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Microbiome and Human Health: Current Understanding, Engineering, and Enabling Technologies

Nikhil Aggarwal, Shohei Kitano, Ginette Ru Ying Puah and 3 more

Chemical Reviews · 2022 · Review

doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00431

Abstract

The human microbiome is composed of a collection of dynamic microbial communities that inhabit various anatomical locations in the body. Accordingly, the coevolution of the microbiome with the host has resulted in these communities playing a profound role in promoting human health. Consequently, perturbations in the human microbiome can cause or exacerbate several diseases. In this Review, we present our current understanding of the relationship between human health and disease development, focusing on the microbiomes found across the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive systems as well as the skin. We further discuss various strategies by which the composition and function of the human microbiome can be modulated to exert a therapeutic effect on the host. Finally, we examine technologies such as multiomics approaches and cellular reprogramming of microbes that can enable significant advancements in microbiome research and engineering.

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    Dickson R. P.; Erb-Downward J. R.; Martinez F. J.; Huffnagle G. B. The Microbiome and the Respiratory Tract. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 2016, 78, 481–504..

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    Casadevall A.; Pirofski L. A. The Damage-Response Framework of Microbial Pathogenesis. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2003, 1, 17–24..

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    Lyte M.; Ernst S. Catecholamine Induced Growth of Gram Negative Bacteria. Life Sci. 1992, 50, 203–212..

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    Byrd A. L.; Belkaid Y.; Segre J. A. The Human Skin Microbiome. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2018, 16, 143–155..

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    Adamczyk K.; Garncarczyk A.; Antonczak P.; Wcislo-Dziadecka D. The Foot Microbiome. J. Cosmet. Dermatol. 2020, 19, 1039–1043..

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    Costello E. K.; Lauber C. L.; Hamady M.; Fierer N.; Gordon J. I.; Knight R. Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats across Space and Time. Science 2009, 326, 1694–1697..

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    Grice E. A.; Kong H. H.; Conlan S.; Deming C. B.; Davis J.; Young A. C.; Bouffard G. G.; Blakesley R. W.; Murray P. R.; et al. Topographical and Temporal Diversity of the Human Skin Microbiome. Science 2009, 324, 1190–1192..

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    Grice E. A.; Segre J. A. The Skin Microbiome. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2011, 9, 244–253..

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    Oh J.; Byrd A. L.; Deming C.; Conlan S.; Kong H. H.; Segre J. A. Biogeography and Individuality Shape Function in the Human Skin Metagenome. Nature 2014, 514, 59–64..

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    Findley K.; Oh J.; Yang J.; Conlan S.; Deming C.; Meyer J. A.; Schoenfeld D.; Nomicos E.; Park M.; et al. Topographic Diversity of Fungal and Bacterial Communities in Human Skin. Nature 2013, 498, 367–370..

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    Feng H.; Shuda M.; Chang Y.; Moore P. S. Clonal Integration of a Polyomavirus in Human Merkel Cell Carcinoma. Science 2008, 319, 1096–1100..

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    Scharschmidt T. C.; Fischbach M. A. What Lives on Our Skin: Ecology, Genomics and Therapeutic Opportunities of the Skin Microbiome. Drug Discovery Today Dis. Mech. 2013, 10, e83–e89..

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    Holland K. T.; Greenman J.; Cunliffe W. J. Growth of Cutaneous Propionibacteria on Synthetic Medium; Growth Yields and Exoenzyme Production. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 1979, 47, 383–394..

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    Mukherjee S.; Mitra R.; Maitra A.; Gupta S.; Kumaran S.; Chakrabortty A.; Majumder P. P. Sebum and Hydration Levels in Specific Regions of Human Face Significantly Predict the Nature and Diversity of Facial Skin Microbiome. Sci. Rep. 2016, 6, 36062.

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    Jo J. H.; Deming C.; Kennedy E. A.; Conlan S.; Polley E. C.; Ng W. I.; Segre J. A.; Kong H. H. Diverse Human Skin Fungal Communities in Children Converge in Adulthood. J. Invest. Dermatol. 2016, 136, 2356–2363..

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    Kyriakis K. P.; Terzoudi S.; Palamaras I.; Pagana G.; Michailides C.; Emmanuelides S. Pityriasis Versicolor Prevalence by Age and Gender. Mycoses 2006, 49, 517–518..

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    Havlickova B.; Czaika V. A.; Friedrich M. Epidemiological Trends in Skin Mycoses Worldwide. Mycoses 2008, 51, 2–15..

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    Seebacher C.; Bouchara J. P.; Mignon B. Updates on the Epidemiology of Dermatophyte Infections. Mycopathologia 2008, 166, 335–352..

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    Tomida S.; Nguyen L.; Chiu B. H.; Liu J.; Sodergren E.; Weinstock G. M.; Li H. Pan-Genome and Comparative Genome Analyses of Propionibacterium Acnes Reveal Its Genomic Diversity in the Healthy and Diseased Human Skin Microbiome. mBio 2013, 4, e00003-13.

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    Fitz-Gibbon S.; Tomida S.; Chiu B. H.; Nguyen L.; Du C.; Liu M.; Elashoff D.; Erfe M. C.; Loncaric A.; Kim J.; et al. Propionibacterium Acnes Strain Populations in the Human Skin Microbiome Associated with Acne. J. Invest. Dermatol. 2013, 133, 2152–2160..

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    Kang D.; Shi B.; Erfe M. C.; Craft N.; Li H. Vitamin B12 Modulates the Transcriptome of the Skin Microbiota in Acne Pathogenesis. Sci. Transl. Med. 2015, 7, 293.

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    Picardo M.; Ottaviani M.; Camera E.; Mastrofrancesco A. Sebaceous Gland Lipids. Dermatoendocrinol. 2009, 1, 68–71..

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    Jahns A. C.; Lundskog B.; Ganceviciene R.; Palmer R. H.; Golovleva I.; Zouboulis C. C.; McDowell A.; Patrick S.; Alexeyev O. A. An Increased Incidence of Propionibacterium Acnes Biofilms in Acne Vulgaris: A Case-Control Study. Br. J. Dermatol. 2012, 167, 50–58..

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    Leyden J. J.; Marples R. R.; Kligman A. M. Staphylococcus Aureus in the Lesions of Atopic Dermatitis. Br. J. Dermatol. 1974, 90, 525–530..

