padhye AA, Ajello L. Imported penicilliosis marneffei in the United States: report of a second human infection. Sabouraudia 1984; 22: 433–438.

    Not in our library10.1080/00362178485380691

  14. 14.

    Jayanetra P, Nitiyanant P, Ajello L et al. Penicilliosis marneffei in Thailand: report of five human cases. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1984; 33: 637–644.

    Not in our library10.4269/ajtmh.1984.33.637

  15. 15.

    Deng ZL, Connor DH. Progressive disseminated penicilliosis caused by Penicillium marneffei. Report of eight cases and differentiation of the causative organism from Histoplasma capsulatum. Am J Clin Pathol 1985; 84: 323–327.

    Not in our library10.1093/ajcp/84.3.323

  16. 16.

    Chan JK, Tsang DN, Wong DK. Penicillium marneffei in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Acta cytologica 1989; 33: 523–526.

    Not in our library

  17. 17.

    Chan YF, Woo KC. Penicillium marneffei osteomyelitis. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1990; 72: 500–503.

    Not in our library10.1302/0301-620x.72b3.2341456

  18. 18.

    So SY, Chau PY, Jones BM et al. A case of invasive penicilliosis in Hong Kong with immunologic evaluation. Am Rev Respir Dis 1985; 131: 662–665.

    Not in our library10.1164/arrd.1985.131.4.662

  19. 19.

    Yuen WC, Chan YF, Loke SL et al. Chronic lymphadenopathy caused by Penicillium marneffei: a condition mimicking tuberculous lymphadenopathy. Br J Surg 1986; 73: 1007–1008.

    Not in our library10.1002/bjs.1800731224

  20. 20.

    Li JS, Pan LQ, Deng ZL et al. [A case report on Penicillium marneffei.]. J Clin Dermatol (China) 1985; 14: 24–26.

    Not in our library

  21. 21.

    Wang IL, Yeh HP, Chang SC et al. Penicilliosis caused by Penicillium marneffei. A case report. Derm Sin 1989; 7: 19–22.

    Not in our library

  22. 22.

    Chan YF, Chow TC. Ultrastructural observations on Penicillium marneffei in natural human infection. Ultrastructur Pathol 1990; 14: 439–452.

    Not in our library10.3109/01913129009007223

  23. 23.

    Lee PP, Mao H, Yang W et al. Penicillium marneffei infection and impaired IFN-gamma immunity in humans with autosomal-dominant gain-of-phosphorylation STAT1 mutations. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 133: 894–896.e5.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jaci.2013.08.051

  24. 24.

    Tang BS, Chan JF, Chen M et al. Disseminated penicilliosis, recurrent bacteremic nontyphoidal salmonellosis, and burkholderiosis associated with acquired immunodeficiency due to autoantibody against gamma interferon. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2010; 17: 1132–1138.

    Not in our library10.1128/cvi.00053-10

  25. 25.

    Chan JF, Chan TS, Gill H et al. Disseminated infections with Talaromyces marneffei in Non-AIDS patients given monoclonal antibodies against CD20 and kinase inhibitors. Emerg Infect Dis 2015; 21: 1101–1106.

    Not in our library10.3201/eid2107.150138

  26. 26.

    Tse E, Leung RY, Kwong YL. Invasive fungal infections after obinutuzumab monotherapy for refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Ann Hematol 2015; 94: 165–167.

    Not in our library10.1007/s00277-014-2120-2

  27. 27.

    Sisto F, Miluzio A, Leopardi O et al. Differential cytokine pattern in the spleens and livers of BALB/c mice infected with Penicillium marneffei: protective role of gamma interferon. Infect Immun 2003; 71: 465–473.

    Not in our library10.1128/iai.71.1.465-473.2003

  28. 28.

    Kudeken N, Kawakami K, Kusano N et al. Cell-mediated immunity in host resistance against infection caused by Penicillium marneffei. J Med Vet Mycol 1996; 34: 371–378.

    Not in our library10.1080/02681219680000671

  29. 29.

    Kudeken N, Kawakami K, Saito A. CD4+ T cell-mediated fatal hyperinflammatory reactions in mice infected with Penicillium marneffei. Clin Exp Immunol 1997; 107: 468–473.

