Skip to content
naulon

No retraction, correction or concern found when last checked on Nov 2, 2026.

Global epidemiology of avian influenza A H5N1 virus infection in humans, 1997–2015: a systematic review of individual case data

Shengjie Lai, Ying Qin, Benjamin J Cowling and 16 more (opens in a new tab)

The Lancet Infectious Diseases · 2016 · Systematic review

doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(16)00153-5 (opens in a new tab)

References 104

  1. 1.

    Duan L, Bahl J, Smith GJ, et al. The development and genetic diversity of H5N1 influenza virus in China, 1996-2006. Virology. 2008;380(2):243-54.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.virol.2008.07.038 (opens in a new tab)

  2. 2.

    Olsen B, Munster VJ, Wallensten A, et al. Global patterns of influenza a virus in wild birds. Science. 2006;312(5772):384-8.

    Not in our library10.1126/science.1122438 (opens in a new tab)

  3. 3.
  4. 4.

    Update on highly pathogenic avian influenza in animals (Type H5 and H7).

    Not in our library

  5. 5.

    Tian H, Zhou S, Dong L, et al. Avian influenza H5N1 viral and bird migration networks in Asia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015;112(1):172-7.

    Not in our library10.1073/pnas.1405216112 (opens in a new tab)

  6. 6.

    Chen H, Smith GJ, Zhang SY, et al. Avian flu: H5N1 virus outbreak in migratory waterfowl. Nature. 2005;436(7048):191-2.

    Not in our library10.1038/nature03974 (opens in a new tab)

  7. 7.

    Li X, Zhang Z, Yu A, et al. Global and local persistence of influenza A(H5N1) virus. Emerg Infect Dis. 2014;20(8):1287-95.

    Not in our library10.3201/eid2008.130910 (opens in a new tab)

  8. 8.

    Xu X, Subbarao, Cox NJ, Guo Y. Genetic characterization of the pathogenic influenza A/Goose/Guangdong/1/96 (H5N1) virus: similarity of its hemagglutinin gene to those of H5N1 viruses from the 1997 outbreaks in Hong Kong. Virology. 1999;261(1):15-9.

    Not in our library10.1006/viro.1999.9820 (opens in a new tab)

  9. 9.

    Shortridge KF. Poultry and the influenza H5N1 outbreak in Hong Kong 1997: abridged chronology and virus isolation. Vaccine. 1999;17(Suppl 1):S26-9.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0264-410x(99)00102-4 (opens in a new tab)

  10. 10.

    Subbarao K, Klimov A, Katz J, et al. Characterization of an avian influenza A (H5N1) virus isolated from a child with a fatal respiratory illness. Science. 1998;279(5349):393-6.

    Not in our library10.1126/science.279.5349.393 (opens in a new tab)

  11. 11.

    Chan PK. Outbreak of avian influenza A(H5N1) virus infection in Hong Kong in 1997. Clin Infect Dis. 2002;34(Suppl 2):S58-64.

    Not in our library10.1086/338820 (opens in a new tab)

  12. 12.

    Claas EC, Osterhaus AD, van Beek R, et al. Human influenza A H5N1 virus related to a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus. Lancet. 1998;351(9101):472-7.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0140-6736(97)11212-0 (opens in a new tab)

  13. 13.

    Peiris JS, Yu WC, Leung CW, et al. Re-emergence of fatal human influenza A subtype H5N1 disease. Lancet. 2004;363(9409):617-9.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0140-6736(04)15595-5 (opens in a new tab)

  14. 14.

    Yu H, Shu Y, Hu S, et al. The first confirmed human case of avian influenza A (H5N1) in Mainland China. Lancet. 2006;367(9504):84.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0140-6736(05)67894-4 (opens in a new tab)

  15. 15.

    Normile D. Avian influenza. Panel confirms report of early H5N1 human case in China. Science. 2006;313(5789):899.

    Not in our library10.1126/science.313.5789.899 (opens in a new tab)

  16. 16.

    Beigel JH, Farrar J, Han AM, et al. Avian influenza A (H5N1) infection in humans. N Engl J Med. 2005;353(13):1374-85.

    Not in our library10.1056/nejmra052211 (opens in a new tab)

  17. 17.

    Abdel-Ghafar AN, Chotpitayasunondh T, Gao Z, et al. Update on avian influenza A (H5N1) virus infection in humans. N Engl J Med. 2008;358(3):261-73.

    Not in our library10.1056/nejmra0707279 (opens in a new tab)

  18. 18.

