Fusarium: more than a node or a foot-shaped basal cell

1The relevance and impact of Fusarium (Ascomycota, Hypocreales, Nectriaceae) to humankind is substantial. Over the past 100 years, it has attracted considerable attention from scientists as the extent of species diversity and the impact on agriculture and human health became clear. After an initial period of discovery and cataloguing by 19th century naturalists, its taxonomy became the target of research from a broad range of scientists, that resulted in the emergence of distinct “schools” that promoted different taxonomic approaches to fusarium-like organisms. With the advent of an objective and reproducible framework for phylogenetic relationships inferred from molecular phylogenetics, it might have been expected that controversies would melt away, and a stable, universally accepted taxonomy of Fusarium and its species would emerge, but this does not yet appear to be the case (Fig. 1). However, all scientists working with Fusarium desire a stable taxonomic system, and all agree that taxonomic changes should be made with the aim of promoting stability.

2Recently,, largely in response to papers published by,,, and, proposed a cladistic solution to redelimit a generic concept for Fusarium. The generic treatment of Fusarium by,, produced an ill-delimited genus without clear synapomorphies, as fusarium-like macroconidia are strongly polyphyletic within Nectriaceae and also occur outside their very broadly circumscribed Fusarium concept. We argue that a narrower concept of genera with a clear, unique combination of features is needed for the majority of fusarioid species.

3In accordance with the single-name system for fungi, that was adopted at the International Botanical Congress, Melbourne (IBCM) in 2011, we are in full agreement with, and that the name Fusarium applies to any genus with a delimitation that includes the conserved lectotype of the type species, F. sambucinum (sexual morph synonym Gibberella pulicaris), as stated by. Unfortunately, a single joint paper explaining the choice of this name supported by the entire Fusarium community was planned but failed because of the insistence of a subset of authors to adopt a broad generic concept.

4Taxonomy and nomenclature are different concepts, although they are frequently confused, leading to misinterpretations. Support for dual nomenclature ended at the IBCM in August 2011. The significance of 1 January 2013 was to ensure the formal nomenclatural validity of newly proposed dual names (new species or new combinations) that were in press or part of studies about to be submitted for publication. These dates have no significance for names proposed in a single name system, which can be done at any time. Despite these technicalities, virtually all members of the Fusarium community accept that Fusarium must be used over the sexually-typified name Gibberella in the single name system, a recommendation included in the proposed list of Protected Names submitted to the Nomenclature Committee for Fungi, the body with the authority to recommend its formal acceptance. However, statements in seem to reflect a confusion about how the nomenclatural decision affected taxonomic concepts.

5The name Fusarium has never been at risk during the nomenclatural transition, and the community support for its use in a single name system is unanimous. We fully agree with, and that Fusarium equals Gibberella. Fusarium will always be applied to the clade that includes the type species of Fusarium, F. sambucinum, which is the same fungus that also typifies Gibberella. In this study, we show that the clade defined as Fusarium s. str. (, as Gibberella;, as Clade B) combines monophyly, morphology of sexual and asexual morphs, and biochemical data in a coherent way that can logically be recognised at the generic rank. Expanding the concept of Fusarium to node F1 sensu, results in the combination of several distinct genera and does not resolve the issue of fusarium-like macroconidia in genera outside their broad circumscription of Fusarium.

6and presented a phylogenetic overview of selected Nectriaceae based on combined analyses of two different genes, namely the commonly employed and phylogenetically informative RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (rpb2) and exon regions of the larger subunit of ATP citrate lyase (acl1). The two papers were the first to apply a single name system to fusarioid fungi (i.e., genera with fusarium-like macroconidia), and were written along with others (see ) to promote discussions that eventually led to changes to the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICNafp).

7The main focus of the paper was to deal with extraneous elements that had long been included in Fusarium. These fungi had distinct phenotypic characters, such as thin, collapsing perithecial walls, slow growing agar colonies lacking aerial mycelium, or sparsely septate macroconidia. Users of the and identification manuals may be familiar with some of these species, then called Fusarium aquaeductuum, F. coccophilum and F. merismoides. There was evidence in the first papers on the molecular phylogeny of Fusarium that these species did not belong to Fusarium (e.g., see ). It was not until the study by that other genera in the family, such as members of the Cylindrocarpon generic complex, Calonectria, Tubercularia, and minor genera such as Mariannaea, Pseudonectria, and Volutella (also see ) were adequately sampled to yield generic-level resolution. The phylograms showed the division of fusarioid taxa into two large groups, which called the Terminal Fusarium Clade (abbreviated TFC by ) and the ill-delineated Basal Fusarium Clade (BFC) that contained several of the genera noted above. A single-genus recognition for the BFC was not feasible because of the great morphological, genetic, and ecological divergence among the sampled species. The BFC included seven genera, each with their monophyly strongly supported and more or less ecologically coherent. Species with fusarioid conidia were reclassified in the phylogenetically redefined but previously described genera Atractium, Cosmospora, Dialonectria, Fusicolla, Macroconia, Microcera, and Stylonectria. accepted these segregate genera in the BFC as distinct from the TFC, while correctly pointing out the weak support values obtained for the phylogenetic backbone of the tree. One consequence of the widespread occurrence of macroconidia in the taxon sampling (fusarioid genera, cylindrocarpon-like genera, and Calonectria) was the suggestion that especially the fusarioid macroconidium is a plesiomorphic character (that is, an ancestral character) and had been lost in some lineages in Nectriaceae.

8The second paper by recovered similar phylogenies as, but focused on the TFC, supplementing this with a five-gene analysis of a particular subclade within the TFC intended to delimit phylogenetic genera and a few species. This demonstrated the monophyly of the treated genera and resulted in the acceptance of the previously described Cyanonectria, as well as the description of the genus Geejayessia. Again, correctly criticised the weakness of the backbone of the tree, especially in the BFC. About 75 % of the phylogenetic signal in the analysis came from one gene, rpb2. did not discuss the taxonomic fate of Neocosmospora (the Fusarium solani species complex, FSSC), which was represented by only two species in their analysis, but was excluded from Fusarium s. str.

9The call for more genetic markers and even genome analysis by, to better resolve the phylogenetic backbone of the TFC was justified, but the increased number of markers should have been matched by increased taxon sampling of all known genera of Nectriaceae, as taxon sampling is equally important for inferring robust and meaningful phylogenies.

10greatly expanded both the number of genetic markers and the taxon sampling in order to explore the generic boundaries across the Nectriaceae, including all genera known from culture and many genera for which no DNA data was previously available. A 10-gene phylogeny was inferred including all the markers previously used by,,, and, plus nrDNA sequences and other markers of known phylogenetic utility, namely actin (act1), beta-tubulin (tub2), calmodulin (CaM), histone (his3), and the translation elongation factor 1-α (tef1). From this, a phylogeny of the TFC overall congruent to that presented by and was obtained. Importantly, the monophyly of Albonectria, Cyanonectria, Geejayessia, Fusarium, and Neocosmospora was reaffirmed and a few early diverging lineages previously included in the TFC were segregated into new fusarioid genera i.e., Bisifusarium (formerly the F. dimerum species complex) and Rectifusarium (formerly the F. ventricosum species complex).

11After nearly a hundred years of quandary, a modern revision was published for Neocosmospora, In this study, many unnamed phylogenetic species were morphologically characterised and given Latin binomials, while old names were resurrected, epitypified, and linked to DNA barcodes.

12Two recent publications by and argued for the broad Fusarium concept of. Both papers present very similar phylogenetic analyses, relying on 19 genes, including 12 newly sampled markers, namely: cytochrome P450 reductase (cpr1), ATP-dependent DNA helicase II (ku70), sphinganine palmitoyl transferase subunit 2 (lcb2), DNA replication licensing factor (mcm7), phosphoglycerate kinase (pgk1), topoisomerase (top1), two subunits each of the DNA polymerase (dpa1 and dpe1), the fatty acid synthase (fas1, fas2), alpha-tubulin (tub1), and tub2. The previously employed marker his3 was not included, nor were nrDNA markers. The results are in essence the same as those of the previously published phylogenies, but with stronger support for the backbone in the combined analyses (see ). claimed that the F1 node was supported by 12, and the F2 node by 14 of the individual genes, but did not mention that all 19 genes supported the F3 node (Fusarium s. str. = the Gibberella clade).

13In this study we re-investigated the dataset using several different high-resolution phylogenetic approaches, and we found that their evaluations of concordance were based on an inadequate interpretation of Ultra-Fast bootstrap results (only values ≥ 95 % are to be deemed significant, see, ). In addition to the topological incongruences among six genes (act1, CaM, DNA polymerase epsilon subunit dpe1, ku70, pgk1, tef1, and tub2), only six and 11 genes actually support the F1 and F2 nodes, respectively, while all 19 genes support the F3 node. The low internode certainty (IC) and IC All (ICA) values obtained for F1 (0.19 and 0.33, respectively) were misinterpreted by as IC values close to 0 indicate conflict between the partitions. The F3 node was well supported with IC and ICA values at 1 (, Supplementary Table. S1), which indicates the absence of conflict.

14While the effort by and to include a high diversity of DNA markers is commendable, it is undermined by an imbalanced selection of taxa for their analyses. Specifically, there is a marked overrepresentation of node F1 species, while sampling and taxon selection across the Nectriaceae is almost absent. Excluding any of the major genus-level clades, especially those relevant to the recognition of Bisifusarium, Neocosmospora and Rectifusarium, introduces taxon sampling biases in a way that reduce the reliability of phylogenetic inferences and support values with respect to the backbone of the Nectriaceae. Furthermore, neither nor give full consideration to morphological and ecological evidence. In principle, a genus should always be delimited as monophyletic, supported by derived traits. In addition, its circumscription should depend on the systematic (phylogenetic and biological) structure of the family it belongs to, in this case, the Nectriaceae.

15Phylogenetics has rapidly advanced from a powerful adjunct tool for understanding evolutionary relationships to the dominant principle for classification, especially for delimitation of taxa at all ranks. However, the resulting analyses and phylogenies are compromised if they are not reconciled with other biological data. The call for additional genomic data in the Fusarium clade may improve backbone node support values, but the phylogenetic structure is unlikely to change; it is the translation of that data into practicable taxonomy. The broad Fusarium concept of, and is phylogenetically possible, but it does not offer a generic definition based on a combination of available genetic, morphological, biochemical and ecological data. It is, thus, impractical in that it is so broad that the genus would not have any synapomorphies when compared to other genera of the Nectriaceae outside their broad circumscription of Fusarium.

16The arguments presented by, and are centred around the phylogenetic support of some nodes, which have never been a key subject of the discussion, as the made observations generally match the interpretations made by many authors. While the very broad circumscription of Fusarium reflects as a monophyletic group in DNA phylogenetic analyses, the TFC is a conglomerate of several monophyletic genera that has a common ancestor (node F1 in ). Each of these genera has a distinctive combination of morphological features. An analogous situation was observed in the monophyletic sister clade that was originally classified as Cylindrocarpon s. lat., but that is currently viewed as composed of several monophyletic genera i.e., Cinnamomeonectria, Corinectria, Cylindrodendrum, Dactylonectria, Ilyonectria, Macronectria, Neonectria, Pleiocarpon, Rugonectria, Thelonectria and Tumenectria.

17Taxonomically, a genus is a group that is defined by a type species, and that often includes additional species considered to belong to the same group. The observations or category of data involved in delineating genera have varied over time, and in many cases, the characters used to delimit well accepted genera have proven to be homoplasious and the genera polyphyletic. However, it is a fundamental principle that taxonomic entities should reflect evolutionary relationships.

18This has led to inevitable splitting of well-known fungal taxa, both genera and species, into smaller groups, but sometimes also genera were merged with others based on the reappraisal or discovery of derived characters (e.g., ). This proceeds with each technological revolution providing ever deeper insight into the biological/evolutionary relationships of organisms, and has accelerated again since molecular phylogenetics came into widespread use. There is a prevailing notion that nature made species, but that humans made all other taxonomic ranks for their own convenience. However, it is increasingly recognised that all taxonomic ranks, including the species level, do not have solid boundaries but are more like a steam cloud with fuzzy margins. At the genus level, these boundaries are often even more obscure, but is a genus just an arbitrary (but statistically well-supported) monophyletic convenience, a consensus accepted by a self-appointed committee? Or is a genus a meaningful, definable unit resulting from evolutionary processes, which can be recognised by patterns of biological structure, biochemistry, behaviour, and adaptation to specific niches? We believe that the latter should be the case. While we recognise that generic delimitations will always depend on a subjective choice, we believe that generic concepts should always be guided in a phylogenetic context by morphological, biochemical, or ecological characters that can both be used for practical recognition and convey evolutionary information.

19The generic concept for Fusarium proposed by, is a rejection of this concept, as it merges lineages with divergent characters that were accepted and applied not only throughout the family Nectriaceae for the delimitation of genera but also in other fungal families and orders. The very broad genus Fusarium that it gives rise to does not have clear-cut features, as the diversity of characters shared with the rest of the Nectriaceae is so high that it could be extended almost arbitrarily to the entire family. It would, in fact be as if the concept of cryptic species was expanded to genera, that is, genera that can only be recognised as a well-supported node on a phylogram, which is, in our view, in disagreement with fundamental principles of practical classification. The node F1 selected by, for defining Fusarium is devoid of phenotypic support and includes several genera with distinct evolutionary traits. Indeed, the, concept of Fusarium is strictly phylogenetically defined and essentially amounts to a list of the species bound within a selected clade. Their morphological circumscription does not admit the existence of synapomorphies (i.e., unique diagnostic characters possessed by all included species), and it extends beyond their chosen node to other groups in Nectriaceae. In this very wide definition of Fusarium, phenotypic characters and ecological patterns that correlate with well-supported monophyletic groups within the larger, poorly supported TFC are disregarded as basis for generic delineation.

20Admittedly, phenotypic characters in the TFC are tricky to interpret. The fusarioid macroconidium with or without a well-developed foot-shaped basal cell (i.e., basal conidial cell showing an asymmetrical papillum, delimited from the rest of the cell and forming a distinct notch) occurs in the majority but not all of the species in the traditional generic concept, but is also a feature present in a significant proportion of other members of the Nectriaceae, or even of the unrelated genus Microdochium (Amphisphaeriaceae). It is, therefore, not a unique feature for generic delineation.

21Perithecial pigmentation has been used to delimit genera in Nectriaceae. The orange/red perithecium is an ancestral character in the family and common also to members of the BFC and early diverging lineages of the TFC, including all Neocosmospora species known to reproduce sexually, Setofusarium, and some species of Cyanonectria and Geejayessia. These structures are easily distinguished from the homogeneously bluish/black perithecia of true Fusarium s. str. species in the Gibberella clade sensu. Contrary to what was suggested by, it is not Neocosmospora which represents an interesting but morphologically aberrant lineage, since neither its type nor the members of its modern morphological circumscription exhibit aberrant characteristics. It is the dark-coloured perithecia typical of Fusarium s. str. (= Gibberella clade) that are aberrant and unusual within Nectriaceae.

22The dark purple to black perithecium formerly used to characterise Fusarium s. str. (= Gibberella), represents a synapomorphic state. Ascomata with similar colours have evolved independently in some, but not all, species of Geejayessia, while heterogeneously coloured bluish black or bicoloured perithecia can be observed in several species of Cyanonectria, which often appears as a sister genus to Fusarium. However, Cyanonectria and Geejayessia differ from Fusarium and Neocosmospora by their typically well-developed stromata as well as their thinner and smooth perithecial walls. Notably, pale yellowish perithecia occur in several clades and are a derived character as well, and one genus that we accept, Albonectria, was initially defined by white perithecia. Also, in terms of its ascospores, Fusarium shows a derived state. With the exception of Albonectria, which includes species with hyaline, ellipsoidal to fusoid, 3-septate, smooth to finely striated ascospores, the genera mentioned above present mostly pale yellow-brown ascospores. Ascospores of Fusarium s. str. are more often subhyaline, ellipsoidal to fusoid, 1–3-septate, and smooth-walled when viewed with light microscopy. Ascospores of Neocosmospora are easily distinguished from those of Fusarium by being ovoid to ellipsoidal, (0–)1-septate, pigmented, conspicuously striate or more rarely cerebriform or spinulose. It is worth noting that most of the above-mentioned characters and differences are the same applied to define genera across the whole Nectriaceae, where they correlate well with phylogenetic inferences. Ascospores showing similarly many septa as in Fusarium s. str. have independently evolved in Nectria diploa (now Microcera), as well as in N. glabra, and N. decora (now Flammocladiella). The fact that none of these species is a member of the TFC supports the interpretation that multiseptate ascospores might be apomorphic for Fusarium s. str., separating it clearly from other phylogenetically related genera.

23Behaviour and other adaptations, determine how an organism operates and survives in nature and are the ultimate determinants and products of natural selection. They may be difficult to translate into nodes and other results of phylogenetic analyses such as phylogenetic distance. Despite this, similarities in adaptive traits are frequently used to calibrate phylogenetic delimitations of genera. For example, all known species of Microcera are pathogens of scale insects. It is easy to understand the hypothesis that the ancestor of this clade jumped to these hosts, followed by subsequent radiation and speciation. This resulted in considerable micromorphological diversity, while a core of adaptation resulting from the parasitic life style remained conserved. Similarly, several of the genus-level clades include mostly mycoparasitic species or pathogens of plants. If we apply this kind of thinking to the well-supported clades of the TFC, as noted by, species of Cyanonectria and Geejayessia occur only on woody hosts (mostly species of Buxus, Celtis and Staphylea) and would typically not occur as soil-borne plant pathogens or pathogens of grasses. They are also not known to produce trichothecene mycotoxins. This is in stark contrast with the prevailing ecological concept of Fusarium s. str. as a genus of primarily soil-borne fungi, of which many are in a firm biological association with grasses and herbs. Importantly, the vast majority of Fusarium s. str. species produce trichothecene mycotoxins as a chemical synapomorphy. Most of the strongly supported clades within the TFC can be supported by these kinds of morphological, chemical, and biological traits, allowing the possibility of non-arbitrary recognition of biologically meaningful genera. One such clade is Neocosmospora.

24In the days of dual nomenclature, the distinction between the red perithecia of Neocosmospora, as amended by, and the typically purple or blackish perithecia of the trichothecene-producing Gibberella species was generally accepted by Fusarium taxonomists. The ecological distinctiveness of Neocosmospora as a group of soil fungi, often associated with roots and causing root rot and vascular wilt diseases, was also generally acknowledged. In addition to the dissimilar sexual characters mentioned above, the asexual morphs of this group are also distinctive. The macroconidia are usually thick-walled, with blunt, rounded apical cells, and they usually have inconspicuous foot-shaped basal cells. Microconidia are produced on very long, narrow phialides. Cultures of a vast majority of species of this group can easily be recognised morphologically, even with a dissecting microscope.

25The ecological similarities of the members of Neocosmospora with F. oxysporum have to be acknowledged, as noted by,. However, these two groups of species are morphologically distinct, even as asexual morphs. Fusarium oxysporum produces macroconidia with acutely pointed apical cells, and microconidia from phialides that are usually 5–10 times shorter than those of Neocosmospora species.

26, have pointed out that microchromosomes or conditionally dispensable chromosomes occur in Neocosmospora and members of their F3 clade, namely F. oxysporum. Microchromosomes have been observed, however, also in phylogenetically distinct taxa such as Magnaporthe oryzae (, now Pyricularia oryzae), Mycosphaerella graminicola (, now Zymoseptoria tritici), and Alternaria arborescens and might occur sporadically as a result of horizontal gene transfer. They are thought to increase the ability of a pathogen to adapt to the host's defence mechanisms. The ability to acquire conditionally dispensable chromosomes might thus be seen as a general genetic tool allowing organisms to gain ecologically advantageous genes. Similarly, they could present a general driving force in co-evolutionary processes, but the per se occurrence of conditionally dispensable chromosomes in two taxa can hardly be used as a criterion for drawing conclusions on or imply generic relatedness.

27In the manual and in one of the last vestiges of the ultra-reductionist system, F. solani was recognised as the only species of section Martiella, even though the existence of several distinct mating populations was known. The European system (exemplified by ) accepted several more species, derived from the classic treatment. When molecular phylogenetic studies of this group began in earnest, Neocosmospora included three major clades and many species. To date, 86 species are formally described in this group, but additional novel phylogenetic lineages are recognised and await formal description.

28Thus, in Neocosmospora we have a group of species that can easily be recognised morphologically by both sexual and asexual morphs, exhibit generally consistent ecological behaviour, lack trichothecene mycotoxins, and form a strongly supported monophyletic group. This sounds like a biologically meaningful calibration of a genus, but what about the practicality of doing this? Presently, the data supporting the recognition of Neocosmospora (and equally, also Fusarium s. str., the F3 clade) is stronger than the data supporting either of the nodes favoured for designating a broader concept of Fusarium. If there are 100 plus species in Neocosmospora, and hundreds of species in the trichothecene-producing, Poaceae-loving Fusarium s. str. clade, it will be useful for students, plant pathologists, clinical microbiologists, and other scientists to have different generic names for each group. Those names will convey information about relationships and behaviour that are lost in a broader definition of Fusarium with much greater diversity of ecological and biochemical behaviours. raised concerns that grant evaluators, government regulators and medical practitioners who now believe they know what Fusarium means will be confused by the segregation of these fusarioid fungi into different genera, and that confusion could lead to unpredictable consequences. However, in our experience these end users continuously familiarise themselves with up-to-date, informative taxonomic and nomenclatural concepts for socio-economically important fungal groups, thus allowing them to predict the possible real-world effects of reliably identified fungi with increased precision. To them, the segregation of a heterogeneous concept of Fusarium into biologically and biochemically predictive genera will be helpful.

29With Neocosmospora accepted as a different genus, Albonectria, Cyanonectria, and Geejayessia, as defined by, as well as Bisifusarium and Rectifusarium as defined in must also be accepted as separate genera. As previously said, these are all monophyletic groups, also characterised by distinctive ecological and morphological traits.

30The end consequence of our strategy is a series of phylogenetically well-supported genera, each with a recognisable suite of morphological characters, and ecological, pathological, and biochemical behaviour. Indeed, the results of such splitting activities applied to what we called the Wollenweber concept of Fusarium s. lat. accounts for 20 segregate genera. Most importantly, both Fusarium and Neocosmospora will have generic names to indicate their important but distinct significance. The extraneous species, with different ecology and generally much lower economic or agricultural significance can now justifiably be classified elsewhere, where they can be appreciated for their own features without the need for the uncertainty inherent in a broad concept of the generic name Fusarium.

31The generic concept of Fusarium proposed by, functions well as a phylogenetic concept only if taxonomists turn their eyes away from all other kinds of data and observations applied to the family Nectriaceae. It is a political generic concept, meant to assuage the concerns of plant pathologists and other applied scientists, many of whom are already upset by the proliferation of cryptic phylogenetic species. Ironically, this late-blooming alleged pragmatism seems to betray the cladistic ideals that many of its authors profess to adhere to.

32All authors agree on the use of the single name Fusarium, have a common understanding of a phylogenetic structure of the family Nectriaceae, and agree that removing Neocosmospora from the main Fusarium core is the critical point of discussion. Sequencing additional markers may lead to increased phylogenetic support, but it is a false comfort if the taxon sampling does not include as many genera of Nectriaceae as possible. Expanded representation of the TFC in the dataset will not solve the controversy, and the resulting phylogenies will remain unbalanced. The segregation of Neocosmospora from Fusarium certainly needs to be done efficiently by those who have the most comprehensive expertise on the relevant species, which include several of the co-authors of the, and papers as well as the present one.

33Fusarium taxonomy has long been confused because of the nine-species system of,, the misleading overlaps caused by convergent evolution and character loss, the difficulty in characterising perithecia, the phenomenon of cultural degeneration, and rigid opinions of the taxonomists and plant pathologists who have worked on them. To arrive at a stable taxonomy for Fusarium, the generic concept needs to be fixed in a practical and evolutionary reasonable manner so that future technologies and applications will not disrupt it.

34The phylogenetic distribution of the fusarioid genera presented here is further corroborated by their ability to produce genus-specific secondary metabolites. The commercial database Dictionary of Natural Products (DNP; http://dnp.chemnetbase.com), was used to search for secondary metabolites produced by the genera and species treated here. The database contained (as of March 6, 2021) over 720 entries on metabolites from Fusarium s. lat., even though some plant metabolites, discovered during studies on the elicitation of phytoalexins by challenging plant cells with a Fusarium strain, are included. The number of metabolites from Fusarium s. lat. is therefore estimated to be around 680, which is still behind Aspergillus s. lat. (over 3 000 entries) and Penicillium s. lat. (over 2 700 entries). Hits that were retrieved were confirmed by consulting the original literature. The reported structures were corroborated, with a selection of these compounds presented here (Fig. 2, Fig. 3, Fig. 4).

35It remains uncertain if the reported taxonomy is reliable, since the producer strains may have been misidentified or determined using one of many outdated taxonomic concepts. However, several compound classes have been encountered multiple times from the same species or species complex, and in some instances, the strains were identified by experts and/or sequenced later in phylogenetic studies. The situation is further complicated by the fact that certain secondary metabolites have been given similar names, but represent different molecules. The name solaniol has been given to both a trichothecene (Fusarium s. str.) and a naphthoquinone (Neocosmospora), and the fusariumins represent four different secondary metabolites.

36Fusarium sambucinum, the type species of the genus, has not been studied in much detail, but among the 20 metabolites known from this species, several metabolites are ranked in the classes trichothecenes and enniatins. The trichothecenes represents a well-known and notoriously dangerous class of mycotoxins belonging to the scirpene terpenoid type. These compounds are widely distributed within the genus Fusarium s. str., including familiar plant pathogenic species such as, F. culmorum, F. graminearum, F. sporotrichioides and F. tricinctum. The enniatins, known from 17 Fusarium s. str. species, are cyclic depsipeptides that have strong antibiotic activities. Similar to trichothecenes, they are only known from Fusarium s. str. in the current taxonomic concept, although Trichoderma and Beauveria, which belong to different families of the Hypocreales, also produce trichothecenes or enniatin-like beauvericins, respectively. However, trichothecenes have not been reported from Neocosmospora or “F. solani” except from two isolates misidentified as “F. solani” (Supplementary Table S2)

37Two other well-known classes of mycotoxins, the fumonisins and zearalenone, are also found frequently among species of Fusarium s. str. Similarly, equisetin, also considered a “mycotoxin” and originally found from a Fusarium sp. strain (NRRL 5537) in the FIESC is actually a strong antibiotic. A more complex derivative known as fusarisetin A was reported from an unidentified Fusarium sp.. Some rather unique compounds only known from Fusarium s. str., include wortmannin and oxysporizoline, which have interesting biological activities and may be species or even strain-specific.

38Among the compounds that are not regarded as mycotoxins, the antimicrobial sesquiterpenes of the fusarielin type and the antiparasitic and cytostatic cyclopeptides of the apicidin type have been respectively isolated from Fusarium s. str. Additionally, aurofusarin, chlamydosporol, fusapyrone, fusaric acid, fusoxysporone, fusaproliferin, moniliformin and the terpestacins are other examples of secondary metabolites found only in Fusarium s. str. Thus far, only one report has indicated that a Neocosmospora species can produce fusaric acid. Both aurofusarin and bikaverin produced by Fusarium s. str. and other bis-naphthoquinone and bis-naphthopyrone pigments protect fungi from predation, while Neocosmospora species produce other naphthoquinones such as javanicin as potential predator protectors. Some unique compounds have been reported from marine strains of certain Fusarium species, which include the mangicols, rare sesterterpenes produced by a strain tentatively classified as F. heterosporum.

39Neocosmospora species and other fusarioid genera apparently have a different secondary metabolism, or have not been intensively studied in the past. A striking example are the cyclosporins, which are immunosuppressive peptides. Originally, these were obtained from Tolypocladium inflatum, but later also found to be produced by species of Neocosmospora. However, they have not been reported from Fusarium s. str. Other unique compounds only known from Neocosmospora species, include dihydrofusarin, the polyketides neovasipyrones and vasinfectin A. The rare cyclopeptides of the neosansalvamide type and the resorcylic acid lactones of the monorden/monocillin type are also known from Neocosmospora and other fungi, but not from Fusarium s. str., even though the latter compounds bear a high structural resemblance to zearalenone. Several Neoscomospora species produce a range of naphthoquinones that are members of a widespread class of polyketides.

40The fusarioid genus Bisifusarium is known to produce the PKS/NRPS hybrid siderophore, dimerumic acid (= dimerum acid), and indole acetic acid. The parnafungins, which are under development as antimycotics, are only known from Microcera larvarum. Additionally, Microcera larvarum is also known to produce monocerin and fusarentins, which are not known from any other fungi, except a Colletotrichum species. The anticancer agent balanol (azepinostatin) is known to be produced by two Fusicolla species, which might be applied as a taxonomic marker for this genus, although it has also been found in species of the Ophiocordycipitaceae. Unfortunately, there is no available information on secondary metabolites for the other fusarioid genera treated here. However, secondary metabolite studies of these missing genera will facilitate for the discovery of novel molecules and help to elucidate the functional biodiversity of these fungi.

41The following part of this study presents an overview of the morphological and phylogenetic characters of Fusarium and related genera as well as an account of recommended methods for the identification and characterisation of these taxa. In addition, novel genera and species are described and, in view of the recent taxonomic data, a list of names that are applied to the genus Fusarium s. lat. with their current scientific names is presented.

42Current Fusarium taxonomy is dominated by molecular phylogenetic studies. Nonetheless, morphology is a fundamental component of the generic and species concepts of fungi and must not be overlooked. Key morphological features for generic circumscription include characteristics of sexual morphs such as perithecial colour, wall thickness and anatomy, surface structures and the presence and nature of a basal stroma, ascospore shape, septation, colour and surface ornamentation. Classification of taxa solely based on their asexual morphs can be trickier than integrated systems using sexual and asexual characters. However, the general shapes, different types and combinations of conidiogenous structures and conidia present in culture can be sufficient to allow a preliminary identification (Fig. 5), especially if host data are also available. For species-level characterisation, a number of morphological traits must be carefully studied, particularly those of the asexual morph, while sexual morphs are generally less suitable, especially as they are typically not produced in culture. Diagnostic characters for species identification include colony characters such as colony morphology, pigmentation, and type of aerial mycelium. Also included are the dimensions and characteristics of aerial conidiophores and conidiogenous cells (mono- vs polyphialides), presence/absence and characteristics of sporodochia, the types of conidia produced, e.g., aerial microconidia, mesoconidia, and aerial and sporodochial macroconidia. In examining conidia themselves, consideration is given to the overall shape, septation and curvature of the macroconidia, as well as characteristics of their apical and basal cells; with aerial microconidia, their dimensions, shape, septation and spatial organisation (forming slimy heads, chains or a combination of both) are noted. Finally, the presence or absence of chlamydospores may be important.

43Vigorous growth, sporulation, and pigment production of fusarioid fungi can be achieved on numerous agar formulations. The morphology of fungal structures will vary dramatically depending on the selection of media and growth conditions which may compromise the identification process. In addition, it is also common for fusaria to degenerate and lose viability in culture, particularly when they are grown on nutrient-rich media. Culture conditions and media have been extensively summarised in the literature. Consequently, we recommend the agar formulations listed in Table 1 to be employed for the isolation and description of fusaria. A summary of the procedures and conditions suitable for work with fusarioid fungi is shown in Fig. 6.

44An important condition that must be stressed is that the identification must always be made on the basis of a monosporic culture (a culture produced from a single sporulating conidium, ascospore, or hyphal tip), as multiple species are commonly found to co-occur in the same substrate tissue. A freshly isolated fusarioid strain should be sub-cultured onto at least two different culture media, a relatively rich one suitable for examination of gross morphology, and a nutrient-poor one for micromorphological examination and for further culture propagation. The standard culture setup for initial assessment of growth rates and colony characters i.e., colony pigmentation, diffusible pigments, and colour of sporodochia, is to use potato dextrose agar (PDA) incubated for 1–2 wk. Fusarium and related genera will also grow and sporulate well on malt extract agar (MEA, recipe in ), which can be a suitable alternative for initial isolation and monosporic cultivation. However, MEA should not be used to assess colony or morphological characters. Standard incubation is commonly made in total darkness; however, exposure to light will normally result in a faster and more intense pigmentation. We have observed better colour formation using in-house prepared media rather than commercial formulae. While colony colour cannot be employed as a primary criterion for species identification, it can provide useful means to grossly distinguish related groups and to direct the identification process towards determining genera or species complexes. The high nutrient content of these agar media strongly affects sporulation, commonly resulting in the development of atypical structures. Therefore, we strongly discourage the use of PDA for micromorphological assessment or culture propagation of Fusarium spp.. Oatmeal agar (OA) is a suitable alternative for strain sub-culturing, allowing for good sporulation with reduced strain degeneration; however, it is not recommended for micromorphological studies.

45Carnation leaf agar (CLA), synthetic nutrient-poor agar (SNA), and water agar (WA) are the standard culture media for micromorphological analyses. Also, by reducing culture degeneration, they allow for prolonged storage of actively growing cultures. Subcultures on CLA will normally produce abundant sporodochia and macroconidia on the surface or around the carnation leaf pieces with consistent morphological features. Incubation at room temperature (20–25 °C) for 1–2 wk under a 12/12 h near-UV light (wavelength 320–400 nm)/dark or near-UV light/cool fluorescent light cycles results in stronger sporulation and good development of sporodochial pigmentation. The use of continuous near-UV light (also commonly termed "blacklight" or UV-A light) is also suitable although it often results in the formation of unusually long macroconidia, and it can suppress the development of useful morphological characters such as the globose microconidia of Fusarium globosum. Nevertheless, incubation under near-UV light is fundamental since isolates of some species such as Fusarium poae and F. sacchari are known to lack macroconidia or to produce them in only small quantities unless they are stimulated by incubation under a near-UV light source. Fusarium cultures also need adequate aeration to produce conidia reliably and to attain stable growth rates, and hence we discourage the incubation of sealed plates. Carnation leaf agar, SNA, and WA are also suitable for the observation of conidiophore disposition and microconidial arrangements such as the formation of false heads, chains or both. These structures can easily be examined under a dissecting microscope or at low magnification under a compound light microscope. Examination of micromorphological characters must be carried out using slide preparations mounted in water. Lactic acid, lactophenol and Shear's mounting media can cause considerable shrinking of the structures and can alter the appearance of the cell surface; hence we advise against the use of these mountants for examination of morphological characters in Fusarium and related genera.