    Not in our library10.1046/j.1365-2249.1997.d01-945.x

  30. 30.

    Kudeken N, Kawakami K, Saito A. Different susceptibilities of yeasts and conidia of Penicillium marneffei to nitric oxide (NO)-mediated fungicidal activity of murine macrophages. Clin Exp Immunol 1998; 112: 287–293.

    Not in our library10.1046/j.1365-2249.1998.00565.x

  31. 31.

    Rongrungruang Y, Levitz SM. Interactions of Penicillium marneffei with human leukocytes in vitro. Infect Immun 1999; 67: 4732–4736.

    Not in our library10.1128/iai.67.9.4732-4736.1999

  32. 32.
    Clinical and laboratory characteristics of penicilliosis marneffei among patients with and without HIV infection in Northern Thailand: a retrospective study · 2013
    No notice
  33. 33.

    Louthrenoo W, Thamprasert K, Sirisanthana T. Osteoarticular penicilliosis marneffei. A report of eight cases and review of the literature. Br J Rheumatol 1994; 33: 1145–1150.

    Not in our library10.1093/rheumatology/33.12.1145

  34. 34.

    Lo CY, Chan DT, Yuen KY et al. Penicillium marneffei infection in a patient with SLE. Lupus 1995; 4: 229–231.

    Not in our library10.1177/096120339500400313

  35. 35.

    Lam KY, Cheung F, Yam LY et al. Atypical manifestations in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Clin Pathol 1997; 50: 174–176.

    Not in our library10.1136/jcp.50.2.174

  36. 36.

    Hung CC, Hsueh PR, Chen MY et al. Invasive infection caused by Penicillium marneffei: an emerging pathogen in Taiwan. Clin Infect Dis 1998; 26: 202–203.

    Not in our library10.1086/517068

  37. 37.

    Chim CS, Fong CY, Ma SK et al. Reactive hemophagocytic syndrome associated with Penicillium marneffei infection. Am J Med 1998; 104: 196–197.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0002-9343(97)00253-2

  38. 38.

    Ko CI, Hung CC, Chen MY et al. Endoscopic diagnosis of intestinal penicilliosis marneffei: report of three cases and review of the literature. Gastrointest Endosc 1999; 50: 111–114.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0016-5107(99)70359-7

  39. 39.

    Saadiah S, Jeffrey AH, Mohamed AL. Penicillium marneffei infection in a non aids patient: first case report from Malaysia. Med J Malaysia 1999; 54: 264–266.

    Not in our library

  40. 40.

    Pun TS, Fang D. A case of Penicillium marneffei osteomyelitis involving the axial skeleton. Hong Kong Med J 2000; 6: 231–233.

    Not in our library

  41. 41.

    Hsueh PR, Teng LJ, Hung CC et al. Molecular evidence for strain dissemination of Penicillium marneffei: an emerging pathogen in Taiwan. J Infect Dis 2000; 181: 1706–1712.

    Not in our library10.1086/315432

  42. 42.

    Wong SS, Woo PC, Yuen KY. Candida tropicalis and Penicillium marneffei mixed fungaemia in a patient with Waldenström's macroglobulinaemia. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2001; 20: 132–135.

    Not in our library10.1007/pl00011243

  43. 43.

    Wong SS, Wong KH, Hui WT et al. Differences in clinical and laboratory diagnostic characteristics of penicilliosis marneffei in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)- and non-HIV-infected patients. J Clin Microbiol 2001; 39: 4535–4540.

    Not in our library10.1128/jcm.39.12.4535-4540.2001

  44. 44.

    Wang JL, Hung CC, Chang SC et al. Disseminated Penicillium marneffei infection in a renal-transplant recipient successfully treated with liposomal amphotericin B. Transplantation 2003; 76: 1136–1137.

    Not in our library10.1097/01.tp.0000088667.02294.e7

  45. 45.

    Liyan X, Changming L, Xianyi Z et al. Fifteen cases of penicilliosis in Guangdong, China. Mycopathologia 2004; 158: 151–155.

    Not in our library10.1023/b:myco.0000041842.90633.86

  46. 46.

    Chan YH, Wong KM, Lee KC et al. Pneumonia and mesenteric lymphadenopathy caused by disseminated Penicillium marneffei infection in a cadaveric renal transplant recipient. Transpl Infect Dis 2004; 6: 28–32.