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    Drago L.; De Grandi R.; Altomare G.; Pigatto P.; Rossi O.; Toscano M. Skin Microbiota of First Cousins Affected by Psoriasis and Atopic Dermatitis. Clin. Mol. Allergy 2016, 14, 2.

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    Gonzalez M. E.; Schaffer J. V.; Orlow S. J.; Gao Z.; Li H.; Alekseyenko A. V.; Blaser M. J. Cutaneous Microbiome Effects of Fluticasone Propionate Cream and Adjunctive Bleach Baths in Childhood Atopic Dermatitis. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 2016, 75, 481–493..

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    Zasloff M. Antimicrobial Peptides, Innate Immunity, and the Normally Sterile Urinary Tract. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2007, 18, 2810–2816..

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    Wolfe A. J.; Brubaker L. “Sterile Urine” and the Presence of Bacteria. Eur. Urol. 2015, 68, 173–174..

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    Mansour B.; Monyok A.; Makra N.; Gajdacs M.; Vadnay I.; Ligeti B.; Juhasz J.; Szabo D.; Ostorhazi E. Bladder Cancer-Related Microbiota: Examining Differences in Urine and Tissue Samples. Sci. Rep. 2020, 10, 11042.

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    Modena B. D.; Milam R.; Harrison F.; Cheeseman J. A.; Abecassis M. M.; Friedewald J. J.; Kirk A. D.; Salomon D. R. Changes in Urinary Microbiome Populations Correlate in Kidney Transplants with Interstitial Fibrosis and Tubular Atrophy Documented in Early Surveillance Biopsies. Am. J. Transplant. 2017, 17, 712–723..

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    Ruiz-Gomez M. L.; Martin-Way D. A.; Perez-Ramirez M. D.; Gutierrez-Fernandez J. Male Deep Infections by Gardnerella Vaginalis. A Literature Review and a Case Report. Rev. Esp. Quimioter. 2019, 32, 469–472.

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    Bajic P.; Van Kuiken M. E.; Burge B. K.; Kirshenbaum E. J.; Joyce C. J.; Wolfe A. J.; Branch J. D.; Bresler L.; Farooq A. V. Male Bladder Microbiome Relates to Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms. Eur. Urol. Focus 2020, 6, 376–382..

    Not in our library10.1016/j.euf.2018.08.001

  151. 151.

    Groah S. L.; Perez-Losada M.; Caldovic L.; Ljungberg I. H.; Sprague B. M.; Castro-Nallar E.; Chandel N. J.; Hsieh M. H.; Pohl H. G. Redefining Healthy Urine: A Cross-Sectional Exploratory Metagenomic Study of People with and without Bladder Dysfunction. J. Urol. 2016, 196, 579–587..

    Not in our library10.1016/j.juro.2016.01.088

  152. 152.

    Thomas-White K. J.; Gao X.; Lin H.; Fok C. S.; Ghanayem K.; Mueller E. R.; Dong Q.; Brubaker L.; Wolfe A. J. Urinary Microbes and Postoperative Urinary Tract Infection Risk in Urogynecologic Surgical Patients. Int. Urogynecol. J. 2018, 29, 1797–1805..

    Not in our library10.1007/s00192-018-3767-3

  153. 153.

    Komesu Y. M.; Dinwiddie D. L.; Richter H. E.; Lukacz E. S.; Sung V. W.; Siddiqui N. Y.; Zyczynski H. M.; Ridgeway B.; Rogers R. G.; Arya L. A.; et al. Defining the Relationship between Vaginal and Urinary Microbiomes. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 2020, 222, 154.E1–154.E10..

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ajog.2019.08.011

  154. 154.
  155. 155.

    Johnson G.; Wolfe A. J.; Putonti C. Characterization of the φCTX-Like Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Phage Dobby Isolated from the Kidney Stone Microbiota. Access Microbiol. 2019, 1, e000002.

    Not in our library10.1099/acmi.0.000002

  156. 156.

    Malki K.; Sible E.; Cooper A.; Garretto A.; Bruder K.; Watkins S. C.; Putonti C. Seven Bacteriophages Isolated from the Female Urinary Microbiota. Genome Announce. 2016, 4, e01003-16.

    Not in our library10.1128/genomea.01003-16

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    Khasriya R.; Sathiananthamoorthy S.; Ismail S.; Kelsey M.; Wilson M.; Rohn J. L.; Malone-Lee J. Spectrum of Bacterial Colonization Associated with Urothelial Cells from Patients with Chronic Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2013, 51, 2054–2062..

    Not in our library10.1128/jcm.03314-12

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    Paalanne N.; Husso A.; Salo J.; Pievilainen O.; Tejesvi M. V.; Koivusaari P.; Pirttila A. M.; Pokka T.; Mattila S.; Jyrkas J.; et al. Intestinal Microbiome as a Risk Factor for Urinary Tract Infections in Children. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 2018, 37, 1881–1891..

    Not in our library10.1007/s10096-018-3322-7

  159. 159.
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    Garretto A.; Miller-Ensminger T.; Ene A.; Merchant Z.; Shah A.; Gerodias A.; Biancofiori A.; Canchola S.; Canchola S.; Castillo E.; et al. Genomic Survey of E. Coli from the Bladders of Women with and without Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms. Front. Microbiol. 2020, 11, 2094.

    Not in our library10.3389/fmicb.2020.02094

  161. 161.

    Lavigne J. P.; Nicolas-Chanoine M. H.; Bourg G.; Moreau J.; Sotto A. Virulent Synergistic Effect between Enterococcus Faecalis and Escherichia Coli Assayed by Using the Caenorhabditis Elegans Model. PLoS One 2008, 3, e3370.

    Not in our library10.1371/journal.pone.0003370

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    Croxall G.; Weston V.; Joseph S.; Manning G.; Cheetham P.; McNally A. Increased Human Pathogenic Potential of Escherichia Coli from Polymicrobial Urinary Tract Infections in Comparison to Isolates from Monomicrobial Culture Samples. J. Med. Microbiol. 2011, 60, 102–109..

    Not in our library10.1099/jmm.0.020602-0

  163. 163.

    Stapleton A. E.; Au-Yeung M.; Hooton T. M.; Fredricks D. N.; Roberts P. L.; Czaja C. A.; Yarova-Yarovaya Y.; Fiedler T.; Cox M.; Stamm W. E. Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Phase 2 Trial of a Lactobacillus Crispatus Probiotic Given Intravaginally for Prevention of Recurrent Urinary Tract Infection. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2011, 52, 1212–1217..