46Additional culture media, incubation conditions, and protocols are available for induction of sexual characters in Fusarium and related genera. Carrot agar (CA) and half-strength CA are the most commonly used media. The crossing procedures are often variations from the protocol of, in which strains of opposite mating types are paired in all possible combinations as male and female parents, together with crosses made against tester strains from known mating populations. The process can be shortened by reducing the number of combinations to be crossed by first determining the MAT gene alleles carried by each strain by means of specific mating type idiomorph PCR primers.

47Several genes, primer combinations and PCR conditions have been listed in the Fusarium literature, including whole-genome sequencing to mine for the desired genes. Here we detail those DNA markers that have shown the best results in routine diagnosis (Table 2, Fig. 6).

48Nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA), including the internal transcribed spacer region cistron (ITS) and the 28S large subunit nrDNA (LSU), are nearly useless for species recognition in Fusarium and related genera. Nevertheless, given the ease of amplification and the extensive data available for comparison in public databases, these markers are useful in the discrimination between the multiple species complexes of Fusarium, and for obtaining a confident genus-level identification for Fusarium and related genera, allowing further DNA markers to be incorporated in the analyses. The ITS region can still provide valuable information at species level for related genera containing species formerly included in Fusarium (Bisifusarium, Cosmosporella, Fusicolla, Macroconia, Microcera, and Stylonectria).

49Many protein-coding genes have been explored for identification and taxonomic purposes in Fusarium and fusarioid fungi. The two main genes used for identification are tef1 and rpb2. Both offer high discriminatory power and are well represented in public databases. Translation elongation factor 1-α is commonly the first-choice identification marker as it has very good resolution power for most species in all the genera treated here, while rpb2 allows for enhanced discrimination between closely related species. For example, some species in the Fusarium fujikuroi species complex (FFSC) and in Neocosmospora that are not easily separated by using tef1 alone, can be resolved with rpb2. On the other hand, PCR amplification and sequencing success are often better for tef1 than for rpb2. When used for phylogenetic analyses, sequence alignments of rpb2 sequences are much more robust and less ambiguous than tef1 data, given the former gene's advantageously low proportion of introns. An analogous situation has been shown in Aspergillus and Penicillium.

50Additional genetic markers, often employed in association with the previously mentioned genes in multigene phylogenetic analyses include acl1, tub2, CaM, and rpb1. These markers have variable resolution or applicability depending on the genus or species complex. For example, use of CaM data may yield conflicting clade resolutions in the FFSC, while paralogous or xenologous gene copies have been demonstrated for tub2 in the F. chlamydosporum and F. incarnatum-equiseti species complexes as well as in Neocosmospora.

51The most widely used algorithm for fungal identification by means of DNA markers is the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST), available at the NCBI's GenBank website. This is a quick and useful method that can convey a great deal of information, but its results must be analysed with care given the presence of a high proportion of misidentified strains and low-quality sequences that must be filtered out. Sequences from type material are present in the GenBank nucleotide database for most fusarioid species known from culture, especially for rpb2 and tef1 barcodes, but the ex-type status of these sequences is not always explicitly mentioned. In many cases the names listed do not reflect the current taxonomy, even for sequences derived from ex-type cultures.

52Some sequences used in past phylogenetic analyses of and appear to be linked to incorrect Fusarium names, likely due to errors in the database used. For this reason, we recommend the use of our curated database: Fusarioid-ID (https://www.fusarium.org). It can also be used for sequence similarity-based analysis of routine isolations and for identifications within several related genera.

53A number of studies have thus far demonstrated the utility of mass spectrometry (MS) for species determination of subgroups of Fusarium, particularly members of the FFSC. It is also useful for clinically relevant subgroups within several Fusarium species complexes and clinically relevant Bisifusarium and Neocosmospora species. These techniques show highly accurate discriminative power, comparable to what has been shown with bacteria and yeasts. Only a limited number of taxa have thus far been evaluated, and a genus-wide evaluation of applicability of MALDI-TOF to Fusarium and related taxa is pending. The main limiting factor is, as usual, the current lack of representation of these taxa in commercial spectrum databases, a matter that can be resolved by constructing in-house, curated reference databases of spectra. Online availability and comparison of MS spectra of Fusarium has been proposed by.

54Fungal strains were obtained from the Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute (WI) collection (CBS), the Belgian Coordinated Collections of Microorganisms (IHEM), the International Mycological Institute (IMI), and the personal collection of Pedro W. Crous (CPC) housed at WI. For the list of names applied to the genus Fusarium and related fungarium specimens, the following fungaria were approached for holotype specimens: B, BM, BO, BP, BPI, BR, BRA, C, CBS, CO, DAOM, E, FH, H, HAL, IMI, K(M), L, LEP, M, MASS, MPA, NY, PC, PAD, PARMA, PAV, PH, PRM, ROVP, SIENA, STR, UPS, VPRI, W, and WIR.

55Total genomic DNA was extracted from isolates grown for 7 d on PDA or MEA (recipes in; Table 1) incubated at 24 °C under a 12/12 h photoperiod using the Wizard® Genomic DNA purification Kit (Promega Corporation, Madison, WI, USA), following the manufacturer's instructions. Partial gene sequences were determined for eight DNA markers, i.e., acl1, CaM, ITS, LSU, rpb1, rpb2, tef1, and tub2 using PCR protocols described elsewhere. Primer pairs used for amplification and sequencing of the respective gene regions are summarised in Table 2. Consensus sequences for each marker were assembled in Geneious R11 or SeqMan Pro v. 15.3.0 (DNASTAR, Madison, WI, USA). All sequences generated in this study were deposited in GenBank (Table 3; also see Diagnostic DNA Barcodes in list of Fusarium names). The multiple sequence alignments and phylogenetic trees were deposited in TreeBASE (study ID 28093).

56Sequences of the individual markers, including introns, were aligned using MAFFT v. 7.110 using default parameters and manually corrected where necessary. Seven multimarker datasets (Table 4) were assembled and analysed using Maximum Likelihood (ML) and Bayesian Inference (BI). For the ML analyses, concatenated phylogenies, where each marker was treated as a separate partition, were determined using IQ-TREE v. 2.1.2 with ultrafast bootstrapping (UFBoot2; ) for estimation of branch support. The most suitable evolutionary model for each partition was estimated using ModelFinder as implemented in IQ-TREE. To assess whether the individual markers were compatible, genealogical concordance factors (gCF) were calculated using IQ-TREE. Additional ML analyses were performed using RAxML v. 8.2.12 (randomised accelerated (sic) maximum likelihood for high performance computing; ) with the system's default modelling options. The robustness of the analysis was evaluated by bootstrap support (BS) with the number of bootstrap replicates automatically determined by the software. The BI analyses were carried out through the CIPRES website (http://www.phylo.org) using MrBayes v. 3.2.7a incorporating the best evolutionary models for each marker as determined by MrModeltest v. 2.3. Two parallel Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) runs of four incrementally heated chains (temp parameter = 0.2) were run starting from a random tree topology. The MCMC analyses lasted for 5M generations, and convergence of the runs was checked by average standard deviation of split frequencies below 0.01. Trees were saved every 1 000 generations and the first 25 % of saved trees were discarded as the “burn-in” phase. Posterior probabilities (PP) were determined from the remaining trees. Proper mixing of the MCMC runs was further confirmed by checking that all chains converged (minimum and average Estimated Sampled Size [ESS >200], Potential Scale Reduction Factor [PSRF = 1.0]) and by plotting and analysing trace file results using Tracer v.1.7.1.

57The phylogenetic re-analysis of the dataset presented by was first made according to the original exons-only alignment file and procedures as indicated in (Supplementary Table S1). Additionally, the dataset was split into the 19 genes according to the original partitioning file, and every gene was realigned using the MAFFT webserver (v. 7, ) applying the G-INS-i algorithm. All other parameters were set to default. Six of the 19 genes exhibited a diverging alignment length. No subsequent changes were done to the alignments. The sequences were merged using BioEdit (v. 7.2.5, ), and the phylogenetic trees were calculated using Minimum evolution (ME) and ML algorithms, and BI. The ME tree was calculated using FastTree 2 using standard settings and 1 000 bootstraps. The ML analysis was done using RAxML (v. 8.2.12, ) with the generalized time-reversible (GTR) model and applying the partitioning option, which estimates the Gamma-shape parameter and the proportion of invariable sites for every gene separately. Again 1 000 bootstraps were calculated to estimate branch support. Bayesian inference was conducted using MrBayes v. 3.2.7 with the partitioned dataset. The Gamma-shape parameter and proportion of invariable sites were estimated independently for each partition. MrBayes was run for 5 M generations with every 500th tree sampled and a burn-in of 30 % of the sampled trees to ensure sampling from the stationary phase. All other parameters were set to default.

58Morphological characterisation followed standard procedures as described by using PDA, SNA, and CLA. Colony morphology and pigmentation were evaluated on PDA after 7 to 14 d at 25 °C in darkness. Colour notation was based on the colour charts of. Fungarium specimens were rehydrated in 3 % aqueous KOH for a few minutes and then rinsed by replacing the KOH solution with sterile distilled water or 100 % lactic acid. Unless otherwise mentioned, micromorphological characters were examined using water as mounting medium on a Zeiss Axioskop 2 plus or a Nikon Eclipse 80i, both equipped with Differential Interference Contrast (DIC) optics and a Nikon AZ100 dissecting microscope all fitted with Nikon DS-Ri2 high-definition colour digital cameras to photo-document fungal structures. Measurements were taken using the Nikon software NIS-elements D v. 4.50. The dimensions of at least 30 randomly selected elements were recorded for every fungal structure. Average, standard deviation, and maximum–minimum values were determined for elements using five or more individual measurements. To facilitate the comparison of relevant micro- and macroconidial features, composite photo plates were assembled from separate photo micrographs using Adobe Photoshop CC.

59The results of DNA evolutionary model selection, alignment length, and composition as well as tree statistics for all the multimarker datasets included in this study are summarised in Table 4.

60Re-analysis of the dataset of: A re-analysis of the dataset of revealed no major differences in the ML analysis. However, in ME analysis (Supplementary Fig. S3), we found that the backbone architecture is less solid than previously thought and a large monophyletic clade containing Neocosmospora, Albonectria, and several other genera formed as sister group to Fusarium s. str. with strong support.

61Generic delimitation of fusarioid taxa in Nectriaceae: The analyses included nectriaceous taxa historically ascribed to Fusarium s. lat., including several recently segregated fusarioid genera, cylindrocarpon-like taxa, and the closely related – although morphologically distinct – phylogenetic relatives Cosmospora and Mariannaea. Analyses using ML and BI of the individual genes and combined datasets resulted in phylogenies with congruent topologies. Therefore, only IQ-TREE-ML topologies are presented with RAxML-BS, UFboot2-BS, BI-PP and gCF support values superimposed (Fig. 7).

62The combined alignment of ITS, LSU, rpb1, rpb2 and tef1 comprised 100 strains representing 92 species, including the outgroup Nectria cinnabarina (CBS 125165). Phylogenetic analyses resolved 27 monophyletic genera, of which 19 contain taxa with fusarioid asexual morphs and nectria- or cosmospora-like sexual morphs. Of these, 15 clades represent currently described genera, namely Albonectria, Atractium, Bisifusarium, Cosmosporella, Cyanonectria, Dialonectria, Fusarium, Fusicolla, Geejayessia, Macroconia, Microcera, Neocosmospora, Pseudofusicolla, Rectifusarium, and Stylonectria. The fusarioid genera Cosmosporella and Dialonectria, both of which have cosmospora-like sexual morphs, clustered as sister clades to Cosmospora; the latter, however, differ by having acremonium-like asexual morphs. The remaining four clades with fusarioid morphology represent undescribed taxa, formally described here as the new genera Luteonectria, Nothofusarium, Scolecofusarium, and Setofusarium. A strongly supported clade comprising six cylindrocarpon-like genera (Corinectria, Ilyonectria, Neonectria, Rugonectria, Thelonectria, and Tumenectria) and the genus Mariannaea resolved as successive sister groups to the F1 node.

63Twenty-four out of the 27 genera included in the analysis resolved as fully supported clades, including all but one (Nothofusarium with RAxML-BS = 99 % / UFboot-BS = 92 % / PP = 1) of the fusarioid genera (Fig. 7). The two remaining clades (Cosmospora and Neonectria), however, received high statistical support (RAxML-BS = 99 % / UFboot-BS = 100 % / PP = 1 and RAxML-BS = 92 % / UFboot-BS = 95 % / PP = 1, respectively). Similarly, the combined phylogeny resolved most of the internal nodes with high to full bootstrap and Bayesian PP support including the nodes F1, F2, and F3 sensu, and,. Nevertheless, only F3 was resolved with confidence by all the individual marker phylogenies (Supplementary Fig. S4). Node F2 was resolved with high statistical support in the ITS, rpb1, and tef1 phylogenies, but unsupported in the LSU and rpb2 trees, while node F1 resolved without bootstrap and PP support in the ITS, rpb1, rpb2, and tef1 phylogenies and was not recovered in the LSU tree.

64To illustrate shared and differential morphological characters among the different genera recognised here, a tree was constructed based on the phylogeny presented in Fig. 7, and the main morphological features were plotted for each clade/genus (Fig. 8). In addition to the genera recognised above, the recently described aquatic fusarioid genus Varicosporella is not included in the phylogenetic analyses due to lack of available sequences; however, is accepted here based on its distinct morphology. Non-molecular character variation supports the phylogenetic relationship of fusarioid taxa in Nectriaceae. The 20 fusarioid genera in Nectriaceae are characterised by phialidic asexual morphs with variously septate, falcate conidia with diverse degrees of foot-shaped basal cell development, formed on aerial or sporodochial conidiophores, with or without additional production of microconidia. Characteristic macroconidial foot-shaped basal cells are found most of the time, but not always (e.g., Fusarium caeruleum) in clade F1, i.e., Albonectria, Bisifusarium, Cyanonectria, Fusarium, Geejayessia, Luteonectria, Neocosmospora, Nothofusarium, Rectifusarium, and Setofusarium, but are also present in distantly related genera such as Cosmosporella, Dialonectria, Macroconia, and Microcera. Setofusarium is clearly recognisable by the formation of thick-walled, slightly rugose setae on its sporodochia.

65With the exception of Atractium, Bisifusarium, Nothofusarium, and Pseudofusicolla, most fusarioid genera have sexual morphs, usually seen as nectria-like or cosmospora-like perithecial ascomata. The ascomata show various colour reactions or no reaction in KOH; the colour reaction correlates with the phylogenetic distribution. Apart from Albonectria, with white to pale yellow perithecia, Luteonectria, with white to buff coloured perithecia and Fusarium, with dark blue-violet to black perithecia, Fusicolla, with yellow-orange perithecia and Varicosporella, with yellow perithecia, the rest of fusarioid genera all present orange to red perithecial ascomata. Going beyond this prototypical group, perithecia of Cyanonectria species are often unequally red to dark blue, while those of Geejayessia can be bright red or black. Anatomically, two types of perithecial walls can be distinguished among the known fusarioid genera, based on wall thickness: thin-walled perithecia, in which a single region can be identified, and thick-walled perithecia, on which distinctive inner and outer regions can be recognised (but see for differing interpretations). The former is seen in Cosmosporella, Cyanonectria, Dialonectria, Fusicolla, Geejayessia, Luteonectria, Macroconia, Microcera, Scolecofusarium, and Varicosporella; and the latter is found in Albonectria, Fusarium, Neocosmospora, Rectifusarium, Setofusarium and Stylonectria. With the exception of Rectifusarium and Stylonectria, the perithecial surface of the thick-walled genera is typically warted; nevertheless, those of Setofusarium often present additional scaly protrusions, while smooth perithecia can be rarely found in Neocosmospora (i.e., N. vasinfecta). Additionally, both Cyanonectria and Geejayessia most commonly have smooth perithecial walls. The remaining genera, that is Cosmosporella, Dialonectria, Fusicolla, Luteonectria, Macroconia, Microcera, Rectifusarium, Scolecofusarium, Stylonectria, and Varicosporella, all form smooth-walled perithecia.

66Significant variation also exists among fusarioid genera regarding ascospore characteristics. Most genera consistently form 1-septate ascospores. These are seen in Cosmosporella, Cyanonectria, Dialonectria, Fusicolla, Geejayessia, Macroconia, Microcera, Rectifusarium, Scolecofusarium, Setofusarium, Stylonectria, and Varicosporella. Except for Cyanonectria, in which the ascospores remain hyaline and smooth; Setofusarium, in which the ascospores surface is finely striated, and Varicosporella, in which the ascospore surface is ribbed, ascospores of the above-mentioned genera are often pale yellow to pale brown and smooth at first, becoming finely spinulose or tuberculate. The genus Neocosmospora forms (0–)1-septate, yellow-brown ascospores, which are often markedly striate, or more rarely cerebriform (i.e., N. vasinfecta) or spiny (i.e., N. spinulosa). Albonectria and Luteonectria form characteristic 3-septate, pale yellow-brown, faintly striate ascospores, while Fusarium produces 1–3-septate, hyaline to pale yellow-brown and smooth ascospores.

67Based on the morphological variation observed in these taxa, an identification scheme is presented for fusarioid genera of the Nectriaceae (Fig. 9).

68Ex-type strain phylogeny: The analyses included partial rpb1, rpb2 and tef1 sequences of only the ex-, epi- and neotype strains as indicated in the nomenclator list of all the names that have been introduced in Fusarium. The analyses used both ML inferences and BI of the individual genes and combined datasets, and they resulted in phylogenies with congruent topologies. Therefore, the RAxML topology is presented with RAxML-BS, UFboot2-BS, BI-PP and gCF support values superimposed (Fig. 10).

69The combined alignment comprised 325 strains from 309 species of 14 fusarioid genera including Atractium stilbaster (CBS 410.67) as the outgroup. A total of 14 fusarioid genera were resolved of which six (Cosmosporella, Microcera, Nothofusarium, Rectifusarium, Scolecofusarium, and Setofusarium) were represented by single lineages, mostly due to a lack of living isolates directly linked to type material available for other species recognised within these genera at present. The genera Fusarium (224 strains; 220 accepted species) and Neocosmospora (83 strains; 71 accepted species) both represented the largest sampling of living isolates directly linked to type material available. The remaining five genera were represented by two or more strains and include Bisifusarium (five species and strains), Cyanonectria (two species and strains), Fusicolla (three species and strains), Geejayessia (two species and strains), and Luteonectria (two species and strains).

70In order to describe novel species found for the genera treated in this study, additional phylogenies were constructed for the Fusarium fujikuroi species complex (FFSC), Fusicolla, Macroconia, Neocosmospora, and Stylonectria.

71Fusarium fujikuroi SC phylogeny: The analyses included partial sequences of five genes (CaM, rpb1, rpb2, tef1 and tub2) from 52 strains representing 46 species of the FFSC, and two outgroup taxa (F. curvatum CBS 744.97 and F. inflexum CBS 716.74) (Fig. 11). The analysis of the combined dataset fully supported five main clades corresponding to the African, American and Asian clades sensu, plus the African B-clade and a fifth, monotypic clade, which formed the sister clade to the joint American and African B clades and which is here termed African C. The latter clade included two strains showing a clear genealogical and morphological separation from their closest phylogenetic relatives; both came from an unknown tree species in South Africa. This clade is here described as the novel species F. echinatum. Another fully supported novel monophyletic group was found within the main African clade, related to but distinct from F. brevicatenulatum and F. pseudonygamai. This novel group, represented by isolates of South African origin isolated from Prunus spinosa and from the South African indigenous species Aloidendron dichotomum, is here recognised as the novel species F. prieskaense.

72Fusicolla phylogeny: The alignment consisted of partial acl1, ITS, LSU, rpb2, tef1, and tub2 sequences from 20 type or reference strains, representing 17 species of Fusicolla (Fu.) plus one outgroup taxon (Macroconia leptosphaeriae CBS 100001). The analysis confidently resolved 11 ingroup taxa (Fig. 12), including three novel monotypic lineages, represented by strains URM 8367, CBS 110189, and CBS 110191, described here as the new species Fu. quarantenae, Fu. meniscoidea and Fu. sporellula. Due to a partial lack of sequence data, six species could not be clearly resolved. Fusicolla cassiae-fistulae and Fu. siamensis did not receive statistical support in the combined analysis but are well-resolved using nrDNA sequence data (data not shown). Fusicolla acetilerea and Fu. bharatavarshae, while well-delimited in the individual ITS, LSU and rpb2 analyses (data not shown), were ill-supported in the 6-marker combined analysis. Similarly, Fu. epistroma and Fu. ossicola were not differentiated in either the multimarker analysis, or in the individual rpb2 analysis. The lack of sequences available to allow comparison with Fu. epistroma, for which only LSU and rpb2 sequences are available, prevented further analysis, as did a similar problem with Fu. bharatavarshae, for which only nrDNA and rpb2 are available.

73Macroconia phylogeny: The analysis consisted of partial acl1, CaM, ITS, LSU, rpb1, rpb2, and tub2 sequences from 12 strains representing seven lineages of Macroconia (Ma.) plus one outgroup taxon (Microcera rubra CBS 638.76) (Fig. 13). Four out of the five Macroconia spp. previously known from culture, Ma. gigas, Ma. leptosphaeriae, Ma. papilionacearum, and Ma. sphaeriae, resolved as highly to fully-supported lineages. The poorly resolved position of the ex-type isolate of Ma. cupularis (HMAS 173240) should be interpreted in light of the fact that only nrDNA sequences were available for analysis. However, separate ITS and LSU comparisons demonstrated it as distinct (data not shown). Two distinct and highly supported novel lineages of South African origin were determined and are described here as the novel species, Ma. bulbipes and Ma. phlogioides.

74Neocosmospora phylogeny: The alignment consisted of partial acl1, CaM, ITS, LSU, rpb1, rpb2, and tef1 sequences of 107 ex-type and reference strains, including two outgroup taxa (Geejayessia atrofusca NRRL 22316 and G. cicatricum CBS 125552). The analysis resolved 76 terminal clades, of which 71 correspond to known species of Neocosmospora (Fig. 14). Seventy of these clades resolved with high support from two or more independent algorithms (RAxML, IQ-TREE-ML, and BI). The position of the ex-type of N. crassa (CBS 144386) is poorly resolved and only partially supported by BI. Similarly, except for the types of N. ambrosia (CBS 571.94), N. obliquiseptata (NRRL 62611), N. rekana (CMW 52862), and the reference strain of N. pseudensiformis (CBS 130.78), the position of most members of the well-delimited Ambrosia-clade of Neocosmospora were only partially supported by the individual analyses (only BI in N. kuroshio, N. oligoseptata, and N. tuaranensis, and only IQ-TREE-ML-BS for N. euwallaceae and N. floridana). All these lineages were represented by single isolates in these analyses. Of the five unnamed phylogenetic clades, one corresponded to a species previously known from phylogenetic analyses (FSSC 41, ), for which a Latin binomial is lacking; this species is here formally described as N. merkxiana. The four additional novel lineages discovered here are proposed as the novel species N. neerlandica, N. nelsonii, N. pseudopisi, and N. epipeda.

75Stylonectria phylogeny: The alignment consisted of partial acl1, ITS and rpb2 sequences of 11 strains, including the outgroup (Nectria cinnabarina CBS 125165). The analyses (Fig. 15) identified eight species-level clades, of which six represented previously known species of the genus: St. applanata, St. carpini, St. norvegica, St. purtonii, St. qilianshanensis, and St. wegeliniana. One strain, CBS 125491, isolated from an unknown ascomycetous host, corresponded to a previously known unnamed and fully supported monophyletic lineage, which is formally described here as St. corniculata. In addition, a fully supported clade formed by two strains, CBS 147305 from Diaporthe sp. and CBS 147306 from Dothiorella sarmentorum, is here recognised as the novel species St. hetmanica.

76Albonectria Rossman & Samuels, Stud. Mycol. 42: 105. 1999. Figs 8, 16.

77Type species: Albonectria rigidiuscula (Berk. & Broome) Rossman & Samuels, Stud. Mycol. 42: 105. 1999.

78(See F. colorans in List section for synonyms)

79Ascomata perithecial, solitary or gregarious, superficial on a sparse to well-developed, pseudoparenchymatous stroma, globose to subglobose to ellipsoidal or ovoid to obovoid, not collapsing or laterally pinched when dry, off-white to pale yellow to pale ochraceous, not changing in KOH, strongly tuberculate and thick-walled, with or without a small, pointed papilla, lacking hairs or appendages. Ascomatal wall of three regions: outer region of thick-walled, textura angularis to textura globulosa; middle region of elongate thick-walled cells; inner region with thin-walled, hyaline elongated cells. Asci narrowly to broadly clavate or ellipsoidal, 4–8-spored, ascospores obliquely uniseriate or biseriate. Ascospores ellipsoidal to long-ellipsoidal or fusoid to long-fusoid, 3- to multiseptate, hyaline to yellow-brown, smooth to striate, not to slightly constricted at the septum. Conidiophores mononematous (aerial conidiophores) or grouped on sporodochia; aerial conidiophores unbranched or irregularly branched, bearing terminal or lateral phialides, often reduced to single phialides; conidiogenouhs cells monophialidic, cylindrical to subcylindrical, smooth- and thin-walled, with periclinal thickening inconspicuous or absent, producing arial micro- and macroconidia. Microconidia hyaline, thin-walled, 0- or 1-septate, ovoid to obovoid, with or without a flattened basal papilla, borne in dry chains or small slimy heads. Macroconidia falcate, multiseptate, thick-walled, with a blunt to hooked apical cell and well-developed foot-shaped basal cell or distinctly beaked at both ends. Sporodochia cream to yellow; sporodochial conidiophores verticillately branched and densely packed, consisting of short, smooth- and thin-walled stipes bearing apical whorls of 2–4 monophialides; sporodochial conidiogenous cells monophialidic, cylindrical to subulate, smooth- and thin-walled, with reduced or flared collarette. Sporodochial macroconidia formed in off-white or creamy slimy masses, falcate, 5–9-septate, thick-walled, gently curved to straight, with a blunt to hooked apical cell and distinct well-developed foot-shaped basal cell. Chlamydospores absent.

80[Description adapted from, and ].

81Diagnostic features: Off-white to pale yellow to pale ochraceous perithecia producing narrowly or broadly clavate to ellipsoidal asci containing (long) ellipsoidal to fusoid, 3- to multiseptate ascospores; fusarioid asexual morph characterised by monophialides producing distinctly long, robust, slightly curved to straight multiseptate macroconidia and dry chains or small slimy heads of ovoid microconidia. Chlamydospores absent.

82Atractium Link, Mag. Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin 3: 10. 1809 (Fries, Syst. Mycol. 1: XLI. 1821, nom. sanct.). Figs 8, 17.

83Type species: Atractium stilbaster Link, Mag. Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin 3: 10. 1809.

84Ascomata unknown. Conidiophores aggregated into sporodochia or synnemata, non-stromatic; synnemata determinate, pale brown, composed of a stipe of parallel hyphae and a divergent capitulum of conidiophores giving rise to a slimy conidial mass; conidiophore branching once or twice monochasial, 2-level verticillate, monoverticillate or irregularly biverticillate. Conidiogenous cells monophialidic, hyaline, subulate with conspicuous periclinal thickening, producing micro- and macroconidia. Microconidia hyaline, thin-walled, 0- or 1-septate, ellipsoidal, allantoid, broadly lunate to reniform, straight or slightly curved, tapering towards both apices with rounded base. Macroconidia 3–5-septate, falcate, gently curved, with a rounded to blunt apical cell, and obtuse, non foot-shaped basal cell, forming yellow to orange masses.

85[Description adapted from ].

86Diagnostic features: Synnematous asexual morph characterised by fusarioidal macroconidia lacking foot-shaped basal cells.

87Bisifusarium L. Lombard et al., Stud. Mycol. 80: 223. 2015. Figs 8, 18.

88Type species: Bisifusarium dimerum (Penz.) L. Lombard & Crous, Stud. Mycol. 80: 225. 2015.

89(See F. dimerum in List section for synonyms)

90Ascomata unknown. Conidiophores mononematous (aerial conidiophores) or grouped on sporodochia; aerial conidiophores simple, unbranched or irregularly branched, mostly reduced to terminal or single lateral conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells often formed as (i) lateral phialidic pegs arising from superficial or submerged intercalary hyphal cells or, (ii) cylindrical and slightly tapering towards apex or ampulliform, smooth- and thin-walled monophialides, rarely polyphialides, with inconspicuous or absent periclinal thickening, solitary or aggregated to represent a poorly developed pionnotal sporodochial-like structure, producing micro- and macroconidia. Microconidia hyaline, thin-walled, 0- or 1-septate, ellipsoidal, allantoid, broadly lunate to reniform, straight or curved, tapering towards both ends. Macroconidia falcate, (0–)1–2(–3)-septate, thick-walled, curved to lunate, with a blunt to hooked apical cell and obtuse to poorly developed, foot-shaped basal cell, typically formed on sporodochia. Sporodochia pale yellow to orange; sporodochial conidiophores verticillately branched and densely packed, consisting of short, smooth- and thin-walled stipes bearing an apical whorl of 2–3 monophialides; sporodochial conidiogenous cells monophialidic, cylindrical to subulate, smooth- and thin-walled, with reduced or flared collarette. Chlamydospores, if present, globose to subglobose to ellipsoidal, solitary or in chains, sometimes aggregated in sclerotia.

91[Description adapted from and ].

92Diagnostic features: Fusarioid asexual morph characterised by lateral phialidic pegs arising from superficial or submerged intercalary hyphal cells or solitarily formed monophialides producing microconidia; distinctly short (< 30 μm long), curved to lunate, (0–)1–2(–3)-septate macroconidia typically formed on sporodochia on plant tissue such as carnation leaf pieces.

93Corinectria C. González & P. Chaverri, Mycol. Progr. 16: 1021. 2017. Fig. 8.

94Type species: Corinectria fuckeliana (C. Booth) C. González & P. Chaverri, Mycol. Progr. 16: 1023. 2017.

95Basionym: Nectria fuckeliana C. Booth, Mycol. Pap. 73: 56. 1959.

96Synonym: Neonectria fuckeliana (C. Booth) Castl. & Rossman, Canad. J. Bot. 84: 1428. 2006.

97Ascomata perithecial, gregarious, seated on an erumpent stroma, superficial, globose to subglobose, orange, red to dark red darkening around ostiolar region, turning black in KOH, pigment dissolving in lactic acid, not collapsing when dry, slightly papillate to papillate, smooth-walled, lacking hairs or appendages. Ascomatal wall of 2–3 regions: outer region of thick-walled, pigmented cells forming a textura epidermoidea; middle and inner regions of globose to elongate, hyaline, thin-walled cells, becoming thinner toward the centrum. Asci cylindrical, 8-spored, with an apical ring, uniseriate. Ascospores ellipsoidal to fusoid, 1-septate, hyaline, smooth. Conidiophores mononematous, hyaline, septate, unbranched or sparsely branched, terminating in 1–2 phialides or reduced to lateral phialides. Conidiogenous cells monophialidic, cylindrical, tapering towards the apex, with inconspicuous periclinal thickening and collarettes. Sporodochia not formed. Microconidia ellipsoidal to obovoid, hyaline, aseptate, sometimes forming false heads on phialides. Macroconidia cylindrical, mostly straight, (3–)5–7-septate, with rounded ends. Chlamydospores unknown.

98[Description adapted from ].

99Diagnostic features: Orange to dark red, smooth-walled perithecia with papilla producing cylindrical asci bearing ellipsoidal to fusoid, 1-septate ascospores and cylindrocarpon-like asexual morph characterised by (3–)5–7-septate macroconidia.

100Cosmospora Rabenh., Hedwigia 2: 59. 1862. Fig. 8.

101Synonyms: Crysogluten Briosi & Farneti, Atti Ist. Bot. Univ. Lab. Crittog. Pavia 8: 117. 1904.

102Botryocrea Petr., Sydowia 3: 140. 1949.

103Type species: Cosmospora coccinea Rabenh., Hedwigia 2: 59. 1862 [non Nectria coccinea (Pers.) Fr. 1849].

104Synonyms: Nectria cosmariospora Ces. & De Not., Comment. Soc. Crittog. Ital. 1: 195. 1863.

105Dialonectria cosmariospora (Ces. & De Not.) Cooke, Grevillea 12: 110. 1884.

106Cucurbitaria cosmariospora (Ces. & De Not.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 3: 461. 1898.

107Dialonectria cosmariospora (Ces. & De Not.) Z. Moravec, Ceská Mykol. 8: 92. 1954, an isonym, Art. 6.3, Note 2.

108Verticillium olivaceum W. Gams, Cephalosporium-artige Schimmelpilze: 129. 1971.

109Ascomata perithecial, solitary or gregarious, with inconspicuous or absent stroma, obpyriform with an acute or papillate apex, orange red or bright red, turning dark red in KOH, smooth walled. Asci narrowly clavate to cylindrical, with an apical ring, 8-spored. Ascospores initially hyaline, becoming yellow brown to reddish brown, 1-septate, becoming tuberculate when mature. Conidiophores acremonium-like, consisting of lateral phialides on somatic hyphae, or with one or two levels of monochasial branching, or verticillate, hyaline. Conidiogenous cells monophialidic, cylindrical to subulate to subclavate, hyaline. Microconidia ellipsoidal, oblong or clavate or slightly allantoid, aseptate, hyaline, forming slimy heads. Macroconidia absent or rare, subcylindrical, curved, slightly narrowing towards each end, apical cell often slightly hooked with a more or less pointed apex, basal cell obtuse to poorly developed, foot-shaped, 3–5-septate, hyaline.