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1399-3062.2004.00038.x

  47. 47.

    Woo PC, Lau SK, Lau CC et al. Penicillium marneffei fungaemia in an allogeneic bone marrow transplant recipient. Bone Marrow Transplant 2005; 35: 831–833.

    Not in our library10.1038/sj.bmt.1704895

  48. 48.

    Deesomchok A, Tanprawate S. A 12-case series of Penicillium marneffei pneumonia. J Med Assoc Thai 2006; 89: 441–447.

    Not in our library

  49. 49.

    Beh CP, George J. Disseminated Penicilium marneffei infection. Med J Malaysia 2009; 64: 86–88.

    Not in our library

  50. 50.

    Ma BH, Ng CS, Lam R et al. Recurrent hemoptysis with Penicillium marneffei and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia in Job's syndrome. Can Respir J 2009; 16: e50–e52.

    Not in our library10.1155/2009/586919

  51. 51.

    Chan JF, Trendell-Smith NJ, Chan JC et al. Reactive and infective dermatoses associated with adult-onset immunodeficiency due to anti-interferon-gamma autoantibody: Sweet's syndrome and beyond. Dermatology 2013; 226: 157–166.

    Not in our library10.1159/000347112

  52. 52.

    Lin JN, Lin HH, Lai CH et al. Renal transplant recipient infected with Penicillium marneffei. Lancet Infect Dis 2010; 10: 138.

    Not in our library10.1016/s1473-3099(10)70005-0

  53. 53.

    Luo DQ, Chen MC, Liu JH et al. Disseminated Penicillium marneffei infection in an SLE patient: a case report and literature review. Mycopathologia 2011; 171: 191–196.

    Not in our library10.1007/s11046-010-9363-9

  54. 54.

    Chong YB, Tan LP, Robinson S et al. Penicilliosis in lupus patients presenting with unresolved fever: a report of 2 cases and literature review. Trop Biomed 2012; 29: 270–276.

    Not in our library

  55. 55.

    Joosten SA, Hannan L, Heroit G et al. Penicillium marneffei presenting as an obstructing endobronchial lesion in an immunocompetent host. Eur Respir J 2012; 39: 1540–1543.

    Not in our library10.1183/09031936.00156911

  56. 56.

    Hart J, Dyer JR, Clark BM et al. Travel-related disseminated Penicillium marneffei infection in a renal transplant patient. Transpl Infect Dis 2012; 14: 434–439.

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1399-3062.2011.00700.x

  57. 57.

    Lee WI, Huang JL, Wu TS et al. Patients with inhibitory and neutralizing auto-antibodies to interferon-gamma resemble the sporadic adult-onset phenotype of Mendelian Susceptibility to Mycobacterial Disease (MSMD) lacking Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG)-induced diseases. Immunobiology 2013; 218: 762–771.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.imbio.2012.08.281

  58. 58.

    Qiu Y, Zhang J, Liu G et al. A case of Penicillium marneffei infection involving the main tracheal structure. BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14: 242.

    Not in our library10.1186/1471-2334-14-242

  59. 59.

    De Monte A, Risso K, Normand AC et al. Chronic pulmonary penicilliosis due to Penicillium marneffei: late presentation in a french traveler. J Travel Med 2014; 21: 292–294.

    Not in our library10.1111/jtm.12125

  60. 60.

    Furusawa H, Miyazaki Y, Sonoda S et al. Penicilliosis marneffei complicated with interstitial pneumonia. Intern Med 2014; 53: 321–323.

    Not in our library10.2169/internalmedicine.53.1465

  61. 61.

    Liu GN, Huang JS, Zhong XN et al. Penicillium marneffei infection within an osteolytic lesion in an HIV-negative patient. Int J Infect Dis 2014; 23: 1–3.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ijid.2013.12.019

  62. 62.

    Xia XJ, Shen H, Xu AE. Cutaneous Penicillium marneffei infection in a patient with idiopathic CD4(+) lymphocytopenia. J Dermatol 2015; 42: 812–814.

    Not in our library10.1111/1346-8138.12899

  63. 63.