    Not in our library10.1093/cid/cir183

  164. 164.

    Sumati A. H.; Saritha N. K. Association of Urinary Tract Infection in Women with Bacterial Vaginosis. J. Glob. Infect. Dis. 2009, 1, 151–152..

    Not in our library10.4103/0974-777x.56254

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    Gilbert N. M.; O’Brien V. P.; Lewis A. L. Transient Microbiota Exposures Activate Dormant Escherichia Coli Infection in the Bladder and Drive Severe Outcomes of Recurrent Disease. PLoS Pathog. 2017, 13, e1006238.

    Not in our library10.1371/journal.ppat.1006238

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    Ravel J.; Gajer P.; Abdo Z.; Schneider G. M.; Koenig S. S.; McCulle S. L.; Karlebach S.; Gorle R.; Russell J.; Tacket C. O.; et al. Vaginal Microbiome of Reproductive-Age Women. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2011, 108, 4680–4687..

    Not in our library10.1073/pnas.1002611107

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    Antonio M. A.; Hawes S. E.; Hillier S. L. The Identification of Vaginal Lactobacillus Species and the Demographic and Microbiologic Characteristics of Women Colonized by These Species. J. Infect. Dis. 1999, 180, 1950–1956..

    Not in our library10.1086/315109

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    Zhou X.; Bent S. J.; Schneider M. G.; Davis C. C.; Islam M. R.; Forney L. J. Characterization of Vaginal Microbial Communities in Adult Healthy Women Using Cultivation-Independent Methods. Microbiology 2004, 150, 2565–2573..

    Not in our library10.1099/mic.0.26905-0

  169. 169.

    Boskey E. R.; Telsch K. M.; Whaley K. J.; Moench T. R.; Cone R. A. Acid Production by Vaginal Flora in Vitro Is Consistent with the Rate and Extent of Vaginal Acidification. Infect. Immun. 1999, 67, 5170–5175..

    Not in our library10.1128/iai.67.10.5170-5175.1999

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    Zhou X.; Brown C. J.; Abdo Z.; Davis C. C.; Hansmann M. A.; Joyce P.; Foster J. A.; Forney L. J. Differences in the Composition of Vaginal Microbial Communities Found in Healthy Caucasian and Black Women. ISME J. 2007, 1, 121–133..

    Not in our library10.1038/ismej.2007.12

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    Zhou X.; Hansmann M. A.; Davis C. C.; Suzuki H.; Brown C. J.; Schutte U.; Pierson J. D.; Forney L. J. The Vaginal Bacterial Communities of Japanese Women Resemble Those of Women in Other Racial Groups. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 2010, 58, 169–181..

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1574-695x.2009.00618.x

  175. 175.

    Verstraelen H.; Verhelst R.; Claeys G.; Temmerman M.; Vaneechoutte M. Culture-Independent Analysis of Vaginal Microflora: The Unrecognized Association of Atopobium Vaginae with Bacterial Vaginosis. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 2004, 191, 1130–1132..

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ajog.2004.04.013

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    Peebles K.; Velloza J.; Balkus J. E.; McClelland R. S.; Barnabas R. V. High Global Burden and Costs of Bacterial Vaginosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sex Transm. Dis. 2019, 46, 304–311..

    Not in our library10.1097/olq.0000000000000972

  177. 177.

    Allsworth J. E.; Peipert J. F. Prevalence of Bacterial Vaginosis: 2001–2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Data. Obstet. Gynecol. 2007, 109, 114–120..

    Not in our library10.1097/01.aog.0000247627.84791.91

  178. 178.

    Brotman R. M.; Klebanoff M. A.; Nansel T. R.; Yu K. F.; Andrews W. W.; Zhang J.; Schwebke J. R. Bacterial Vaginosis Assessed by Gram Stain and Diminished Colonization Resistance to Incident Gonococcal, Chlamydial, and Trichomonal Genital Infection. J. Infect. Dis. 2010, 202, 1907–1915..

    Not in our library10.1086/657320

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    Brotman R. M.; Bradford L. L.; Conrad M.; Gajer P.; Ault K.; Peralta L.; Forney L. J.; Carlton J. M.; Abdo Z.; Ravel J. Association between Trichomonas Vaginalis and Vaginal Bacterial Community Composition among Reproductive-Age Women. Sex Transm. Dis. 2012, 39, 807–812..

    Not in our library10.1097/olq.0b013e3182631c79

  180. 180.

    Martin H. L.; Richardson B. A.; Nyange P. M.; Lavreys L.; Hillier S. L.; Chohan B.; Mandaliya K.; Ndinya-Achola J. O.; Bwayo J.; Kreiss J. Vaginal Lactobacilli, Microbial Flora, and Risk of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 and Sexually Transmitted Disease Acquisition. J. Infect. Dis. 1999, 180, 1863–1868..

    Not in our library10.1086/315127

  181. 181.

    Gosmann C.; Anahtar M. N.; Handley S. A.; Farcasanu M.; Abu-Ali G.; Bowman B. A.; Padavattan N.; Desai C.; Droit L.; Moodley A.; et al. Lactobacillus-Deficient Cervicovaginal Bacterial Communities Are Associated with Increased Hiv Acquisition in Young South African Women. Immunity 2017, 46, 29–37..

    Not in our library10.1016/j.immuni.2016.12.013

  182. 182.

    Feehily C.; Crosby D.; Walsh C. J.; Lawton E. M.; Higgins S.; McAuliffe F. M.; Cotter P. D. Shotgun Sequencing of the Vaginal Microbiome Reveals Both a Species and Functional Potential Signature of Preterm Birth. npj Biofilms Microbiomes 2020, 6, 50.

    Not in our library10.1038/s41522-020-00162-8

  183. 183.
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  188. 188.

    Han L.; Taub R.; Jensen J. T. Cervical Mucus and Contraception: What We Know and What We Don’t. Contraception 2017, 96, 310–321..

    Not in our library10.1016/j.contraception.2017.07.168

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    Domino S. E.; Hurd E. A.; Thomsson K. A.; Karnak D. M.; Holmen Larsson J. M.; Thomsson E.; Backstrom M.; Hansson G. C. Cervical Mucins Carry Alpha(1,2)Fucosylated Glycans That Partly Protect from Experimental Vaginal Candidiasis. Glycoconj. J. 2009, 26, 1125–1134..

    Not in our library10.1007/s10719-009-9234-0

  191. 191.

    Cone R. A. Barrier Properties of Mucus. Adv. Drug. Delivery Rev. 2009, 61, 75–85..