110[Description adapted from and ].

111Diagnostic features: Orange-red to bright red perithecia with an acute or papillate apex producing cylindrical to narrowly clavate asci, yellow brown to reddish brown, 1-septate, tuberculate ascospores and acremonium-like asexual morph.

112Cosmosporella S.K. Huang et al., Cryptog. Mycol. 39: 179. 2018. Figs 8, 19.

113Type species: Cosmosporella olivacea S.K. Huang et al., Cryptog. Mycol. 39: 181. 2018.

114Ascomata perithecial, solitary to gregarious, superficial, on immersed to erumpent stroma, ovoid, globose to obpyriform, collapsing laterally when dry, orange red, red to pale yellow, not reacting in KOH, with a central ostiole, with hyaline periphyses. Ascomatal wall membranous, composed of orange to hyaline cells of textura angularis, with septate paraphyses. Asci cylindrical to slightly clavate, apically rounded, with evanescent wall, pedicel combined with paraphyses, 8-spored, unitunicate. Ascospores hyaline to pale brown, ellipsoidal to ovoid, 0- or 1-septate. Conidiophores acremonium-like, mononematous, hyaline, septate, consisting of lateral phialides on somatic hyphae, or with one or two levels of monochasial branching, or irregularly branched. Conidiogenous cells monophialidic, cylindrical, producing micro- and macroconidia. Microconidia ellipsoidal to obovoid, 0- or 1-septate, hyaline, forming a false head on phialides. Macroconidia falcate, almost straight to curved, 1–3-septate, with a blunt to hooked apical cell and poorly to well-developed foot-shaped basal cell. Chlamydospores unknown.

115[Description adapted from ].

116Diagnostic features: Pale yellow to orange-red perithecia lacking a papilla producing cylindrical to narrowly clavate asci, pale brown, 1-septate ascospores and fusarioid asexual morph characterised by overly long, 1–3-septate macroconidia.

117Cosmosporella cavisperma (Corda) Sand.-Den., L. Lombard & Crous, comb. nov. MycoBank MB 838659.

118Basionym: Fusarium cavispermum Corda, Icon. Fung. 1: 3. 1837.

119Synonyms: Fusarium aquaeductuum var. cavispermum (Corda) Raillo, Fungi of the Genus Fusarium: 280. 1950.

120Fusarium oxydendri Ellis & Everh., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 24: 477. 1897.

121Fusarium cavispermum var. minus Wollenw., Fusaria Autogr. Delin. 3: 848. 1930.

122Lectotypus: Czech Republic, near Carlsstein, on pine resin, A.K.J. Corda, Icon. Fung. 1: tab. I, fig. 58 (MBT 10001322 hic designatus). Epitype of Fusarium cavispermum (CBS 172.31, MBT 10000645 hic designatus, a metabolically inactive culture). Norway, from Pinus sylvestris, 1929, H.W. Wollenweber, culture ex-epitype CBS 172.31 = NRRL 13996.

123Notes: The genus Cosmosporella was erected by to accommodate Cm. olivacea and the superfluous taxon Cm. obscura, shown to cluster within a subset of taxa pertaining to Cosmospora s. lat., former members of the Nectria episphaeria group sensu and Nectria subgenus Dialonectria characterised by cosmospora-like sexual morphs and fusarioid asexual morphs. More recently, this monophyletic clade had been ascribed to the Fusarium cavispermum species complex and, separated from any of the polyphyletic taxa formerly classified in Fusarium section Eupionnotes. “Fusarium” melanochlorum, its purposed sexual morph “Nectria” flavoviridis, and “Fusarium” cavispermum have also been resolved as members of this clade (,,, and Fig. 7 in this paper). Here, the new combination Cm. cavisperma is proposed, lectotypified, and an epitype is designated to stabilise the application of the name based on material studied by Wollenweber [number 849 in and ]. The suggested conspecificity of “F”. melanochlorum and “N”. flavoviridis, however, is questioned given the large phylogenetic distance between the currently available strains. Fresh isolations and a thorough phylogenetic revision of the entire group including additional Cosmospora s. lat. taxa having fusarioid asexual morphs are necessary.

124Cyanonectria Samuels & Chaverri, Mycol. Progr. 8: 56. 2009. Figs 8, 20.

125Type species: Cyanonectria cyanostoma (Sacc. & Flageolet) Samuels & Chaverri, Mycol. Progr. 8: 56. 2009.

126Basionym: Nectria cyanostoma Sacc. & Flageolet, Rendiconti Congr. Bot. Palermo 1902: 53. 1902.

127Synonym: Fusarium cyanostomum (Sacc. & Flageolet) O'Donnell & Geiser, Phytopathology 103: 404. 2013.

128Ascomata perithecial, gregarious or caespitose, with a reduced or well-developed prosenchymatous stroma, smooth- and thin-walled, ampulliform to obpyriform to pyriform, apex dark bluish purple to bluish black and body less intensely dark bluish or red or reddish brown, turning darker in KOH, pigment dissolving in lactic acid to become red to yellow, non-papillate, lacking hairs or appendages. Ascomatal wall consisting of a single region, comprising several layers of morphologically similar cells. Asci cylindrical to narrowly clavate, with rounded to flattened thickened apex, with or without refractive ring, 8-spored, ascospores overlapping uniseriate or biseriate above and uniseriate below. Ascospores ellipsoidal, 1-septate, not or slightly constricted at septum, pale yellow-brown, smooth-walled or finely verrucose. Conidiophores mononematous (aerial conidiophores) or grouped on sporodochia; aerial conidiophores unbranched or rarely branched, bearing terminal or lateral phialides, often reduced to single phialides. Conidiogenous cells monophialidic, cylindrical to subcylindrical, smooth- and thin-walled, with periclinal thickening inconspicuous or absent. Sporodochia white to bluish; sporodochial conidiophores verticillately branched and densely packed, consisting of short, smooth- and thin-walled stipes bearing apical whorls of 2–3 monophialides; sporodochial conidiogenous cells monophialidic, cylindrical to subulate, smooth- and thin-walled, with reduced or flared collarette. Macroconidia formed in off-white or creamy or greyish blue slimy masses, falcate, straight to gently curved, with inequilateral fusoid or hooked apical cell and well-developed, foot-shaped basal cell. Microconidia unknown. Chlamydospores absent or rarely formed from cells of the macroconidia, subglobose.

129[Description adapted from and ].

130Diagnostic features: Bicoloured or dark bluish purple to bluish black perithecia producing cylindrical to narrowly clavate asci containing ellipsoidal, 1-septate ascospores and fusarioid asexual morph characterised by monophialides producing long, narrow, almost straight macroconidia, lacking microconidia and hyphal-borne chlamydospores.

131Dialonectria (Sacc.) Cooke, Grevillea 12: 77, 109. 1884. Figs 8, 21.

132Basionym: Nectria subgen. Dialonectria Sacc., Syll. Fung. 2: 490. 1883.

133Type species: Dialonectria episphaeria (Tode) Cooke (as “episphaerica”), Grevillea 12: 82. 1884.

134Basionym: Sphaeria episphaeria Tode, Fung. mecklenb. sel. 2: 21. 1791.

135Ascomata perithecial, solitary or gregarious, with inconspicuous or absent stroma, obpyriform with an acute or round papilla, orange red to carmine red, turning dark red in KOH, smooth-walled. Asci narrowly clavate to cylindrical, with an apical ring, 8-spored, uniseriate. Ascospores initially hyaline, becoming pale brown, 1-septate, becoming tuberculate when mature. Conidiophores mononematous, initially as lateral phialides on somatic hyphae, sometimes verticillate, hyaline. Conidiogenous cells monophialidic, subulate to subclavate, hyaline. Microconidia ellipsoidal to clavate, aseptate, hyaline, abundant. Macroconidia if present subcylindrical, moderately curved, slightly narrowing towards each end, apical cell often slightly hooked with a more or less pointed tip, basal cell obtuse to poorly developed, foot-shaped, predominantly 3–5-septate, hyaline. Chlamydospores unknown.

136[Description adapted from and ].

137Diagnostic features: Orange-red to carmine-red perithecia with an acute or round papilla producing cylindrical to narrowly clavate asci, pale brown, 1-septate, tuberculate ascospores and asexual morph that rarely produces macroconidia.

138Fusarium Link, Mag. Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin 3: 10. 1809. Figs 8, 22.

139Synonyms: Fusisporium Link, Mag. Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin 3: 19. 1809.

140Selenosporium Corda, Icon. Fung. 1: 7. 1837.

141Gibberella Sacc., Michelia 1: 43. 1877.

142Lisea Sacc., Michelia 1: 43. 1877.

143Sporotrichella P. Karst., Meddel. Soc. Fauna Fl. Fenn. 14: 96. 1887.

144Gibberella subgen. Lisiella Cooke & Massee, Grevillea 16: 5. 1887.

145Lisiella (Cooke & Massee) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 9: 945. 1891.

146Septorella Allesch., Hedwigia 36: 241. 1897.

147Ustilaginoidella Essed, Ann. Bot. 25: 351. 1911.

148Rachisia Linder, Deutsche Essigind. 17: 467. 1913.

149Stagonostroma Died., Krypt.-Fl. Mark Brandenb. 9: 561. 1914.

150Fusidomus Grove, J. Bot. 67: 201. 1929.

151Pseudofusarium Matsush., Microfungi Solomon Isl. Papua-New Guinea: 46. 1971.

152Type species: Fusarium sambucinum Fuckel, Fungi Rhen. Exs., Fasc. 3, no. 211. 1863, nom. cons.

153(See List section for synonyms)

154Ascomata perithecial, mostly gregarious, non-stromatic or on a thin stroma erumpent through the epidermis, superficial, subglobose to globose to broadly pyriform, not collapsing or laterally pinched when dry, bluish purple to black, turning dark purple in KOH, pigment dissolving in lactic acid, non-papillate, slightly rugose to tuberculate, lacking hairs or appendages. Ascomatal wall of two regions: outer region of thick-walled, pigmented cells forming a textura angularis or textura globulosa; inner region of elongate, hyaline, thin-walled cells, becoming thinner towards the centrum. Asci clavate, apex simple, 8-spored often with an apical ring, biseriate to pluriseriate. Ascospores ellipsoidal to cylindrical, 1–3-septate, not or slightly constricted at the septa, pale tan, smooth-walled. Conidiophores mononematous (aerial conidiophores) or grouped on sporodochia; aerial conidiophores, if consistenly formed, unbranched, sympodial or irregularly branched, bearing terminal or lateral phialides, often reduced to single phialides. Conidiogenous cells mono- or polyphialidic, subulate to subcylindrical, smooth- and thin-walled, sometimes proliferating percurrently, with periclinal thickening inconspicuous or absent. Aerial conidia hyaline, smooth- and thin-walled, of three types: microconidia ellipsoidal to fusoid to ovoid to obovoid to reniform to allantoid to clavate to napiform to pyriform to limoniform, 0–5-septate, borne in false heads or chains on the phialides; mesoconidia (occurring in some species or species complexes) falcate, slender with no significant curvature to curved with parallel walls, 1–5-septate, tapering towards both ends, with a pointed to blunt apical cell and obtuse to flattened basal cell; macroconidia, typically formed on sporodochia, falcate, slightly to strongly curved dorsiventrally, 1-septate to multiseptate, with a curved, long and tapering, pointed, blunt, hooked or elongated apical cell and obtuse, poorly developed, well-developed, to elongate, foot-shaped basal cell. Sporodochia cream to pale tan to orange to saffron to blue; sporodochial conidiophores verticillately branched and densely packed, consisting of short, smooth- and thin-walled stipes bearing an apical whorl of 2–4 monophialides; sporodochial conidiogenous cells subulate to subcylindrical, smooth- and thin-walled, with reduced or flared collarette; sporodochial (macro)conidia falcate, smooth- and thin-walled, distinctly curved to curved with parallel walls to unequally curved, tapering towards both ends, with pointed, blunt, papillate, hooked, or elongate apical cell and obtuse, poorly developed, well-developed, to elongate, foot-shaped basal cell. Chlamydospores globose to subglobose to ovoid to obovoid, hyaline to subhyaline, smooth-walled to slightly verrucose, terminal or intercalary, solitary or in pairs or forming chains or aggregating to form microsclerotia.

155[Description adapted from and ].

156Diagnostic features: Dark blue to black perithecia producing clavate asci bearing ellipsoidal to cylindrical 1- to multiseptate ascospores and asexual morphs producing micro- and macroconidia, and sometimes mesoconidia on aerial conidiophores with mono- and/or polyphialides or only macroconidia in sporodochia. Chlamydospores form in hyphae, rarely in macroconidia.

157Fusarium echinatum Sand.-Den. & G.J. Marais, sp. nov. MycoBank MB 838660. Fig. 23.

158Etymology: From the Latin echinatus, prickly, referring to the spiny appearance of its multiloculate, often swollen and rather deformed conidiogenous cells.

159Typus: South Africa, unidentified tree species, 2010, A. Lubben (holotype CBS H-24658, culture ex-type CBS 146497 = CPC 30815 = CAMS 000733).

160Conidiophores on aerial mycelium 10–120 μm tall, unbranched or irregularly laterally branched, bearing lateral and terminal single phialides; aerial conidiogenous cells polyphialidic, subulate, subcylindrical or more commonly irregularly shaped, curved, swollen and distorted due to abundant conidiogenous loci, smooth- and thin-walled, 6.5–36.5 × 2–3.5 μm, polyphialides with 2–3 or more commonly 10–18 conidiogenous openings, with inconspicuous to absent periclinal thickening and collarettes. Aerial microconidia forming small false heads on tips of phialides, hyaline, smooth, and thin-walled, commonly ovoid to ellipsoidal, 0- or 1-septate, 4–11(–19) × 2–3.5(–4.5) μm (av. 7.5 × 2.7 μm), and more rarely napiform, smooth and thin-walled, 0-septate, (5–)5.5–7 × (3.5–)4.5–5.5 μm (av. 6.4 × 4.5 μm). Sporodochial conidiophores 28.5–60(–68.5) μm tall, irregularly branched, bearing terminal solitary monophialides or whorls of up to three monophialides. Sporodochial conidiogenous cells monophialidic, subulate to subcylindrical, smooth- and thin-walled, (8.5–)11.5–16(–17.5) × (1.5–)2.5–3.5 μm. Sporodochial macroconidia moderately curved to wedge-shaped, slender, tapering towards the basal part, apical cell of equal size than the adjacent cell, blunt to slightly hooked; basal cell poorly to well-developed, foot-shaped, (1–)2–3(–4)-septate, hyaline, thin- and smooth-walled: 1-septate conidia: (16.5–)19.5–32.5(–36) × 2.5–3.5 μm (av. 26.1 × 2.9 μm); 2-septate conidia: (19.5–)25–36(–37.5) × 2.5–3.5 μm (av. 30.5 × 3.1 μm); 3-septate conidia: (20.5–)28.5–36(–40) × (2.5–)3–3.5(–4.5) μm (av. 32.5 × 3.2 μm); 4-septate conidia: (27–)30.5–39(–40.5) × 3–4 μm (av. 35.4 × 3.6 μm); overall: (19.5–)28.6–36.5(–40.5) × (2.5–)3–3.5(–4.5) μm (av. 32.4 × 3.2 μm). Chlamydospores not observed.

161Culture characteristics: Colonies on PDA reaching 31–63 mm diam at 25 °C after 7 d. Surface white, pale luteus to sulphur yellow, flat, woolly to cottony with radial patches of white aerial mycelium, margin regular and filiform. Reverse white, sulphur yellow to pure yellow at centre. On OA pale luteus to sulphur yellow, flat, membranous at first, quickly becoming velvety to dusty, margin regular. Reverse sulphur yellow.

162Additional material examined: South Africa, unidentified tree species, 2010, A. Lubben, culture CBS 146496 = CPC 30814 = CAMS 000730.

163Notes: recently revised the FFSC, including formal descriptions for several species, while fixing the typification of relevant plant pathogenic and toxigenic species. Species in this complex have been traditionally organised according to their biogeographic patterns, which roughly match their phylogenetic distribution. Apart from the monophyletic American and Asian clades, the complex contains a non-monophyletic African clade, which is currently known to cluster into two distinct clades: the speciose core African clade and the African “B” clade encompassing F. dlaminii and F. fredkrugeri. The novel South African species F. echinatum, however, formed a fully-supported single lineage that did not belong to any of the currently known biogeographically defined clades (Fig. 11). The most noticeable morphological feature that distinguishes F. echinatum is the presence of well-developed polyphialides bearing multiple conidiogenous openings that are often concentrated in large numbers and that cause a deformation of the apical region. Somewhat similar, conspicuous polyphialides can be found in Fusarium chlamydosporum and F. concolor (syn. F. polyphialidicum); however, these species are not directly related, in that they belong to two different species complexes, the F. chlamydosporum and F. concolor species complexes, respectively (Fig. 10). The polyphialides formed by these two species do not show as many conidiogenous loci as do those of F. echinatum.

164Fusarium prieskaense G.J. Marais & Sand.-Den., sp. nov. MycoBank MB 838661. Fig. 24.

165Etymology: Referring to Prieska, a town in Northern Cape Province, South Africa, where the type was collected.

166Typus: South Africa, Northern Cape Province, Prieska, on Prunus spinosa, 2010, F.J.J. van der Walt & G.J. Marais (holotype CBS H-24660, culture ex-type CBS 146498 = CPC 30826 = CAMS 001176).

167Conidiophores on aerial mycelium 12.5–43.5 μm tall, unbranched or rarely irregularly or sympodially branched and proliferating, bearing terminal single phialides or whorls of 2–3 phialides, commonly reduced to solitary conidiogenous cells borne laterally on hyphae; aerial conidiogenous cells mono- and polyphialides, subulate to subcylindrical, smooth- and thin-walled, 8–29.5 × 2–5 μm, polyphialides often with 2–3 conidiogenous openings, periclinal thickening and collarettes often inconspicuous or absent. Aerial microconidia forming small false heads and short chains on phialide tips, hyaline, obovoid to short clavate, smooth and thin-walled, 0-septate, (4.5–)6–9(–13) × 2–3(–4) μm (av. 7.4 × 2.6 ìm). Sporodochial conidiophores 24.5–39(–45) μm tall, irregularly branched, bearing terminal solitary or whorls of 2–3 phialides. Sporodochial conidiogenous cells monophialidic, doliiform, subulate to subcylindrical, smooth- and thin-walled, (8.5–)10–14(–15) × 2–4.5 μm. Sporodochial conidia straight to moderately curved and slender, tapering towards the basal part, apical cell more or less equally sized as the adjacent cell, blunt to slightly hooked; basal cell well-developed, foot-shaped, rarely papillate, (1–)3–4-septate, hyaline, thin- and smooth-walled: 1-septate conidia: 23.5 × 3.5 μm; 3-septate conidia: (33.5–)44.5–58(–68.5) × (3–)3.5–4.5(–5) μm (av. 51.1 × 4 μm); 4-septate conidia: (52.5–)55.5–67.5(–71) × 3.5–4.5 μm (av. 61.3 × 4.1 μm); overall: (23–)44–59(–71) × 3–4(–5) μm (av. 51.3 × 4 μm). Chlamydospores not observed.

168Culture characteristics: Colonies on PDA reaching 42–68 mm diam at 25 °C after 7 d. Surface pale luteous, luteous to pale sienna, flat, velvety to felty, sometimes with small white patches of aerial mycelium, margin filiform and regular. Reverse sulphur yellow to amber, pale orange at centre. On OA, sienna to pale umber, flat, membranous to dusty, margin entire and regular; reverse sienna to pale umber.

169Additional material examined: South Africa, Northern Cape Province, Prieska, on Prunus spinosa, 2010, F.J.J. van der Walt & G.J. Marais, culture CBS 146499 = CPC 30827 = CAMS 001177; on Aloidendron dichotomum, 2010, F.J.J. van der Walt & G.J. Marais, culture CPC 30825 = CAMS 001175.

170Notes: Fusarium prieskaense is nested within the core African clade of the FFSC (Fig. 11). Similar to most members of this clade, this species is characterised by forming mostly monophialides and occasional to frequent polyphialides, sometimes proliferating and producing aerial conidia typically organised in a combination of false heads and short to long chains. Fusarium prieskaense is morphologically and phylogenetically related to Fusarium brevicatenulatum and F. pseudonygamai from which it can be differentiated by its pale luteus to yellow colony pigmentation on PDA, versus the orange to dark blue or violet pigments produced by the two latter species. Additionally, sporodochia and macroconidia are commonly and abundantly produced by F. prieskaense, whereas these structures are relatively rare in the two aforementioned species. Moreover, the obovoid to short clavate microconidia of F. prieskaense also distinguishes this species from F. brevicatenulatum, which is characterised by long oval to obovoid microconidia.

171Fusicolla Bonord., Handb. Allg. Mykol.: 150. 1851. Figs 8, 25.

172Type species: Fusicolla betae (Desm.) Bonord., Handb. Allg. Mykol.: 150. 1851.

173(See F. betae in List section for synonyms)

174Ascomata perithecial, solitary, rarely gregarious, with erumpent stroma, fully or partially immersed in a slimy, pale orange sheet of hyphae over the substrate, globose to pyriform with a short acute or disk-like papilla, not collapsing when dry, yellow, pale buff to orange, not changing colour in KOH, smooth-walled, rarely tuberculate, generally lacking hairs or with short, thick-walled hyphae-like structures. Asci cylindrical to narrowly clavate, with an apical ring, 8-spored. Ascospores broadly ellipsoidal, 1-septate, slightly constricted at the septum, verrucose, hyaline to pale brown. Conidiophores initially as lateral phialides on somatic hyphae, sometimes monochasial, verticillate or penicillate, hyaline. Conidiogenous cells monophialidic, cylindrical to subulate, hyaline. Microconidia absent or sparse, ellipsoidal to allantoid, aseptate, hyaline. Macroconidia falcate, straight to curved, narrowing towards the ends, apical cell often hooked with a pointed tip, basal cell poorly developed, foot-shaped, 1–3-septate or 3–5-septate or up to 10-septate, hyaline. Chlamydospores absent to abundant, globose, single, in pairs or chains, sometimes formed in macroconidia.

175[Description adapted from and ].

176Diagnostic features: Yellow to orange, mostly smooth-walled perithecia with a short acute or disk-like papilla producing cylindrical to narrowly clavate asci bearing broadly ellipsoidal, 1-septate, verrucose ascospores and fusarioid asexual conidia.

177Fusicolla quarantenae J.D.P. Bezerra, Sand.-Den., Crous & Souza-Motta, sp. nov. MycoBank MB 838692. Fig. 26.

178Etymology: The epithet refers to the quarantine period during the 2020–2021 coronavirus pandemic, which killed thousands of people on five continents, and during which this species was described.

179Typus: Brazil, Pernambuco state, Itaíba municipality, Curral Velho Farm, 9º08.895 S 37º12.069 W, on cladodes of Melocactus zehntneri, Sep. 2013, J.D.P. Bezerra (holotype URM 94407, culture ex-type URM 8367 = CBS 141541).

180Conidiophores arising laterally from somatic hyphae, simple, straight, hyaline, thin- and smooth-walled, septate, 25–116 × 1.5–2.5 μm, or reduced to solitary conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells monophialidic, arising laterally from hyphae, cylindrical to subulate, straight, hyaline, thin- and smooth-walled, 1–22 × 0.5–2 μm, or as short lateral pegs. Macroconidia falcate, more or less straight, slightly narrowing towards the ends, apical cell often hooked with a more or less pointed tip, basal cell poorly developed, foot-shaped, hyaline, thin- and smooth-walled, 3-septate, (21–)27–35(–38.5) × 2–2.5(–3) μm (av. 29.5 × 2.5 μm, n = 30). Microconidia, chlamydospores and sexual morph not observed.

181Culture characteristics: Colonies on PDA reaching 15 mm diam after at 25 °C after 7 d. Surface yellow to apricot in centre, peach to brick in middle, and salmon at margin, flat, aerial mycelium absent, slimy, with entire margin; reverse yellow to brick.

182Notes: Fusicolla quarantenae, an endophyte of Melocactus zehntneri, is morphologically reminiscent of Fu. betae, Fu. epistroma, and Fu. septimanifiniscientiae, all of which produce mainly 3-septate macroconidia. Fusicolla betae and Fu. epistroma differ by having larger conidia (50–60 μm and 19–45 μm long, respectively, ). The absence of chlamydospores in Fu. quarantenae further differentiates this species from Fu. epistroma and Fu. septimanifiniscientiae.

183Fusicolla meniscoidea L. Lombard & Sand.-Den., sp. nov. MycoBank MB 838662. Fig. 27.

184Etymology: From Greek mēniskos, crescent, in reference to the shape of its conidia.

185Typus: Australia, from soil, unknown collection date (before 1978), unknown collector (holotype CBS H-24662, culture ex-type CBS 110189 = FRC E-0086). 1

186Conidiophores arising laterally or terminally from somatic hyphae 50–70 μm long, simple or sparingly branched laterally, straight, hyaline, smooth- and thin-walled, bearing terminal and lateral conidiogenous cells, or more commonly reduced to single conidiogenous cells borne laterally on the substrate and aerial hyphae. Conidiogenous cells monophialidic, subcylindrical, cylindrical to slightly subulate, 10.5–35 × 2–3.5 μm, smooth- and thin-walled, without noticeable periclinal thickening, a minute apical collarette can be present. Macroconidia falcate, tapering gently towards both ends, apical cell often hooked with a blunt to pointy apex, basal cell obtuse to poorly developed, foot-shaped, 0–2(–3)-septate, predominantly 1-septate, hyaline, smooth- and thin-walled; 0-septate (8–)9–13(–15) × 2–3.5 μm (av. 11.1 × 2.9 μm); 1-septate, (9–)11.5–15(–17.5) × 2.5–3.5 μm (av. 13.1 × 2.9 μm); 2-septate, 13–17.5(–18) × 2.5–4 μm (av. 15.4 × 3 μm); 3-septate, 20–24.5(–25.5) × 3–3.5 μm (av. 22.6 × 3.3 μm). Microconidia, chlamydospores and sexual morph not observed.

187Culture characteristics: Colonies on PDA reaching 21–30 mm diam at 25 °C after 7 d. Surface white to pale luteus at periphery, centre salmon to pale orange, flat to slightly radially folded, membranous to slimy, margin entire to slightly undulate; reverse luteous to pale salmon at centre. On OA, pale luteous to pale salmon, flat, membranous, margin entire; reverse pale luteous.

188Notes: Fusicolla meniscoidea is here introduced based on an isolate originally misidentified as Bisifusarium dimerum. Despite the great genetic differences and phylogenetic distance, the two taxa share similar morphological traits, particularly regarding macroscopic aspects of colonial growth, and the shape and size of conidiophores and conidia. However, unlike in B. dimerum, conidia of Fu. meniscoidea present a much more pronounced curvature involving both conidial planes (somewhat parallel walls), while foot-shaped basal cells are less evident or absent. Fusicolla aqueductuum, Fu. betae, Fu. quarantenae, and Fu. violacea are all morphologically related to Fu. meniscoidea by showing similar conidial septation ranges and lacking chlamydospores. Conidial size in Fu. meniscoidea is, however, markedly reduced and often closer to the lower limits of the conidial size of all the aforementioned species. Another species also described here, Fusicolla sporellula, lacks chlamydospores but has similar, although smaller, conidia with a reduced range of septa (0- or 1-septate). It furthermore differs from Fu. meniscoidea by its shorter and doliiform conidiogenous cells.

189Fusicolla sporellula Sand.-Den. & L. Lombard, sp. nov. MycoBank MB 838663. Fig. 28.

190Etymology: From Latin, very small spores, in reference to its very small conidia.

191Typus: South Africa, Transkei, from soil, unknown collection date (before 1983), unknown collector (holotype CBS H-24663, culture ex-type CBS 110191 = FRC E-0139).

192Conidiophores arising laterally from substrate and aerial hyphae 14–35 μm long, simple or laterally and verticillately branched, straight, hyaline, smooth- and thin-walled, or reduced to single conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells monophialidic, doliiform, short lageniform to subulate 7.5–20 × 2.5–4 μm, smooth- and thin-walled, with or without inconspicuous periclinal thickening, collarettes absent; or reduced to short phialidic pegs emerging laterally from hyphae, 1–5 × 1–2.5 μm, smooth- and thin-walled, with inconspicuous periclinal thickening and an often conspicuously flared collarette. Macroconidia lunate to falcate, moderately to strongly dorsiventrally curved, slightly narrowing towards both ends, apical cell blunt, more or less hooked, basal cell obtuse to poorly developed, foot-shaped, hyaline, thin- and smooth-walled, 0- or 1-septate, predominantly 1-septate, 0-septate: (11–)12–14(–15) × 2–3(–3.5) μm (av. 13.2 × 2.7 μm), 1-septate: (11.5–)13–16.5(–20) × 2.5–3.5 μm (av. 14.6 × 2.8 μm). Microconidia, chlamydospores, and sexual morph not observed.

193Culture characteristics: Colonies on PDA reaching 24–31 mm diam at 25 °C after 7 d. Surface white, luteous to orange, flat to slightly radially folded, membranous to slimy, margin entire; reverse pale luteous to saffron, peach at centre. On OA, pale luteous to peach, flat, membranous with filiform to undulate margins; reverse pale peach to saffron.

194Notes: Fusicolla sporellula presents the smallest conidia described to date for any species in this genus. This taxon is phylogenetically and morphologically related to Fu. meniscoidea, from which it can be differentiated by its smaller and less septate conidia, and by the characteristic doliiform shape of its conidiogenous cells.

195Geejayessia Schroers et al., Stud. Mycol. 68: 124. 2011. Figs 8, 29.

196Type species: Geejayessia cicatricum (Berk.) Schroers, Stud. Mycol. 68: 124. 2011.

197(See F. cicatricum in List section for synonyms)

198Ascomata perithecial, caespitose, with erumpent, byssoid or densely prosenchymatous stroma, superficial, broadly ampulliform with short ostiolar neck to broadly ellipsoidal, not collapsing when dry, pale orange, brownish to reddish orange, bright, reddish black or black, changing colour in KOH if not black and becoming purple in lactic acid, mostly smooth-walled, lacking hairs or appendages. Ascomatal wall consists of a single region, comprising several layers of morphologically similar cells. Asci cylindrical to clavate, with a broadly rounded or flattened apex, with or without a minute refractive ring, 8-spored, mostly overlapping, uniseriate or biseriate above and uniseriate below. Ascospores broadly ellipsoidal to ellipsoidal, 1-septate, slightly constricted at the septum, verrucose, hyaline to pale brown. Conidiophores mononematous (aerial conidiophores) or grouped on sporodochia. Aerial conidiophores unbranched, sympodial or irregularly branched, bearing terminal or lateral phialides, often reduced to single phialides. Conidiogenous cells monophialidic, subcylindrical to cylindrical, smooth- and thin-walled, with periclinal thickening inconspicuous or absent. Aerial conidia hyaline, smooth- and thin-walled, of two types: microconidia, present in some species, ellipsoidal to fusoid, 0- or 1-septate, with rounded ends, straight to slightly curved; macroconidia typically formed on sporodochia, falcate, straight to gently curved dorsiventrally, 3–8-septate, with a blunt apical cell and well-developed foot-shaped basal cell. Sporodochia cream to pale yellow; sporodochial conidiophores verticillately branched and densely packed, consisting of short, smooth- and thin-walled stipes bearing an apical whorl of 2–3 monophialides; sporodochial conidiogenous cells monophialidic, cylindrical to subcylindrical, smooth- and thin-walled, with reduced or flared collarette. Chlamydospores unknown.

199[Description adapted from and ].

200Diagnostic features: Pale orange, brownish to reddish orange, bright red, reddish black to black, mostly smooth-walled perithecia with short ostiolar neck producing clavate to cylindrical asci bearing ellipsoidal, 1-septate, verrucose ascospores and asexual morphs producing only macroconidia on sporodochia or micro- and macroconidia on elongate subulate to subcylindrical aerial conidiophores with monophialides. Chlamydospores absent.

201Ilyonectria P. Chaverri & C. Salgado, Stud. Mycol. 68: 69. 2011. Fig. 8.

202Type species: Ilyonectria destructans (Zinssm.) Rossman et al., Stud. Mycol. 80: 217. 2015.

203(See F. aderholdii in List section for synonyms)

204Ascomata perithecial, solitary or gregarious, non-stromatic, superficial, globose to subglobose or ovoid to obpyriform, red, turning purple to dark purple in KOH, pigment dissolving in lactic acid, not collapsing when dry, with broadly conical papilla or flattened apex, smooth to slightly rugulose, lacking hairs or appendages. Ascomatal wall of two regions: outer region of thick-walled, pigmented cells forming a textura globosa; inner region of compressed, flattened cells, becoming thinner towards the centrum. Asci narrowly clavate to cylindrical, 8-spored, apex subtruncate, with inconspicuous apical ring, uniseriate. Ascospores ellipsoidal, 1-septate, hyaline, smooth. Conidiophores simple or complex or sporodochial; simple conidiophores arising laterally or terminally from aerial mycelium, solitary or loosely aggregated, unbranched or sparsely branched, bearing up to three phialides; complex conidiophores solitary or aggregated in small sporodochia, repeatedly and irregularly branched. Conidiogenous cells monophialidic, cylindrical, tapering towards the apex. Microconidia 0- or 1-septate, ovoid to fusoid to ellipsoidal, with a minutely or clearly laterally displaced hilum, formed in heads on solitary conidiophores or as masses on sporodochia. Macroconidia straight, cylindrical, 1–3(–4)-septate, with both ends obtusely rounded, base sometimes with a visible, centrally located to laterally displaced hilum, forming flat domes of slimy masses. Chlamydospores globose to subglobose, thick-walled, intercalary or solitary, initially hyaline, becoming brown with age.