    Oner AF, Bay A, Arslan S, et al. Avian influenza A (H5N1) infection in eastern Turkey in 2006. N Engl J Med. 2006;355(21):2179-85.

    Not in our library10.1056/nejmoa060601 (opens in a new tab)

  19. 19.

    Gilsdorf A, Boxall N, Gasimov V, et al. Two clusters of human infection with influenza A/H5N1 virus in the Republic of Azerbaijan, February-March 2006. Euro Surveill. 2006;11(5):122-6.

    Not in our library

  20. 20.

    Human cases of influenza at the human-animal interface, January 2014-April 2015. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2015;90(28):349-62.

    Not in our library

  21. 21.
  22. 22.

    Kandeel A, Manoncourt S, Abd EKE, et al. Zoonotic transmission of avian influenza virus (H5N1), Egypt, 2006-2009. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16(7):1101-7.

    Not in our library10.3201/eid1607.091695 (opens in a new tab)

  23. 23.

    Seven human cases of H5N1 infection confirmed in Azerbaijan, and one case in Egypt. Euro Surveill. 2006;11(3):E60322-3.

    Not in our library

  24. 24.

    Summary of human infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) virus reported to WHO, January 2003-March 2009: cluster-associated cases. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2010;85(3):13-20.

    Not in our library

  25. 25.

    Update on human cases of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus infection, 2011. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2012;87(13):117-23.

    Not in our library

  26. 26.

    Update on human cases of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus infection, 2010. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2011;86(17):161-6.

    Not in our library

  27. 27.

    Influenza at the human-animal interface: Summary and assessment as of 2 October 2014.

    Not in our library

  28. 28.

    Human cases of influenza at the human-animal interface, 2013. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2014;89(28):309-20.

    Not in our library

  29. 29.

    Bowman AS, Nelson SW, Page SL, et al. Swine-to-human transmission of influenza A(H3N2) virus at agricultural fairs, Ohio, USA, 2012. Emerg Infect Dis. 2014;20(9):1472-80.

    Not in our library10.3201/eid2009.131082 (opens in a new tab)

  30. 30.

    Cowling BJ, Jin L, Lau EH, et al. Comparative epidemiology of human infections with avian influenza A H7N9 and H5N1 viruses in China: a population-based study of laboratory-confirmed cases. Lancet. 2013;382(9887):129-37.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0140-6736(13)61171-x (opens in a new tab)

  31. 31.

    Gao R, Cao B, Hu Y, et al. Human infection with a novel avian-origin influenza A (H7N9) virus. N Engl J Med. 2013;368(20):1888-97.

    Not in our library10.1056/nejmoa1304459 (opens in a new tab)

  32. 32.

    Uyeki TM, Cox NJ. Global concerns regarding novel influenza A (H7N9) virus infections. N Engl J Med. 2013;368(20):1862-4.

    Not in our library10.1056/nejmp1304661 (opens in a new tab)

  33. 33.

    de Vries E, Guo H, Dai M, et al. Rapid Emergence of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Subtypes from a Subtype H5N1 Hemagglutinin Variant. Emerg Infect Dis. 2015;21(5):842-6.

    Not in our library10.3201/eid2105.141927 (opens in a new tab)

  34. 34.

    Baden LR, Kanapathipillai R, Campion EW, et al. Ebola--an ongoing crisis. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(15):1458-9.

    Not in our library10.1056/nejme1411378 (opens in a new tab)

  35. 35.

    Cowling BJ, Yu H. Ebola: worldwide dissemination risk and response priorities. Lancet. 2015;385(9962):7-9.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0140-6736(14)61895-x (opens in a new tab)

  36. 36.

    Zaki AM, van Boheemen S, Bestebroer TM, Osterhaus AD, Fouchier RA. Isolation of a novel coronavirus from a man with pneumonia in Saudi Arabia. N Engl J Med. 2012;367(19):1814-20.

    Not in our library10.1056/nejmoa1211721 (opens in a new tab)

  37. 37.

    Avian influenza A (H5N1) in Egypt update, 9 April 2015.

    Not in our library

  38. 38.

    Egypt: upsurge in H5N1 human and poultry cases but no change in transmission pattern of infection.

    Not in our library

  39. 39.

    Influenza at the human-animal interface: Summary and assessment as of 31 March 2015.

    Not in our library

  40. 40.

    Arafa AS, Naguib MM, Luttermann C, et al. Emergence of a novel cluster of influenza A(H5N1) virus clade 2.2.1.2 with putative human health impact in Egypt, 2014/15. Euro Surveill. 2015;20(13):2-8.