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    Agarwal K.; Lewis A. L. Vaginal Sialoglycan Foraging by Gardnerella Vaginalis: Mucus Barriers as a Meal for Unwelcome Guests?. Glycobiology 2021, 31, 667–680..

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  193. 193.
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    Gipson I. K.; Moccia R.; Spurr-Michaud S.; Argueso P.; Gargiulo A. R.; Hill J. A. 3rd; Offner G. D.; Keutmann H. T. The Amount of Muc5b Mucin in Cervical Mucus Peaks at Midcycle. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2001, 86, 594–600..

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    Mirmonsef P.; Hotton A. L.; Gilbert D.; Gioia C. J.; Maric D.; Hope T. J.; Landay A. L.; Spear G. T. Glycogen Levels in Undiluted Genital Fluid and Their Relationship to Vaginal Ph, Estrogen, and Progesterone. PLoS One 2016, 11, e0153553.

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    Farage M.; Maibach H. Lifetime Changes in the Vulva and Vagina. Arch. Gynecol Obstet. 2006, 273, 195–202..

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    Seidman J. D.; Cho K. R.; Ronnett B. M.; Kurman R. J. Surface Epithelial Tumors of the Ovary. In Blaustein’s Pathology of the Female Genital Tract; Springer: 2011; pp 679–784.

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    Tester R.; Al-Ghazzewi F. H. Intrinsic and Extrinsic Carbohydrates in the Vagina: A Short Review on Vaginal Glycogen. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2018, 112, 203–206..

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  199. 199.
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    Muhleisen A. L.; Herbst-Kralovetz M. M. Menopause and the Vaginal Microbiome. Maturitas 2016, 91, 42–50..

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    McClelland R. S.; Lingappa J. R.; Srinivasan S.; Kinuthia J.; John-Stewart G. C.; Jaoko W.; Richardson B. A.; Yuhas K.; Fiedler T. L.; Mandaliya K. N.; et al. Evaluation of the Association between the Concentrations of Key Vaginal Bacteria and the Increased Risk of Hiv Acquisition in African Women from Five Cohorts: A Nested Case-Control Study. Lancet Infect. Dis. 2018, 18, 554–564..

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    Norenhag J.; Du J.; Olovsson M.; Verstraelen H.; Engstrand L.; Brusselaers N. The Vaginal Microbiota, Human Papillomavirus and Cervical Dysplasia: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis. BJOG 2020, 127, 171–180..

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    Lev-Sagie A.; Goldman-Wohl D.; Cohen Y.; Dori-Bachash M.; Leshem A.; Mor U.; Strahilevitz J.; Moses A. E.; Shapiro H.; Yagel S.; et al. Vaginal Microbiome Transplantation in Women with Intractable Bacterial Vaginosis. Nat. Med. 2019, 25, 1500–1504..

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    Gilbert J. A.; Quinn R. A.; Debelius J.; Xu Z. Z.; Morton J.; Garg N.; Jansson J. K.; Dorrestein P. C.; Knight R. Microbiome-Wide Association Studies Link Dynamic Microbial Consortia to Disease. Nature 2016, 535, 94–103..

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    Falony G.; Joossens M.; Vieira-Silva S.; Wang J.; Darzi Y.; Faust K.; Kurilshikov A.; Bonder M. J.; Valles-Colomer M.; Vandeputte D.; et al. Population-Level Analysis of Gut Microbiome Variation. Science 2016, 352, 560–564..

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    Schnorr S. L.; Candela M.; Rampelli S.; Centanni M.; Consolandi C.; Basaglia G.; Turroni S.; Biagi E.; Peano C.; Severgnini M.; et al. Gut Microbiome of the Hadza Hunter-Gatherers. Nature Commun. 2014, 5, 3654.

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    Verdam F. J.; Fuentes S.; de Jonge C.; Zoetendal E. G.; Erbil R.; Greve J. W.; Buurman W. A.; de Vos W. M.; Rensen S. S. Human Intestinal Microbiota Composition Is Associated with Local and Systemic Inflammation in Obesity. Obesity 2013, 21, E607–E615..

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    Crovesy L.; Masterson D.; Rosado E. L. Profile of the Gut Microbiota of Adults with Obesity: A Systematic Review. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 2020, 74, 1251–1262..

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    Manichanh C.; Rigottier-Gois L.; Bonnaud E.; Gloux K.; Pelletier E.; Frangeul L.; Nalin R.; Jarrin C.; Chardon P.; Marteau P.; et al. Reduced Diversity of Faecal Microbiota in Crohn’s Disease Revealed by a Metagenomic Approach. Gut 2006, 55, 205.

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    Golfetto L.; de Senna F. D.; Hermes J.; Beserra B. T.; França F. d. S.; Martinello F. Lower Bifidobacteria Counts in Adult Patients with Celiac Disease on a Gluten-Free Diet. Arq. Gastroenterol. 2014, 51, 139–143..

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    Kerckhoffs A. P.; Samsom M.; van der Rest M. E.; de Vogel J.; Knol J.; Ben-Amor K.; Akkermans L. M. Lower Bifidobacteria Counts in Both Duodenal Mucosa-Associated and Fecal Microbiota in Irritable Bowel Syndrome Patients. World J. Gastroenterol. 2009, 15, 2887–2892..

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    Kong H. H.; Oh J.; Deming C.; Conlan S.; Grice E. A.; Beatson M. A.; Nomicos E.; Polley E. C.; Komarow H. D.; et al. Temporal Shifts in the Skin Microbiome Associated with Disease Flares and Treatment in Children with Atopic Dermatitis. Genome Res. 2012, 22, 850–859..

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    Thomas-White K. J.; Gao X.; Lin H.; Fok C. S.; Ghanayem K.; Mueller E. R.; Dong Q.; Brubaker L.; Wolfe A. J. Urinary Microbes and Postoperative Urinary Tract Infection Risk in Urogynecologic Surgical Patients. Int.Urogynecol. J. 2018, 29, 1797–1805..

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    Curtiss N.; Balachandran A.; Krska L.; Peppiatt-Wildman C.; Wildman S.; Duckett J. A Case Controlled Study Examining the Bladder Microbiome in Women with Overactive Bladder (Oab) and Healthy Controls. Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol. 2017, 214, 31–35..