205[Description adapted from ].

206Diagnostic features: Red, mostly smooth-walled perithecia with conical papilla or flattened apex producing cylindrical asci bearing ellipsoidal, 1-septate ascospores and cylindrocarpon-like asexual morph characterised by 1–3(–4)-septate macroconidia with centrally located to laterally displaced hilum.

207Luteonectria Sand.-Den., L. Lombard, Schroers & Rossman, gen. nov. MycoBank MB 838664. Figs 8, 30.

208Etymology: Name refers to the luteous coloured, nectria-like ascomata characteristic of these fungi.

209Type species: Luteonectria albida (Rossman) Sand.-Den. & L. Lombard

210Ascomata perithecial, gregarious on a well-developed stroma composed of pseudoparenchymatous cells, covered with loose, white hyphae, smooth and thin-walled, globose to pyriform, off-white to pale luteous, becoming ochraceous when dry, with a broadly rounded and papillate apical region, not changing colour in KOH or lactic acid, short setae-like hairs sometimes emerging from perithecial wall. Asci clavate with simple apex, 8-spored, ascospores overlapping irregularly uniseriate to biseriate. Ascospores fusiform with rounded ends, 3-septate, slightly constricted at septum, hyaline, becoming pale yellow-brown, smooth-walled to finely striate. Conidiophores mononematous, septate and irregularly branched, bearing terminal phialides. Conidiogenous cells monophialidic, cylindrical to subcylindrical, smooth- and thin-walled, with periclinal thickening inconspicuous to absent. Macroconidia fusoid and multiseptate, 1–7-septate, curved, hyaline, with a wide, blunt apical cell and a poorly- to well-developed, foot-shaped basal cell. Micro- and mesoconidia unknown. Chlamydospores unknown.

211[Description adapted from and ].

212Diagnostic features: Off-white to pale luteous perithecia that do not change colour on KOH or lactic acid, formed on well-developed stroma producing clavate asci containing fusiform, 3-septate, finely striate ascospores and fusarioid asexual morph characterised by monophialides producing robust multiseptate conidia from aerial conidiophores, lacking micro- and mesoconidia, and chlamydospores.

213Luteonectria albida (Rossman) Sand.-Den. & L. Lombard, comb. nov. MycoBank MB 838665.

214Basionym: Nectria albida Rossman, Mycol. Pap. 150: 79. 1983.

215Synonyms: Albonectria albida (Rossman) Guu & Y.M. Ju, Bot. Stud. (Taipei) 48: 189. 2007.

216Fusarium albidum (Rossman) O'Donnell & Geiser, Phytopathology 103: 404. 2013.

217Typus: Jamaica, Hanover Parish, Dolphin Head Mt. near Askenish, on bark of woody stem of unknown host, 22 Jan. 1971, R.P. Korf et al. (holotype CUP-MJ 942, culture ex-type ATCC 44543 = CTR 71-110 = BBA 67603 = NRRL 13950 = NRRL 22152).

218Description and illustration:,,.

219Additional material examined: Costa Rica, Limón, Central Distrito Valle, Valle del Estrella, Selva Biologia Hitoi Caneri, 100 –150 m alt, on bark of living tree, 7 Jul. 1999, G.J. Samuels et al., BPI 746587, culture CBS 102683. Jamaica, Newcastle, Chesterville Youth Developmental Camp, on undetermined host, 8 Jan. 1971, A.Y. Rossman, BPI 550103. Venezuela, Los Venados, El Avila, along Trail 1–2 km above Los Venados, El Avila, on undetermined substrate, 24 Jul. 1972, K.P. Dumont et al., BPI 1108875.

220Luteonectria nematophila (Nirenberg & Hagedorn) Sand.-Den. & L. Lombard, comb. nov. MycoBank MB 838666.

221Basionym: Fusarium nematophilum Nirenberg & Hagedorn, Nachrichtenbl. Deutsch. Pflanzenschutzdienstes 60: 214. 2008.

222Typus: Germany, Berlin, from soil with roots of Hedera helix, unknown date and collector (holotype BBA 72279 in B, culture ex-type BBA 72279 = NRRL 54600).

223Description and illustration:.

224Macroconia (Wollenw.) Gräfenhan et al., Stud. Mycol. 68: 101. 2011. Figs 8, 31.

225Basionym: Nectria sect. Macroconia Wollenw., Angew. Bot. 8: 179. 1926.

226Type species: Macroconia leptosphaeriae (Niessl) Gräfenhan & Schroers, Stud. Mycol. 68: 102. 2011.

227Synonyms: Nectria leptosphaeriae Niessl, in Krieger, Fungi Saxon. Exs.: no. 165. 1886.

228Cucurbitaria leptosphaeriae (Niessl) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 3: 461. 1898.

229Hypomyces leptosphaeriae (Niessl) Wollenw., Fusaria Autogr. Delin. 1: 57. 1916.

230Lasionectria leptosphaeriae (Niessl) Petch, Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 21: 268. 1938.

231Cosmospora leptosphaeriae (Niessl) Rossman & Samuels, Stud. Mycol. 42: 122. 1999.

232Ascomata perithecial, solitary, with stroma inconspicuous or absent, subglobose with or without a small apical papilla, orange to carmine red, turning dark red to violet in KOH, sometimes with hyphal hairs arising from the outer wall. Asci cylindrical to narrowly clavate, with a simple apex, 8-spored, uniseriate or partially biseriate. Ascospores yellowish, 1-septate, smooth, sometimes becoming striate when mature. Conidiophores initially as lateral phialides on somatic hyphae, later monochasial to verticillate, hyaline. Conidiogenous cells monophialidic, cylindrical to subulate, hyaline. Microconidia rare or absent, ellipsoidal to allantoid, hyaline. Macroconidia subcylindrical to curved, apical cell conical or hooked, basal cell poorly- to well-developed, foot-shaped, 3–7(–14)-septate, hyaline. Chlamydospores absent to rare, globose, single, in pairs or chains in hyphae.

233[Description adapted from ].

234Diagnostic features: Orange-red to carmine-red perithecia with or without a small papilla producing cylindrical to narrowly clavate asci bearing 1-septate ascospores that sometimes become striate when mature, and asexual morphs characterised by verticillate conidiophores producing large, multiseptate fusarioid macroconidia.

235Macroconia bulbipes Crous & Sand.-Den., sp. nov. MycoBank MB 838667. Fig. 32.

236Etymology: Named after the shape of the basal cell, which is commonly swollen, bulbous.

237Typus: South Africa, Western Cape Province, Swellendam, Bontebok National Park, from Erica sp. associated with Dimerosporiopsis engleriana, 24 Sep. 2018, A.R. Wood (holotype CBS H-24664, culture ex-type CBS 146679 = CPC 37138).

238Conidiophores commonly aggregated into sporodochia, more rarely simple (aerial). Aerial conidiophores borne laterally on hyphae and commonly reduced to single conidiogenous cells, hyaline, thin- and smooth-walled, 23.5–39.6 μm long; conidiogenous cells monophialidic, subcylindrical to cylindrical, hyaline, (23–)24–25(–26.5) × 3–4 μm, without discernible periclinal thickening or collarettes. Sporodochia abundantly formed on carnation leaves and on the agar surface, pink to pink-brown coloured. Sporodochia light orange-peach, turning dark brick coloured in old cultures; sporodochial conidiophores irregularly or verticillately branched, 40–55.5 μm long, irregularly branched, bearing lateral and terminal solitary monophialides. Sporodochial conidiogenous cells monophialidic, cylindrical to subcylindrical to subulate, (8–)14.5–26.5(–30.5) × 3.5–5.5 μm with inconspicuous periclinal thickening, flared collarettes absent. Microconidia absent. Macroconidia straight to moderately dorsiventrally curved, tapering toward the apex, apical cell conical or hooked, and slightly extended, basal cell well-developed, foot shaped, commonly irregularly swollen at bottom, (2–)3–5(–6)-septate, predominantly 4-septate, hyaline, thick- and smooth-walled: 2-septate conidia: 43–45.5 × 5–5.5 μm (av. 44.2 × 5.1 μm); 3-septate conidia: (38.5–)41–53(–55) × 5–6 μm (av. 48.1 × 5.4 μm); 4-septate conidia: (45.5–)50–62(–67.5) × 5–6(–7) μm (av. 56.1 × 5.8 μm); 5-septate conidia: (58–)61–77(–80.5) × 5–6.5 μm (av. 68.9 × 5.8 μm); 6-septate conidia: (70–)71–74 × 5.5–6.5(–7) μm (av. 72.1 × 6.4 μm); overall: (38.5–)48–68(–80.5) × 5–6(–7) μm (av. 58 × 5.7 μm). Chlamydospores commonly formed in the substrate mycelium and conidia, spherical to subspherical, 8.5–11(–12.5) μm diam, hyaline and smooth-walled. Sexual morph not observed.

239Culture characteristics: Colonies on PDA reaching 21–24 mm diam at 25 °C after 7 d. Surface salmon to buff, flat, membranous to velvety, with scant aerial mycelium and pionnotal, margin white and regular; reverse pale salmon with radial white to pale yellow patches. On OA, salmon to buff, flat, membranous and pionnotal, with regular margin; reverse pale pink to salmon.

240Additional material examined: South Africa, Western Cape Province, Swellendam, Bontebok National Park, from Erica sp. associated with Dimerosporiopsis engleriana, 24 Sep. 2018, A.R. Wood, culture CBS 146678 = CPC 37137.

241Notes: Macroconia bulbipes resolved as the closest phylogenetic relative to Ma. gigas and Ma. papilionacearum (Fig. 13). The former is, however, clearly distinguished morphologically by its smaller and less septate conidia (rarely up to 80.5 μm long and up to 6-septate vs longer than 100 μm and more than 10-septate in the latter two species). On the contrary, the asexual morph of Ma. bulbipes is closer to that of Ma. leptosphaeriae and Ma. sphaeriae (recognised as two distinct species in ). The conidia of Ma. bulbipes, however, differ by having commonly swollen basal cells.

242Macroconia phlogioides Sand.-Den. & Crous, sp. nov. MycoBank MB 838668. Fig. 33.

243Etymology: From Greek flóga. Referring to the flame-like macroscopic semblance of the sporodochia.

244Typus: South Africa, Limpopo Province, Tzaneen, on leaf of Encephalartos sp., 2019, P.W. Crous (holotype CBS H-24665, culture ex-type CBS 146501 = CPC 35389).

245Conidiophores simple (aerial) or aggregated into sporodochia. Aerial conidiophores often borne laterally on hyphae and reduced to single conidiogenous cells, rarely 1-septate, hyaline, thin- and smooth-walled, 13–17 × 26–32 μm; conidiogenous cells monophialidic, subcylindrical to cylindrical, hyaline, (13–)16–24(–27.5) × (3.5–)4–5 μm conidiogenous opening rather wide, with inconspicuous periclinal thickening and no discernible apical collarettes. Sporodochia orange-pink to pink-brown coloured, often acquiring a flame-like, somewhat pointy macroscopic appearance and later merging into pionnotal crusts; sporodochial conidiophores irregularly or verticillately branched, 37.5–46 μm long, often bearing groups of 2–3 conidiogenous cells; sporodochial conidiogenous cells monophialidic, subcylindrical to subulate, (10–)18.5–26(–30) × (2.5–)3.5–5 μm with inconspicuous periclinal thickening, collarettes absent. Microconidia absent. Macroconidia robust, often with a nearly straight central portion and markedly curved and tapering towards both ends, apical cell conical to hooked, basal cell well-developed, foot-shaped, (1–)9–15(–19)-septate, predominantly 11-septate, hyaline, thick- and smooth-walled: 9-septate conidia: (106.5–)119.5–140(–143.5) × 7.5–8.5(–9) μm (av. 129 × 8 μm); 10-septate conidia: (116–)120–144.5(–164) × (7–)7.5–9 μm (av. 132 × 8 μm); 11-septate conidia: (122–)127–140(–153.5) × 7.5–9(–9.5) μm (av. 134 × 8.5 μm); 12-septate conidia: (119–)127.5–146.5(–153) × 7.5–9.5(–10) μm (av. 137 × 8.5 μm); 13-septate conidia: (128–)132–155(–172) × (7–)8–9(–10) μm (av. 143.5 × 8.5 μm); 14-septate conidia: (133.5–)136–157(–168) × 8–9.5 μm (av. 146.5 × 9 μm); 15-septate conidia: 147–163.5(–173.5) × 8.5–9.5(–10) μm (av. 155 × 9 μm); overall: (86–)123.5–150(–175) × (7–)8–9(–10) μm (av. 137 × 8.5 μm). Chlamydospores and sexual morph not observed.

246Culture characteristics: Colonies on PDA reaching 17–25 mm diam at 25 °C after 7 d. Surface salmon, buff to rosy buff, flat to slightly raised at centre, glabrous or with central patches of white, dense aerial mycelium; membranous to dusty with regular margin; reverse pale luteous to sulphur yellow, with salmon patches. On OA, salmon, flat, membranous, inconspicuously radially folded with regular margin; reverse pale pink to luteous with more intense salmon-coloured patches.

247Additional material examined: South Africa, Limpopo Province, Tzaneen, on leaf of Encephalartos sp., 2019, P.W. Crous, culture CBS 146500 = CPC 35388. USA, Arizona, Huachuca Mountains, Miller Canyon, on branch of Quercus sp. in stream, 1 Oct. 2008, T. Gräfenhan, culture CBS 125496.

248Notes: Macroconia phlogioides is morphologically related to Ma. papilionacearum and Ma. gigas. These three species are characterised by producing robust and large (often above 100 μm long) macroconidia. Unlike the above-mentioned species, however, conidia of Ma. phlogioides tend to present a higher number of septa (up to 19 vs up to 12 and 14, for Ma. papilionacearum and Ma. gigas, respectively), with rounder and less tapered apical cells, contrasting with the elongated conidial apices of Ma. gigas. Conidia of Ma. phlogioides also differ by having a more pronounced and continuous curvature compared to Ma. gigas and Ma. papilionacearum. These three species are clearly different phylogenetically, clustering in distant monophyletic lineages of the genus (Fig. 13).

249Mariannaea G. Arnaud ex Samson, Stud. Mycol. 6: 74. 1974. Fig. 8.

250Type species: Mariannaea elegans (Corda) Samson, Stud. Mycol. 6: 75. 1974.

251Basionym: Penicillium elegans Corda, Icon. Fung. 2: 17. 1838.

252Synonyms: Hormodendron elegans (Corda) Bonorden, Handb. Allg. Mykol.: 76. 1851.

253Spicaria elegans (Corda) Harz., Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 44: 238. 1871.

254Paecilomyces elegans (Corda) Mason & Hughes, Mycol. Pap. 45: 27. 1951.

255Ascomata perithecial, solitary, non-stromatic or on inconspicuous stroma, superficial, globose with flat apex, not collapsing or laterally pinched when dry, pale yellow, orange or brown, not reacting in KOH, smooth-walled to slightly rugose, lacking hairs or appendages. Asci cylindrical to narrowly clavate, 8-spored sometimes with inconspicuous apical ring, uniseriate to apically biseriate. Ascospores 1-septate, hyaline, smooth-walled to spinulose. Conidiophores verticillate to penicillate, hyaline, with phialides arising directly from the stipe or forming whorls of metulae on lower parts of stipe; stipe hyaline, becoming yellow-brown at the base. Conidiogenous cells monophialidic, ampulliform, hyaline, usually with obvious periclinal thickening and inconspicuous collarettes. Conidia limoniform, aseptate, hyaline, in chains that collapse to form slimy heads. Chlamydospores globose to ellipsoidal, hyaline, formed in intercalary chains.

256[Description adapted from, and ].

257Diagnostic features: Pale yellow, orange to brown perithecia with flattened apex producing cylindrical to narrowly clavate asci bearing 1-septate ascospores and asexual morphs characterised by verticillate to penicillate conidiophores producing small, aseptate, limoniform conidia in chains that collapse into slimy heads.

258Microcera Desm., Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot., sér. 3, 10: 359. 1848. Figs 8, 34.

259Synonym: Pseudomicrocera Petch, Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 7: 164. 1921.

260Type species: Microcera coccophila Desm., Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot., sér. 3, 10: 359. 1848.

261(See F. coccophilum in List section for synonyms)

262Ascomata perithecial, solitary or gregarious, with stroma and/or byssus covering host, globose, with a blunt papilla, orange to dark red, turning dark red or violet in KOH, finely roughened. Asci cylindrical to narrowly clavate, with an apical ring, 8-spored. Ascospores hyaline to pale yellow-brown, 1(–3)-septate, smooth, sometimes becoming tuberculate when mature. Conidiophores as lateral phialides on somatic hyphae, becoming monochasial, verticillate to penicillate, hyaline, forming discrete sporodochia or synnemata on the host. Conidiogenous cells monophialidic, cylindrical to subulate to subclavate, hyaline. Macroconidia pale, orange, pink or bright red in mass, subcylindrical, moderately or conspicuously curved, apical cell often slightly or conspicuously hooked, basal cell papillate to well-developed, foot-shaped, (0–)3–5(–12)-septate, hyaline.

263[Description adapted from ].

264Diagnostic features: Orange to dark red perithecia with a blunt papilla producing cylindrical to narrowly clavate asci bearing yellow-brown, 1(–3)-septate ascospores; asexual morphs characterised by verticillate to penicillate conidiophores producing small macroconidia; species typically associated with scale insects.

265Neocosmospora E.F. Sm., Bull. U.S.D.A. 17: 45. 1899. Figs 8, 35.

266Type species: Neocosmospora vasinfecta E.F. Sm., Bull. U.S.D.A. 17: 45. 1899.

267(See F. neocosmosporiellum in List section for synonyms)

268Ascomata perithecial, solitary or gregarious, non-stromatic or with reduced basal stroma, superficial, globose to pyriform, not collapsing when dry, orange-brown to bright red, darkening or becoming purple in KOH, papillate or with short ostiolar neck, commonly tuberculate, rarely smooth-walled, lacking hairs or appendages. Ascomatal wall of two regions: outer region of thick-walled, pigmented cells forming a textura angularis; inner region of elongate, hyaline, thin-walled cells, becoming thinner towards the centrum. Asci saccate, clavate to cylindrical, unitunicate, apex simple, rounded or flattened, 8-spored, uniseriate to irregularly biseriate. Ascospores globose to ellipsoidal, with or without slightly truncate ends, typically 1-septate, hyaline when young becoming yellow golden-brown at maturity, thick-walled, longitudinally striate; ascospores in some species 0-septate, cerebriform or spinulose. Conidiophores mononematous (aerial) or grouped on sporodochia, or somewhat erect, loosely branched sporodochial pustules. Aerial conidiophores simple, sparsely to highly branched; aerial conidiogenous cells monophialidic, elongate subulate to subcylindrical. Aerial conidia hyaline, smooth- and thick-walled, of two types: microconidia subglobose, ellipsoidal to somewhat clavate, 0–2(–4)-septate, borne in false heads on phialides; macroconidia falcate, slightly to strongly curved dorsiventrally, 1-septate to multiseptate, with blunt to hooked to slightly pointed apical cell and papillate to well-developed foot-shaped basal cell. Sporodochia cream, pale luteous, light green, olivaceous, bluish, hazel to greyish sepia; sporodochial conidiophores verticillately or sympodially branched or sparingly branched and densely packed, consisting of short, smooth- and thin-walled stipes bearing apical whorl of 2–4 monophialides; sporodochial conidiogenous cells monophialidic, doliiform, short subcylindrical to subulate, smooth- and thin-walled, periclinal thickening and collarettes inconspicuous or absent. Sporodochial macroconidia falcate, smooth- and thick-walled, straight or curved with parallel walls to unequally curved, in some species clavate and asymmetrical, tapering towards both ends, with a pointed to blunt to hooked apical cell and papillate to well-developed foot-shaped basal cell. Chlamydospores globose to subglobose to ovoid to obovoid, hyaline to pale golden brown, smooth-walled to slightly verrucose, terminal or intercalary, solitary or in pairs or forming chains or aggregating in some species to form buff, olive aeruginous or bluish microsclerotia.

269[Description adapted from and ].

270Diagnostic features: Orange-brown to frequently bright, blood red warted perithecia with papillate or short ostiolar neck producing saccate, clavate to cylindrical asci bearing globose to ellipsoidal, 0- or 1-septate, longitudinally striate, cerebriform or spinulose ascospores and asexual morphs producing micro- and macroconidia on elongate subulate to subcylindrical aerial conidiophores with monophialides or only macroconidia in sporodochia. Chlamydospores formed in hyphae, rarely observed in macroconidia.

271Neocosmospora epipeda Quaedvl. & Sand.-Den., sp. nov. MycoBank MB 838669. Fig. 36.

272Etymology: From the Greek επίπεδα, flat; referring to the microconidia of this species commonly being flattened on one side.

273Typus: Netherlands, from Bouvardia sp. imported from Uganda, 2019, W. Quaedvlieg (holotype CBS H-24666, culture ex-type CBS 146523 = CPC 38310).

274Conidiophores borne on the agar substrate and aerial mycelium, 78–230 μm tall, unbranched or more commonly sympodially branched at various levels, bearing terminal single phialides; aerial conidiogenous cells monophialidic, subulate, subcylindrical to acicular, smooth- and thin-walled, 27.5–62 × 2–3.5 μm, short apical collarettes and periclinal thickening inconspicuous or absent. Aerial conidia microconidial, arranged in false heads on phialide tips, hyaline, broadly ellipsoidal, ellipsoidal to short clavate, commonly asymmetrical with a somewhat flattened side, smooth- and thin-walled, aseptate, (4.5–)6–10(–13.5) × (2–)3–5 μm (av. 8 × 3.5 μm). Sporodochia pale luteous to orange, formed abundantly on the surface of carnation leaves; sporodochial conidiophores laterally and irregularly branched bearing apical groups of 2–3 monophialides; sporodochial conidiogenous cells monophialidic, subulate to subcylindrical, 11–19.5 × 3–4.5 μm, smooth and thin-walled, with short, non-flared collarettes and inconspicuous or absent periclinal thickening. Sporodochial conidia falcate, almost straight to slightly curved dorsoventrally, broadest near the half portion or the upper third, tapering towards both ends, with a blunt to somewhat pointy and slightly curved apical cell and an often well-developed foot-shaped basal cell, (3–)4–7(–8)-septate, predominantly 5-septate, hyaline, smooth- and thick-walled; 3-septate conidia: 42.5 × 4.4 μm; 4-septate conidia: (41.5–)44–58(–60) × 4–5 μm (av. 51.1 × 4.4 μm); 5-septate conidia: (53.5–)59–69.5(–76) × 4–6 μm (av. 64.3 × 5 μm); 6-septate conidia: 68–75.5(–79.5) × 4.5–6 μm (av. 71.7 × 5.3 μm); 7-septate conidia: (68–)69–74.5(–77) × 5–6 μm (av. 71.7 × 5.5 μm); 8-septate conidia: 74–75.5 × 5–6 μm (av. 74.7 × 5.3 μm); overall: (42.5–)59–73.5(–79.5) × (4–)5–6 μm (av. 66.3 × 5.1 μm). Chlamydospores and sexual morph not observed.

275Culture characteristics: Colonies on PDA reaching 38–53 mm diam at 25 °C after 7 d. Surface white to sulphur yellow with scarce pale ochreous to pale rust patches, flat to slightly raised with abundant white aerial mycelium, cottony to woolly, margin filiform; reverse pale luteous to sulphur yellow, pale apricot to pale rust at centre. On OA, pale luteous, flat, membranous with entire margin; reverse pale luteous.

276Additional material examined: Netherlands, from Bouvardia sp. imported from Uganda, 2019, W. Quaedvlieg, culture CBS 146524 = CPC 38311.

277Notes: The name N. epipeda is coined here for a novel phylogenetic lineage discovered on a Bouvardia sp. imported from Uganda. The new species clusters as the closest phylogenetic relative of N. catenata (Fig. 14), an opportunistic animal-pathogenic species characterised by abundant production of catenate to clustered, pigmented chlamydospores, and by the absence (as far as known) of macroconidia. These characters form the most notable differences with respect to N. epipeda. Additionally, N. epipeda can be differentiated from N. catenata by its less septate and shorter microconidia (aseptate and up to 13.5 μm vs up to 1-septate and 11 μm in N. catenata). Other species producing macroconidia of similar size and shape to those of N. epipeda include N. quercicola, N. robusta, and N. silvicola; however, the three latter species are genetically distant in that they belong to monophyletic lineages of clade 3 (N. quercicola and N. silvicola) and clade 1 (N. robusta) of Neocosmospora sensu. Neocosmospora epipeda can be distinguished morphologically from N. robusta by the production of microconidia with absence of aerial macroconidia in the former species. Morphological differentiation of the novel species from N. quercicola and N. silvicola is difficult because of overlapping features; nevertheless, subtle differences exist in the size and morphology of the microconidia (aseptate in N. epipeda vs up to 1-septate in both N. quercicola and N. silvicola, being also reniform and longer in the latter species) and sporodochial colour (pale luteous to orange in N. epipeda vs greenish to citrine in N. quercicola and N. silvicola, respectively).

278Neocosmospora merkxiana Quaedvl. & Sand.-Den., sp. nov. MycoBank MB 838670. Fig. 37.

279Etymology: Named after Trix Merkx, senior technician at the Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, in recognition of her career as the foremost link in strain handling between the research groups and the culture collection.

280Typus: Netherlands, from Chrysanthemum sp. imported from Uganda, unknown date, W. Quaedvlieg (holotype CBS H-24669, culture ex-type CBS 146525 = CPC 38701).

281Conidiophores borne on the agar substrate and aerial mycelium, 99–205 μm tall, unbranched or rarely laterally branched, bearing terminal single phialides; aerial conidiogenous cells monophialidic, subulate to subcylindrical, smooth- and thin-walled, 41.5–77 × 2.5–4.5 μm, with short and flared apical collarettes and inconspicuous periclinal thickening. Aerial conidia of two types: microconidia oval to broadly ellipsoidal, straight to slightly curved and asymmetrical, smooth- and thin-walled, 0(–1)-aseptate, (8.5–)9–15.5(–18.5) × 3–5.5 μm (av. 12.4 × 4.3 ìm), arranged in false heads on phialide tips; macroconidia falcate to navicular, smooth- and thin-walled, almost straight to slightly dorsiventrally curved, ventral face almost straight, with a blunt apical cell, basal cell obtuse to poorly-developed, foot-shaped, 1–3-septate, predominantly 1-septate, 1-septate conidia: (17.5–)20.5–27(–30.5) × (4.5–)5–6.5(–7.5) μm (av. 23.8 × 5.8 μm); 2-septate conidia: (25.5–)27–30(–32) × 5.5–7 μm (av. 28.4 × 6 μm); 3-septate conidia: (27–)28.5–33.5(–35.5) × 5–7.5 μm (av. 31.1 × 6.3 μm); overall: (17.5–)22–31(–35.5) × (4.5–)5–6.5(–7.5) μm (av. 26.4 × 6 μm), arranged in false heads at the tip of monophialides and produced intermixed with microconidia. Sporodochia pale luteous, formed on aerial and substrate mycelium, uncommon on carnation leaves. Sporodochial conidiophores laterally and irregularly branched bearing apical groups of 2–3 monophialides; sporodochial conidiogenous cells monophialidic, doliiform, subulate to subcylindrical, (13.5–)15–21.5(–27) × 2.5–5.5 μm, smooth and thin-walled, lacking apical collarettes and with inconspicuous periclinal thickening. Sporodochial macroconidia falcate, straight to slightly dorsiventrally curved, broadest at the half portion and tapering towards both ends, apical cell blunt and slightly curved, basal cell poorly- to well-developed, foot-shaped, (1–)3–5-septate, predominantly 4-septate, hyaline, smooth- and thick-walled; 1-septate conidia: (23.5–)24.5–28.5 × 5–6.5 μm (av. 25.8 × 5.6 μm); 2-septate conidia: 27–29 × 5.5–6.5 μm (av. 28 × 6 μm); 3-septate conidia: (29–)35–45 × (4.5–)5–6 μm (av. 40.1 × 5.3 μm); 4-septate conidia: (41–)44.5–49.5(–51.5) × 4.5–6.5 μm (av. 47 × 5.6 μm); 5-septate conidia: (42–)45.5–51.5(–52.5) × 5–6 μm (av. 48.5 × 5.6 μm); overall: (24.5–)39–51.5(–52.5) × 4.5–6(–6.5) μm (av. 45.2 × 5.6 μm). Chlamydospores obovoidal, subspherical to spherical, hyaline to pale yellow brown, smooth-walled to slightly roughened, thick-walled, 5–13.5 μm, single or in chains, terminal, intercalary or produced on short lateral stipes.

282Culture characteristics: Colonies on PDA reaching 45–56 mm diam at 25 °C after 7 d. Surface pale luteus to sulphur yellow, becoming buff to honey, flat with abundant aerial mycelium, cottony to woolly with entire to filiform margin; reverse luteous to buff, pale scarlet to bay at centre. On OA pale luteous to peach with sparse white cushions of aerial mycelium, flat, velvety to cottony; reverse pale luteous, peach to pale scarlet.

283Additional material examined: Netherlands, from Chrysanthemum sp. imported from Uganda, unknown date, W. Quaedvlieg, culture CBS 146526 = CPC 38702.

284Notes: Neocosmospora merkxiana represents the phylogenetic species formerly known as “FSSC 41”, one of the few previously known clades lacking a Latin binomial, originally reported as an agent of collar rot on Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa in Brazil. Here, this species is reported causing collar and stem rot symptoms in Chrysanthemum imported from Uganda.

285In the phylogenetic analysis (Fig. 14), N. merkxiana resolved as the most basal taxon within a lineage containing the morphologically similar species N. ipomoeae, N. martii, and N. noneumartii, all characterised by producing both aerial microconidia and macroconidia, in addition to relatively long sporodochial conidia. Differing from the aforementioned species, N. merkxiana can be differentiated by its fewer septate and shorter aerial and sporodochial macroconidia formed on pale luteous sporodochia, and its pale luteous colonies on PDA, thus contrasting with the greenish sporodochial colouration observed in both N. ipomoeae and N. noneumartii, and the red pigmentation on PDA typical of N. martii. Sexual morphs were not observed in the isolates studied here; however, this lineage was reported as heterothallic, and fertile perithecial ascomata have been induced in vitro, characterised by ascomata measuring 230–355 × 175–290 μm, 57.5–75 × 5 μm asci producing 1-septate, 10–12.5 × 5 μm ascospores.

286Neocosmospora neerlandica Crous & Sand.-Den., sp. nov. MycoBank MB 838671. Fig. 38.

287Etymology: Named after the country where the type was isolated, the Netherlands.

288Typus: Netherlands, Zeeland Province, Zuid-Beveland, near Wolphaartsdijk, from Pisum sativum, unknown date, J.C. Went (holotype CBS H-24667, culture ex-type CBS 232.34).

289Conidiophores borne on agar substrate and aerial mycelium up to 290 μm tall, unbranched or irregularly laterally branched, bearing terminal single monophialides, commonly proliferating percurrently; aerial conidiogenous cells monophialidic, subulate to subcylindrical, commonly extended percurrently, smooth- and thin-walled, 21–87 × 1.5–3.5 μm, with short and flared apical collarettes and rather evident periclinal thickening. Aerial conidia of two types: microconidia oval to broadly ellipsoidal, smooth- and thin-walled, 0- or 1-septate, (5.5–)8–14(–30) × (2–)3–4.5(–5.5) μm (av. 11 × 3.8 μm), arranged in false heads on phialide tips; macroconidia fusiform to falcate, smooth- and thick-walled, straight to slightly curved, with a blunt apical cell, basal cell often flattened to obtuse, (1–)2–3-septate, predominantly 3-septate, 1-septate conidia: 22.5–26 × 4.5–6 μm (av. 24.4 × 5.1 μm); 2-septate conidia: (22.5–)23.5–32 × 3.5–5 μm (av. 27 × 4.3 μm); 3-septate conidia: (24–)25–32.5(–38.5) × (3.5–)4.5–5.5(–6) μm (av. 28.7 × 4.8 μm); overall: (22.5–)24–31.5(–38.5) × (3.5–)4.5–6 μm (av. 27.7 × 4.8 μm), arranged in false heads at the tip of monophialides and produced intermixed with microconidia. Chlamydospores subspherical to spherical, pale golden brown, smooth- and thick-walled, 6–8 μm, single or in pairs, terminal or more often formed intercalary on hyphae. Sexual morph and sporodochia unknown.

290Culture characteristics: Colonies on PDA reaching 42–51 mm diam at 25 °C after 7 d. Surface white to pale luteous, flat with abundant dense aerial mycelium, velvety to cottony, margin regular and filiform; reverse pale luteous to sulphur yellow. On OA white to pale luteous, flat to slightly raised, velvety to cottony, margin regular and filiform; reverse pale luteous.

291Notes: The type of N. neerlandica was originally deposited as N. pisi, an important root pathogen of Pisum sativum. Besides sharing the same host association, both species are genetically related, but cluster in distinct phylogenetic lineages and have a different morphology. Although N. pisi produces typical wedge-shaped, larger macroconidia (up to 46 um long) on abundant sporodochia, N. neerlandica is characterised by short falcate macroconidia (up to 38.5 um long) produced on aerial conidiophores, while sporodochia are not formed. The latter features relate N. neerlandica to N. diminuta, a phylogenetically distant species that produces the shortest falcate conidia known in Neocosmospora. Nevertheless, N. diminuta is a homothallic species that conspicuously produces sexual structures, while a sexual morph is not known for N. neerlandica. Additionally, macroconidia of N. neerlandica differ from those of N. diminuta by having less curved apices and poorly developed or non foot-shaped basal cells.

292Neocosmospora nelsonii Crous & Sand.-Den., sp. nov. MycoBank MB 838672. Fig. 39.

293Etymology: In honour of Paul E. Nelson, prominent Fusarium researcher and collector of the ex-type strain of this species.