    Jiang X, Zhou D. Diagnosis of Penicillium marneffei infection from a blood film. Br J Haematol 2015; 171: 670.

    Not in our library10.1111/bjh.13629

  64. 64.

    Ye F, Luo Q, Zhou Y et al. Disseminated penicilliosis marneffei in immunocompetent patients: a report of two cases. Indian J Med Microbiol 2015; 33: 161–165.

    Not in our library10.4103/0255-0857.148433

  65. 65.

    Wang PH, Wang HC, Liao CH. Disseminated Penicillium marneffei mimicking paradoxical response and relapse in a non-HIV patient with pulmonary tuberculosis. J Chin Med Assoc 2015; 78: 258–260.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jcma.2013.11.009

  66. 66.

    Stathakis A, Lim KP, Boan P et al. Penicillium marneffei infection in a lung transplant recipient. Transpl Infect Dis 2015; 17: 429–434.

    Not in our library10.1111/tid.12377

  67. 67.

    Qiu Y, Zhang J, Liu G et al. Retrospective analysis of 14 cases of disseminated Penicillium marneffei infection with osteolytic lesions. BMC Infect Dis 2015; 15: 47.

    Not in our library10.1186/s12879-015-0782-6

  68. 68.

    Hoflich C, Sabat R, Rosseau S et al. Naturally occurring anti-IFN-gamma autoantibody and severe infections with Mycobacterium cheloneae and Burkholderia cocovenenans. Blood 2004; 103: 673–375.

    Not in our library10.1182/blood-2003-04-1065

  69. 69.

    Doffinger R, Helbert MR, Barcenas-Morales G et al. Autoantibodies to interferon-gamma in a patient with selective susceptibility to mycobacterial infection and organ-specific autoimmunity. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 38: e10–e14.

    Not in our library10.1086/380453

  70. 70.

    Browne SK, Burbelo PD, Chetchotisakd P et al. Adult-onset immunodeficiency in Thailand and Taiwan. N Engl J Med 2012; 367: 725–734.

    Not in our library10.1056/nejmoa1111160

  71. 71.

    Chan JF, Yee KS, Tang BS et al. Adult-onset immunodeficiency due to anti-interferon-gamma autoantibody in mainland Chinese. Chin Med J (Engl) 2014; 127: 1189–1190.

    Not in our library

  72. 72.

    Chi CY, Chu CC, Liu JP et al. Anti-IFN-gamma autoantibodies in adults with disseminated nontuberculous mycobacterial infections are associated with HLA-DRB1*16:02 and HLA-DQB1*05:02 and the reactivation of latent varicella-zoster virus infection. Blood 2013; 121: 1357–1366.

    Not in our library10.1182/blood-2012-08-452482

  73. 73.

    Tanaka Y, Hori T, Ito K et al. Disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex infection in a patient with autoantibody to interferon-gamma. Intern Med 2007; 46: 1005–1009.

    Not in our library10.2169/internalmedicine.46.6452

  74. 74.

    Koya T, Tsubata C, Kagamu H et al. Anti-interferon-gamma autoantibody in a patient with disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex. J Infect Chemother 2009; 15: 118–122.

    Not in our library10.1007/s10156-008-0662-8

  75. 75.

    Patel SY, Ding L, Brown MR et al. Anti-IFN-gamma autoantibodies in disseminated nontuberculous mycobacterial infections. J Immunol 2005; 175: 4769–4776.

    Not in our library10.4049/jimmunol.175.7.4769

  76. 76.

    Ku CL, Lin CH, Chang SW et al. Anti-IFN-γ autoantibodies are strongly associated with HLA-DR*15:02/16:02 and HLA-DQ*05:01/05:02 across Southeast Asia. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015 pii: S0091-6749(15)01356-1.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jaci.2015.09.018

  77. 77.

    Kampmann B, Hemingway C, Stephens A et al. Acquired predisposition to mycobacterial disease due to autoantibodies to IFN-gamma. J Clin Invest 2005; 115: 2480–2488.

    Not in our library10.1172/jci19316

  78. 78.

    Browne SK, Zaman R, Sampaio EP et al. Anti-CD20 (rituximab) therapy for anti-IFN-gamma autoantibody-associated nontuberculous mycobacterial infection. Blood 2012; 119: 3933–3939.