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    Joung H.; Chu J.; Kim B.-K.; Choi I.-S.; Kim W.; Park T.-S. Probiotics Ameliorate Chronic Low-Grade Inflammation and Fat Accumulation with Gut Microbiota Composition Change in Diet-Induced Obese Mice Models. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2021, 105, 1203–1213..

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    Cheng Y.-C.; Liu J.-R. Effect of Lactobacillus Rhamnosus Gg on Energy Metabolism, Leptin Resistance, and Gut Microbiota in Mice with Diet-Induced Obesity. Nutrients 2020, 12, 2557.

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    Borgeraas H.; Johnson L. K.; Skattebu J.; Hertel J. K.; Hjelmesæth J. Effects of Probiotics on Body Weight, Body Mass Index, Fat Mass and Fat Percentage in Subjects with Overweight or Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Obes. Rev. 2018, 19, 219–232..

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    Larsen N.; Vogensen F. K.; Gøbel R. J.; Michaelsen K. F.; Forssten S. D.; Lahtinen S. J.; Jakobsen M. Effect of Lactobacillus Salivarius Ls-33 on Fecal Microbiota in Obese Adolescents. Clin. Nutr. 2013, 32, 935–940..

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    Gøbel R. J.; Larsen N.; Jakobsen M.; Mølgaard C.; Michaelsen K. F. Probiotics to Adolescents with Obesity: Effects on Inflammation and Metabolic Syndrome. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 2012, 55, 673–678..

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    Depommier C.; Everard A.; Druart C.; Plovier H.; Van Hul M.; Vieira-Silva S.; Falony G.; Raes J.; Maiter D.; Delzenne N. M.; et al. Supplementation with Akkermansia Muciniphila in Overweight and Obese Human Volunteers: A Proof-of-Concept Exploratory Study. Nat. Med. 2019, 25, 1096–1103..

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    Plovier H.; Everard A.; Druart C.; Depommier C.; Van Hul M.; Geurts L.; Chilloux J.; Ottman N.; Duparc T.; Lichtenstein L.; et al. A Purified Membrane Protein from Akkermansia Muciniphila or the Pasteurized Bacterium Improves Metabolism in Obese and Diabetic Mice. Nat. Med. 2017, 23, 107–113..

    Not in our library10.1038/nm.4236

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    Wang Y.; Guo Y.; Chen H.; Wei H.; Wan C. Potential of Lactobacillus Plantarum Zdy2013 and Bifidobacterium Bifidum Wbin03 in Relieving Colitis by Gut Microbiota, Immune, and Anti-Oxidative Stress. Can. J. Microbiol. 2018, 64, 327–337..

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    Jang Y. J.; Kim W.-K.; Han D. H.; Lee K.; Ko G. Lactobacillus Fermentum Species Ameliorate Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colitis by Regulating the Immune Response and Altering Gut Microbiota. Gut Microbes 2019, 10, 696–711..

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    Tamaki H.; Nakase H.; Inoue S.; Kawanami C.; Itani T.; Ohana M.; Kusaka T.; Uose S.; Hisatsune H.; Tojo M.; et al. Efficacy of Probiotic Treatment with Bifidobacterium Longum 536 for Induction of Remission in Active Ulcerative Colitis: A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Multicenter Trial. Dig. Endosc. 2016, 28, 67–74..

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    Glassner K. L.; Abraham B. P.; Quigley E. M. M. The Microbiome and Inflammatory Bowel Disease. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2020, 145, 16–27..

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    Zhao H.; Xu H.; Chen S.; He J.; Zhou Y.; Nie Y. Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Role of Faecalibacterium Prausnitzii Alteration in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2021, 36, 320–328..

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    Qiu X.; Zhang M.; Yang X.; Hong N.; Yu C. Faecalibacterium Prausnitzii Upregulates Regulatory T Cells and Anti-Inflammatory Cytokines in Treating Tnbs-Induced Colitis. J. Crohns Colitis 2013, 7, e558–e568..

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    Martín R.; Chain F.; Miquel S.; Lu J.; Gratadoux J.-J.; Sokol H.; Verdu E. F.; Bercik P.; Bermúdez-Humarán L. G.; Langella P. The Commensal Bacterium Faecalibacterium Prausnitzii Is Protective in Dnbs-Induced Chronic Moderate and Severe Colitis Models. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 2014, 20, 417–430..

    Not in our library10.1097/01.mib.0000440815.76627.64

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    He X.; Zhao S.; Li Y. Faecalibacterium Prausnitzii: A Next-Generation Probiotic in Gut Disease Improvement. Can. J. Infect. Dis. Med. Microbiol. 2021, 2021, 6666114.

    Not in our library10.1155/2021/6666114

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    Sokol H.; Leducq V.; Aschard H.; Pham H.-P.; Jegou S.; Landman C.; Cohen D.; Liguori G.; Bourrier A.; Nion-Larmurier I.; et al. Fungal Microbiota Dysbiosis in Ibd. Gut 2017, 66, 1039.

    Not in our library10.1136/gutjnl-2015-310746

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    Limon J. J.; Tang J.; Li D.; Wolf A. J.; Michelsen K. S.; Funari V.; Gargus M.; Nguyen C.; Sharma P.; Maymi V. I.; et al. Malassezia Is Associated with Crohn’s Disease and Exacerbates Colitis in Mouse Models. Cell Host Microbe 2019, 25, 377–388..

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    Norman J. M.; Handley S. A.; Baldridge M. T.; Droit L.; Liu C. Y.; Keller B. C.; Kambal A.; Monaco C. L.; Zhao G.; Fleshner P.; et al. Disease-Specific Alterations in the Enteric Virome in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Cell 2015, 160, 447–460..

    Not in our library10.1016/j.cell.2015.01.002

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    Kelesidis T.; Pothoulakis C. Efficacy and Safety of the Probiotic Saccharomyces Boulardii for the Prevention and Therapy of Gastrointestinal Disorders. Therap. Adv. Gastroenterol. 2012, 5, 111–125..

    Not in our library10.1177/1756283x11428502

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    Myles I. A.; Williams K. W.; Reckhow J. D.; Jammeh M. L.; Pincus N. B.; Sastalla I.; Saleem D.; Stone K. D.; Datta S. K. Transplantation of Human Skin Microbiota in Models of Atopic Dermatitis. JCI Insight 2016, 1, e86955.

