No retraction, correction or concern found when last checked on Oct 24, 2026.
TorchMD: A Deep Learning Framework for Molecular Simulations
Stefan Doerr, Maciej Majewski, Adrià Pérez and 5 more
Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation · 2021
Abstract
Molecular dynamics simulations provide a mechanistic description of molecules by relying on empirical potentials. The quality and transferability of such potentials can be improved leveraging data-driven models derived with machine learning approaches. Here, we present TorchMD, a framework for molecular simulations with mixed classical and machine learning potentials. All force computations including bond, angle, dihedral, Lennard-Jones, and Coulomb interactions are expressed as PyTorch arrays and operations. Moreover, TorchMD enables learning and simulating neural network potentials. We validate it using standard Amber all-atom simulations, learning an ab initio potential, performing an end-to-end training, and finally learning and simulating a coarse-grained model for protein folding. We believe that TorchMD provides a useful tool set to support molecular simulations of machine learning potentials. Code and data are freely available at github.com/torchmd.
Full text
Its licence does not allow us to show the full text. Read it at PubMed Central:
Read at PubMed CentralReferences 54
- 1.
Lee E. H.; Hsin J.; Sotomayor M.; Comellas G.; Schulten K. Discovery Through the Computational Microscope. Structure 2009, 17, 1295–1306..
Not in our library10.1016/j.str.2009.09.001
- 2.
Ponder J. W.; Case D. A. Advances in Protein Chemistry; Protein Simulations; Academic Press: 2003; Vol. 66, pp 27–85,.
Not in our library10.1016/s0065-3233(03)66002-x
- 3.
Martínez-Rosell G.; Giorgino T.; Harvey M. J.; de Fabritiis G. Drug Discovery and Molecular Dynamics: Methods, Applications and Perspective Beyond the Second Timescale. Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry 2017, 17, 2617–2625..
Not in our library10.2174/1568026617666170414142549
- 4.
Schütt K.; Kindermans P.-J.; Felix H. E. S.; Chmiela S.; Tkatchenko A.; Müller K.-R. Schnet: A continuous-filter convolutional neural network for modeling quantum interactions. Advances in neural information processing systems 2017, 991–1001.
Not in our library
- 5.
Schütt K. T.; Sauceda H. E.; Kindermans P.-J.; Tkatchenko A.; Müller K.-R. SchNet–A deep learning architecture for molecules and materials. J. Chem. Phys. 2018, 148, 241722.
Not in our library10.1063/1.5019779
- 6.
Ruza J.; Wang W.; Schwalbe-Koda D.; Axelrod S.; Harris W. H.; Gómez-Bombarelli R. Temperature-transferable coarse-graining of ionic liquids with dual graph convolutional neural networks. J. Chem. Phys. 2020, 153, 164501.
Not in our library10.1063/5.0022431
- 7.
Duvenaud D. K.; Maclaurin D.; Iparraguirre J.; Bombarell R.; Hirzel T.; Aspuru-Guzik A.; Adams R. P. Convolutional networks on graphs for learning molecular fingerprints. Advances in neural information processing systems 2015, 2224–2232.
Not in our library
- 8.
Husic B. E.; Charron N. E.; Lemm D.; Wang J.; Pérez A.; Majewski M.; Krämer A.; Chen Y.; Olsson S.; de Fabritiis G.; Noé F.; et al. Coarse Graining Molecular Dynamics with Graph Neural Networks. J. Chem. Phys. 2020, 153, 194101.
Not in our library10.1063/5.0026133
- 9.
Wang J.; Olsson S.; Wehmeyer C.; Pérez A.; Charron N. E.; De Fabritiis G.; Noé F.; Clementi C. Machine learning of coarse-grained molecular dynamics force fields. ACS central science 2019, 5, 755–767..
Not in our library10.1021/acscentsci.8b00913
- 10.
Nüske F.; Boninsegna L.; Clementi C. Coarse-graining molecular systems by spectral matching. J. Chem. Phys. 2019, 151, 044116.
Not in our library10.1063/1.5100131
- 11.
Wang J.; Chmiela S.; Müller K.-R.; Noé F.; Clementi C. Ensemble learning of coarse-grained molecular dynamics force fields with a kernel approach. J. Chem. Phys. 2020, 152, 194106.