294Typus: Unknown country, from Pisum sativum, unknown date, P.E. Nelson (holotype CBS H-12719, culture ex-type CBS 309.75).

295Conidiophores borne on agar substrate and aerial mycelium, 59–330 μm tall, often simple and reduced to solitary phialides borne laterally from hyphae, or laterally irregularly and sympodially branching one or two times, bearing terminal single phialides; aerial conidiogenous cells monophialidic, subulate to subcylindrical, smooth- and thin-walled, 21–57.5 × 2–5 μm, flared apical collarettes and periclinal thickening present. Aerial microconidia arranged in false heads on phialide tips, hyaline, broadly ellipsoidal, obovate to broadly clavate, smooth- and thin-walled, 0(–1)-septate, (5–)7–13(–17) × 2.5–5 μm (av. 10.1 × 3.7 μm). Sporodochia (from holotype specimen) pale citrine to olivaceous; sporodochial conidiophores copiously branched, laterally, verticillate and irregularly, bearing apical groups of 2–3 monophialides and lateral solitary phialides; sporodochial conidiogenous cells monophialidic, doliiform, subulate to subcylindrical, 6–21.5 × 3–4.5 μm, smooth and thin-walled, with short, conspicuously flared collarettes and conspicuous periclinal thickening, profusely proliferating percurrently. Sporodochial macroconidia falcate, gently and regularly curved dorsoventrally or with an almost straight ventral line, broadest at the middle portion, apical cell blunt and slightly hooked, basal cell papillate to well-developed, foot-shaped, 1–3(–4)-septate, predominantly 3-septate, hyaline, smooth- and thick-walled; 1-septate conidia: (17.5–)19–26(–29.5) × 4–5 μm (av. 22.4 × 4.4 μm); 2-septate conidia: (26–)27–34 × 3.5–5.5 μm (av. 30 × 4.7 μm); 3-septate conidia: (25.5–)30.5–38(–42) × 4–5.5 μm (av. 34.3 × 4.8 μm); 4-septate conidia: 38.5–43.5 × 4.5–5.5 μm (av. 40.7 × 5.0 μm); overall: (17.5–)27–38(–43.5) × (3.5–)4–5.5 μm (av. 32.5 × 4.7 μm). Chlamydospores subspherical to spherical, pale golden brown, smooth- and thick-walled, 4–11.5 μm, formed singly and terminally on hyphae. Sexual morph not observed.

296Culture characteristics: Colonies on PDA reaching 35–49 mm diam at 25 °C after 7 d. Surface pale luteous, pale saffron to sulphur yellow, flat with abundant dense and short aerial mycelium, velvety to woolly, margin filiform; reverse sulphur yellow. On OA pale luteous, flat, membranous to dusty with filiform margin; reverse pale luteous.

297Notes: The ex-type of N. nelsonii, originally determined as “F.” solani, currently presents a very simple microconidial morphology with a rather acremonioid touch given its slender, generally simple conidiophores and mostly aseptate microconidia. Hence, there are no clear phenotypic characters to differentiate the species. Failed attempts to induce formation of sporodochia indicate that the ex-type strain may have lost the ability to produce macroconidia in vitro. The holotype material, is, however, a dried subculture from the type strain dated from 1982. It still contains a large amount of well-preserved sporodochia and sporodochial conidia, which we describe here. These macroconidia are comparable in size to those observed in closely related species such as N. brevis, N. pisi, and N. neerlandica. However, macroconidia in N. brevis and N. neerlandica are produced only in the aerial mycelium, while N. nelsonii produces only a single type of aerial conidia (microconidia), which also differ from those observed in the aforementioned species by their reduced size. In addition, sporodochial conidia in N. nelsonii are shorter and stout, with shorter and rounder apices compared to those of N. pisi.

298Neocosmospora pseudopisi Sand.-Den. & L. Lombard, sp. nov. MycoBank MB 838673. Fig. 40.

299Etymology: Named after its morphological, phylogenetic and host affinity with Neocosmospora pisi.

300Typus: Unknown country, from Pisum sativum, unknown date and collector (holotype CBS H-24668, culture ex-type CBS 266.50).

301Conidiophores borne on agar substrate and aerial mycelium, erect and prostrate, up to 340 μm tall, unbranched or irregularly laterally branched, bearing terminal single phialides, rarely proliferating percurrently; aerial conidiogenous cells monophialidic, rarely extended percurrently, subulate to subcylindrical, smooth- and thin-walled, 24.5–74 × 2–4 μm, with cup-shaped, elongated, and flared apical collarettes and conspicuous periclinal thickening. Aerial microconidia arranged in false heads on phialide tips, hyaline, broadly ellipsoidal to clavate, often lightly curved and asymmetrical, smooth- and thin-walled, 0(–1)-septate, (4.5–)6.5–11(–17.5) × (2–)3–4(–5) μm (av. 8.6 × 3.2 μm). Sporodochia pale luteous to pale sienna coloured, rarely formed on the surface of carnation leaves, agar surface or on aerial mycelium; sporodochial conidiophores unbranched or laterally and irregularly branched bearing single monophialides or groups of groups of up to three monophialides; sporodochial conidiogenous cells monophialidic, subulate to subcylindrical, 10–25 × 2–5 μm, smooth and thin-walled, collarettes and periclinal thickening present. Sporodochial macroconidia falcate, gently tapering towards both ends, slightly curved dorsoventrally to almost straight, apical cell blunt to inconspicuously papillate, basal cell obtuse to poorly-developed, foot-shaped, 1–4(–5)-septate, predominantly 4-septate, hyaline, smooth- and thick-walled; 1-septate conidia: 21.5–26(–27.5) × 4–5 μm (av. 24.7 × 4.3 μm); 2-septate conidia: 28–30 × 4.5–5 μm; 3-septate conidia: (28.5–)34–46.5(–50) × 4–5.5 μm (av. 40.1 × 4.7 μm); 4-septate conidia: (36–)42.5–54(–56) × 4–5.5 μm (av. 48 × 4.9 μm); 5-septate conidia: 50.5 × 5 μm; overall: (21.5–)34.5–51.5(–56) × 4–5.5 μm (av. 42.9 × 4.8 μm). Chlamydospores subspherical to spherical, hyaline to pale yellow, smooth-walled, thick-walled, 5.5–10.5 μm, single or in pairs, terminal or intercalary. Sexual morph not observed.

302Culture characteristics: Colonies on PDA reaching 35–48 mm diam at 25 °C after 7 d. Surface pale luteous to pale sulphur yellow, flat with abundant short aerial mycelium, velvety to dusty, margin regular entire to filiform; reverse pale luteous to sulphur yellow. On OA pale luteous to pale sulphur yellow, flat, velvety to dusty, margin entire to filiform; reverse pale luteous.

303Notes: The type of N. pseudopisi was determined as pathogenic to Pisum sativum and deposited in WI by W.C. Snyder. It is phylogenetically and morphologically related to N. pisi, a major pathogen of Pisum sativum. However, both species resolved as very closely related lineages in the seven-marker phylogeny (Fig. 14), as well as on the individual CaM, ITS, rpb1, and rpb2 phylogenies (data not shown). Morphologically, N. pseudopisi can be differentiated from N. pisi by its longer sporodochial conidia (up to 56 μm long vs up to 46 μm long in N. pisi, ). Based on the features of its macroconidia, N. pseudopisi resembles N. crassa and N. pseudotonkinensis; the two latter species, though, are phylogenetically well-separated. Neocosmospora pseudopisi, however, differs from N. crassa and N. pseudotonkinensis by the absence of aerial macroconidia in the former species, while unlike N. crassa, the sporodochial conidia of N. pseudopisi are often wider on its apical third (vs wider at its basal part in N. crassa).

304Neonectria Wollenw., Ann. Mycol. 15: 52. 1917, nom. cons. prop. Fig. 8.

305Synonym: Cylindrocarpon Wollenw., Phytopathology 3: 225. 1913.

306(see for additional synonyms)

307Type species: Neonectria ramulariae Wollenw., Ann. Mycol. 15: 52. 1917.

308Ascomata perithecial, gregarious, seated on an erumpent stroma, superficial, subglobose to broadly obpyriform, red, turning dark red in KOH, pigment dissolving in lactic acid, not collapsing when dry, with blunt to acute apex, rarely papillate, smooth to slightly rugulose, lacking hairs or appendages. Ascomatal wall of two regions: outer region of thick-walled, pigmented cells forming a textura epidermoidea; inner region of elongate, hyaline, thin-walled cells, becoming thinner toward the centrum. Asci cylindrical, 8-spored, without an apical ring, uniseriate. Ascospores ellipsoidal to fusoid, 1-septate, hyaline, smooth or finely spinulose. Sporodochia not formed. Conidiophores mononematous, hyaline, septate, unbranched or irregularly branched, terminating in 1–3 phialides or reduced to lateral phialides. Conidiogenous cells monophialidic, cylindrical, tapering towards the apex, with inconspicuous periclinal thickening and collarettes. Microconidia abundant, ellipsoidal to obovoid, hyaline, aseptate, sometimes forming false heads on phialides. Macroconidia cylindrical, mostly straight, 3–7(–9)-septate, with rounded ends. Chlamydospores globose to subglobose, hyaline to subhyaline, smooth-walled to slightly verrucose, terminal or intercalary, solitary or in pairs or forming chains.

309[Description adapted from ].

310Diagnostic features: Red, mostly smooth-walled perithecia lacking papilla producing cylindrical asci bearing ellipsoidal to fusoid, 1-septate ascospores and Cylindrocarpon asexual morph.

311Nothofusarium Crous, Sand.-Den. & L. Lombard, gen. nov. MycoBank MB 838674. Fig. 8.

312Etymology: From the Greek prefix notho-, false, illegitimate; and Fusarium, in reference to the genetic affinity and morphological resemblance to the genus Fusarium s. str.

313Type species: Nothofusarium devonianum L. Lombard, Crous & Sand.-Den.

314Ascomata unknown. Conidiophores mononematous (aerial conidiophores) or grouped on sporodochia. Aerial conidiophores simple, unbranched or irregularly branched, sometimes reduced to single lateral phialides or phialidic pegs on the hyphae; conidiogenous cells monophialidic, cylindrical, tapering towards apex, smooth- and thin-walled, with periclinal thickening inconspicuous or absent, solitary. Microconidia not formed. Aerial macroconidia falcate, 1–5(–6)-septate, thick-walled, curved to lunate, with a blunt apical cell and often obtuse, poorly- to well-developed foot-shaped basal cell. Sporodochia white, pale luteous to pale citrine. Sporodochial conidiophores irregularly and verticillately branched, consisting of short, smooth- and thin- to thick-walled stipes bearing apical whorls of mono- and polyphialides. Sporodochial conidiogenous cells monophialidic and polyphialidic, doliiform, subulate to subcylindrical, smooth- and thin-walled, with reduced apical collarette. Sporodochial macroconidia similar to aerial macroconidia. Chlamydospores subglobose to ellipsoidal, solitary or most commonly in chains.

315Diagnostic features: Fusarioid asexual morph characterised by aerial monophialides and sporodochial mono- and polyphialides producing slightly curved and slender, mostly 3-septate macroconidia.

316Nothofusarium devonianum L. Lombard, Crous & Sand.-Den., sp. nov. MycoBank MB 838675. Fig. 41.

317Etymology: The epithet refers to Devon, the English county where the type specimen was collected.

318Typus: UK, England, Devon, Totnes, Berry Pomeroy, Loventor Manor, on dead cladodes of Ruscus aculeatus, 17 Jul. 1983, B.C. Sutton & A.V. Sutton (holotype CBS H-24670, culture ex-type CBS 147304 = IMI 279297 = NRRL 22134).

319Conidiophores borne on substrate mycelium, prostrate or erect and quickly collapsing to the agar surface, 70–240 μm tall, unbranched or less commonly irregularly laterally branched, bearing terminal single phialides; aerial conidiogenous cells monophialidic, subulate to cylindrical, smooth- and thin-walled, 9–34 μm long, 2–5 μm at the widest part, or reduced to short phialidic pegs, 3–6 × 2–3.5 μm, formed laterally on aerial hyphae, apical collarettes short or lacking, periclinal thickening absent. Aerial macroconidia borne on tips of conidiogenous cells on aerial conidiophores, almost straight or slightly curved, falcate, 1–5(–6)-septate, predominantly 3-septate, hyaline, smooth- and thick-walled, with a blunt apical cell and obtuse, sometimes papillate to poorly-developed, foot-shaped basal cell, 1-septate conidia: (15.5–)19–28(–32) × 2.5–4 μm (av. 23.5 × 4.3 μm); 2-septate conidia: (25.5–)27–31 × 2.5–4 μm (av. 28.8 × 3.2 μm); 3-septate conidia: (13–)41–57(–63.5) × 3–4(–4.5) μm (av. 49 × 3.6 μm); 4-septate conidia: (48.5–)50–60(–61.5) × 3–4.5 μm (av. 55.1 × 3.8 μm); 5-septate conidia: (47–)50–64(–71) × 3.5–4.5 μm (av. 56.9 × 3.9 μm); 6-septate conidia: (54–)55–71.5 × 3.5–4 μm (av. 62.3 × 3.8 μm); overall: (13–)35.5–59(–71.5) × 2.5–4.5 μm (av. 47.2 × 3.6 μm). Sporodochia pale luteous to pale citrine coloured, small, formed abundantly on the agar surface and less regularly on the surface of carnation leaves; sporodochial conidiophores irregularly verticillately branched bearing solitary lateral and terminal phialides or apical groups of 2–3 phialides; sporodochial conidiogenous cells mono- and polyphialidic, doliiform, subulate to subcylindrical, 3–25.5 × 2.5–5 μm, smooth and thin-walled, commonly proliferating sympodially, collarettes and periclinal thickening absent or inconspicuous. Sporodochial conidia undifferentiable from aerial conidia. Chlamydospores subglobose to ellipsoidal, solitary or most commonly in chains. Sexual morph unknown.

320Culture characteristics: Colonies on PDA reaching 23–27 mm diam at 25 °C after 7 d. Surface straw-coloured, pale luteous to pale ochreous, flat, dusty to velvety; reverse white to pale luteous without diffusible pigments. On OA, grey-white to pale luteous, flat, membranous to dusty, with irregular velvety peripheral patches cottony; reverse pale luteous.

321Notes: The type of No. devonianum was erroneously assigned to Trichofusarium rusci and recombined in Fusarium (Fusarium rusci, ). Nevertheless, the morphology exhibited by this strain does not match in respect with the original description of the supposed basionym nor its purported synonym Pycnofusarium rusci, as confirmed also by examination of authentic material of T. rusci (BPI 453152A and IMI 291476). The latter taxon is characterised by a setose sporodochial asexual morph with small, fusoid, aseptate conidia, more reminiscent of the genus Alfaria (Stachybotryaceae, ).

322Pseudofusicolla D. Triest, Mycobiology 44: 127. 2016. Figs 8, 42.

323Type species: Pseudofusicolla belgica D. Triest, Mycobiology 44: 127. 2016.

324Ascomata unknown. Conidiophores initially as lateral phialides on somatic hyphae, sometimes monochasial, verticillate or penicillate, hyaline. Conidiogenous cells monophialidic, cylindrical to subulate, hyaline, producing micro- and macroconidia. Microconidia strongly falcate, 0- or 1-septate, hyaline. Macroconidia strongly falcate, narrowing towards the ends, apical cell hooked with a pointed tip, basal cell papillate to poorly-developed, foot-shaped, 0–3-septate, hyaline. Chlamydospores globose, in terminal pairs or intercalary chains.

325[Description adapted from ].

326Diagnostic features: Fusarioid asexual morph that produces strongly curved, 0- or 1-septate microconidia, and 0–3-septate macroconidia.

327Rectifusarium L. Lombard et al., Stud. Mycol. 80: 229. 2015. Figs 8, 43.

328Type species: Rectifusarium ventricosum (Appel & Wollenw.) L. Lombard & Crous, Stud. Mycol. 80: 229. 2015.

329Basionym: Fusarium ventricosum Appel & Wollenw., Phytopathology 3: 32. 1913.

330(See F. ventricosum in List section for synonyms)

331Ascomata perithecial, mostly gregarious, non-stromatic or on a thin stroma erumpent through the epidermis, superficial, subglobose to globose, laterally pinched when dry, dark red, with short ostiolar neck, smooth-walled, lacking hairs and appendages. >Ascomatal wall of two regions: outer region of thick-walled, pigmented cells forming a textura angularis or textura globulosa; inner region of elongate, hyaline, thin-walled cells, becoming thinner towards the centrum. Asci clavate, apex rounded with distinct pore, 8-spored often with an apical ring, uniseriate to biseriate. Ascospores ellipsoidal, 1-septate, constricted at the septum, pale tan, verrucose. Sporodochia not formed. Conidiophores simple, mononematous, straight to flexuous, hyaline, septate, unbranched or rarely branched, terminating in single phialides. Conidiogenous cells monophialidic, cylindrical, tapering towards the apex, with periclinal thickening and flared collarettes, usually producing macroconidia. Microconidia rarely formed, ellipsoidal to fusoid, 0- or 1-septate, hyaline. Macroconidia falcate, straight to slightly curved dorsiventrally, 3-septate, with blunt to slightly pointed apical cell and poorly-developed foot-shaped basal cell. Chlamydospores globose to subglobose to ovoid, hyaline to subhyaline, verrucose, terminal or intercalary, solitary or in pairs or forming chains or developing directly from macroconidia.

332[Description adapted from, and ].

333Diagnostic features: Dark red, smooth-walled perithecia with short ostiolar neck producing clavate asci bearing ellipsoidal, 1-septate ascospores and asexual morphs producing micro- and macroconidia on elongate cylindrical aerial conidiophores with monophialides, and not forming sporodochia. Chlamydospores formed in hyphae and macroconidia.

334Rugonectria P. Chaverri & Samuels, Stud. Mycol. 68: 73. 2011. Fig. 8.

335Type species: Rugonectria rugulosa (Pat. & Gaillard) Samuels et al., Stud. Mycol. 68: 73. 2011.

336Basionym: Nectria rugulosa Pat. & Gaillard, Bull. Soc. Mycol. France 4: 115. 1889.

337Synonyms: Cucurbitaria rugulosa (Pat. & Gaillard) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 3: 461. 1898.

338Neonectria rugulosa (Pat. & Gaillard) Mantiri & Samuels, Canad. J. Bot. 79: 339. 2001.

339Cylindrocarpon rugulosum Brayford & Samuels, Sydowia 46: 148. 1994.

340Ascomata perithecial, solitary or gregarious, stromatic, superficial or partly immersed in stroma, subglobose to globose, orange to red, turning dark red in KOH, pigment dissolving in lactic acid, non-papillate, rugose to tuberculate, lacking hairs or appendages. Ascomatal wall of two regions: outer region of thick-walled, pigmented cells forming a textura angularis; inner region of elongate, hyaline, thin-walled cells, becoming thinner towards the centrum. Asci clavate, apex simple, 8-spored. Ascospores ellipsoidal to oblong, 1-septate, not to slightly constricted at the septum, pale yellow, striate. Sporodochia not formed. Conidiophores simple, mononematous, straight to flexuous, hyaline, septate, unbranched or rarely to irregularly branched, terminating in single phialides. Conidiogenous cells monophialidic, cylindrical, tapering towards the apex, with periclinal thickening and flared collarettes, producing micro- and macroconidia. Microconidia ovoid to cylindrical, 0- or 1-septate, hyaline. Macroconidia fusoid, curved, (3–)5–7(–9)-septate, tapering to both ends, basal cell obtuse with inconspicuous hilum. Chlamydospores not observed.

341[Description adapted from, and ].

342Diagnostic features: Orange to red, rugose to tuberculate, partially immersed perithecia producing clavate asci bearing fusoid, 1-septate yellowish, striate ascospores and cylindrocarpon-like asexual morph characterised by curved, multiseptate macroconidia with inconspicuous hilum.

343Scolecofusarium L. Lombard, Sand.-Den. & Crous, gen. nov. MycoBank MB 838676. Figs 8, 44.

344Etymology: From Greek skṓlēx, worm, in reference to the worm-like appearance of the macroconidia.

345Type species: Scolecofusarium ciliatum (Link) L. Lombard, Sand.-Den. & Crous

346Ascomata perithecial, solitary or gregarious, partially immersed on a stroma, smooth- and thin-walled, globose to broadly pyriform, red, with a broad, discoid apical region, turning darker in KOH, pigment dissolving in lactic acid to become yellow, lacking hairs and warts. Ascomatal wall of a single region composed of unevenly thickened cells of textura epidermoidea. Asci cylindrical, apex with an obscure refractive ring, 8-spored, ascospores uniseriate. Ascospores ellipsoidal to fusiform-ellipsoidal, 1-septate, not constricted at septum, yellow-brown, finely spinulose. Conidiophores mononematous (aerial) or grouped on sporodochia. Aerial conidiophores unbranched to loosely irregularly branched, bearing terminal phialides; conidiogenous cells monophialidic, subcylindrical, smooth- and thin-walled, with evident periclinal thickening and a non-flared collarette, producing only macroconidia. Sporodochia pink, orange to salmon coloured; sporodochial conidiophores irregularly and verticillately branched, consisting of short, often swollen, smooth- and thin-walled stipes bearing single terminal monophialides or apical whorls of 2–3 monophialides; sporodochial conidiogenous cells monophialidic, cylindrical to subcylindrical, smooth- and thin-walled, with evident periclinal thickening. Macroconidia formed in pink to salmon slimy masses, subcylindrical, (0–)3–7(–10)-septate, straight or slightly curved, with blunt apical cell and obtuse to poorly developed, foot-shaped basal cell. Microconidia unknown. Chlamydospores unknown.

347[Description adapted from & ].

348Diagnostic features: Red perithecia producing cylindrical asci containing ellipsoidal, 1-septate, finely spinulose ascospores and fusarioid asexual morph characterised by monophialides producing slender and delicate, almost cylindrical macroconidia from aerial conidiophores and pink to salmon coloured sporodochia, lacking microconidia as well as chlamydospores.

349Scolecofusarium ciliatum (Link) L. Lombard, Sand.-Den. & Crous, comb. nov. MycoBank MB 838677.

350Basionym: Atractium ciliatum Link, Mag. Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin 7: 32. 1816.

351Synonyms: Fusarium ciliatum (Link) Link, in Willdenow, Sp. Pl., Ed. 4, 6: 105. 1825.

352Microcera ciliata (Link) Wollenw., Fusaria Autogr. Delin. 1: 435. 1916.

353Calonectria ciliata (Link) W.C. Snyder & H.N. Hansen, Amer. J. Bot. 32: 664. 1945.

354Sphaeria agnina Desm., Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. sér. 3, 6: 72. 1846.

355Calonectria agnina (Desm.) Sacc., Michelia 1: 311. 1878.

356Dialonectria agnina (Desm.) Cooke, Grevillea 12: 111. 1884.

357Fusarium peltigerae Westend., Herb. Crypt. Belg. 9: no. 414. 1849.

358Fusarium parasiticum Westend., Bull. Séances Cl. Sci. Acad. Roy. Sci. Belgique, sér. 2, 11: 652. 1861.

359Nectria massariae Pass., in Rabenhorst, Fungi Eur. Exs. no. 1827. 1874.

360Microcera massariae Sacc., Michelia 1: 263. 1878.

361Calonectria massariae (Pass.) Sacc., Michelia 1: 312. 1878.

362Fusisporium filisporum Cooke, Grevillea 8: 8. 1879.

363Fusarium filisporum (Cooke) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 4: 708. 1886.

364Fusarium scolecoides Sacc. & Ellis, Atti Reale Ist. Veneto Sci. Lett. Arti, sér. 6, 3: 728. 1885.

365Fusarium elongatum Cooke, Grevillea 19: 4. 1890.

366Calonectria dearnessii Ellis & Everh., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 42: 245. 1891.

367Typus: Germany, on branch canker of Fagus sylvatica, 1961, W. Gerlach (neotype of Atractium ciliatum CBS H-12687 hic designatus, MBT 10000646, culture ex-neotype CBS 191.65 = ATCC 16068 = ATCC 24137 = BBA 9661 = DSM 62172 = IMI 112499 = NRRL 20431).

368Additional descriptions and illustrations:,,.

369Additional material examined: Belgium, Mons, Pommeroeul, on leaf of Fagus sylvatica, 1984, unknown collector, culture CBS 144385 = IHEM 2989. Denmark, on Hordeum vulgare mouldy grain, associated with scale insects, 1986, U. Thrane, culture CBS 155.86 = NRRL 22284. Netherlands, Noord-Brabant Province, Boxmeer, on Quercus sp., Mar. 2016, S. Helleman, cultures CBS 146672 = CPC 30654; CBS 146673 = CPC 30655; CBS 146674 = CPC 30656; CBS 146675 = CPC 30657; CBS 146676 = CPC 30658; CBS 146677 = CPC 30659.

370Notes: No existent holotype material was located for At. ciliatum. Therefore, a neotype is designated here. The neotype specimen originates from a representative isolate studied by.

371Setofusarium (Nirenberg & Samuels) Crous & Sand.-Den., gen. et stat. nov. MycoBank MB 838678. Figs 8, 45.

372Basionym: Fusarium sect. Setofusarium Nirenberg & Samuels, Canad. J. Bot. 67: 3376. 1989.

373Etymology: The name refers to the presence of setose sporodochia and to its resemblance to the genus Fusarium.

374Type species: Fusarium setosum Nirenberg & Samuels, Canad. J. Bot. 67: 3372. 1989.

375Ascomata perithecial, solitary or gregarious on a well-developed immersed stroma composed of pseudoparenchymatous to hyphal cells, scaly to warty and thick-walled, pyriform, dark red with an often darker red-coloured, flattened and non-papillate apical region, turning darker in KOH, pigment dissolving in lactic acid to become yellow, lacking hairs. >Ascomatal wall of two regions: outer region of thick-walled, pigmented cells of textura angularis to textura globulosa at warts cells; inner region of elongate, hyaline, thin-walled cells, becoming thinner towards the centrum. Asci cylindrical to clavate, with rounded to flattened simple apex, 8-spored, ascospores overlapping uniseriate to biseriate. Ascospores ellipsoidal, 1-septate, not constricted at septum, pale yellow-brown, smooth-walled to finely striate. Conidiophores mononematous (aerial) or grouped on sporodochia. Aerial conidiophores unbranched or rarely branched, bearing terminal phialides; conidiogenous cells monophialidic, cylindrical to subcylindrical, smooth- and thin-walled, with periclinal thickening inconspicuous to evident, producing only macroconidia. Sporodochia grey; setae arising between and around sporodochia, stiff, erect, thick-walled with acute tip, at first hyaline later becoming pale golden brown; sporodochial conidiophores irregularly and verticillately branched and densely packed, consisting of short, often swollen, smooth- and thin-walled stipes bearing apical whorl of 2–3 monophialides or single, terminal monophialides; sporodochial conidiogenous cells monophialidic, cylindrical to subcylindrical, smooth- and thin-walled, with inconspicuous to evident periclinal thickening. Macroconidia formed in off-white or grey slimy masses, cylindrical, (0–)3–5(–7)-septate, gently curved, with a blunt apical cell and an obtuse to poorly developed foot-shaped basal cell. Microconidia unknown. Chlamydospores unknown.

376[Description adapted from ].

377Diagnostic features: Dark red perithecia producing cylindrical to clavate asci containing ellipsoidal, 1-septate, finely striate ascospores and fusarioid asexual morph characterised by monophialides producing robust, almost cylindrical macroconidia from aerial conidiophores and setose sporodochia, lacking microconidia as well as chlamydospores.

378Setofusarium setosum (Nirenberg & Samuels) Sand.-Den. & Crous, comb. nov. MycoBank MB 838679.

379Basionym: Fusarium setosum Nirenberg & Samuels, Canad. J. Bot. 67: 3372. 1989.

380Synonym: Nectria setofusarii Samuels & Nirenberg, Canad. J. Bot. 67: 3372. 1989.

381Typus: French Guiana, piste de Saint-Elie: km 16 on road between Sinnamary and St. Elie, ORSTOM research area “ECEREX”, on bark of living liana, Mar. 1986, G.J. Samuels, holotype NY00927992. Epitype of F. setosum (CBS H-24723 hic designatus, MBT 10000647): French Guiana, Vic. Cayenne, 15 km from Remise, trail to Vidal-old farm, secondary forest, from bark, 25 Feb. 1988, A.Y. Rossman, culture ex-epitype CBS 635.92 = G.J.S. 88-12.

382Description and illustrations:.

383Additional material examined: French Guiana, unknown host and collection date, A.Y. Rossman, culture CBS 574.94; from wood from unknown host, Feb. 1988, A.Y. Rossman, IMI 324476. Ghana, Western Region: Wiawso District, Bia National Park, trail from camp 1, disturbed forest, on living liana, J.G. Samuels & H.C. Evans, BPI 882043.

384Notes: The monotypic, former Fusarium section Setofusarium is here elevated to generic rank to accommodate “Fusarium setosum”, a genetically and morphologically divergent taxon easily differentiated from any known fusarioid taxa by the production of setose sporodochia. No living ex-type culture could be located for this taxon. Isolate CBS 635.92 (as G.J.S. 88-12) is an authentic strain of Fusarium setosum. Therefore, a dried culture from this strain is designated as epitype here.

385Stylonectria Höhn., Sitzungsber. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Cl., Abt. 1, 124: 52. 1915. Figs 8, 46.

386Type species: Stylonectria applanata Höhn., Sitzungsber. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl., Abt. 1, 124: 52. 1915.

387Ascomata perithecial, gregarious in groups of up to 20, on a thin, white to yellow hyphal or subiculum-like stroma, superficial, subglobose, pyriform to subcylindrical, pale yellow, orange-red, orange-brown, or pale to dark red, becoming dark red to purple in KOH, with a rounded or broad, circular, flat disc on a venter-like neck, smooth to slightly rugulose, lacking hairs or appendages. Ascomatal wall consisting of two layers; inner layer of hyaline, thin-walled, compressed, elongated cells and outer layer of distinct, isodiametric to oblong, angular or globose, thick-walled cells. Asci cylindrical to clavate, 8-spored, with simple apex or apical ring. Ascospores cylindrical to allantoid to ellipsoidal, 1-septate, hyaline or yellow to pale brown, smooth or tuberculate. Conidiophores initially formed as unbranched phialides on somatic hyphae, sometimes loosely branched, sometimes forming small sporodochia. Conidiogenous cells monophialidic, cylindrical to subcylindrical, with a distinct collarette. Microconidia sparse, allantoid to lunulate, slightly or strongly curved, aseptate, in slimy heads. Macroconidia orange in mass, subcylindrical or moderately to strongly curved, falcate, 0- or 1-septate, apex narrower than base, apical cell blunt or hooked, basal cell not or scarcely foot-shaped.

388[Description adapted from and ].

389Diagnostic features: Pale yellow to dark red, mostly smooth-walled perithecia with rounded or broad, circular, flat disc on a venter-like neck, producing cylindrical to clavate asci bearing cylindrical to allantoid to ellipsoidal, 1-septate hyaline or yellow to pale brown ascospores and fusarioid asexual morph characterised by 0- or 1-septate macroconidia with blunt or hooked apical cell, lacking a foot-shaped basal cell.

390Stylonectria corniculata Gräfenhan, Crous & Sand.-Den., sp. nov. MycoBank MB 838680. Fig. 47.

391Etymology: From Latin corniculum, little horn. Referring to the shape of the conidiophores.

392Typus: Germany, Brandenburg, Stolpe, near Gellmersdorfer Forst, from unidentified ascomycete on Carpinus sp., 1 Mar. 2007, T. Gräfenhan, holotype CBS H-24671, culture ex-type CBS 125491.

393Conidiophores often as single phialides borne laterally on substrate and aerial hyphae, or irregularly branched and crowded with phialides produced laterally and terminally, hyaline, thin- and smooth-walled, 24–89 μm long. Conidiogenous cells monophialidic, short doliiform, subcylindrical to subulate, 6–28.5 × 2–3.5 μm, often with a conspicuous flared collarette, periclinal thickening absent, producing micro- and macroconidia. Microconidia cylindrical to allantoid, hyaline, thin- and smooth-walled, 0(–1)-septate, (4.5–)6–13.5(–21) × (1.5–)2–3 μm (av. 9.7 × 2.1 μm). Macroconidia falcate, almost straight or gently dorsiventrally curved, tapering toward the basal portion, (0–)1-septate, with a blunt apical cell and obtuse basal cell, (20–)28–47(–56) × 2–3.5 μm (av. 37.6 × 2.5 μm). Chlamydospores and sexual morph not observed.

394Culture characteristics: Colonies on PDA reaching 16–20 mm diam at 25 °C after 7 d. Surface at first white and membranous, becoming slimy, saffron to orange, to bright orange at the centre, flat, aerial mycelium absent, moisty at the centre, velvety at the margin, margin regular, filiform to undulate; reverse white, pale saffron to orange at centre. On OA, white to pale orange, flat, membranous to slimy, with regular and undulate margin; reverse pale luteous to pale saffron.

395Notes: The species is here described based on its morphology in vitro, where only the asexual morph was obtained. This prevents further comparisons with known species of this genus. The only known collection, CBS 125491, has been shown to represent the most basal lineage in Stylonectria in previous phylogenetic studies, which was confirmed here (Fig. 15). Although with neither a clear host association – an important character for species recognition in Stylonectria – nor any known sexual morphology, St. corniculata shows a distinctive morphology when it comes to its asexual morph, especially regarding the branching pattern and the shape of its mature conidiophores, which can be very elaborate and largely resemble antlers (Fig. 47).

396Stylonectria hetmanica Akulov, Crous & Sand.-Den., sp. nov. MycoBank MB 838681. Fig. 48.

397Etymology: The epithet refers to the Cossack Hetmanate (Ukrainian Hetmanščyna), the name of the former Cossack state territories where the type was collected.