    Not in our library10.1172/jci.insight.86955

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    Myles I. A.; Castillo C. R.; Barbian K. D.; Kanakabandi K.; Virtaneva K.; Fitzmeyer E.; Paneru M.; Otaizo-Carrasquero F.; Myers T. G.; Markowitz T. E.; et al. Therapeutic Responses to Roseomonas Mucosa in Atopic Dermatitis May Involve Lipid-Mediated Tnf-Related Epithelial Repair. Sci. Transl. Med. 2020, 12, eaaz8631.

    Not in our library10.1126/scitranslmed.aaz8631

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    Gupta K.; Stapleton A. E.; Hooton T. M.; Roberts P. L.; Fennell C. L.; Stamm W. E. Inverse Association of H2o2-Producing Lactobacilli and Vaginal Escherichia Coli Colonization in Women with Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections. J. Infect. Dis. 1998, 178, 446–450..

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    Kwok L.; Stapleton A. E.; Stamm W. E.; Hillier S. L.; Wobbe C. L.; Gupta K. Adherence of Lactobacillus Crispatus to Vaginal Epithelial Cells from Women with or without a History of Recurrent Urinary Tract Infection. J. Urol. 2006, 176, 2050–2054..

    Not in our library10.1016/j.juro.2006.07.014

  251. 251.

    Stapleton A. E.; Au-Yeung M.; Hooton T. M.; Fredricks D. N.; Roberts P. L.; Czaja C. A.; Yarova-Yarovaya Y.; Fiedler T.; Cox M.; Stamm W. E. Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Phase 2 Trial of a Lactobacillus Crispatus Probiotic Given Intravaginally for Prevention of Recurrent Urinary Tract Infection. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2011, 52, 1212–1217..

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    Sanders M. E.; Merenstein D. J.; Reid G.; Gibson G. R.; Rastall R. A. Probiotics and Prebiotics in Intestinal Health and Disease: From Biology to the Clinic. Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2019, 16, 605–616..

    Not in our library10.1038/s41575-019-0173-3

  253. 253.

    Macfarlane S.; Macfarlane G. T.; Cummings J. H. Review Article: Prebiotics in the Gastrointestinal Tract. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2006, 24, 701–714..

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1365-2036.2006.03042.x

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    Tandon D.; Haque M. M.; Gote M.; Jain M.; Bhaduri A.; Dubey A. K.; Mande S. S. A Prospective Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Dose-Response Relationship Study to Investigate Efficacy of Fructo-Oligosaccharides (Fos) on Human Gut Microflora. Sci. Rep. 2019, 9, 5473.

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  256. 256.

    Finegold S. M.; Li Z.; Summanen P. H.; Downes J.; Thames G.; Corbett K.; Dowd S.; Krak M.; Heber D. Xylooligosaccharide Increases Bifidobacteria but Not Lactobacilli in Human Gut Microbiota. Food Funct. 2014, 5, 436–445..

    Not in our library10.1039/c3fo60348b

  257. 257.

    Björkstén B.; Sepp E.; Julge K.; Voor T.; Mikelsaar M. Allergy Development and the Intestinal Microflora During the First Year of Life. J. Allergy. Clin. Immunol. 2001, 108, 516–520..

    Not in our library10.1067/mai.2001.118130

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    Moro G.; Arslanoglu S.; Stahl B.; Jelinek J.; Wahn U.; Boehm G. A Mixture of Prebiotic Oligosaccharides Reduces the Incidence of Atopic Dermatitis During the First Six Months of Age. Arch. Dis. Child 2006, 91, 814–819..

    Not in our library10.1136/adc.2006.098251

  259. 259.

    Arslanoglu S.; Moro G. E.; Schmitt J.; Tandoi L.; Rizzardi S.; Boehm G. Early Dietary Intervention with a Mixture of Prebiotic Oligosaccharides Reduces the Incidence of Allergic Manifestations and Infections During the First Two Years of Life. J. Nut. 2008, 138, 1091–1095..

    Not in our library10.1093/jn/138.6.1091

  260. 260.

    Lindsay J. O.; Whelan K.; Stagg A. J.; Gobin P.; Al-Hassi H. O.; Rayment N.; Kamm M. A.; Knight S. C.; Forbes A. Clinical, Microbiological, and Immunological Effects of Fructo-Oligosaccharide in Patients with Crohn’s Disease. Gut 2006, 55, 348–355..

    Not in our library10.1136/gut.2005.074971

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    Han K.; Nam J.; Xu J.; Sun X.; Huang X.; Animasahun O.; Achreja A.; Jeon J. H.; Pursley B.; Kamada N.; et al. Generation of Systemic Antitumour Immunity Via the in Situ Modulation of the Gut Microbiome by an Orally Administered Inulin Gel. Nat. Biomed. Eng. 2021, 5, 1377–1388..

    Not in our library10.1038/s41551-021-00749-2

  262. 262.

    Routy B.; Le Chatelier E.; Derosa L.; Duong C. P. M.; Alou M. T.; Daillère R.; Fluckiger A.; Messaoudene M.; Rauber C.; Roberti M. P.; et al. Gut Microbiome Influences Efficacy of Pd-1–Based Immunotherapy against Epithelial Tumors. Science 2018, 359, 91–97..

    Not in our library10.1126/science.aan3706

  263. 263.

    Gopalakrishnan V.; Spencer C. N.; Nezi L.; Reuben A.; Andrews M. C.; Karpinets T. V.; Prieto P. A.; Vicente D.; Hoffman K.; Wei S. C.; et al. Gut Microbiome Modulates Response to Anti–Pd-1 Immunotherapy in Melanoma Patients. Science 2018, 359, 97–103..

    Not in our library10.1126/science.aan4236

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    Matson V.; Fessler J.; Bao R.; Chongsuwat T.; Zha Y.; Alegre M.-L.; Luke J. J.; Gajewski T. F. The Commensal Microbiome Is Associated with Anti–Pd-1 Efficacy in Metastatic Melanoma Patients. Science 2018, 359, 104–108..

    Not in our library10.1126/science.aao3290

  265. 265.

    Dethlefsen L.; Relman D. A. Incomplete Recovery and Individualized Responses of the Human Distal Gut Microbiota to Repeated Antibiotic Perturbation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2011, 108, 4554–4561..

    Not in our library10.1073/pnas.1000087107

  266. 266.
  267. 267.

    Raymond F.; Ouameur A. A.; Déraspe M.; Iqbal N.; Gingras H.; Dridi B.; Leprohon P.; Plante P.-L.; Giroux R.; Bérubé È.; et al. The Initial State of the Human Gut Microbiome Determines Its Reshaping by Antibiotics. ISME J. 2016, 10, 707–720..