Not in our library10.1063/5.0007276
- 12.
Zhang L.; Han J.; Wang H.; Car R.; E W. DeePCG: constructing coarse-grained models via deep neural networks. 2018, arXiv:1802.08549. arXiv.org e-Print archive. https://arxiv.org/abs/1802.08549 (accessed 2021-03-14).
Not in our library10.1063/1.5027645
- 13.
Wang W.; Gómez-Bombarelli R. Coarse-graining auto-encoders for molecular dynamics. npj Computational Materials 2019, 5, 125.
Not in our library10.1038/s41524-019-0261-5
- 14.
Wang W.; Yang T.; Harris W. H.; Gómez-Bombarelli R. Active learning and neural network potentials accelerate molecular screening of ether-based solvate ionic liquids. Chem. Commun. 2020, 56, 8920–8923..
Not in our library10.1039/d0cc03512b
- 15.
Marrink S. J.; Tieleman D. P. Perspective on the Martini model. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2013, 42, 6801–6822..
Not in our library10.1039/c3cs60093a
- 16.
Machado M. R.; Barrera E. E.; Klein F.; Sóñora M.; Silva S.; Pantano S. The SIRAH 2.0 Force Field: Altius, Fortius, Citius. J. Chem. Theory Comput. 2019, 15, 2719–2733..
Not in our library10.1021/acs.jctc.9b00006
- 17.
Saunders M. G.; Voth G. A. Coarse-Graining Methods for Computational Biology. Annu. Rev. Biophys. 2013, 42, 73–93..
Not in our library10.1146/annurev-biophys-083012-130348
- 18.
Izvekov S.; Voth G. A. A Multiscale Coarse-Graining Method for Biomolecular Systems. J. Phys. Chem. B 2005, 109, 2469–2473..
Not in our library10.1021/jp044629q
- 19.
Noid W. G. Perspective: Coarse-grained models for biomolecular systems. J. Chem. Phys. 2013, 139, 090901.
Not in our library10.1063/1.4818908
- 20.
Clementi C. Coarse-grained models of protein folding: Toy-models or predictive tools?. Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 2008, 18, 10–15..
Not in our library10.1016/j.sbi.2007.10.005
- 21.
Paszke A.; Gross S.; Massa F.; Lerer A.; Bradbury J.; Chanan G.; Killeen T.; Lin Z.; Gimelshein N.; Antiga L.; Desmaison A.; Kopf A.; Yang E.; DeVito Z.; Raison M.; Tejani A.; Chilamkurthy S.; Steiner B.; Fang L.; Bai J.; Chintala S. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 32; Wallach H., Larochelle H., Beygelzimer A., d’Alché-Buc F., Fox E., Garnett R., Eds.; Curran Associates, Inc.: 2019; pp 8024–8035.
Not in our library
- 22.
Gao X.; Ramezanghorbani F.; Isayev O.; Smith J.; Roitberg A. TorchANI: A Free and Open Source PyTorch Based Deep Learning Implementation of the ANI Neural Network Potentials. 2020, ChemRxiv. https://chemrxiv.org/articles/preprint/TorchANI_A_Free_and_Open_Source_PyTorch_Based_Deep_Learning_Implementation_of_the_ANI_Neural_Network_Potentials/12218294 (accessed 2021-03-14).
Not in our library10.1021/acs.jcim.0c00451
- 23.
Wang Y.; Fass J.; Chodera J. D. End-to-End Differentiable Molecular Mechanics Force Field Construction. 2020, preprint arXiv:2010.01196. arXiv.org e-Print archive. https://arxiv.org/abs/2010.01196 (accessed 2021-03-14).
Not in our library
- 24.
Greener J. G.; Jones D. T. Differentiable molecular simulation can learn all the parameters in a coarse-grained force field for proteins. 2021, bioRxiv. https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.05.429941v1 (accessed 2021-03-14).
Not in our library10.1371/journal.pone.0256990
- 25.
Bradbury J.; Frostig R.; Hawkins P.; Johnson M. J.; Leary C.; Maclaurin D.; Wanderman-Milne S. JAX: composable transformations of Python+NumPy programs. 2018, GitHub. http://github.com/google/jax (accessed 2021-03-14).
Not in our library
- 26.