    Not in our library10.2807/1560-7917.es2015.20.13.21085 (opens in a new tab)

  41. 41.

    Antigenic and genetic characteristics of zoonotic influenza viruses and development of candidate vaccine viruses for pandemic preparedness, September 2015.

    Not in our library

  42. 42.

    Uyeki TM. Human infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) virus: review of clinical issues. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;49(2):279-90.

    Not in our library10.1086/600035 (opens in a new tab)

  43. 43.

    Mathur MB, Patel RB, Gould M, et al. Seasonal patterns in human A (H5N1) virus infection: analysis of global cases. PLoS One. 2014;9(9):e106171.

    Not in our library10.1371/journal.pone.0106171 (opens in a new tab)

  44. 44.

    Patel RB, Mathur MB, Gould M, et al. Demographic and clinical predictors of mortality from highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) virus infection: CART analysis of international cases. PLoS One. 2014;9(3):e91630.

    Not in our library10.1371/journal.pone.0091630 (opens in a new tab)

  45. 45.

    Uyeki TM. Global epidemiology of human infections with highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) viruses. Respirology. 2008;13(Suppl 1):S2-9.

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1440-1843.2008.01246.x (opens in a new tab)

  46. 46.

    Refaey S, Azziz-Baumgartner E, Amin MM, et al. Increased number of human cases of influenza virus A(H5N1) infection, Egypt, 2014 15. Emerg Infect Dis. 2015;12(21).

    Not in our library10.3201/eid2112.150885 (opens in a new tab)

  47. 47.

    Zhou L, Liao Q, Dong L, et al. Risk factors for human illness with avian influenza A (H5N1) virus infection in China. J Infect Dis. 2009;199(12):1726-34.

    Not in our library10.1086/599206 (opens in a new tab)

  48. 48.

    Global Alert and Response (GAR): Disease Outbreak News (DONs).

    Not in our library

  49. 49.

    The Weekly Epidemiological Record (WER).

    Not in our library

  50. 50.

    Avian Influenza Weekly Update.

    Not in our library

  51. 51.

    Global WHO & Ministries of Health Confirmed H5N1 Human Cases List.

    Not in our library

  52. 52.

    Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. BMJ. 2009;339:b2535.

    Not in our library10.1136/bmj.b2535 (opens in a new tab)

  53. 53.

    Cumulative number of confirmed human cases of avian influenza A(H5N1) reported to WHO.

    Not in our library

  54. 54.

    Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report.

    Not in our library

  55. 55.

    ProMed-mail.

    Not in our library

  56. 56.

    Mounts AW, Kwong H, Izurieta HS, et al. Case-control study of risk factors for avian influenza A (H5N1) disease, Hong Kong, 1997. J Infect Dis. 1999;180(2):505-8.

    Not in our library10.1086/314903 (opens in a new tab)

  57. 57.

    Avian Influenza Report.

    Not in our library

  58. 58.

    WHO case definitions for human infections with influenza A(H5N1) virus, 29 August 2006.

    Not in our library

  59. 59.

    Antigenic and genetic characteristics of zoonotic influenza viruses and candidate vaccine viruses developed for potential use in human vaccines.

    Not in our library

  60. 60.

    Recombinomics. H5N1 Clade 7 Cases in China Raise Concerns, February 2009.

    Not in our library

  61. 61.

    Nguyen T, Rivailler P, Davis CT, et al. Evolution of highly pathogenic avian influenza (H5N1) virus populations in Vietnam between 2007 and 2010. Virology. 2012;432(2):405-16.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.virol.2012.06.021 (opens in a new tab)

  62. 62.

    Smith GJ, Naipospos TS, Nguyen TD, et al. Evolution and adaptation of H5N1 influenza virus in avian and human hosts in Indonesia and Vietnam. Virology. 2006;350(2):258-68.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.virol.2006.03.048 (opens in a new tab)

  63. 63.

    Wang J, Vijaykrishna D, Duan L, et al. Identification of the progenitors of Indonesian and Vietnamese avian influenza A (H5N1) viruses from southern China. J Virol. 2008;82(7):3405-14.

    Not in our library10.1128/jvi.02468-07 (opens in a new tab)

  64. 64.

    Le MT, Wertheim HF, Nguyen HD, et al. Influenza A H5N1 clade 2.3.4 virus with a different antiviral susceptibility profile replaced clade 1 virus in humans in northern Vietnam. PLoS One. 2008;3(10):e3339.

    Not in our library10.1371/journal.pone.0003339 (opens in a new tab)

  65. 65.