    Not in our library10.1182/blood-2011-12-395707

  79. 79.

    Czaja CA, Merkel PA, Chan ED et al. Rituximab as successful adjunct treatment in a patient with disseminated nontuberculous mycobacterial infection due to acquired anti-interferon-gamma autoantibody. Clin Infect Dis 2014; 58: e115–e118.

    Not in our library10.1093/cid/cit809

  80. 80.

    Zhou F, Bi X, Zou X et al. Retrospective analysis of 15 cases of Penicilliosis marneffei in a southern China hospital. Mycopathologia 2014; 177: 271–279.

    Not in our library10.1007/s11046-014-9737-5

  81. 81.

    Ng WL, Chu CM, Wu AK et al. Lymphopenia at presentation is associated with increased risk of infections in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. QJM 2006; 99: 37–47.

    Not in our library10.1093/qjmed/hci155

  82. 82.

    Merayo-Chalico J, Gomez-Martin D, Pineirua-Menendez A et al. Lymphopenia as risk factor for development of severe infections in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a case-control study. QJM 2013; 106: 451–457.

    Not in our library10.1093/qjmed/hct046

  83. 83.

    Wu TC, Chan JW, Ng CK et al. Clinical presentations and outcomes of Penicillium marneffei infections: a series from 1994 to 2004. Hong Kong Med J 2008; 14: 103–109.

    Not in our library

  84. 84.

    Seo JY, Ma YE, Lee JH et al. A case of disseminated Penicillium marneffei infection in a liver transplant recipient. Korean J Lab Med 2010; 30: 400–405.

    Not in our library10.3343/kjlm.2010.30.4.400

  85. 85.

    Tong MK. Overview of Renal Transplant. Renal Transplantation in Hong Kong. Hong Kong Society of Transplantation: Hong Kong. 2006 Available athttp://www.hkst.org/the-education-corner/49-overview-of-renal-transplant.html/ accessed on 8 October 2015.

    Not in our library

  86. 86.

    Lie AK, Au WY, Liang R. Haematopoietic stem cell transplantation in Hong Kong. Hong Kong Med J 2009; 15 (3 Suppl 3): 17–21.

    Not in our library

  87. 87.

    Chan SC, Cheung TT, Chan AC et al. New insights after the first 1000 liver transplantations at The University of Hong Kong. Asian J Surg 2015 pii S1015-9584(15)00065-2.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.asjsur.2015.03.018

  88. 88.

    Wong CF, Fung SL, Yan SW et al. Lung transplantation in Hong Kong: 12 years of experience. Respirology 2008; 13: 903–907.

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1440-1843.2008.01360.x

  89. 89.

    Yuen KY, Woo PC, Ip MS et al. Stage-specific manifestation of mold infections in bone marrow transplant recipients: risk factors and clinical significance of positive concentrated smears. Clin Infect Dis 1997; 25: 37–42.

    Not in our library10.1086/514492

  90. 90.

    Chim CS, Ho PL, Yuen ST et al. Fungal endocarditis in bone marrow transplantation: case report and review of literature. J Infect 1998; 37: 287–291.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0163-4453(98)92169-7

  91. 91.

    Ho PL, Yuen KY. Aspergillosis in bone marrow transplant recipients. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2000; 34: 55–69.

    Not in our library10.1016/s1040-8428(00)00047-0

  92. 92.

    Cheng VC, Chan JF, Ngan AH et al. Outbreak of intestinal infection due to Rhizopus microsporus. J Clin Microbiol 2009; 47: 2834–2843.

    Not in our library10.1128/jcm.00908-09

  93. 93.

    Woo PC, Leung SY, To KK et al. Internal transcribed spacer region sequence heterogeneity in Rhizopus microsporus: implications for molecular diagnosis in clinical microbiology laboratories. J Clin Microbiol 2010; 48: 208–214.

    Not in our library10.1128/jcm.01750-09

  94. 94.

    Cao L, Chan CM, Lee C et al. MP1 encodes an abundant and highly antigenic cell wall mannoprotein in the pathogenic fungus Penicillium marneffei. Infect Immun 1998; 66: 966–973.

    Not in our library10.1128/iai.66.3.966-973.1998

  95. 95.