    Not in our library10.1038/ismej.2015.148

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    Vickers R. J.; Tillotson G.; Goldstein E. J. C.; Citron D. M.; Garey K. W.; Wilcox M. H. Ridinilazole: A Novel Therapy for Clostridium Difficile Infection. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 2016, 48, 137–143..

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2016.04.026

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    Vickers R. J.; Tillotson G. S.; Nathan R.; Hazan S.; Pullman J.; Lucasti C.; Deck K.; Yacyshyn B.; Maliakkal B.; Pesant Y.; et al. Efficacy and Safety of Ridinilazole Compared with Vancomycin for the Treatment of Clostridium Difficile Infection: A Phase 2, Randomised, Double-Blind, Active-Controlled, Non-Inferiority Study. Lancet Infect. Dis. 2017, 17, 735–744..

    Not in our library10.1016/s1473-3099(17)30235-9

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    Thorpe C. M.; Kane A. V.; Chang J.; Tai A.; Vickers R. J.; Snydman D. R. Enhanced Preservation of the Human Intestinal Microbiota by Ridinilazole, a Novel Clostridium Difficile-Targeting Antibacterial, Compared to Vancomycin. PLoS One 2018, 13, e0199810.

    Not in our library10.1371/journal.pone.0199810

  271. 271.

    Avis T.; Wilson F. X.; Khan N.; Mason C. S.; Powell D. J. Targeted Microbiome-Sparing Antibiotics. Drug Discovery 2021, 26, 2198–2203..

    Not in our library10.1016/j.drudis.2021.07.016

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    Machado A.; Cerca N. Influence of Biofilm Formation by Gardnerella Vaginalis and Other Anaerobes on Bacterial Vaginosis. J. Infect. Dis. 2015, 212, 1856–1861..

    Not in our library10.1093/infdis/jiv338

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    Bradshaw C. S.; Sobel J. D. Current Treatment of Bacterial Vaginosis—Limitations and Need for Innovation. J. Infect. Dis. 2016, 214, S14–S20..

    Not in our library10.1093/infdis/jiw159

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    Landlinger C.; Tisakova L.; Oberbauer V.; Schwebs T.; Muhammad A.; Latka A.; Van Simaey L.; Vaneechoutte M.; Guschin A.; Resch G.; et al. Engineered Phage Endolysin Eliminates Gardnerella Biofilm without Damaging Beneficial Bacteria in Bacterial Vaginosis Ex Vivo. Pathogens 2021, 10, 54.

    Not in our library10.3390/pathogens10010054

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    Whitney C. G.; Farley M. M.; Hadler J.; Harrison L. H.; Bennett N. M.; Lynfield R.; Reingold A.; Cieslak P. R.; Pilishvili T.; Jackson D.; et al. Decline in Invasive Pneumococcal Disease after the Introduction of Protein–Polysaccharide Conjugate Vaccine. N. Engl. J. Med. 2003, 348, 1737–1746..

    Not in our library10.1056/nejmoa022823

  276. 276.

    Biesbroek G.; Wang X.; Keijser B. J.; Eijkemans R. M.; Trzciński K.; Rots N. Y.; Veenhoven R. H.; Sanders E. A.; Bogaert D. Seven-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine and Nasopharyngeal Microbiota in Healthy Children. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2014, 20, 201–210..

    Not in our library10.3201/eid2002.131220

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    Blaser M. J.; Falkow S. What Are the Consequences of the Disappearing Human Microbiota?. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2009, 7, 887–894..

    Not in our library10.1038/nrmicro2245

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    Relman D. A.; Lipsitch M. Microbiome as a Tool and a Target in the Effort to Address Antimicrobial Resistance. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2018, 115, 12902–12910..

    Not in our library10.1073/pnas.1717163115

  280. 280.

    Brown R.; Lengeling A.; Wang B. Phage Engineering: How Advances in Molecular Biology and Synthetic Biology Are Being Utilized to Enhance the Therapeutic Potential of Bacteriophages. Quant. Biol. 2017, 5, 42–54..

    Not in our library10.1007/s40484-017-0094-5

  281. 281.

    Zhang Y.; Li C.-X.; Zhang X.-Z. Bacteriophage-Mediated Modulation of Microbiota for Diseases Treatment. Adv. Drug Delivery Rev. 2021, 176, 113856.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.addr.2021.113856

  282. 282.

    Duan Y.; Llorente C.; Lang S.; Brandl K.; Chu H.; Jiang L.; White R. C.; Clarke T. H.; Nguyen K.; Torralba M.; et al. Bacteriophage Targeting of Gut Bacterium Attenuates Alcoholic Liver Disease. Nature 2019, 575, 505–511..

    Not in our library10.1038/s41586-019-1742-x

  283. 283.

    Zheng D.-W.; Dong X.; Pan P.; Chen K.-W.; Fan J.-X.; Cheng S.-X.; Zhang X.-Z. Phage-Guided Therapeutic System for Cancer Therapy by Modulating Gut Microbiota. Nat. Biomed. Eng. 2019, 3, 717–728..

    Not in our library10.1038/s41551-019-0423-2

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    Craciun S.; Balskus E. P. Microbial Conversion of Choline to Trimethylamine Requires a Glycyl Radical Enzyme. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2012, 109, 21307–21312..

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    Isabella V. M.; Ha B. N.; Castillo M. J.; Lubkowicz D. J.; Rowe S. E.; Millet Y. A.; Anderson C. L.; Li N.; Fisher A. B.; West K. A.; et al. Development of a Synthetic Live Bacterial Therapeutic for the Human Metabolic Disease Phenylketonuria. Nat. Biotechnol. 2018, 36, 857.

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    López-Igual R.; Bernal-Bayard J.; Rodríguez-Patón A.; Ghigo J.-M.; Mazel D. Engineered Toxin–Intein Antimicrobials Can Selectively Target and Kill Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria in Mixed Populations. Nat. Biotechnol. 2019, 37, 755–760..

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    Li Z.; Yi C.-X.; Katiraei S.; Kooijman S.; Zhou E.; Chung C. K.; Gao Y.; van den Heuvel J. K.; Meijer O. C.; Berbée J. F. P.; et al. Butyrate Reduces Appetite and Activates Brown Adipose Tissue Via the Gut-Brain Neural Circuit. Gut 2018, 67, 1269.