    Tian H, Cui Y, Dong L, et al. Spatial, temporal and genetic dynamics of highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) virus in China. BMC Infect Dis. 2015;15(1):54.

    Not in our library10.1186/s12879-015-0770-x (opens in a new tab)

  66. 66.

    Gilbert M, Xiao X, Pfeiffer DU, et al. Mapping H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza risk in Southeast Asia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008;105(12):4769-74.

    Not in our library10.1073/pnas.0710581105 (opens in a new tab)

  67. 67.
  68. 68.

    Chaichoune K, Wiriyarat W, Thitithanyanont A, et al. Indigenous sources of 2007-2008 H5N1 avian influenza outbreaks in Thailand. J Gen Virol. 2009;90(Pt 1):216-22.

    Not in our library10.1099/vir.0.005660-0 (opens in a new tab)

  69. 69.

    Rabinowitz PM, Galusha D, Vegso S, et al. Comparison of human and animal surveillance data for H5N1 influenza A in Egypt 2006-2011. PLoS One. 2012;7(9):e43851.

    Not in our library10.1371/journal.pone.0043851 (opens in a new tab)

  70. 70.

    Kandeel A, Manoncourt S, Abd EKE, et al. Zoonotic transmission of avian influenza virus (H5N1), Egypt 2006-2009. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16(7):1101-7.

    Not in our library10.3201/eid1607.091695 (opens in a new tab)

  71. 71.

    Kuo HI, Lu CL, Tseng WC, Li HA. A spatiotemporal statistical model of the risk factors of human cases of H5N1 avian influenza in South-east Asian countries and China. Public Health. 2009;123(2):188-93.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.puhe.2008.10.012 (opens in a new tab)

  72. 72.

    Vong S, Ly S, Van Kerkhove MD, et al. Risk factors associated with subclinical human infection with avian influenza A (H5N1) virus--Cambodia, 2006. J Infect Dis. 2009;199(12):1744-52.

    Not in our library10.1086/599208 (opens in a new tab)

  73. 73.

    Zhou L, Liao Q, Dong L, et al. Risk factors for human illness with avian influenza A (H5N1) virus infection in China. J Infect Dis. 2009;199(12):1726-34.

    Not in our library10.1086/599206 (opens in a new tab)

  74. 74.

    Yupiana Y, de Vlas SJ, Adnan NM, Richardus JH. Risk factors of poultry outbreaks and human cases of H5N1 avian influenza virus infection in West Java Province, Indonesia. Int J Infect Dis. 2010;14(9):e800-5.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ijid.2010.03.014 (opens in a new tab)

  75. 75.

    Lohiniva AL, Dueger E, Talaat M, et al. Poultry rearing and slaughtering practices in rural Egypt: an exploration of risk factors for H5N1 virus human transmission. Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2013;7(6):1251-9.

    Not in our library10.1111/irv.12023 (opens in a new tab)

  76. 76.
  77. 77.

    Influenza at the human-animal interface: Summary and assessment as of 3 March 2015.

    Not in our library

  78. 78.

    Qin Y, Horby PW, Tsang TK, et al. Differences in the Epidemiology of Human Cases of Avian Influenza A(H7N9) and A(H5N1) Viruses Infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2015.

    Not in our library10.1093/cid/civ345 (opens in a new tab)

  79. 79.
  80. 80.

    Yang Y, Halloran ME, Sugimoto JD, Longini IJ. Detecting human-to-human transmission of avian influenza A (H5N1). Emerg Infect Dis. 2007;13(9):1348-53.

    Not in our library10.3201/eid1309.07-0111 (opens in a new tab)

  81. 81.

    Wang H, Feng Z, Shu Y, et al. Probable limited person-to-person transmission of highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) virus in China. Lancet. 2008;371(9622):1427-34.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0140-6736(08)60493-6 (opens in a new tab)

  82. 82.

    Ungchusak K, Auewarakul P, Dowell SF, et al. Probable person-to-person transmission of avian influenza A (H5N1). N Engl J Med. 2005;352(4):333-40.

    Not in our library10.1056/nejmoa044021 (opens in a new tab)

  83. 83.

    Duan L, Bahl J, Smith GJ, et al. The development and genetic diversity of H5N1 influenza virus in China, 1996-2006. Virology. 2008;380(2):243-54.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.virol.2008.07.038 (opens in a new tab)

  84. 84.

    Webster RG, Govorkova EA. H5N1 influenza--continuing evolution and spread. N Engl J Med. 2006;355(21):2174-7.

    Not in our library10.1056/nejmp068205 (opens in a new tab)

  85. 85.