398Typus: Ukraine, Sumy, Okhtyrka, vicinities of Klymentove village, Hetmanskyi National Nature Park, on the ascomata of Diaporthe sp., associated with Phomopsis asexual morph, on dead branches of Frangula alnus still attached to the tree, 13 Oct. 2019, Ya. Mieshkov, CWU (Myc) AS 7177, holotype CBS H-24672, culture ex-type CBS 147305 = CPC 38725.

399Ascomata perithecial, gregarious or solitary, broadly pyriform, 220–310 μm wide, with a distinctive flat and discoid papilla, 130–225 μm wide, dark red, becoming darker in 3 % KOH and light yellow in lactic acid. Ascomatal wall smooth, 30–45 um thick, composed of two regions: outer region 25–40 μm thick, of irregularly shaped cells of textura intricata to textura epidermoidea; inner region 5–10 μm thick of thin-walled, flattened cells of textura prismatica to textura angularis. Asci subcylindrical, 45–72 × 4–8 μm, 8-spored, apices rounded and simple, uniseriate or irregularly biseriate. Ascospores ellipsoidal, 1-septate, often constricted at septum, (7.5–)8.5–11(–12.5) × 3–4.5(–5.5) μm, smooth to finely spinulose, thick-walled, hyaline at first, becoming pale golden brown at maturity. Conidiophores often as single phialides or short phialidic pegs borne laterally on the substrate and aerial hyphae, rarely irregularly to verticillately branched. Conidiogenous cells monophialidic, short doliiform, subcylindrical to subulate, 4–21(–27.5) × 2–3.5 μm, often with a conspicuous flared collarette, periclinal thickening absent, producing micro- and macroconidia. Microconidia allantoid, hyaline, smooth- and thin-walled, 0(–1)-septate, (9–)10.5–13.5(–15) × 2–3 μm (av. 12 × 2.4 μm). Macroconidia subcylindrical to falcate, almost straight or moderately dorsiventrally curved, tapering towards both ends, 0–1(–2)-septate, apical cell blunt to slightly hooked, basal cell obtuse to poorly-developed, foot-shaped (11.5–)16.5–28(–34) × 2–3 μm (av. 22.2 × 2.5 μm). Chlamydospores not observed.

400Culture characteristics: Colonies on PDA reaching 2.5–3 mm diam at 25 °C after 7 d. Surface straw-coloured to luteous, pale orange at centre, flat or radially folded, membranous to slimy, margin filiform to undulate; reverse pale luteous to pale orange. On OA orange to pale apricot, flat, membranous to slimy, margin filiform with abundant submerged mycelium; reverse pale orange.

401Additional material examined: Ukraine, Sumy, Okhtyrka, in the vicinities of the village Klymentove, Hetmanskyi National Nature Park, on the conidiomata of Dothiorella sarmentorum, on recently dead branches of Acer platanoides still attached to the tree, 13 Oct. 2019, A. Akulov, CWU (Myc) AS 7278, culture CBS 147306 = CPC 38848.

402Notes: The morphological description of St. hetmanica is based on its growth on OA, where both studied strains showed optimal growth and sporulation. Contrary to most fusarioid genera, St. hetmanica grows very poorly and fails to sporulate on SNA and WA. Stylonectria hetmanica is morphologically comparable and genetically close to St. purtonii, St. norvegica, and St. wegeliana. Nevertheless, ascospores of St. hetmanica are smaller than those of St. purtonii and St. wegeliana. Additionally, macroconidia of St. hetmanica, while similar in size to those of St. purtonii, are less septate (0- or 1-septate, rarely 2-septate in St. hetmanica, and up to 3-septate in St. purtonii). The sexual morph of the recently described St. norvegica is very similar to that of St. hetmanica, although both species are genetically less closely related. The latter species can be distinguished by the production of shorter macroconidia.

403Thelonectria P. Chaverri & C. Salgado, Stud. Mycol. 68: 76. 2011. Fig. 8.

404Type species: Thelonectria discophora (Mont.) P. Chaverri & C. Salgado, Stud. Mycol. 68: 76. 2011.

405Basionym: Sphaeria discophora Mont., Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot., sér. 2, 3: 353. 1835.

406Synonyms: Nectria discophora (Mont.) Mont., Fl. Chil. 7: 454. 1850.

407Cucurbitaria discophora (Mont.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 3: 461. 1898.

408Neonectria discophora (Mont.) Mantiri & Samuels, Canad. J. Bot. 79: 339. 2001.

409Nectria tasmanica Berk., in Hooker, Bot. Antarct. Voy. III, Fl. Tasman. 2: 279. 1860.

410Cucurbitaria tasmanica (Berk.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 3: 462. 1898.

411Nectria umbilicata Henn., Hedwigia 41: 3. 1902.

412Creonectria discostiolata Chardón, Bol. Soc. Venez. Ci. Nat. 5: 341. 1939.

413Ascomata perithecial, solitary to gregarious, non-stromatic or sometimes seated on an immersed inconspicuous stroma, superficial, globose to subglobose or pyriform to elongated, orange to red, with prominent areolate papilla or darkly pigmented apex, smooth to slightly rugulose, lacking hairs or appendages. Ascomatal wall of two regions: outer region of thick-walled, pigmented cells forming a textura epidermoidea; inner region of elongate, hyaline, thin-walled cells, becoming thinner towards the centrum. Asci cylindrical to narrowly clavate, 8-spored, with an apical ring, uniseriate. Ascospores ellipsoidal to fusoid, 1-septate, hyaline, smooth or finely spinulose or striate. Sporodochia not formed. Conidiophores mononematous, hyaline, septate, irregularly branched, terminating in 1–3 phialides or reduced to lateral phialides. Conidiogenous cells monophialidic, cylindrical or slightly swollen, tapering towards the apex, with periclinal thickening and flared collarettes, producing usually macroconidia. Microconidia rarely formed, globose to ovoid, hyaline, aseptate, with displaced inconspicuous hilum. Macroconidia subcylindrical to slightly fusoid, curved, broadest at upper third, (3–)5–7(–9)-septate, with rounded ends or flattened at the basal cell. Chlamydospores unknown.

414[Description adapted from )].

415Diagnostic features: Orange to red, mostly smooth-walled perithecia with prominent darkened papilla producing cylindrical to narrowly clavate asci bearing ellipsoidal to fusoid, 1-septate ascospores and cylindrocarpon-like asexual morph.

416Tumenectria C. Salgado & Rossman, Fungal Diversity 80: 451. 2016. Fig. 8.

417Type species: Tumenectria laetidisca (Rossman) C. Salgado & Rossman, Fungal Diversity 80: 451. 2016.

418Basionym: Nectria laetidisca Rossman, Mycol. Pap. 150: 36. 1983.

419Synonym: Cylindrocarpon bambusicola Matsush., Matsush. Mycol. Mem. 5: 9. 1987.

420Ascomata perithecial, mostly solitary to gregarious, non-stromatic, superficial, broadly pyriform, not collapsing when dry, orange to sienna, turning blood red in KOH, pigment dissolving in lactic acid, broadly rounded to flattened papilla, smooth-walled, lacking hairs and appendages. Ascomatal wall of two regions: outer region of thick-walled, pigmented cells forming a textura angularis; inner region of elongate, hyaline, thin-walled cells, becoming thinner towards the centrum. Asci narrowly clavate, apex simple, 8-spored, lacking an apical ring, irregularly multiseriate. Ascospores fusoid, 3-septate, hyaline, smooth or finely spinulose. Sporodochia not formed. Conidiophores simple, mononematous, straight to flexuous, hyaline, septate, unbranched or rarely branched, terminating in a single phialide or reduced to lateral phialides. Conidiogenous cells monophialidic, cylindrical or slightly swollen, tapering towards the apex, with periclinal thickening and flared collarettes. Microconidia not formed. Macroconidia cylindrical to slightly fusoid, straight to slightly curved, 3–6-septate, with rounded ends. Chlamydospores unknown.

421[Description adapted from and ].

422Diagnostic features: Orange to sienna, smooth-walled perithecia with broadly rounded to flattened papilla producing narrowly clavate asci bearing fusoid, 3-septate phragmo-ascospores and cylindrocarpon-like asexual morph.

423The following nomenclator lists names that have been introduced in Fusarium up to January 2021, as well as their current status (with accepted names indicated in bold and underlined for easier recognition). Where type specimens have been located, these details, as well as any ex-type cultures and diagnostic DNA barcode data are provided, along with notes regarding potential synonymy. This list will be updated and republished at regular intervals, and will form the basis for a monograph of Fusarium and allied genera that will be freely available on www.Fusarium.org.

424aberrans Fusarium J.W. Xia et al., Persoonia 43: 192. 2019.

425Holotypus: CBS H-24050.

426Ex-type culture: CBS 131385.

427Type locality: Australia, Northern Territory, Roper River area.

428Type substrate: Stem of Oryza australiensis.

429Descriptions and illustrations: See.

430Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb2: MN170378; tef1: MN170445.

431acaciae Fusarium Berl. & Voglino, Syll. Fung., Addit. I–IV: 201. 1886, nom. illegit., Art. 53.1.

432(See Fusarium acaciae Cooke & Harkn.)

433acaciae Fusarium Cooke & Harkn., Grevillea 12: 96. 1884.

434Synonyms: ?Fusarium acaciae Berl. & Voglino, Syll. Fung., Addit. I–IV: 201. 1886, nom. illegit., Art. 53.1.

435?Fusarium acaciae Sacc., Syll. Fung. 9: 958. 1891, nom. illegit., Art. 53.1.

436(See Fusarium lateritium)

437Holotypus: ?BPI 451718.

438Type locality: USA, California.

439Type substrate: Stem of Acacia sp.

440Note: Synonym fide.

441acaciae Fusarium Sacc., Syll. Fung. 9: 958. 1891, nom. illegit., Art. 53.1.

442(See Fusarium acaciae Cooke & Harkn.)

443acaciae-mearnsii Fusarium O'Donnell et al., Fungal Genet. Biol. 41: 619. 2004.

444Holotypus: BPI 843477.

445Ex-type culture: CBS 110254 = MRC 5120 = NRRL 25754.

446Type locality: South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg.

447Type substrate: Acacia mearnsii.

448Descriptions and illustrations: See.

449Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: JAAWUD010000100; rpb2: JAAWUD010000080; tef1: AF212448.

450acicola Fusarium Bres., in Strasser, Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 60: 328. 1910.

451Holotypus: Not located.

452Type locality: Austria, Sonntagberg.

453Type substrate: Rotting needles of Pinus sp.

454Descriptions and illustrations: See.

455Note: Status unclear. Not Fusarium fide.

456acremoniopsis Fusarium Vincens, Bull. Soc. Mycol. France 31: 26. 1915.

457(See Fusarium larvarum)

458Holotypus: ?PC.

459Type locality: Brazil, Pará, Belém.

460Type substrate: Agrotis sp. (cutworm).

461Descriptions and illustrations: See.

462Note: Synonym fide.

463acridiorum Fusarium (Trab.) Brongn. & Delacr., Bull. Séances Soc. Natl. Agric. France 51: 631. 1891.

464Trichothecium acridiorum (Trab.) Madelin, Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 49: 284. 1966.

465Basionym: Botrytis acridiorum Trab., Compt. Rend. Hebd. Séances Acad. Sci. 112: 1383. 1891.

466Synonym: Lachnidium acridiorum Giard, Compt. Rend. Hebd. Séances Acad. Sci. 112: 1520. 1891.

467Holotypus: Not located.

468Type locality: Algeria.

469Type substrate: Acrididae (locust).

470Description and illustrations: See.

471acuminatum Fusarium Ellis & Everh., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 47: 441. 1895.

472Synonyms: Microcera acuminata (Ellis & Everh.) Höhn., in Weese, Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl., Abt. 1. 128: 729. 1919.

473Fusarium scirpi var. acuminatum (Ellis & Everh.) Wollenw., Fusaria Autogr. Delin. 3: 930. 1930.

474Fusarium scirpi subsp. acuminatum (Ellis & Everh.) Raillo, Fungi of the Genus Fusarium: 177. 1950.

475Fusarium gibbosum var. acuminatum (Ellis & Everh.) Bilaĭ, Mikrobiol. Zhurn. 49: 6. 1987.

476?Selenosporium hippocastani Corda, Icon. Fung. 2: 7. 1838.

477Fusarium hippocastani (Corda) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 4: 703. 1886.

478Fusarium erubescens Appel & Oven, Landwirtsch. Jahrb. 1905, nom. illegit., Art. 53.1.

479Fusarium caudatum Wollenw., J. Agric. Res. 2: 262. 1914.

480Fusarium scirpi var. caudatum (Wollenw.) Wollenw., Fusaria Autogr. Delin. 3: 934 & 935. 1930.

481Fusarium equiseti var. caudatum (Wollenw.) Joffe, Mycopathol. Mycol. Appl. 53(1–4): 220. 1974.

482Fusarium arcuosporum Sherb., Mem. Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta. 6: 186. 1915.

483Fusarium ferruginosum Sherb., Mem. Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta. 6: 190. 1915.

484Fusarium sanguineum Sherb., Mem. Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta. 6: 193. 1915.

485Fusarium lanceolatum O.A. Pratt, J. Agric. Res. 13: 83. 1918.

486Fusarium pseudoeffusum Murashk., Arb. Landwirtsch. Akad. Omsk. 3: 19. 1924.

487Fusarium moronei Curzi, Revista Biol. (Lisbon)10: 141. 1928.

488Fusarium russianum Manns, Bull. N. Dakota Agric. Exp. Sta. 259: 34. 1932.

489Gibberella acuminata Wollenw., Fusarien: 68. 1935.

490Spermospora oryza M. Rao, Sci. & Cult. 32: 94. 1966.

491Gibberella acuminata C. Booth, The Genus Fusarium: 161. 1971, nom. illegit., Art. 53.1.

492Holotypus: NY00928689.

493Type locality: USA, New York, Geneva.

494Type substrate: Solanum tuberosum.

495Descriptions and illustrations: See,,, and.

496Notes: Fusarium acuminatum is an established name in the Fusarium literature, but it lacks living type material to confirm its taxonomic position. Although an older epithet, based on Selenosporium hippocastani, could be used, we refrain from providing a new combination for this well-known species due to a lack of DNA-based evidence to support this combination. Moreover, could not locate any holotype material for S. hippocastani, abstaining from introducing a neotype, which they argued would cause nomenclatural instability, a view we fully support.

497acutatum Fusarium Nirenberg & O'Donnell, Persoonia 46: 144. 2021.

498Synonym: Fusarium acutatum Nirenberg & O'Donnell, Mycologia 90: 435. 1998, nom. inval., Art. 40.1.

499Holotypus: B 70 0001695.

500Ex-type culture: BBA 69580 = CBS 402.97 = FRC 0-1117 = IMI 376110 = NRRL 13309.

501Type locality: India.

502Type substrate: Unknown.

503Descriptions and illustrations: See and.

504Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: MT010947; rpb2: KT154005; tef1: KR071754.

505acutisporum Fusarium (Sand.-Den. & Crous) O'Donnell et al., Index Fungorum 440: 1. 2020.

506Neocosmospora acutispora Sand.-Den. & Crous, Persoonia 43: 108. 2019.

507Holotypus: CBS H-23969.

508Ex-type culture: BBA 62213 = CBS 145461 = NRRL 22574.

509Type locality: Guatemala.

510Type substrate: Coffea arabica

511Descriptions and illustrations: See.

512Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: MW834210; rpb2: LR583814; tef1: LR583593.

513aderholdii Fusarium Osterw., Bericht Schweiz. Versuchsanst. Obst-, Wein- und Gartenbau 1913/14: 519. 1915.

514Ilyonectria destructans (Zinssm.) Rossman et al., Stud. Mycol. 80: 217. 2015.

515Basionym: Ramularia destructans Zinssm., Phytopathology 8: 570. 1918.

516Synonyms: Cylindrocarpon destructans (Zinssm.) Scholten, Netherlands J. Plant Pathol. 70 suppl. (2): 9. 1964.

517Fusarium polymorphum Marchal, Bull. Soc. Roy. Bot. Belgique 34: 145. 1895, nom. illegit., Art. 53.1.

518Cylindrocarpon radicicola Wollenw., Fusaria Autogr. Delin. 2: 651. 1924.

519Nectria radicicola Gerlach & L. Nilsson, Phytopathol. Z. 48: 255. 1963.

520Neonectria radicicola (Gerlach & L. Nilsson) Mantiri & Samuels, Canad. J. Bot. 79: 339. 2001.

521Ilyonectria radicicola (Gerlach & L. Nilsson) P. Chaverri & C.G. Salgado, Stud. Mycol. 68: 71. 2011.

522?Fusarium rhizogenum Aderh., Centralbl. Bacteriol. Parasitenk., 2. Abth., 6: 623. 1900, nom. illegit., Art. 53.1.

523?Septocylindrium radicicola Aderh., Centralbl. Bakteriol. Parasitenk., 2. Abth., 6: 623, 1900, nom. illegit., Art. 53.1.

524?Septocylindrium aderholdii Sacc & P. Syd., Syll. Fung. 16: 1048. 1902.

525Holotypus: Not located.

526Type locality: Germany.

527Type substrate: Unknown.

528Notes: Synonymy fide. Although older epithets are available for Ilyonectria destructans, we refrain from providing a new combination for this well-known species due to a lack of DNA-based evidence to support this combination.

529adesmiae Fusarium Henn., Hedwigia 36: 246. 1897.

530Synonym: Ramularia adesmiae (Henn.) Wollenw., Fusaria Autogr. Delin. 1: 466. 1916.

531Holotypus: In B fide.

532Type locality: Chile, Bío-Bío Province.

533Type substrate: Adesmia sp.

534Note: Status unclear, not Ramularia fide.

535aduncisporum Fusarium Weimer & Harter, J. Agric. Res. 32: 312. 1926.

536(See Fusarium solani)

537Lectotypus: BPI 451321, designated in.

538Lectotype locality: USA, California, Ventura.

539Lectotype substrate: Stems of Melilotus alba.

540Note: Synonym fide.

541aecidii-tussilaginis Fusarium Allesch., Ber. Bot. Vereines Landshut 12: 131. 1892.

542(See Fusarium avenaceum)

543Holotypus: In M.

544Type locality: Germany, Oberammergau.

545Type substrate: Aecidium tussilaginis.

546Note: Synonym fide.

547aeruginosum Fusarium Delacr., Bull. Soc. Mycol. France 7: 110. 1891.

548(See Fusarium caeruleum)

549Lectotypus (hic designatus, MBT 10000648): France, Paris, from Solanum tuberosum, April 1891, G. Delacroix, Bull. Soc. Mycol. France 7: pl. VIII, fig. h.

550Notes: Synonym fide. No holotype specimen could be located and therefore an illustration is designated as lectotype.

551aethiopicum Fusarium O'Donnell et al., Fungal Genet. Biol. 45: 1521. 2008.

552Holotypus: BPI 878409.

553Ex-type culture: CBS 122858 = NRRL 46726.

554Type locality: Ethiopia, Bure district, west Gojjam zone of Amhara region.

555Type substrate: Triticum aestivum.

556Descriptions and illustrations: See.

557Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: MW233298; rpb2: MW233470; tef1: FJ240298.

558affine Fusarium Fautrey & Lambotte, Rev. Mycol. (Toulouse) 18: 68. 1896.

559Syntypes: ILL00221136 (Roumeguère, Fungi Sel. Gall. Exs. no. 6927) & ILL00221137 (Roumeguère, Fungi Sel. Gall. Exs. no. 6928).

560Type locality: France.

561Type substrate: Solanum tuberosum.

562Notes: examined the exsiccatae (Fung. Sel. Gall. Exs., No. 6927 & 6928) of F. affine and found that one part (no. 6927) is F. solani and the other part (no. 6928) represented another fungus that was interpreted as Hymenula affinis by. indicated that F. affine might be a possible synonym of F. tabacinum, which is now regarded as Plectosphaerella cucumerina. However, both and considered F. affine as a misapplied synonym of P. cucumerina. also treated the fungus as F. affine, which was later reinterpreted as Septomyxa affine by. Therefore, the current status of F. affine is uncertain and requires further investigation.

563agapanthi Fusarium O'Donnell et al., Mycologia 108: 987. 2016.

564Holotypus: VPRI 41777.

565Ex-type culture: NRRL 54463 = VPRI 41777.

566Type locality: Australia, Victoria, Melbourne, Royal Botanic Gardens.

567Type substrate: Agapanthus praecox.

568Descriptions and illustrations: See.

569Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: KU900620; rpb2: KU900625; tef1: KU900630.

570agaricorum Fusarium Sarrazin, Rev. Mycol. (Toulouse) 9: 170. 1887.

571Lectotypus (hic designatus, MBT 10000649): France, on the cap of Psalliota campestris (syn. Agaricus campestris), 1887, F. Sarrazin, ILL00218415 (Roumeguère, Fungi Sel. Gall. Exs. no. 4298).

572Notes: Status unclear. Not Fusarium fide.

573ailanthinum Fusarium Speg., Anales Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat. Buenos Aires 6: 350. 1899.

574(See Fusarium lateritium)

575Holotypus: In LPS (Fungi Argent. n.v.c. #864).

576Type locality: Argentina.

577Type substrate: Trunk and branches of Ailanthus glandulosa.

578Note: Synonym fide.

579alabamense Fusarium Sacc., Syll. Fung. 4: 722. 1886, nom. illegit., Art. 52.1.

580Synonym: Fusarium erubescens Berk. & M.A. Curtis, Grevillea 3: 98. 1875.

581Holotypus: ?K(M).

582Type locality: USA, Alabama, Beaumont.

583Type substrate: Bark.

584Notes: Status unclear. Not Fusarium fide.

585albedinis Fusarium Kill. & Maire ex Malençon, Compt. Rend. Hebd. Séances Acad. Sci. 198: 1261. 1934, nom. inval., Art. 6.10.

586Synonym: Cylindrophora albedinis Kill. & Maire, Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afrique N. 21: 97. 1930, nom. inval., Art. 36.1.

587(See Fusarium oxysporum)

588Authentic material: Not located.

589Original locality: Indicated as ‘oasis in Sahara’.

590Original substrate: Dead trunk and leaf of Phoenix dactylifera.

591Note: Synonym fide.

592albertii Fusarium Roum., Fungi Sel. Gall. Exs., Cent. 19: no. 1867. 1881, nom. inval., Art. 38.1(a).

593(See Fusarium lateritium)

594Authentic material: BR5020140140720.

595Original locality: France.

596Original substrate: Petiole of Ziziphus volubilis.

597Note: Synonym fide.

598albidoviolaceum Fusarium Dasz. (as ‘albido-violaceum’), Bull. Soc. Bot. Genève, sér. 2, 4: 293. 1912.

599(See Fusarium oxysporum)

600Lectotypus (hic designatus, MBT 10000650): Switzerland, Geneva, from soil, 1912, W. Daszewska, Bull. Soc. Bot. Genève, 2 sér. 4: 292, fig. 15.

601Notes:; Fusaria Autogr. Delin. 1: 361) indicated that the living ex-type culture was lodged in the laboratory of W.C. Scholten in Amsterdam, which in turn has been accessioned into the CBS. However, no record or culture can be located in the CBS collection. Therefore, an illustration accompanying the original protologue is designated as lectotype here.

602albidum Fusarium (Rossman) O'Donnell & Geiser, Phytopathology 103: 404. 2013.

603Luteonectria albida (Rossman) Sand.-Den. & L. Lombard, Stud. Mycol. 98 (no. 100116): 60. 2021.

604Basionym: Nectria albida Rossman, Mycol. Pap. 150: 79. 1983.

605Synonym: Albonectria albida (Rossman) Guu & Y.M. Ju, Bot. Stud. (Taipei) 48: 189. 2007.

606Holotypus: CUP-MJ 942.

607Ex-type culture: ATCC 44543 = BBA 67603 = CTR 71-110 = NRRL 13950 = NRRL 22152.

608Type locality: Jamaica, Hanover Parish, Dolphin Head Mountain, near Askenish.

609Type substrate: Erumpent through thin bark of woody stem.

610Diagnostic DNA barcode: rpb1: JX171492; rpb2: HQ897738; tef1: MW834283.

611albiziae Fusarium Woron., Vestn. Tiflissk. Bot Sada 48: 34. 1920.

612(See Fusarium merismoides)

613Syntypes: BPI 451733, BPI 451734 & CUP-017160.

614Type locality: Georgia, Batumi, Adjara.

615Type substrate: Albizia julibrissin.

616Notes: Synonym fide. Lectotypification requires further investigation of the syntypes.

617albocarneum Fusarium (Cooke & Harkn.) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 4: 720. 1886.

618Basionym: Fusidium albocarneum Cooke & Harkn., Grevillea 9: 129. 1881.

619Syntype: BPI 408577.

620Type locality: USA, California, San Francisco, San Francisco Odd Fellows Cemetery.

621Type substrate: Eucalyptus sp.

622Notes: The generic name Cylindrocarpon (= Neonectria; ) was conserved over Fusidium, making the latter generic name a nom. rej. (Art. 14.1, 14.6 & 14.7). Therefore, Fusidium albocarneum should be transferred to Neonectria after further investigation. Lectotypification requires further investigation of the syntype.

623albosuccineum Fusarium (Pat.) O'Donnell & Geiser, Phytopathology 103: 404. 2013.

624Albonectria albosuccinea (Pat.) Rossman & Samuels, Stud. Mycol. 42: 107. 1999.

625Basionym: Calonectria albosuccinea Pat., Bull. Soc. Mycol. France 8: 132. 1892.

626Synonyms: Nectria albosuccinea (Pat.) Rossman, Mycotaxon 8: 487. 1979.

627Calonectria ecuadorica Petrak, Sydowia 4: 463. 1950.

628Holotypus: In FH fide.

629Type locality: Ecuador, Puente Chimbo.

630Type substrate: Bark.

631album Fusarium Sacc., Michelia 1: 82. 1877.

632Neonectria punicea (J.C. Schmidt) Castl. & Rossman, Canad. J. Bot. 84: 1425. 2006.

633Basionym: Sphaeria punicea J.C. Schmidt, in Schmidt & Kunze, Mykol. Hefte 1: 61. 1817.

634Synonyms: Nectria punicea (J.C. Schmidt) Fr., Summa Veg. Scand. 2: 387. 1849.

635Cucurbitaria punicea (J.C. Schmidt) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 3: 461. 1898.

636Cylindrocarpon album (Sacc.) Wollenw., Fusaria Autogr. Delin. 1: no. 473. 1916.

637Nectria punicea f. ilicicola Rehm, Ascomyceten: no. 337. 1876.

638Nectria punicea var. ilicis C. Booth, Mycol. Pap. 73: 54. 1959.

639Cylindrocarpon album var. majus Wollenw., Z. Parasitenk. (Berlin) 1: 154. 1928.

640Fusarium album var. abietinum Beeli, Bull. Soc. Roy. Bot. Belgique 62: 131. 1930.

641Holotypus: Not located.

642Type locality: Italy.

643Type substrate: Bark of Pinus sp.

644Note: Synonym fide.

645aleurinum Fusarium Ellis & Everh., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 24: 476. 1897.

646(See Fusarium avenaceum)

647Syntypes: In BPI, BRU, CLEMS, CUP, F, FLAS, ILL, ILLS, ISC, MICH, MSC, MU, NCU, NEB, OSC, PH, PUL, UC, WIS & WSP.

648Type locality: USA, West Virginia, Fayette County Nuttallburg, south of Edmond.

649Type substrate: Wheat flour that had been on the ground for four months.

650Notes: Synonym fide. Lectotypification requires further investigation of the syntypes.

651aleyrodis Fusarium Petch, Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 7: 164. 1921.

652Lectotypus (hic designatus, MBT 10000651): USA, Florida, Sutherland, from Aleyrodes citri, 13 Sep. 1907, F. Wills, in Petch 1921, Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 7, pl. V, fig. 12.

653Notes: considered this species as a synonym of F. scirpi. However, based on the descriptions and illustrations provided by and, this species belongs to the genus Microcera, which is also in agreement with its aetiology. Therefore, a new combination will presumably be required after further investigation.

654algeriense Fusarium Laraba & O'Donnell, Mycologia 109: 944. 2017.

655Holotypus: BPI 910347.

656Ex-type culture: CBS 142638 = NRRL 66647.

657Type locality: Algeria, Guelma Province, Djeballah Khemissi.

658Type substrate: Triticum durum.

659Descriptions and illustrations: See.

660Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: MF120488; rpb2: MF120499; tef1: MF120510.

661alkanophilum Fusarium Palacios-Prü & V. Marcano, Rev. Ecol. Latinoamer. 8: 5. 2001.

662Holotypus: EMC, Palacios-Prü, 3 April 1998.

663Type locality: Venezuela, Merida State, south of Sierra La Culata, Valle de San Javier, Los Pinos.

664Type substrate: Beetle immersed in kerosene.

665Descriptions and illustrations: See.

666Note: No living type material could be located.

667allescheri Fusarium Sacc. & P. Syd., Syll. Fung. 14: 1128. 1899.

668Replaced synonym: Fusarium glandicola Allesch., Ber. Bot. Vereines Landshut 12: 130. 1892, nom. illegit., Art. 53.1; non Cooke & W.R. Gerard 1878.

669(See Fusarium melanochlorum)

670Holotypus: In M.

671Type locality: Germany, München.

672Type substrate: Quercus pedunculata.

673Note: Synonym fide.

674allescherianum Fusarium Henn., Verh. Bot. Vereins Prov. Brandenburg 40: 175. 1899.

675Synonyms: Gloeosporium allescherianum (Henn.) Wollenw., Fusaria Autogr. Delin. 1: 495. 1916.

676?Fusarium personatum Cooke, in Harkness, Grevillea 7: 12. 1878.

677Holotypus: In B fide.

678Type locality: Germany.

679Type substrate: Leaves of Ocotea foetens.

680Notes: Status unclear. The taxonomic status of Gloeosporium allescherianum is questionable. Furthermore, there is no DNA-based evidence linking F. allescherianum to F. personatum although considered them both synonyms under G. allescherianum.

681allii-sativi Fusarium Allesch., Ber. Bot. Vereines Landshut 12: 131. 1892.

682(See Fusarium solani)

683Holotypus: In M.

684Type locality: Germany, Unterammergau.

685Type substrate: Allium sativum.

686alluviale Fusarium Wollenw. & Reinking, Phytopathology 15: 167. 1925.

687(See Fusarium solani)

688Holotypus: Not located.

689Type locality: Honduras.

690Type substrate: Alluvial soil.

691aloes Fusarium Kalchbr. & Cooke, Grevillea 9: 23. 1880.

692(See Fusarium scirpi)

693Holotypus: ?K(M).

694Type locality: South Africa, Eastern Cape Province, Somerset East.

695Type substrate: Aloe arborescens.

696Note: Synonym fide.

697ambrosium Fusarium (Gadd & Loos) Agnihothr. & Nirenberg, Stud. Mycol. 32: 98. 1990.

698Neocosmospora ambrosia (Gadd & Loos) L. Lombard & Crous, Stud. Mycol. 80: 227. 2015.

699Basionym: Monacrosporium ambrosium Gadd & Loos, Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 31: 17. 1947.

700Synonyms: Dactylella ambrosia (Gadd & Loos) K.Q. Zhang et al., Mycosystema 7: 112. 1995.

701Fusarium bugnicourtii Brayford, Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 89: 350. 1987.

702Lectotypus: Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 31: 16, Text-fig. 5. 1947, designated by.

703Lectotype locality: Sri Lanka.

704Lectotype substrate: Gallery of Euwallacea fornicatus infesting Camellia sinensis.

705Epitypus: BPI 910524, designated by.

706Ex-epitype culture: BBA 65390 = CBS 571.94 = NRRL 22346 = MAFF 246287.

707Epitype locality: India, Upasi Tea Institute.

708Epitype substrate: Gallery of Euwallacea fornicatus infesting Camellia sinensis.

709Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: KC691587; rpb2: EU329503; tef1: FJ240350

710amenti Fusarium Rostr., Bot. Tidsskr. 14: 240. 1885.

711(See Fusarium avenaceum)

712Holotypus: F-604398 in UPS.

713Type locality: Denmark, Fyn, Holmdrup.

714Type substrate: Salix cinerea.

715Note: Synonym fide.

716amentorum Fusarium Lacroix, Fl. Maine-et-Loire 2 (Suppl.): [1]. 1854.

717(See Fusarium avenaceum)

718Lectotypus (hic designatus, MBT 10000652): France, St. Romain-sur-Vienne, from Salix cinerea, date unknown, J.B.H.J. Desmazières, BR5020140143752.

719Note: Synonym fide.

720amethysteum Fusarium P. Crouan & H. Crouan, Fl. Finistère: 14. 1867.

721Holotypus: Not located.

722Type locality: France.

723Type substrate: Dead stem of Urtica sp.

724Notes: Status unclear. Not Fusarium fide.

725ampelodesmi Fusarium Fautrey & Roum., in Roumeguère, Rev. Mycol. (Toulouse) 13: 82. 1891.

726(See Fusarium reticulatum)

727Syntype: ILL00219841 (Roumeguère, Fungi Sel. Gall. Exs. no. 5687).

728Type locality: France, Jardin de Noidan.

729Type substrate: Ampelodesmos tenax

730Notes: Synonym fide. Lectotypification requires further investigation of the syntype.

731amplum Fusarium (Sand.-Den. & Crous) O'Donnell et al., Index Fungorum 440: 1. 2020.

732Neocosmospora ampla Sand.-Denis & Crous, Persoonia 43: 110. 2019.

733Holotypus: CBS H-23970.

734Ex-type culture: BBA 4170 = CBS 202.32.

735Type locality: German East Africa.

736Type substrate: Coffea sp.

737Descriptions and illustrations: See.

738Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: MW834212; rpb2: LR583815; tef1: LR583594.

739ananatum Fusarium A. Jacobs et al., Fung. Biol. 114: 522. 2010.

740Holotypus: PREM 58713.

741Ex-type culture: CBS 118516 = CMW 18685 = FCC 2986 = MRC 8165.