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    Wang L.; Cheng X.; Bai L.; Gao M.; Kang G.; Cao X.; Huang H. Positive Interventional Effect of Engineered Butyrate-Producing Bacteria on Metabolic Disorders and Intestinal Flora Disruption in Obese Mice. Microbiol. Spectr. 2022, 10, e0114721.

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    Scott B. M.; Gutiérrez-Vázquez C.; Sanmarco L. M.; da Silva Pereira J. A.; Li Z.; Plasencia A.; Hewson P.; Cox L. M.; O’Brien M.; Chen S. K.; et al. Self-Tunable Engineered Yeast Probiotics for the Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Nat. Med. 2021, 27, 1212–1222..

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    Chen D.; Wu J.; Jin D.; Wang B.; Cao H. Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Cancer Management: Current Status and Perspectives. Int. J. Cancer 2019, 145, 2021–2031..

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    McGovern B. H.; Ford C. B.; Henn M. R.; Pardi D. S.; Khanna S.; Hohmann E. L.; O’Brien E. J.; Desjardins C. A.; Bernardo P.; Wortman J. R.; et al. Ser-109, an Investigational Microbiome Drug to Reduce Recurrence after Clostridioides Difficile Infection: Lessons Learned from a Phase 2 Trial. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2021, 72, 2132–2140..

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    Tanoue T.; Morita S.; Plichta D. R.; Skelly A. N.; Suda W.; Sugiura Y.; Narushima S.; Vlamakis H.; Motoo I.; Sugita K.; et al. A Defined Commensal Consortium Elicits Cd8 T Cells and Anti-Cancer Immunity. Nature 2019, 565, 600–605..

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    Hofer U. The Next Step Towards Anticancer Microbiota Therapeutics. Nature Rev. Microbiol. 2019, 17, 125–125..

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    Alexeev E. E.; Lanis J. M.; Kao D. J.; Campbell E. L.; Kelly C. J.; Battista K. D.; Gerich M. E.; Jenkins B. R.; Walk S. T.; Kominsky D. J.; et al. Microbiota-Derived Indole Metabolites Promote Human and Murine Intestinal Homeostasis through Regulation of Interleukin-10 Receptor. Am. J. Pathol. 2018, 188, 1183–1194..

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    Kong W.; Meldgin D. R.; Collins J. J.; Lu T. Designing Microbial Consortia with Defined Social Interactions. Nature Chem. Biol. 2018, 14, 821–829..

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    Mark Welch J. L.; Hasegawa Y.; McNulty N. P.; Gordon J. I.; Borisy G. G. Spatial Organization of a Model 15-Member Human Gut Microbiota Established in Gnotobiotic Mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2017, 114, E9105–E9114..

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    Sheth R. U.; Li M.; Jiang W.; Sims P. A.; Leong K. W.; Wang H. H. Spatial Metagenomic Characterization of Microbial Biogeography in the Gut. Nat. Biotechnol. 2019, 37, 877–883..

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    Turnbaugh P. J.; Ley R. E.; Mahowald M. A.; Magrini V.; Mardis E. R.; Gordon J. I. An Obesity-Associated Gut Microbiome with Increased Capacity for Energy Harvest. Nature 2006, 444, 1027–1031..

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    Ridaura V. K.; Faith J. J.; Rey F. E.; Cheng J.; Duncan A. E.; Kau A. L.; Griffin N. W.; Lombard V.; Henrissat B.; Bain J. R.; et al. Gut Microbiota from Twins Discordant for Obesity Modulate Metabolism in Mice. Science 2013, 341, 1241214.

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    Alang N.; Kelly C. R. Weight Gain after Fecal Microbiota Transplantation. Open Forum Infect. Dis. 2015, 2, ofv004.

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    Donia M. S.; Fischbach M. A. Small Molecules from the Human Microbiota. Science 2015, 349, 1254766.

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    O’Connell T. M. The Application of Metabolomics to Probiotic and Prebiotic Interventions in Human Clinical Studies. Metabolites 2020, 10, 120.

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    Not in our library10.1038/s41564-021-01014-7

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    Marsh J. W.; Ley R. E. Microbiome Engineering: Taming the Untractable. Cell 2022, 185, 416.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.cell.2021.12.034

  473. 473.

    Soucy S. M.; Huang J.; Gogarten J. P. Horizontal Gene Transfer: Building the Web of Life. Nat. Rev. Genet. 2015, 16, 472–482..

    Not in our library10.1038/nrg3962

  474. 474.

    Neil K.; Allard N.; Rodrigue S. Molecular Mechanisms Influencing Bacterial Conjugation in the Intestinal Microbiota. Front. Microbiol. 2021, 12, 673260.

    Not in our library10.3389/fmicb.2021.673260

  475. 475.

    Doucet-Populaire F.; Trieu-Cuot P.; Andremont A.; Courvalin P. Conjugal Transfer of Plasmid DNA from Enterococcus Faecalis to Escherichia Coli in Digestive Tracts of Gnotobiotic Mice. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1992, 36, 502–504..

    Not in our library10.1128/aac.36.2.502

  476. 476.

    Igimi S.; Ryu C. H.; Park S. H.; Sasaki Y.; Sasaki T.; Kumagai S. Transfer of Conjugative Plasmid Pam Beta 1 from Lactococcus Lactis to Mouse Intestinal Bacteria. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 1996, 23, 31–35..

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1472-765x.1996.tb00023.x

  477. 477.

    Ronda C.; Chen S. P.; Cabral V.; Yaung S. J.; Wang H. H. Metagenomic Engineering of the Mammalian Gut Microbiome in Situ. Nat. Methods. 2019, 16, 167–170..

    Not in our library10.1038/s41592-018-0301-y

  478. 478.

    Tridgett M.; Ababi M.; Osgerby A.; Ramirez Garcia R.; Jaramillo A. Engineering Bacteria to Produce Pure Phage-Like Particles for Gene Delivery. ACS Synth. Biol. 2021, 10, 107–114..

    Not in our library10.1021/acssynbio.0c00467

  479. 479.

    Voorhees P. J.; Cruz-Teran C.; Edelstein J.; Lai S. K. Challenges & Opportunities for Phage-Based in Situ Microbiome Engineering in the Gut. J. Controlled Release 2020, 326, 106–119..

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.06.016

  480. 480.
  481. 481.

    Citorik R. J.; Mimee M.; Lu T. K. Sequence-Specific Antimicrobials Using Efficiently Delivered Rna-Guided Nucleases. Nat. Biotechnol. 2014, 32, 1141–1145..

    Not in our library10.1038/nbt.3011

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