    Wong LP, Woo PC, Wu AY et al. DNA immunization using a secreted cell wall antigen Mp1p is protective against Penicillium marneffei infection. Vaccine 2002; 20: 2878–2886.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0264-410x(02)00234-7

  96. 96.

    Woo PC, Lam CW, Tam EW et al. First discovery of two polyketide synthase genes for mitorubrinic acid and mitorubrinol yellow pigment biosynthesis and implications in virulence of Penicillium marneffei. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012; 6: e1871.

    Not in our library10.1371/journal.pntd.0001871

  97. 97.

    Yuen KY, Pascal G, Wong SS et al. Exploring the Penicillium marneffei genome. Arch Microbiol 2003; 179: 339–353.

    Not in our library10.1007/s00203-003-0533-8

  98. 98.

    Yang E, Wang G, Woo PC et al. Unraveling the molecular basis of temperature-dependent genetic regulation in Penicillium marneffei. Eukaryot Cell 2013; 12: 1214–1224.

    Not in our library10.1128/ec.00159-13

  99. 99.
    Signature gene expression reveals novel clues to the molecular mechanisms of dimorphic transition in Penicillium marneffei. · 2014
    Not checked
  100. 100.

    Woo PC, Zhen H, Cai JJ et al. The mitochondrial genome of the thermal dimorphic fungus Penicillium marneffei is more closely related to those of molds than yeasts. FEBS Lett 2003; 555: 469–477.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0014-5793(03)01307-3

  101. 101.

    Woo PC, Tam EW, Chong KT et al. High diversity of polyketide synthase genes and the melanin biosynthesis gene cluster in Penicillium marneffei. FEBS J 2010; 277: 3750–3758.

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1742-4658.2010.07776.x

  102. 102.

    Woo PC, Lau SK, Liu B et al. Draft genome sequence of Penicillium marneffei strain PM1. Eukaryot Cell 2011; 10: 1740–1741.

    Not in our library10.1128/ec.05255-11

  103. 103.

    Woo PC, Lam CW, Tam EW et al. The biosynthetic pathway for a thousand-year-old natural food colorant and citrinin in Penicillium marneffei. Sci Rep 2014; 4: 6728.

    Not in our library10.1038/srep06728

  104. 104.

    Woo PC, Chong KT, Tse H et al. Genomic and experimental evidence for a potential sexual cycle in the pathogenic thermal dimorphic fungus Penicillium marneffei. FEBS Lett 2006; 580: 3409–3416.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.febslet.2006.05.014

  105. 105.

    Nimmanee P, Woo PC, Vanittanakom P et al. Functional analysis of atfA gene to stress response in pathogenic thermal dimorphic fungus Penicillium marneffei. PLoS One 2014; 9: e111200.

    Not in our library10.1371/journal.pone.0111200

  106. 106.

    Nimmanee P, Woo PC, Kummasook A et al. Characterization of sakA gene from pathogenic dimorphic fungus Penicillium marneffei. Int J Med Microbiol 2015; 305: 65–74.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ijmm.2014.11.003

  107. 107.

    Lau SK, Tse H, Chan JS et al. Proteome profiling of the dimorphic fungus Penicillium marneffei extracellular proteins and identification of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase as an important adhesion factor for conidial attachment. FEBS J 2013; 280: 6613–6626.

    Not in our library10.1111/febs.12566

  108. 108.

    Lau SK, Chow WN, Wong AY et al. Identification of microRNA-like RNAs in mycelial and yeast phases of the thermal dimorphic fungus Penicillium marneffei. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7: e2398.

    Not in our library10.1371/journal.pntd.0002398

  109. 109.

    Anolik JH, Friedberg JW, Zheng B et al. B cell reconstitution after rituximab treatment of lymphoma recapitulates B cell ontogeny. Clin Immunol 2007; 122: 139–145.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.clim.2006.08.009

  110. 110.

    Seto WK, Chan TS, Hwang YY et al. Hepatitis B reactivation in patients with previous hepatitis B virus exposure undergoing rituximab-containing chemotherapy for lymphoma: a prospective study. J Clin Oncol 2014; 32: 3736–3743.

    Not in our library10.1200/jco.2014.56.7081

  111. 111.

    van Oers MH. CD20 antibodies: type II to tango? Blood 2012; 119: 5061–5063.