742Type locality: South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal Province, Hluhluwe.

743Type substrate: Ananas comosus.

744Descriptions and illustrations: See.

745Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: MT010937; rpb2: LT996137; tef1: MT010996.

746andinum Fusarium Syd., Ann. Mycol. 37: 437. 1939.

747Holotypus: S-F 45569.

748Type locality: Ecuador, Tungurahua.

749Type substrate: Chusquea serrulata.

750Descriptions and illustrations: See.

751andiyazi Fusarium Marasas et al., Mycologia 93: 1205. 2001.

752Holotypus: BPI 748223.

753Ex-type culture: CBS 119857 = IMI 386078 = KSU 4804 = MRC 6122.

754Type locality: South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal Province, Greytown.

755Type substrate: Soil debris of Sorghum bicolor.

756Descriptions and illustrations: See and.

757Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: LT996189; rpb2: LT996138; tef1: LT996092.

758andropogonis Fusarium Cooke ex Sacc., Syll. Fung. 10: 726. 1892.

759Synonyms: Fusisporium andropogonis Cooke ex Thüm., Mycoth. Univ. 7: no. 676. 1877, nom. inval., Art. 38.1(a).

760Ramularia andropogonis (Cooke ex Sacc.) Wollenw., Fusaria Autogr. Delin. 1: 469. 1916.

761Lectotypus (hic designatus, MBT 10000653): USA, New Jersey, Newfield, from dead stem of Andropogon virginicus, Oct. 1874, J.B. Ellis, BR5020081431482 (Thümen, Mycoth. Univ. 7: no. 676).

762Notes: Status unclear, not Ramularia fide. Synonym fide.

763anguioides Fusarium Sherb., Mem. Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta. 6: 169. 1915.

764Typus: ?CUP-007479.

765Type locality: USA, New York, Castile.

766Type substrate: Solanum tuberosum.

767Descriptions and illustrations: See, and.

768Notes: designated BPI 72044 as neotype of F. anguioides, erroneously stating that no materials were available for epi- and lectotypification. However, did provide an illustration with the original protologue of F. anguioides and placed material in CUP, as CUP-007479. Furthermore, the neotype (BPI 72044) of originated from China and was isolated from soil in a bamboo grove. An isolate from the original locality (USA) and host (Solanum tuberosum) needs to be selected. Lectotypification pending study of material lodged in CUP.

769angustum Fusarium Sherb., Mem. Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta. 6: 203. 1915.

770(See Fusarium oxysporum)

771Typus: ?CUP-007435.

772Type locality: USA, New York, Ithaca.

773Type substrate: Solanum tuberosum.

774Descriptions and illustrations: See.

775Notes: Synonym fide. Lectotypification pending study of material lodged in CUP.

776anisophilum Fusarium Picado, J. Dept. Agric. Porto Rico 16: 391. 1932.

777(See Fusarium lateritium)

778Holotypus: Not located.

779Type locality: Costa Rica.

780Type substrate: Living stem of Coffea sp.

781Note: Synonym fide.

782annulatum Fusarium Bugnic., Rev. Gén. Bot. 59: 17. 1952.

783Holotypus: IMI 202878.

784Ex-type culture: BBA 63629 = CBS 258.54 = IMI 202878 = MUCL 8059 = NRRL 13619.

785Type locality: New Caledonia.

786Type substrate: Grain of Oryza sativa.

787Descriptions and illustrations: See,.

788Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: MT010944; rpb2: MT010983; tef1: MT010994.

789annuumFusarium Leonian, Bull. New Mex. Coll. Agric. Mech. Arts 121: 9. 1919.

790Lectotypus (hic designatus, MBT 10000654): USA, New Mexico, from Capsicum annuum, 1919, L.H. Leonian, In Bull. New Mex. Coll. Agric. Mech. Arts 121: 32, fig. 7.

791Notes: No type specimen could be located. mentioned this species but did not study or treat it any further. A new collection is required for epitypification from the type locality and substrate.

792anomalum Fusarium Berk. & M.A. Curtis, in Berkeley, Grevillea 3: 99. 1875.

793Holotypus: ?K(M).

794Type locality: USA, the New England region.

795Type substrate: Gleditsia sp.

796Notes: Status unclear. Not Fusarium fide.

797anthophilum Fusarium (A. Braun) Wollenw., Ann. Mycol. 15: 14. 1917.

798Basionym: Fusisporium anthophilum A. Braun, in Rabenhorst, Fungi Eur. Exs.: no. 1964. 1875.

799Synonyms: Fusarium moniliforme var. anthophilum (A. Braun) Wollenw., Fusaria Autogr. Delin. 3: 975. 1930.

800Fusarium tricinctum var. anthophilum (A. Braun) Bilaĭ, Fusarii (Biologija I sistematika): 251. 1955.

801Fusarium sporotrichiella var. anthophilum (A. Braun) Bilaĭ, Mikrobiol. Zhurn. 49: 7. 1987.

802Fusarium sanguineum var. pallidius Sherb., Mem. Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta. 6: 196. 1915.

803Fusarium wollenweberi Raillo, Fungi of the Genus Fusarium: 189. 1950, nom. inval., Art. 41.1.

804Lectotypus: Rabenhorst, Fungi Eur. Exs. no. 1964 in B, designated by.

805Lectotype locality: Germany, Berchtesgaden.

806Lectotype substrate: Succisa pratensis.

807Epitypus: CBS 222.76 (preserved as metabolically inactive culture), designated by.

808Ex-epitype culture: BBA 63270 = CBS 222.76 = IMI 196084 = IMI 202880 = NRRL 22943 = NRRL 25216.

809Epitype locality: Germany, Berlin.

810Epitype substrate: Euphorbia pulcherrima.

811Descriptions and illustrations: See,,, and.

812Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: MW402641; rpb2: MW402811; tef1: MW402114.

813apii Fusarium P.E. Nelson & Sherb., Techn. Bull. Michigan Agric. Exp. Sta. 155: 42. 1937.

814(See Fusarium oxysporum)

815Holotypus: Not located.

816Type locality: USA.

817Type substrate: Apium graveolens var. dulce.

818apiogenum Fusarium Sacc., Syll. Fung. 4: 717. 1886.

819(See Fusarium lactis)

820Holotypus: Not located.

821Type locality: Germany.

822Type substrate: Rotten fruit.

823aquaeductuum Fusarium (Radlk. & Rabenh.) Lagerh. & Rabenh., Centralbl. Bakteriol. Parasitenk. Abth.9: 655. 1891.

824Fusicolla aquaeductuum (Radlk. & Rabenh.) Gräfenhan et al., Stud. Mycol. 68: 100. 2011.

825Basionym: Selenosporium aquaeductuum Radlk. & Rabenh., Kunst- und Gewerbeblatt des Polytechnischen Vereins des Königreichs Bayern 41(1): 10. 1863.

826Synonyms: Fusisporium moschatum Kitasato, Centralbl. Bakteriol. Parasitenk., 1. Abth. 5: 368. 1889.

827Fusarium moschatum (Kitasato) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 10: 729. 1892.

828Fusarium magnusianum Allesch., Fungi Bav. no. 400. 1895.

829Fusarium aquaeductuum var. pusillum Wollenw., Ann. Mycol. 15: 53. 1917.

830Fusarium aquaeductuum var. volutum Wollenw., Ann. Mycol. 15: 53. 1917.

831Fusarium aquaeductuum var. elongatum Wollenw., Fusaria Autogr. Delin. 3: 847. 1930.

832Fusarium aquaeductuum var. majus Wollenw., Fusaria Autogr. Delin. 3: 845. 1930.

833Fusarium bicellulare Kirschst., Hedwigia 80: 136. 1941.

834Lectotypus: B 700014034, designated in.

835Lectotype locality: Germany, Bayern, München, Gasteigberg.

836Lectotype substrate: Water in water fountain.

837Epitypus: BBA 64559, designated in.

838Ex-epitype culture: BBA 64559 = CBS 837.85 = NRRL 20865 = NRRL 37595.

839Epitype locality: Germany.

840Epitype substrate: Water from plugged water tap in BBA.

841Descriptions and illustrations: See.

842Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: KM232250; rpb2: HQ897744; tef1: KM231955.

843arachnoideum Fusarium (Corda) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 4: 721. 1886.

844Basionym: Fusisporium arachnoideum Corda, Icon. Fung. 1: 11. 1837.

845(See Fusarium merismoides)

846Typus: In PRM.

847Type locality: Czech Republic, Prague.

848Type substrate: Soil.

849Note: Synonym fide. Lectotypification pending study of material lodged in PRM.

850arcuatisporum Fusarium M.M. Wang et al., Persoonia 43: 78. 2019.

851Holotypus: HAMS 248034.

852Ex-type culture: CGMCC 3.19493 = LC 12147.

853Type locality: China, Hubei.

854Type substrate: Pollen of Brassica campestris.

855Descriptions and illustrations: See.

856Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: MK289799; rpb2: MK289739; tef1: MK289584.

857arcuatum Fusarium Berk. & M.A. Curtis, Grevillea 3: 99. 1875.

858(See Fusarium avenaceum)

859Lectotypus (hic designatus, MBT 10000655): USA, South Carolina, Malus pumila (syn. Pyrus malus), date unknown, M.A. Curtis, PH00005557.

860Note: Synonym fide.

861arcuosporum Fusarium Sherb., Mem. Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta. 6: 186. 1915.

862(See Fusarium acuminatum)

863Typus: ?CUP-007477.

864Type locality: USA, New York, Castile.

865Type substrate: Solanum tuberosum.

866Descriptions and illustrations: See.

867Notes: Synonym fide. Lectotypification pending study of material lodged in CUP.

868argillaceum Fusarium (Fr.) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 4: 718. 1886.

869Basionym: Fusisporium argillaceum Fr., Syst. Mycol. 3: 446. 1832.

870Synonyms: Fusarium solani var. argillaceum (Fr.) Bilaĭ, Mikrobiol. Zhurn. 49: 7. 1987.

871Nectria solani Reinke & Berthold, Untersuch. Bot. Lab. Univ. Göttingen 1: 39. 1879.

872Dialonectria solani (Reinke & Berthold) Cooke, Grevillea 12: 111. 1884.

873Cucurbitaria solani (Reinke & Berthold) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 3: 461. 1898.

874Holotypus: Not located.

875Type locality: Unknown.

876Type substrate: Periderm of Cucumis sp.

877Notes: Status unclear. Requires recollection from type locality and substrate.

878aridum Fusarium O.A. Pratt, J. Agric. Res. 13: 89. 1918.

879(See Fusarium sambucinum)

880Lectotypus (hic designatus, MBT 10000656): USA, Idaho, from soil, 1918, O.A. Pratt, in J. Agric. Res.13: 87, fig. 2Q.

881Notes: Synonym fide. No holotype specimen could be located and therefore an illustration is designated as lectotype.

882armeniacum Fusarium (G.A. Forbes et al.) L.W. Burgess & Summerell, comb. nov. MycoBank MB 837636.

883Basionym: Fusarium acuminatum subsp. armeniacum G.A. Forbes et al., Mycologia 85: 120. 1993.

884Holotypus: DAR 67507.

885Ex-type culture: ATCC 90020 = CBS 485.94 = FRC R-9335 = IMI 352099 = MRC 6230 = NRRL 26908 = NRRL 25141 = NRRL 29133.

886Type locality: Australia, New South Wales, Edgeroi.

887Type substrate: Triticum aestivum.

888Descriptions and illustrations: See, and.

889Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: KT597715; rpb2: GQ915485; tef1: GQ915501.

890Notes: When proposing F. armeniacum, cited the basionym as F. acuminatum subsp. armeniacum with reference to the entire pagination of paper, rather than the intended basionym alone, rendering the combination invalid (Art. 41.5, Ex. 15). Here we validate the new combination with the correct citation of the basionym.

891arthrosporioides Fusarium Sherb., Mem. Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta. 6: 175. 1915.

892Typus: ?CUP-007467.

893Type locality: USA, New York, Castile.

894Type substrate: Solanum tuberosum.

895Descriptions and illustrations: See, and.

896Notes: Synonym fide. Lecto- and epitypification pending study of material lodged in CUP.

897arundinis Fusarium (Corda) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 4: 724. 1886.

898Trichoderma viride Pers., Neues Mag. Bot. 1: 92. 1794, nom. sanct. [Fr., Syst. Mycol. 3: 215. 1829].

899Synonyms: Pyrenium lignorum Tode, Fung. Mecklenb. Sel. 1: 33, tab. 3, fig. 29. 1790.

900Trichoderma lignorum (Tode) Harz, Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 44: 116. 1871.

901Trichoderma viride Schumach., Enum. Pl. 2: 235. 1803, nom. illegit., Art. 53.1.

902Fusisporium arundinis Corda, Icon. Fung. 1: 11. 1837.

903Trichoderma glaucum E.V. Abbott, Iowa State Coll. J. Sci. 1: 27. 1927.

904Lectotypus (hic designatus, MBT 10000657): Czech Republic, Prague, rotten leaves of reeds, 1837, A.C.J. Corda, Icon. Fung. 1, tab. II, fig. 163.

905Notes: Synonyms fide. No holotype specimen could be located and therefore an illustration is designated as lectotype.

906arvense Fusarium Speg., Anales Soc. Ci. Argent. 10: 60. 1880.

907(See Fusarium merismoides)

908Holotypus: In LPS (Fungi Argent. pug. 2, #153).

909Type locality: Argentina.

910Type substrate: Dried fruits of Solanum elaeagnifolium.

911Note: Synonym fide.

912asclepiadeum Fusarium Fautrey, Rev. Mycol. (Toulouse) 18: 68. 1896.

913(See Fusarium lateritium)

914Syntype: ILL00221138 (Fungi Sel. Gall. Exs. #6929).

915Type locality: France, Montagne de Bard.

916Type substrate: Vincetoxicum officinale (syn. V. hirundinaria).

917Note: Synonym fide.

918asclerotium Fusarium (Sherb.) Wollenw., Fusaria Autogr. Delin. 1: 364. 1916.

919Basionym: Fusarium oxysporum var. asclerotium Sherb., Mem. Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta. 6: 222. 1915.

920(See Fusarium oxysporum)

921Lectotypus (hic designatus, MBT 10000658): USA, New York, Atlanta, rotten tuber of Solanum tuberosum, 1915, C.D. Sherbakoff, in Mem. Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta. 6: 221, fig. 35 B–J.

922Notes: Synonym fide. No holotype specimen could be located and therefore an illustration is designated as lectotype.

923asiaticum Fusarium O'Donnell et al., Fungal Genet. Biol. 41: 619. 2004.

924Holotypus: BPI 843478.

925Ex-type culture: CBS 110257 = FRC R-5469 = NRRL 13818.

926Type locality: Japan.

927Type substrate: Hordeum vulgare.

928Descriptions and illustrations: See.

929Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: JX171459; rpb2: JX171573; tef1: AF212451.

930asparagi Fusarium Briard, Rev. Mycol. (Toulouse) 12: 142. 1890.

931(See Fusarium incarnatum)

932Holotypus: ?PC.

933Type locality: France, Aube, Troyes.

934Type substrate: Asparagus sp.

935Note: Synonym fide.

936asparagi Fusarium Delacr., Bull. Soc. Mycol. France 6: 99. 1890, nom. illegit., Art. 53.1., non Fusarium asparagi Briard 1890.

937Replacing synonym: Fusarium delacroixii Sacc., Syll. Fung. 10: 725. 1892.

938(See Fusarium sambucinum)

939Notes: Synonym fide. See F. delacroixii for lectotypification.

940asperifoliorum Fusarium (Westend.) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 4: 703. 1886.

941Basionym: Selenosporium asperifoliorum Westend., Bull. Acad. Roy. Sci. Belgique, sér. 2, 11: 652. 1861.

942Holotypus: BR5020140146784.

943Type locality: Belgium, Oudenaarde.

944Type substrate: Borago officinalis.

945Notes: Status unclear. Not Fusarium fide.

946aspidioti Fusarium Sawada, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 28: 312. 1914.

947(See Fusarium larvarum)

948Holotypus: TNS-F-218710.

949Type locality: Japan, Shizuoka.

950Type substrate: Quadraspidiotus perniciosus (= Aspidiotus perniciosus) (San Jose scale).

951Note: Synonym fide.

952atrovinosum Fusarium L. Lombard & Crous, Fungal Syst. Evol. 4: 190. 2019.

953Holotypus: CBS H-24015.

954Ex-type culture: CBS 445.67 = BBA 10357 = DSM 62169 = IMI 096270 = NRRL 26852 = NRRL 26913.

955Type locality: Australia.

956Type substrate: Triticum aestivum.

957Descriptions and illustrations: See.

958Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: MN120713; rpb2: MW928822; tef1: MN120752.

959atrovirens Fusarium (Berk.) Mussat, Syll. Fung. 15: 144. 1901, nom. inval., Arts. 35.1, 36.1(a), (c).

960Fusariella atrovirens (Berk.) Sacc., Atti Reale Ist. Veneto Sci. Lett. Arti, ser. 6, 2: 463. 1884.

961Basionym: Fusisporium atrovirens Berk., in Smith, Engl. Fl. 5 (2): 351. 1836.

962Holotypus: ?K(M).

963Type locality: UK, Northamptonshire, Kings Cliffe.

964Type substrate: Allium sp.

965Note: Synonym fide.

966aurantiacum Fusarium Corda, in Sturm, Deutschl. Fl., 3 Abt. (Pilze Deutschl.) 2: 19. 1829.

967(See Fusarium oxysporum)

968Typus: No. 156060 in PRM.

969Isotypus: IMI 133948 (slide).

970Type locality: France.

971Type substrate: Dead branch.

972Note: Synonym fide. Lectotypification pending study of material lodged in PRM.

973aureum Fusarium Corda, Icon. Fung. 1: 4. 1837.

974Hymenella aurea (Corda) L. Lombard, comb. nov. MycoBank MB 837637.

975Basionym: Fusarium aureum Corda, Icon. Fung. 1: 4. 1837.

976Synonym: Hymenula aurea (Corda) Wollenw., Fusarien: 319. 1935.

977Typus: In PRM fide.

978Type locality: Czech Republic, Prague.

979Type substrate: Rotten vegetables.

980Notes: provided a new combination for F. aureum in the genus Hymenula. However, the generic name Hymenella (1822) predates the generic name Hymenula (1828) and therefore we provide a new combination in the latter genus. Lectotypification pending study of material lodged in PRM.

981austroafricanum Fusarium A. Jacobs et al., Mycologia 110: 1197. 2018.

982Holotypus: PREM 62137.

983Ex-type culture: NRRL 66741 = PPRI 10408.

984Type locality: South Africa, Eastern Cape Province, Humansdorp.

985Type substrate: Endophyte of Pennisetum clandestinum.

986Descriptions and illustrations: See.

987Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: MH742537; rpb2: MH742616; tef1: MH742687.

988austroamericanum Fusarium T. Aoki et al., Fungal Genet. Biol. 41: 617. 2004.

989Holotypus: BPI 843473.

990Ex-type culture: CBS 110244 = NRRL 2903.

991Type locality: Brazil.

992Type substrate: Polypore.

993Descriptions and illustrations: See.

994Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: JAAMOD010000230; rpb2: JAAMOD010000315; tef1: JAAMOD010000079.

995avenaceum Fusarium (Fr.) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 4: 713. 1886.

996Basionym: Fusisporium avenaceum Fr., Syst. Mycol. 2: 238. 1822, nom. sanct. [Fr., l.c.].

997Synonyms: Sarcopodium avenaceum (Fr.) Fr., Summa Veg. Scand. 2: 472. 1849.

998Fusarium herbarum var. avenaceum (Fr.) Wollenw., Fusaria Autogr. Delin. 3: 899. 1930.

999Fusarium roseum var. avenaceum (Fr.) W.C. Snyder & H.N. Hansen, Amer. J. Bot. 32: 663. 1945.

1000Fusisporium pyrinum Fr., Syst. Mycol. 3: 445. 1832, nom. sanct. [Fr., l.c.].

1001Fusarium pyrinum (Fr.) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 4: 720. 1886, nom. illegit., Art. 53.1.

1002Fusarium tenue Corda, Icon. Fung. 1: 3. 1837.

1003Selenosporium tubercularioides Corda, Icon. Fung. 1: 7. 1837.

1004Fusarium tubercularioides (Corda) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 4: 697. 1886.

1005Fusarium herbarum var. tubercularioides (Corda) Wollenw., Fusaria Autogr. Delin. 3: 892. 1930.

1006Selenosporium herbarum Corda, Icon. Fung. 3: 34. 1839.

1007Fusarium herbarum (Corda) Fr., Summa Veg. Scand. 2: 472. 1849.

1008Fusarium graminum var. herbarum (Corda) Wollenw., Fusaria Autogr. Delin. 3: 941. 1930.

1009Fusarium avenaceum var. herbarum (Corda) Bilaĭ, Fusarii (Biologija i sistematika): 95. 1955.

1010Fusarium tritici Liebman bis, Tidsskr. Landoekon., n.s., 2: 515. 1840.

1011Fusisporium zeae Westend., Bull. Acad. Roy. Sci. Belgique 18: 414. 1851.

1012Fusarium zeae (Westend.) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 4: 713. 1886.

1013Fusarium amentorum Lacroix, Fl. Maine-et-Loire 2 (Suppl.): [1]. 1854.

1014Gloeosporium amentorum (Lacroix) Lind, Ann. Mycol. 3: 431. 1905.

1015Calogloeum amentorum (Lacroix) Nannf., Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 25: 25. 1931.

1016Platycarpium amentorum (Lacroix) Petr., Sydowia 7: 296. 1953.

1017Fusamen amentorum (Lacroix) Arx, Verh. Kon. Akad. Wetensch., Afd. Natuurk. 51: 57. 1957.

1018Fusisporium incarcerans Berk., Intellectual Observ. 2: 11. 1863.

1019Fusarium incarcerans (Berk.) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 4: 713. 1886.

1020Fusarium stercoris Fuckel, Fungi Rhen. Exs., Suppl. Fasc. 5: no. 1921, 1867.

1021Menispora penicillata Harz, Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 44: 127. 1871.

1022Fusarium penicillatum (Harz) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 4: 710. 1886.

1023Fusisporium schiedermayeri Thüm., Fungi Austr. Exs. Cent. 1: no. 78. 1871.

1024Fusarium schiedermayeri (Thüm.) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 4: 712. 1886.

1025Fusarium arcuatum Berk. & M.A. Curtis, Grevillea 3: 99. 1875.

1026Fusarium viticola Thüm., Pilze Weinst.: 52. 1878.

1027Fusarium herbarum var. viticola (Thüm.) Wollenw., Fusaria Autogr. Delin. 3: 898. 1930.

1028Fusarium gaudefroyanum Sacc., Michelia 2: 132. 1880.

1029Fusisporium cucurbitariae Pat., Rev. Mycol. (Toulouse) 3: 10. 1881.

1030Fusarium cucurbitariae (Pat.) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 4: 708. 1886, nom. illegit., Art. 53.1, non Fusarium cucurbitariae Peyronel 1918.

1031Fusarium amenti Rostr., Bot. Tidsskr. 14: 240. 1885.

1032Fusarium urenidicola Jul. Müll., Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. 3: 395. 1885.

1033Fusarium diffusum Carmich., Grevillea 16: 81. 1888.

1034Fusarium iridis Oudem., Ned. Kruidk. Arch., ser. 2, 5: 515. 1889.

1035Fusarium ustilaginis Kellerm. & Swingle, Rep. (Annual) Kansas Agric. Exp. Sta. 2: 285. 1890.

1036Fusarium ruberrimum Delacr., Bull. Soc. Mycol. France 6: 139. 1890.

1037Fusarium peckii Sacc., Syll. Fung. 10: 727. 1892, nom. illegit., Art. 53.1 [pro. p. fide ].

1038Fusarium aecidii-tussilaginis Allesch., Ber. Bot. Vereines Landshut 12: 131. 1892.

1039Fusarium subviolaceum Roum. & Fautrey, Rev. Mycol. (Toulouse) 14: 106. 1892.

1040Fusarium granulosum Ellis & Everh., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 45: 466. 1894 [1893].

1041Fusarium jungiae Pat., Bull. Soc. Mycol. France 11: 234. 1895.

1042Fusarium schnablianum Allesch., Hedwigia 34: 289. 1895.

1043Fusarium seemenianum Henn., Allg. Bot. Z. Syst. 2: 83. 1896.

1044Fusarium aleurinum Ellis & Everh., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 24: 476. 1897.

1045Fusarium pseudonectria Speg., Anales Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat. Buenos Aires 6: 351. 1899.

1046Fusarium limosum Rostr., Bot. Tidsskr. 22: 263. 1899.

1047Fusarium gracile McAlpine, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales 28: 554. 1903.

1048Fusarium putrefaciens Osterw., Mitth. Thurgauischen Naturf. Ges. 16: 123. 1904.

1049Fusarium paspali Henn., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 38: 129. 1905.

1050Fusarium sorghi Henn., Ann. Mus. Congo Belge, Bot., Sér. 5, 2: 105. 1907.

1051Fusarium speiseri Lindau, Rabenh. Krypt.-Fl., ed. 2, 1(9): 580. 1909.

1052Fusarium palczewskii Jacz., Bull. Soc. Mycol. France 28: 345. 1912.

1053Fusarium pseudoheterosporum Jacz., Bull. Soc. Mycol. France 28: 347. 1912.

1054Fusarium metachroum Appel & Wollenw., Arbeiten Kaiserl. Biol. Anst. Land- Forstw. 8: 141. 1913.

1055Fusarium subulatum Appel & Wollenw., Arbeiten Kaiserl. Biol. Anst. Land- Forstw. 8: 131. 1913.

1056Fusarium biforme Sherb., Mem. Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta. 6: 166. 1915.

1057Fusarium lucidum Sherb., Mem. Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta. 6: 157. 1915.

1058Fusarium metachroum var. minus Sherb., Mem. Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta. 6: 145. 1915.

1059Fusarium subulatum var. brevius Sherb., Mem. Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta. 6: 149. 1915.

1060Fusarium truncatum Sherb., Mem. Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta. 6: 155. 1915.

1061Fusarium avenaceum var. pallens Wollenw., Fusaria. Autogr. Delin. 2: 575. 1924.

1062Fusarium venerorum Dounin & Goldmacher. Actes du premier Congres Internat. des Sylvicult.: 284–298. 1927.

1063Fusarium herbarum var. volutum Wollenw., Fusaria Autogr. Delin. 3: 893. 1930.

1064Fusarium avenaceum var. volutum (Wollenw.) Wollenw. & Reinking, Fusarien: 56. 1935.

1065Fusarium avenaceum subsp. volutum (Wollenw.) Raillo, Fungi of the Genus Fusarium: 188. 1950.

1066Fusarium avenaceum var. fabae T.F. Yu, Phytopathology 34: 392. 1944.

1067Fusarium avenaceum f. fabae (T.F. Yu) W. Yamam., Sci. Rep. Hyogo Univ. Agric., Ser. Agr. Biol. 2: 60. 1955.

1068Gibberella avenacea R.J. Cook, Phytopathology 57: 735. 1967.

1069Fusarium avenaceum f. fabalis X.Y. Ruan et al., Acta Phytopathol. Sin. 12: 32. 1982, nom. inval., Art. 39.1.

1070Fusarium avenaceum f. fabarum X.Y. Ruan et al., Acta Phytopathol. Sin. 12: 32. 1982, nom. inval., Art. 39.1.

1071Neotypus (hic designatus, MBT 10000659): Denmark, Hordeum vulgare, 3 Feb. 1986, U. Thrane, CBS 408.86 (preserved as metabolically inactive culture).

1072Ex-neotype culture: CBS 408.86 = FRC R-8510 = IMI 309354 = NRRL 26850 = NRRL 26911.

1073Descriptions and illustrations: See,,, and.

1074Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: MG282372; rpb2: MG282401; tef1: MW928836.

1075Notes: No type material could be located for this species. Therefore, to provide taxonomic stability to this important cereal-associated Fusarium species, CBS 408.86 is designated here as ex-neotype of Fusisporium avenaceum (= Fusarium avenaceum).

1076awaxy Fusarium Petters-Vandresen et al., Persoonia 43: 363. 2019.

1077Holotypus: UPCB93138-H.

1078Ex-type culture: CMRP 4013 = LGMF1930.

1079Type locality: Brazil, Paraná, Guarapuava.

1080Type substrate: Rotten stalks of Zea mays.

1081Descriptions and illustrations: See.

1082Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb2: MK766941; tef1: MG839004.

1083aywerte Fusarium (Sangal. & L.W. Burgess) Benyon & L.W. Burgess, Mycol. Res. 104: 1171. 2000.

1084Basionym: Fusarium avenaceum subsp. aywerte Sangal. & L.W. Burgess, Mycol. Res. 99: 287. 1995.

1085Holotypus: DAR 69501.

1086Ex-type culture: F10108 = NRRL 25410.

1087Type locality: Australia, Northern Territory, Deep Well.

1088Type substrate: Soil.

1089Descriptions and illustrations: See, and.

1090Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: JX171513; rpb2: JX171626; tef1: JABCQV010000336.

1091azedarachinum Fusarium (Thüm.) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 4: 704. 1886.

1092Basionym: Fusisporium azedarachinum Thüm., Mycoth. Univ. 14: no. 1379. 1879.

1093(See Fusarium lateritium)

1094Syntypes: In BPI, CUP, ILL, NEB, NY, NYS PH & PUL (Mycotheca Universalis no. 1379).

1095Type locality: USA, South Carolina, Aiken.

1096Type substrate: Melia azedarach.

1097Note: Synonym fide.

1098azukiicola Fusarium T. Aoki et al. (as ‘azukicola’), Mycologia 104: 1075. 2012.

1099Neocosmospora phaseoli (Burkh.) L. Lombard & Crous, Stud. Mycol. 80: 227. 2015.

1100Basionym: Fusarium martii f. phaseoli Burkh., Mem. Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta. 26: 1007. 1919.

1101Synonyms: Fusarium solani f. phaseoli (Burkh.) W.C. Snyder & H.N. Hansen, Amer. J. Bot. 28: 740. 1941.

1102Fusarium phaseoli (Burkh.) T. Aoki & O'Donnell, Mycologia 95: 671. 2003.

1103?Fusarium epimyces Cooke, Grevillea 17: 15. 1888.

1104?Fusarium pestis Sorauer, Atlas Pfl.-Krankh. 4: 19, pl. XXV. 1890.

1105?Fusarium martii var. viride Sherb., Mem. Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta. 6: 247. 1915.

1106Fusarium solani var. martii Appel & Wollenw. f. 3 Snyder, Centralbl. Bakteriol. Parasitenk., 2. Abth. 91: 179. 1934.

1107Fusarium solani f. sp. glycines K. Roy, Pl. Dis. 81: 264. 1997.

1108Fusarium tucumaniae T. Aoki et al., Mycologia 95: 664. 2003.

1109Neocosmospora tucumaniae (T. Aoki et al.) L. Lombard & Crous, Stud. Mycol. 80: 228. 2015.

1110Fusarium virguliforme O'Donnell & T. Aoki, Mycologia 95: 667. 2003.

1111Neocosmospora virguliformis (O'Donnell & T. Aoki) L. Lombard & Crous, Stud. Mycol. 80: 228. 2015.

1112Fusarium brasiliense T. Aoki & O'Donnell, Mycoscience 46: 166. 2005.

1113Fusarium cuneirostrum O'Donnell & T. Aoki, Mycoscience 46: 170. 2005.

1114Fusarium crassistipitatum Scandiani et al., Mycoscience 53: 171. 2011.

1115Holotypus: BPI 881712.

1116Ex-type culture: MAFF 242371 = NRRL 54364.

1117Type locality: Japan, Hokkaido, Tokachi, Urahoro.

1118Type substrate: Roots of Vigna angularis.

1119Descriptions and illustrations: See.

1120Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: KJ511276; rpb2: KJ511287; tef1: JQ670137.

1121babinda Fusarium Summerell et al., Mycol. Res. 99: 1345. 1995.

1122Holotypus: DAR 70287.

1123Ex-type culture: BBA 69872 = F11217 = NRRL 25807.

1124Type locality: Australia, Queensland, Mount Lewis.

1125Type substrate: Plant material in soil.

1126Descriptions and illustrations: See and.

1127Diagnostic DNA barcode: rpb2: MN534245; tef1: AF160305.

1128Note: The Fusarium babinda species complex encompassed strains incorrectly assigned to this taxon, based on reference strains of F. babinda, plus one unnamed Fusarium species. However, DNA sequences from diverse gene regions and phylogenetic analyses made by several authors place the ex-type of F. babinda (NRRL 25807) within the Fusarium fujikuroi species complex, as confirmed here (Fig. 8). Hence, the species in FBSC need to be reassessed and the species complex renamed accordingly.

1129baccharidicola Fusarium Henn., Hedwigia 48: 20. 1908.

1130(See Fusarium coccophilum)

1131Syntype: Puttemans no. 1274 in B (syntype fide.

1132Type locality: Brazil, São Paulo, Pirutuba.

1133Type substrate: Baccharis dracunculifolia in association with cochineal (Dactylopius coccus)

1134Note: Synonym fide.

1135bacilligerum Fusarium (Berk. & Broome) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 4: 711. 1886.

1136Pseudocercospora bacilligera (Berk. & Broome) Y.L. Guo & X.J. Liu, Mycosystema 2: 229. 1989.

1137Basionym: Fusisporium bacilligerum Berk. & Broome, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 2, 7: 178. 1851.

1138Synonyms: Cercospora bacilligera (Berk. & Broome) Wollenw., Fusaria Autogr. Delin. 1: 450. 1916.

1139Fusisporium erubescens Durieu & Mont., Exploration scientifique de l'Algérie 1–9: 351.1848.

1140Fusarium erubescens (Durieu & Mont.) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 4: 719. 1886, nom. illegit., Art. 53.1.

1141Holotypus: ?K(M).

1142Type locality: UK, Wiltshire, Spye Park.