Schoenholz S. S.; Cubuk E. D. JAX M. D. End-to-End Differentiable, Hardware Accelerated, Molecular Dynamics in Pure Python. 2019, https://arxiv.org/abs/1912.04232 (accessed 2021-03-16).
Not in our library
- 27.
Zhao Y. Time Machine. 2020, GitHub. https://github.com/proteneer/timemachine (accessed 2021-03-14).
Not in our library
- 28.
Yao K.; Herr J. E.; Toth D. W.; Mckintyre R.; Parkhill J. The TensorMol-0.1 model chemistry: a neural network augmented with long-range physics. Chem. Sci. 2018, 9, 2261–2269..
Not in our library10.1039/c7sc04934j
- 29.
Schütt K. T.; Kessel P.; Gastegger M.; Nicoli K. A.; Tkatchenko A.; Müller K.-R. SchNetPack: A Deep Learning Toolbox For Atomistic Systems. J. Chem. Theory Comput. 2019, 15, 448–455..
Not in our library10.1021/acs.jctc.8b00908
- 30.
Tironi I. G.; Sperb R.; Smith P. E.; van Gunsteren W. F. A generalized reaction field method for molecular dynamics simulations. J. Chem. Phys. 1995, 102, 5451–5459..
Not in our library10.1063/1.469273
- 31.
Harvey M. J.; Giupponi G.; Fabritiis G. D. ACEMD: accelerating biomolecular dynamics in the microsecond time scale. J. Chem. Theory Comput. 2009, 5, 1632–1639..
Not in our library10.1021/ct9000685
- 32.
Shirts M. R.; Klein C.; Swails J. M.; Yin J.; Gilson M. K.; Mobley D. L.; Case D. A.; Zhong E. D. Lessons learned from comparing molecular dynamics engines on the SAMPL5 dataset. J. Comput.-Aided Mol. Des. 2017, 31, 147–161..
Not in our library10.1007/s10822-016-9977-1
- 33.
Maier J. A.; Martinez C.; Kasavajhala K.; Wickstrom L.; Hauser K. E.; Simmerling C. ff14SB: Improving the Accuracy of Protein Side Chain and Backbone Parameters from ff99SB. J. Chem. Theory Comput. 2015, 11, 3696–3713..
Not in our library10.1021/acs.jctc.5b00255
- 34.
Christensen A. S.; Bratholm L. A.; Faber F. A.; Anatole von Lilienfeld O. FCHL revisited: Faster and more accurate quantum machine learning. J. Chem. Phys. 2020, 152, 044107.
Not in our library10.1063/1.5126701
- 35.
Falcon W. PyTorch Lightning. 2019, GitHub. https://github.com/PyTorchLightning/pytorch-lightning (accessed 2021-03-14).
Not in our library
- 36.
Ramakrishnan R.; Dral P. O.; Rupp M.; von Lilienfeld O. A. Quantum chemistry structures and properties of 134 kilo molecules. Scientific Data 2014, 1, 140022.
Not in our library10.1038/sdata.2014.22
- 37.
Honda S.; Akiba T.; Kato Y. S.; Sawada Y.; Sekijima M.; Ishimura M.; Ooishi A.; Watanabe H.; Odahara T.; Harata K. Crystal structure of a ten-amino acid protein. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 15327–15331..
Not in our library10.1021/ja8030533
- 38.
Kingma D. P.; Ba J. Adam: A method for stochastic optimization. 2014, preprint arXiv:1412.6980. arXiv.org e-Print archive. https://arxiv.org/abs/1412.6980 (accessed 2021-03-14).
Not in our library
- 39.
Vapnik V. The nature of statistical learning theory; Springer Science & Business Media: 2013;.
Not in our library10.1007/978-1-4757-3264-1
- 40.
Lindorff-Larsen K.; Piana S.; Dror R. O.; Shaw D. E. How fast-folding proteins fold. Science 2011, 334, 517–520..
Not in our library10.1126/science.1208351
Cited by papers we hold 1
- Bottom-up Coarse-Graining: Principles and Perspectives · 2022No notice
Reads
Read by people on this page
None yet.
Checked or read by AI through naulon
None yet.
A person counts once a day per paper. We keep no cookie and no address: a reader is a hash that changes every day. Any month under five reads shows no number.
Are you an author?
Is this your paper?
Claim it to add your note and be paid when agents cite it. Free.