    Not in our library10.1182/blood-2012-04-420711

  112. 112.

    Naqvi K, Verstovsek S, Kantarjian H et al. A potential role of ruxolitinib in leukemia. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2011; 20: 1159–1166.

    Not in our library10.1517/13543784.2011.589383

  113. 113.

    Tong LX, Jackson J, Kerstetter J et al. Reactivation of herpes simplex virus infection in a patient undergoing ruxolitinib treatment. J Am Acad 2014; 70: e59–e60.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jaad.2013.09.035

  114. 114.

    Caocci G, Murgia F, Podda L et al. Reactivation of hepatitis B virus infection following ruxolitinib treatment in a patient with myelofibrosis. Leukemia 2014; 28: 225–227.

    Not in our library10.1038/leu.2013.235

  115. 115.

    Wysham NG, Sullivan DR, Allada G. An opportunistic infection associated with ruxolitinib, a novel janus kinase 1,2 inhibitor. Chest 2013; 143: 1478–1479.

    Not in our library10.1378/chest.12-1604

  116. 116.

    Hopman RK, Lawrence SJ, Oh ST. Disseminated tuberculosis associated with ruxolitinib. Leukemia 2014; 28: 1750–1751.

    Not in our library10.1038/leu.2014.104

  117. 117.

    Houben R, Voigt H, Noelke C et al. MAPK-independent impairment of T-cell responses by the multikinase inhibitor sorafenib. Mol Cancer Ther 2009; 8: 433–440.

    Not in our library10.1158/1535-7163.mct-08-1051

  118. 118.

    Zhao W, Gu YH, Song R et al. Sorafenib inhibits activation of human peripheral blood T cells by targeting LCK phosphorylation. Leukemia 2008; 22: 1226–1233.

    Not in our library10.1038/leu.2008.58

  119. 119.

    Hipp MM, Hilf N, Walter S et al. Sorafenib, but not sunitinib, affects function of dendritic cells and induction of primary immune responses. Blood 2008; 111: 5610–5620.

    Not in our library10.1182/blood-2007-02-075945

  120. 120.

    Teo M, O'Connor TM, O'Reilly SP et al. Sorafenib-induced tuberculosis reactivation. Onkologie 2012; 35: 514–516.

    Not in our library10.1159/000341829

  121. 121.

    Wang YF, Xu HF, Han ZG et al. Serological surveillance for Penicillium marneffei infection in HIV-infected patients during 2004-2011 in Guangzhou, China. Clin Microbiol Infect 2015; 21: 484–489.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.cmi.2014.12.014

  122. 122.

    Jan IS, Chung PF, Wang JY et al. Cytological diagnosis of Penicillium marneffei infection. J Formos Med Assoc 2008; 107: 443–447.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0929-6646(08)60151-5

  123. 123.

    Woo PC, Lau CC, Chong KT et al. MP1 homologue-based multilocus sequence system for typing the pathogenic fungus Penicillium marneffei: a novel approach using lineage-specific genes. J Clin Microbiol 2007; 45: 3647–3654.

    Not in our library10.1128/jcm.00619-07

  124. 124.
    Immunoassays based on Penicillium marneffei Mp1p derived from Pichia pastoris expression system for diagnosis of penicilliosis. · 2011
    Not checked
  125. 125.

    Cao L, Chen DL, Lee C et al. Detection of specific antibodies to an antigenic mannoprotein for diagnosis of Penicillium marneffei penicilliosis. J Clin Microbiol 1998; 36: 3028–3031.

    Not in our library10.1128/jcm.36.10.3028-3031.1998

  126. 126.

    Yuen KY, Woo PC, Lau SK. A multilocus sequence typing system for Penicillium marneffei: an international molecular cyber system for tracking its origin and transmission. Hong Kong Med J 2010; 16: 45–46.

    Not in our library

Cited by papers we hold 2

Reads

Read by people on this page

None yet.

Checked or read by AI through naulon

None yet.

A person counts once a day per paper. We keep no cookie and no address: a reader is a hash that changes every day. Any month under five reads shows no number.

Are you an author?

Is this your paper?

Claim it to add your note and be paid when agents cite it. Free.