    Smith GJ, Naipospos TS, Nguyen TD, et al. Evolution and adaptation of H5N1 influenza virus in avian and human hosts in Indonesia and Vietnam. Virology. 2006;350(2):258-68.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.virol.2006.03.048 (opens in a new tab)

  86. 86.

    Ibrahim M, Eladl AF, Sultan HA, et al. Antigenic analysis of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses circulating in Egypt (2006-2012). Vet Microbiol. 2013;167(3-4):651-61.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.09.022 (opens in a new tab)

  87. 87.

    Reperant LA, Kuiken T, Osterhaus AD. Adaptive pathways of zoonotic influenza viruses: from exposure to establishment in humans. Vaccine. 2012;30(30):4419-34.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.04.049 (opens in a new tab)

  88. 88.

    Monto AS. Vaccines and antiviral drugs in pandemic preparedness. Emerg Infect Dis. 2006;12(1):55-60.

    Not in our library10.3201/eid1201.051068 (opens in a new tab)

  89. 89.

    Clinical management of human infection with avian influenza A (H5N1) virus.

    Not in our library

  90. 90.

    Li C, Bu Z, Chen H. Avian influenza vaccines against H5N1 ‘bird flu’. Trends Biotechnol. 2014;32(3):147-56.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.tibtech.2014.01.001 (opens in a new tab)

  91. 91.

    Swayne DE. Impact of vaccines and vaccination on global control of avian influenza. Avian Dis. 2012;56(4 Suppl):818-28.

    Not in our library10.1637/10183-041012-review.1 (opens in a new tab)

  92. 92.

    Swayne DE, Pavade G, Hamilton K, Vallat B, Miyagishima K. Assessment of national strategies for control of high-pathogenicity avian influenza and low-pathogenicity notifiable avian influenza in poultry, with emphasis on vaccines and vaccination. Rev Sci Tech. 2011;30(3):839-70.

    Not in our library10.20506/rst.30.3.2081 (opens in a new tab)

  93. 93.

    Summary of status of development and availability of A(H5N1) candidate vaccine viruses and potency testing reagents.

    Not in our library

  94. 94.

    FDA News Release, 22 November 2013.

    Not in our library

  95. 95.

    Adisasmito W, Chan PK, Lee N, et al. Effectiveness of antiviral treatment in human influenza A(H5N1) infections: analysis of a Global Patient Registry. J Infect Dis. 2010;202(8):1154-60.

    Not in our library10.1086/656316 (opens in a new tab)

  96. 96.

    Chan PK, Lee N, Zaman M, et al. Determinants of antiviral effectiveness in influenza virus A subtype H5N1. J Infect Dis. 2012;206(9):1359-66.

    Not in our library10.1093/infdis/jis509 (opens in a new tab)

  97. 97.

    Govorkova EA, Baranovich T, Seiler P, et al. Antiviral resistance among highly pathogenic influenza A (H5N1) viruses isolated worldwide in 2002-2012 shows need for continued monitoring. Antiviral Res. 2013;98(2):297-304.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.02.013 (opens in a new tab)

  98. 98.

    Trombetta C, Piccirella S, Perini D, Kistner O, Montomoli E. Emerging Influenza Strains in the Last Two Decades: A Threat of a New Pandemic? Vaccines (Basel). 2015;3(1):172-85.

    Not in our library10.3390/vaccines3010172 (opens in a new tab)

  99. 99.

    Khuntirat BP, Yoon IK, Blair PJ, et al. Evidence for subclinical avian influenza virus infections among rural Thai villagers. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;53(8):e107-16.

    Not in our library10.1093/cid/cir525 (opens in a new tab)

  100. 100.
  101. 101.
  102. 102.

    WHO Comment on the importance of global monitoring of variant influenza viruses, 19 December 2011.

    Not in our library

  103. 103.

    Fidler DP, Gostin LO. The WHO pandemic influenza preparedness framework: a milestone in global governance for health. JAMA. 2011;306(2):200-1.

    Not in our library10.1001/jama.2011.960 (opens in a new tab)

  104. 104.

    Pandemic Influenza Risk Management - WHO Interim Guidance.

    Not in our library

Cited by papers we hold 4

Questions about this paper

We email you if it is retracted, withdrawn, corrected or flagged.

Reads

Read by people on this page

None yet.

Checked or read by AI through naulon

None yet.

A person counts once a day per paper. We keep no cookie and no address: a reader is a hash that changes every day. Any month under five reads shows no number.

Are you an author?

Is this your paper?

Claim it to add your note and be paid when agents cite it. Free.