1143Type substrate: Leaves of Rhamnus alaternus.

1144Note: Synonyms fide.

1145bactridioides Fusarium Wollenw., Science, N.Y. 79: 572. 1934.

1146Lectotypus: NY00936830, designated in.

1147Ex-type culture: BBA 4748 = BBA 63602 = CBS 100057 = CBS 177.35 = DAOM 225115 = IMI 375323 = NRRL 22201.

1148Type locality: USA, Arizona, Chiricahua Mountains.

1149Type substrate: Parasitic on Cronartium conigenum growing on a mummified cone of Pinus leiophylla.

1150Descriptions and illustrations: See, and.

1151Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: MT010939; rpb2: MT010963; tef1: KC514053.

1152bagnisianum Fusarium Thüm., Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital. 8: 252. 1876.

1153Ascochyta caricis Fuckel, Fungi Rhen. Suppl. Fasc. 2: no. 1697. 1866.

1154Synonyms: Phyllosticta caricis (Fuckel) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 3: 61. 1884.

1155Ascochyta caricis Lambotte & Fautrey, Rev. Mycol. (Toulouse) 19: 141. 1897, nom. illegit., Art. 53.1.

1156Syntypes: In BPI, ILL, NEB, NY, PUL & S.

1157Type locality: Italy, Rome, Insugherata.

1158Type substrate: Spartium junceum.

1159Note: Synonym fide.

1160bambusae Fusarium (Teng) Z.Q. Zeng & W.Y. Zhuang, Mycosystema 36: 279. 2017.

1161Basionym: Lisea australis var. bambusae Teng, Sinensia 4: 278. 1934.

1162Synonym: Gibberella bambusae (Teng) W.Y. Zhuang & X.M. Zhang, Nova Hedwigia 76: 195. 2003.

1163Holotypus: BPI 631179.

1164Type locality: China, Anhui, Huang-shan.

1165Type substrate: Bambusoideae culm.

1166Descriptions and illustrations: See and.

1167bambusicola Fusarium Hara, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 27: 255. 1913.

1168Holotypus: Not located.

1169Type locality: Japan, Tokyo.

1170Type substrate: Phyllostachys reticulata.

1171Note: Type material (specimen(s) and/or living ex-type culture) not located.

1172baptisiae Fusarium Henn., Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 2: 383. 1899.

1173(See Fusarium dimerum)

1174Holotypus: In B fide.

1175Type locality: Germany, Berlin, Botanical Garden.

1176Type substrate: Baptisia tinctoria.

1177Note: Synonym fide.

1178barbatum Fusarium Ellis & Everh., J. Mycol. 4: 45. 1888.

1179Raffaelea barbata (Ellis & Everh.) D. Hawksw. (as ‘barbatum'’), Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Bot. 6: 272. 1979.

1180Holotypus: NY00928690.

1181Type locality: USA, New Jersey, Newfield.

1182Type substrate: Usnea barbata.

1183bartholomaei Fusarium Peck, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 36: 157. 1909.

1184Septogloeum bartholomaei (Peck) Wollenw., Fusaria Autogr. Delin. 2: 638. 1924.

1185Synonym: Trichofusarium bartholomaei (Peck) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 22: 1473. 1913.

1186Holotypus: NYS-F-000437.

1187Type locality: USA, Kansas, Stockton.

1188Type substrate: Sorghastrum nutans.

1189Note: Synonym fide.

1190batatas Fusarium Wollenw. (as ‘batatae’), J. Agric. Res. 2: 268. 1914.

1191(See Fusarium oxysporum)

1192Lectotypus (hic designatus, MBT 10000660): USA, Washington, Ipomoea batatas, 1914, L.L. Harter & E.C. Field, in Wollenweber, J. Agric. Res. 2: 268, pl. XVI, figs A–E.

1193Notes: Synonym fide. As no holotype specimen could be located, an illustration accompanying the original protologue is designated here as lectotype.

1194bataticola Fusarium (Sand.-Den. & Crous) O'Donnell et al., Index Fungorum 440: 1. 2020.

1195Neocosmospora bataticola Sand.-Den. & Crous, Persoonia 43: 112. 2019.

1196Synonym: ?Fusarium solani f. batatas T.T. McClure, Phytopathology 41: 75. 1951, nom. inval., Art. 39.1.

1197Holotypus: CBS H-23971.

1198Ex-type culture: BBA 64954 = CBS 144398 = FRC S-0567 = NRRL 22402.

1199Type locality: USA, North Carolina.

1200Type substrate: Ipomoea batatas.

1201Descriptions and illustrations: See.

1202Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: MW218100; rpb2: FJ240381; tef1: AF178344.

1203begoniae Fusarium Nirenberg & O'Donnell, Mycologia 90: 437. 1998.

1204Holotypus: B 70 0001694.

1205Ex-type culture: BBA 67781 = CBS 403.97 = IMI 375315 = NRRL 25300.

1206Type locality: Germany.

1207Type substrate: Begonia elatior.

1208Descriptions and illustrations: See and.

1209Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: JAAOAG010000375; rpb2: MN193886; tef1: AF160293.

1210beomiforme Fusarium P.E. Nelson et al., Mycologia 79: 886. 1987.

1211Holotypus: DAOM 196987.

1212Ex-type culture: CBS 100160 = DAR 58880 = FRC M-1425 = IMI 316127 = MRC 4593 = NRRL 13606.

1213Type locality: Australia, Queensland, Rockhampton.

1214Type substrate: Soil.

1215Descriptions and illustrations: See and.

1216Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: MF120485; rpb2: MF120496; tef1: MF120507.

1217berenice Fusarium (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 4: 721. 1886.

1218Ascocalyx berenice (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Baschien, IMA Fungus 5: 93. 2014.

1219Basionym: Fusisporium berenice Berk. & M.A. Curtis, in Berkeley, Grevillea 3: 147. 1875.

1220Synonyms: Bothrodiscus berenice (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) J.W. Groves, Canad. J. Bot. 46: 1273. 1968.

1221Holotypus: ?K(M).

1222Type locality: USA, Massachusetts, Boston, Murray.

1223Type substrate: Peziza sp.

1224berkeleyi Fusarium (Mont.) Berk. & Broome, North Amer. Fung.: 108. 1875.

1225Basionym: Gloeosporium berkeleyi Mont., Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 3, 12: 296. 1849.

1226(See Fusarium lateritium)

1227Holotypus: Not located.

1228Type locality: USA, Alabama.

1229Type substrate: Leaves of Hibiscus syriacus.

1230Note: Synonym fide.

1231betae Fusarium (Desm.) Sacc., Michelia 2: 132. 1880.

1232Fusicolla betae (Desm.) Bonord., Handb. Mykol.: 150. 1851.

1233Basionym: Fusisporium betae Desm., Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., Sér. 1, 19: 436. 1830.

1234Synonyms: Pionnotes betae (Desm.) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 4: 726. 1886.

1235Pionnotes rhizophila var. betae (Desm.) De Wild. & Durieu, Prodr. Fl. Belg. 2: 367. 1898.

1236Lectotypus: K(M) 167520, designated in.

1237Lectotype locality: France.

1238Lectotype substrate: Tuber of Beta vulgaris.

1239Epitypus: BBA 64317, designated in.

1240Ex-epitype culture: BBA 64317.

1241Epitype locality: Germany, Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel.

1242Epitype substrate: Triticum aestivum.

1243Descriptions and illustrations: See.

1244Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb2: HQ897781.

1245beticola Fusarium A.B. Frank, Kampfbuch gegen die Schädlinge unserer Feldfrüchte: 137. 1897.

1246(See Fusarium oxysporum)

1247Holotypus: ?NY.

1248Type locality: Germany.

1249Type substrate: Beta sp.

1250Note: Synonym fide.

1251biasolettianum Fusarium Corda, Icon. Fung. 2: 3. 1838.

1252(See Fusarium merismoides)

1253Typus: PRM 155487.

1254Type locality: Czech Republic, near Prague.

1255Type substrate: Young stalks of Betula sp.

1256Notes: Synonym fide. Synonymy under Fusicolla merismoides still questionable (See ). Lectotypification pending study of material lodged in PRM.

1257bicellulare Fusarium Kirschst., Hedwigia 80: 136. 1941.

1258(See Fusarium aquaeductuum)

1259Holotypus: B 70 0100184.

1260Type locality: Germany.

1261Type substrate: Parasitic on Cryptosporella hypodermia with Nectria episphaeria.

1262Note: Synonym fide.

1263biforme Fusarium Sherb., Mem. Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta. 6: 166. 1915.

1264(See Fusarium avenaceum)

1265Lectotypus (hic designatus, MBT 10000661): USA, Wisconsin, rotten tubers of Solanum tuberosum, date unknown, C.D. Sherbakoff, in Mem. Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta. 6: 166, fig. 17 (1915).

1266Notes: Synonym fide. As no holotype specimen could be located, an illustration accompanying the original protologue is designated here as lectotype.

1267bipunctatum Fusarium Preuss, Linnaea 25: 741. 1852.

1268(See Fusarium tortuosum)

1269Holotypus: ?B.

1270Type locality: Germany.

1271Type substrate: Branches of unknown tree.

1272Note: Synonym fide.

1273biseptatum Fusarium Sawada, Special Publ. Coll. Agric. Natl. Taiwan Univ. 8: 228. 1959, nom. inval., Art. 39.1.

1274Authentic material: Not located.

1275Original locality: Taiwan.

1276Original substrate: Leaves of Stephania cepharantha.

1277biseptatum Fusarium Schroers et al., Mycologia 101: 59. 2009. (non Fusarium biseptatum Sawada 1959).

1278Bisifusarium biseptatum (Schroers et al.) L. Lombard & Crous, Stud. Mycol. 80: 224. 2015.

1279Holotypus: CBS H-20126.

1280Ex-type culture: CBS 110311 = FRC E-0228 = NRRL 36184.

1281Type locality: South Africa, Transkei.

1282Type substrate: Soil.

1283Descriptions and illustrations: See.

1284Diagnostic DNA barcode: tef1: EU926319.

1285blackmannii Fusarium W. Br. & A.S. Horne (as ‘blackmanni'’), Ann. Bot. (London) 38: 379. 1924.

1286(See Fusarium lateritium)

1287Notes: Name withdrawn by original author (W. Brown), See. Synonym fide.

1288blasticola Fusarium Rostr. (as ‘blasticolum’), Gartn.-Tidende 1895: 122. 1895.

1289(See Fusarium oxysporum)

1290Holotypus: Not located.

1291Type locality: Germany.

1292Type substrate: Pinus sylvestris.

1293Note: Synonym fide.

1294bomiense Fusarium (Z.Q. Zeng & W.Y. Zhuang) O'Donnell et al., Index Fungorum 440: 1. 2020.

1295Neocosmospora bomiensis Z.Q. Zeng & W.Y. Zhuang, Phytotaxa 319: 177. 2017.

1296Holotypus: HMAS 254519.

1297Ex-type culture: HMAS 248885.

1298Type locality: China, Tibet Autonomous Region, Bomê County.

1299Type substrate: Twigs.

1300Descriptions and illustrations: See.

1301Diagnostic DNA barcode: tef1: KY829449.

1302bonordenii Fusarium Sacc., Syll. Fung. 4: 699. 1886.

1303Replaced synonym: Selenosporium aurantiacum Bonord., Abh. Naturf. Ges. Halle 8: 97. 1864, nom. illegit., Art. 53.1, non Fusarium aurantiacum Corda 1829.

1304(See Fusarium dimerum)

1305Holotypus: Not preserved fide.

1306Type locality: Germany.

1307Type substrate: Branches of unknown tree.

1308Note: Synonym fide.

1309boothii Fusarium O'Donnell et al., Fungal Genet. Biol. 41: 618. 2004.

1310Holotypus: BPI 843475.

1311Ex-type culture: CBS 316.73 = IMI 160243 = NRRL 26916.

1312Type locality: South Africa.

1313Type substrate: Zea mays.

1314Descriptions and illustrations: See.

1315Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: KM361641; rpb2: KM361659; tef1: GQ915503.

1316borneense Fusarium (Petr.) O'Donnell et al., Index Fungorum 440: 1. 2020.

1317Neocosmospora borneensis (Petr.) Sand.-Den. & Crous, Persoonia 43: 115. 2019.

1318Basionym: Nectria borneensis Petr., Sydowia 8: 20. 1954.

1319Holotypus: K(M) 252860.

1320Epitypus: CBS H-23972, designated in.

1321Ex-epitype culture: BBA 65095 = CBS 145462 = G.J.S. 85-197 = NRRL 22579.

1322Epitype locality: Indonesia, North Sulawesi, Bogani Nani Wartabone National Park.

1323Epitype substrate: Bark of a recently dead unidentified tree.

1324Descriptions and illustrations: See.

1325Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: MW834213; rpb2: FJ240381; tef1: AF178344.

1326bostrycoides Fusarium Wollenw. & Reinking, Phytopathology 15: 166. 1925.

1327Neocosmospora bostrycoides (Wollenw. & Reinking) Sand.-Den. et al., Persoonia 43: 115. 2019.

1328Neotypus: CBS H-23973, designated in.

1329Ex-neotype culture: CBS 144.25.

1330Neotype locality: Honduras, Tela.

1331Neotype substrate: Soil.

1332Descriptions and illustrations: See.

1333Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: MW218101; rpb2: LR583818; tef1: LR583597.

1334brachiariae Fusarium M.M. Costa et al., Mycol. Progr. 20: 67. 2021.

1335Holotypus: UB 24188.

1336Ex-type culture: CML 3032.

1337Type locality: Brazil, Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande.

1338Type substrate: Seed of Brachiaria decumbens.

1339Descriptions and illustrations: See.

1340Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb2: MT901314; tef1: MT901348.

1341brachygibbosum Fusarium Padwick, Mycol. Pap. 12: 11. 1945.

1342Holotypus: IMI 268019.

1343Ex-type culture: BBA 64691 = NRRL 20954.

1344Type locality: India, Telangana, Hyderabad, Parbhani.

1345Type substrate: Sorghum vulgare.

1346Descriptions and illustrations: See.

1347Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: MW233246; rpb2: MW233418; tef1: MW233075.

1348brasilicum Fusarium T. Aoki et al., Fungal Genet. Biol. 41: 620. 2004.

1349Holotypus: BPI 843480.

1350Ex-type culture: CBS 119180 = NRRL 31281.

1351Type locality: Brazil.

1352Type substrate: Avena sativa.

1353Descriptions and illustrations: See.

1354Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: JABCJS010000032; rpb2: JABCJS010000357; tef1: AY452964.

1355brasiliense Fusarium T. Aoki & O'Donnell, Mycoscience 46: 166. 2005.

1356(See Fusarium azukiicola)

1357Holotypus: BPI 843352.

1358Ex-type culture: MAFF 239050 = NRRL 31757.

1359Type locality: Brazil, Districto Federal, Brasilia.

1360Type substrate: Glycines max.

1361Descriptions and illustrations: See.

1362Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: MAEC01003448; rpb2: EU329565; tef1: MAEC01004196.

1363brassicae Fusarium Lib. ex Cooke, Grevillea 8: 83. 1880.

1364(See Fusarium candidum Ehrenb.)

1365Holotypus: In B, Libert s.n. fide Index Fungorum.

1366Type locality: France.

1367Type substrate: Stem of Brassica oleracea.

1368Note: Synonym fide.

1369brassicae Fusarium (Thüm.) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 4: 701. 1886, nom. illegit., Art. 53.1.

1370Basionym: Selenosporium brassicae Thüm., Hedwigia 19: 191. 1880.

1371(See Fusarium avenaceum)

1372Holotypus: Not located.

1373Type locality: Belgium.

1374Type substrate: Stem of Brassica oleracea.

1375Note: Synonym fide.

1376breve Fusarium (Sand.-Den. & Crous) O'Donnell et al., Index Fungorum 440: 1. 2020.

1377Neocosmospora brevis Sand.-Den. & Crous, Persoonia 43: 119. 2019.

1378Holotypus: CBS H-23975.

1379Ex-type culture: CBS 144387 = MUCL 16108.

1380Type locality: Belgium, Heverlee.

1381Type substrate: Soil-water polluted with diethylene glycerol and ethylene glycerol.

1382Descriptions and illustrations: See.

1383Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: MW834214; rpb2: LR583822; tef1: LR583601.

1384brevicatenulatum Fusarium Nirenberg et al., Mycologia 90: 460. 1998.

1385Holotypus: Specimen in B fide.

1386Ex-type culture: BBA 69197 = CBS 404.97 = DAOM 225122= IMI 375329 = NRRL 25446.

1387Type locality: Madagascar.

1388Type substrate: Striga asiatica.

1389Descriptions and illustrations: See and.

1390Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: MT010948; rpb2: MT010979; tef1: MT011005.

1391brevicaudatum Fusarium J.W. Xia et al., Persoonia 43: 195. 2019.

1392Holotypus: CBS H-24051.

1393Ex-type culture: NRRL 43638 = UTHSC R-3500.

1394Type locality: USA, Florida.

1395Type substrate: Trichechus sp. (manatee).

1396Descriptions and illustrations: See.

1397Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: KC808322; rpb2: GQ505843; tef1: GQ505665.

1398breviconum Fusarium (Wollenw.) O'Donnell et al., Index Fungorum 440: 1. 2020.

1399Neocosmospora brevicona (Wollenw.) Sand.-Den. & Crous, Persoonia 43: 117. 2019.

1400Basionym: Hypomyces haematococcus var. breviconus Wollenw., Fusaria Autogr. Delin. 3: no. 828 (1930).

1401Synonyms: Fusarium solani var. minus Wollenw., Fusarien: 134. 1935.

1402Nectria haematococca var. brevicona (Wollenw.) Gerlach, Fusarium: Diseases, Biology, and Taxonomy (Philadelphia): 422. 1981.

1403Lectotypus: Fig. 828 in Wollenweber (1930), designated in.

1404Epitypus: CBS H-23974 designated in.

1405Ex-epitype culture: BBA 2123 = CBS 204.31 = NRRL 22659.

1406Epitype locality: Indonesia, West Java, Bogor.

1407Epitype substrate: Gladiolus sp.

1408Descriptions and illustrations: See.

1409Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: MW218103; rpb2: LR583821; tef1: LR583600.

1410briosianum Fusarium Ferraris, Fl. Ital. Crypt. Hyphales, Fasc. 13: 857. 1914.

1411(See Fusarium lateritium)

1412Holotypus: Not located.

1413Type locality: Italy, Pavia.

1414Type substrate: Branches of Styphnolobium japonicum (syn. Sophora japonica).

1415Note: Synonym fide.

1416bubalinum Fusarium J.W. Xia et al., Persoonia 43: 195. 2019

1417Holotypus: CBS H-24052.

1418Ex-type culture: CBS 161.25 = NRRL 26857 = NRRL 26918.

1419Type locality: Australia.

1420Type substrate: Unknown.

1421Descriptions and illustrations: See.

1422Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb2: MN170381; tef1: MN170448.

1423bufonicola Fusarium (Speg.) Sacc. & Trotter, Syll. Fung. 22: 1486. 1913.

1424(See Fusarium graminearum)

1425Basionym: Selenosporium bufonicola Speg., Anales Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, ser. 3, 13: 458. 1910.

1426Holotypus: In LPS (Myc. Argent. ser. 5, no. 1166) fide.

1427Type locality: Argentina, Buenos Aires.

1428Type substrate: Decaying body of Amphibia (toad).

1429Note: Synonym fide.

1430bugnicourtii Fusarium Brayford, Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 89: 350. 1987.

1431(See Fusarium ambrosium)

1432Synonym: Fusarium tumidum var. coeruleum Bugnic., Encycl. Mycol. 11: 83. 1939.

1433Holotypus: IMI 296597.

1434Ex-type culture: IMI 296597 = NRRL 20438 = MAFF 246291.

1435Type locality: India, Chinchona.

1436Type substrate: Euwallacea fornicatus on Camellia sinensis.

1437Descriptions and illustrations: See.

1438Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: JX171470; rpb2: JX171584; tef1: AF178332.

1439buharicum Fusarium Jacz. ex Babajan & Teterevn.-Babajan, Mater. Mikol. Fitopatol. 8: 216. 1929.

1440Holotypus: LEP 127667.

1441Epitypus (hic designatus, MBT 10000662): Uzbekistan, Tashkent, on Gossypium herbaceum, 1928, A.I. Raillo, CBS 178.35 (preserved as metabolically inactive culture).

1442Ex-epitype culture: CBS 178.35 = DSM 62166 = NRRL 25488.

1443Descriptions and illustrations: See.

1444Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: KX302920; rpb2: KX302928; tef1: KX302912.

1445Notes: designated CBS 178.35 as neotype of F. buharicum as they were unable to locate the type specimen. However, A. Jaczweski did place a specimen in LEP. Therefore, the neotype designation is superseded here (Art. 9.13) and CBS 178.35 is retained as epitype for this species.

1446bulbicola Fusarium Nirenberg & O'Donnell, Mycologia 90: 452. 1998.

1447Replaced synonym: Fusarium sacchari var. elongatum Nirenberg, Mitt. Biol. Bundesanst. Land- Forstw. Berlin-Dahlem 169: 59. 1976, non Fusarium elongatum Reinking 1934.

1448Holotypus: IMI 202877.

1449Ex-type culture: BBA 63628 = CBS 220.76 = DAOM 225114 = IMI 375322 = NRRL 13618.

1450Type locality: Germany.

1451Type substrate: Haemanthus sp.

1452Descriptions and illustrations: See, and.

1453Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: KF466394; rpb2: KF466404; tef1: AF160294.

1454bulbigenum Fusarium Cooke & Massee, Grevillea 16: 49. 1887.

1455(See Fusarium oxysporum)

1456Holotypus: ?K(M).

1457Type locality: UK.

1458Type substrate: Narcissus sp.

1459Note: Synonym fide.

1460bullatum Fusarium Sherb., Mem. Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta. 6: 198. 1915.

1461(See Fusarium equiseti)

1462Typus: CUP-007455.

1463Type locality: USA, Iowa.

1464Type substrate: Rotten tuber of Solanum tuberosum. Lectotypification pending study of material lodged in CUP.

1465burgessii Fusarium M.H. Laurence et al., Fungal Diversity 49: 109. 2011.

1466Holotypus: CBS 125537 (preserved as metabolically inactive culture).

1467Ex-type culture: CBS 125537 = NRRL 66654 = RBG 5315.

1468Type locality: Australia, Queensland, Idalia National Park.

1469Type substrate: Soil.

1470Descriptions and illustrations: See.

1471Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: MT409440; rpb2: HQ646393; tef1: HQ667148.

1472butleri Fusarium Wollenw., Phytopathology 3: 38. 1913, nom. illegit., Art. 52.1.

1473(See Fusarium udum)

1474Authentic material: ?B.

1475Original locality: India.

1476Original substrate: Cajanus cajan.

1477Note: Synonym fide.

1478butleri Fusarium Kr.P. Singh & Edward, Allahabad Farmer 49: 94. 1979, nom. illegit., Art. 53.1, non Fusarium butleri Wollenw. 1913.

1479Synonym: Gibberella butleri Kr.P. Singh & Edward, Allahabad Farmer 49: 92. 1979.

1480Authentic material: Not located.

1481Original locality: India.

1482Original substrate: Cajanus cajan.

1483Notes: Status unclear. No further records available for this taxon.

1484buxi Fusarium Spreng., Syst. Veg., ed. 16, 4: 565. 1827.

1485Pseudonectria buxi (DC.) Seifert et al., Stud. Mycol. 68: 107. 2011.

1486Basionym: Tubercularia buxi DC., Fl. Franç., ed. 3, 5/6: 110. 1815.

1487Synonyms: Fusisporium buxi (DC.) Fr., Syst. Mycol. 3: 447. 1832, nom. sanct. [Fr., l.c.]

1488Psilonia buxi (DC.) Fr., Syst. Mycol. 3: 447. 1832, nom. inval., Art. 36.1(c).

1489Chaetostroma buxi (DC.) Corda, Icon. Fung. 2: 31. 1838.

1490Volutella buxi (DC.) Berk. & Broome, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 2, 5: 465. 1850.

1491Chaetodochium buxi (DC.) Höhn., Mitt. Bot. Inst. T. H. Wien 9: 45. 1932.

1492Nectria rousseliana Mont., Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 3, 16: 44. 1851.

1493Stigmatea rousseliana (Mont.) Fuckel, Jahrb. Nassauischen Vereins Naturk. 23–24: 97. 1870.

1494Nectriella rousseliana (Mont.) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 2: 452. 1883.

1495Lasionectria rousseliana (Mont.) Cooke (as ‘rousselliana’), Grevillea 12: 111. 1884.

1496Pseudonectria rousseliana (Mont.) Wollenw., Z. Parasitenk. (Berlin) 3: 489. 1931.

1497Notarisiella rousseliana (Mont.) Clem. & Shear, The genera of Fungi: 280. 1931.

1498Nectria rousseliana var. viridis Berk. & Broome, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, 3: 376. 1859.

1499Volutella buxi f. rusci Sacc., Michelia 2: 644. 1882.

1500Holotypus: ?PC.

1501Type locality: ?Germany/France.

1502Type substrate: Leaf of Buxus sp.

1503buxicola Fusarium Sacc., Syll. Fung. 2: 518. 1883.

1504Cyanonectria buxi (Fuckel) Schroers et al., Stud. Mycol. 68: 120. 2011.

1505Basionym: Gibbera buxi Fuckel, Jahrb. Nassauischen Vereins Naturk. 27–28: 32. 1874.

1506Synonyms: Lisea buxi (Fuckel) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 2: 518. 1883.

1507Gibberella buxi (Fuckel) Cooke, Grevillea 12: 112. 1884.

1508Fusarium subcorticale Oudem., Ned. Kruidk. Arch., sér. 3, 3: 135. 1898.

1509Fusarium dimorphum J.V. Almeida & Sousa da Câmara, Revista Agron. (Lisbon) 1: 306. 1903.

1510Fusarium buxicola var. chlamydosporum Batikyan (as ‘chlamydosporeae’), Biol. Zhurn. Armenii 22: 90. 1969.

1511Fusarium lateritium var. buxi C. Booth, The Genus Fusarium: 113. 1971.

1512Lectotypus: G 00111019, selected in.

1513Epitypus: CBS H-20379, designated in.

1514Ex-epitype culture: CBS 125551.

1515Epitype locality: Slovenia, Arboretum Volčji Potok.

1516Epitype substrate: Decaying twig of Buxus sempervirens var. elegantissima.

1517Descriptions and illustrations: See.

1518Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb2: HM626689; tef1: HM626648.

1519byssinum Fusarium McAlpine, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales 22: 698. 1897.

1520Holotypus: VPRI 2556.

1521Type locality: Australia, New South Wales, Murwillumbah.

1522Type substrate: Desmodium sp.

1523Notes: Status unclear. This species was considered a member of Diymopsis by; Hymenula by; and Aschersonia by, who examined the type specimen and found that the fungus occurred in association with a scale insect on Desmodium. It is likely that this species belongs in Microcera, which are usually parasites of scale insects.

1524caapi Fusarium M.M. Costa et al., Mycol. Progr. 20: 67. 2021.

1525Holotypus: UB 24189.

1526Ex-type culture: CML 3657.

1527Type locality: Brazil, São Paulo, Guaíra.

1528Type substrate: Brachiaria brizantha.

1529Descriptions and illustrations: See.

1530Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb2: MT901316; tef1: MT901350.

1531caatingaense Fusarium A.C.S. Santos et al., Mycologia 111: 248. 2019.

1532Holotypus: URM 91192.

1533Ex-type culture: MUM 1859 = URM 6779.

1534Type locality: Brazil, Pernambuco, Ibimirim.

1535Type substrate: Dactylopius opuntiae.

1536Descriptions and illustrations: See.

1537Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb2: LS398495; tef1: LS398466.

1538cactacearum Fusarium Pasin. & Buzz.-Trav., Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital. 42: 120. 1935.

1539Lectotypus (hic designatus, MBT 10000663): Italy, Milan, Thelocactus nidulans, 1935, L. Pasinetti & A. Buzzati-Traverso, in Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital. 42: Pl. I, fig. 1.

1540Descriptions and illustrations: See.

1541Notes: Based on illustrations by, this species could be a synonym of Neocosmospora solani but requires further investigation. No holotype specimen could be located and therefore an illustration is designated as lectotype.

1542cacti-maxonii Fusarium Pasin. & Buzz.-Trav., Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital. 42: 120. 1935.

1543Lectotypus (hic designatus, MBT 10000664): Italy, Milan, Cactus maxonii, 1935, L. Pasinetti & A. Buzzati-Traverso, in Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital. 42: Pl. I, fig. 4.

1544Descriptions and illustrations: See.

1545Notes: Based on illustrations by, this species could be a synonym of Fusarium oxysporum but requires further investigation. No holotype specimen could be located and therefore an illustration is designated as lectotype.

1546caeruleum Fusarium Lib. ex Sacc. (as ‘cæruleum’), Syll. Fung. 4: 705. 1886.

1547Synonyms: Fusarium solani var. caeruleum (Lib. ex Sacc.) Bilaĭ, Fusarii (Biologija i sistematika): 287. 1955, nom. inval., Art. 41.5.

1548Fusarium solani var. caeruleum (Lib. ex Sacc.) C. Booth, The Genus Fusarium: 51. 1971.

1549?Fusarium violaceum Fuckel, Fungi Rhen. Exs., Fasc. 3: no. 209. 1863.

1550Fusarium aeruginosum Delacr., Bull. Soc. Mycol. France 7: 110. 1891.

1551Selenosporium caeruleum Lib., 1834. (in herb.; nom. inval., Art. 38.1a).

1552Fusarium caeruleum var. cellulosae Sartory et al., Papier 38: 43. 1935.

1553?Hypomyces asclepiadis Zerova, Zhurn. Inst. Bot. Vseukraïns'k. Akad. Nauk 11: 103. 1937.

1554Holotypus: BR5020140171069.

1555Type locality: Belgium.

1556Type substrate: Solanum tuberosum.

1557Notes: Status doubtful. See.

1558calcareum Fusarium (Thüm.) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 4: 712. 1886.

1559(See Fusarium oxysporum)

1560Basionym: Fusisporium calcareum Thüm., Inst. Coimbra 28: 262. 1881.

1561Holotypus: S-F45605.

1562Type locality: Portugal, Coimbra.

1563Type substrate: Lagenaria vulgaris.

1564Note: Synonym fide.

1565?calidariorum Fusarium Sacc., Ann. Mycol. 4: 274. 1906.

1566Colletotrichum anthurii Delacr., Bull. Soc. Mycol. France 13: 110. 1897.

1567Synonyms: Fusoma calidariorum Sacc., Ann. Mycol. 4: 274. 1906.

1568Fusoma calidariorum var. acanthi Lindegg, Riv. Patol. Veg. 25: 233. 1935.

1569Holotypus: In PAD.

1570Type locality: Italy, Padua, botanical garden.

1571Type substrate: Anthurium scherzerianum.

1572Notes: Synonym fide. No record could be located for the transfer of this epithet to the genus Fusarium. In on p. 274, no new combination is provided and only the new name Fusoma calidariorum was introduced. Similarly, introduced a new variety as Fusoma calidariorum var. acanthi, not in the genus Fusarium. Although did treat this as Fusoma, incorrectly treated the variety acanthi in the genus Fusarium.

1573callistephi Fusarium L. Lombard & Crous, Persoonia 43: 15. 2018 [2019].

1574Holotypus: CBS H-23608.

1575Ex-type culture: CBS 187.53 = NRRL 36330.

1576Type locality: Netherlands, Oostenbrink.

1577Type substrate: Callistephus chinensis.

1578Descriptions and illustrations: See.

1579Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb2: MH484875; tef1: MH484966.

1580callosporum Fusarium Pat., Bull. Soc. Mycol. France 9: 164. 1893.

1581(See Fusarium coccophilum)

1582Holotypus: Not located.

1583Type locality: Ecuador, Quito.

1584Type substrate: Parasitic on Septobasidium pedicellatum.

1585Note: Synonym fide.

1586camerunense Fusarium Henn., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 22: 81. 1895.

1587Gloeosporium camerunense (Henn.) Wollenw., Fusaria Autogr. Delin. 1: 499. 1916.

1588Holotypus: In B fide.

1589Type locality: Cameroon, Itoki.

1590Type substrate: Bark of unknown tree.

1591Note: Synonym fide.

1592camptoceras Fusarium Wollenw. & Reinking, Phytopathology 15: 158. 1925.

1593Neotypus: CBS H-24077, designated in.

1594Ex-neotype culture: ATCC 16065 = ATCC 24364 = BBA 9810 = CBS 193.65 = DSM 62167 = IMI 112500 = NRRL 20716 = NRRL 36344.

1595Neotype locality: Costa Rica.

1596Neotype substrate: Cushion gall of Theobroma cacao.

1597Descriptions and illustrations: See,,, and.

1598Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: MW928800; rpb2: MN170383; tef1: MN170450.

1599campylopodii Fusarium Weir, Mycologia 60: 374. 1968, nom. inval., Art. 38.1(a).

1600Authentic material: Not located.

1601Original locality: USA, Washington.

1602Original substrate: Arceuthobium sp.

1603Note: The name is mentioned but neither a diagnosis nor a description was provided.

1604candidulum Fusarium Sacc., Ann. Mycol. 6: 567. 1908.

1605(See Fusarium oxysporum)

1606Holotypus: Not located.

1607Type locality: Mexico.

1608Type substrate: Myrtillocactus geometrizans.

1609Note: Synonym fide.

1610candidum Fusarium Ehrenb., Sylv. Mycol. Berol.: 24. 1818.

1611Neonectria candida (Ehrenb.) Rossman et al., Stud. Mycol. 80: 217. 2015.

1612Synonyms: Ramularia candida (Ehrenb.) Wollenw., Phytopathology 1: 220. 1913.

1613Cylindrocarpon ehrenbergii Wollenw., Fusaria Autogr. Delin. 1: 461. 1916.

1614Sclerotium castaneum Lib., in herb. 1832, nom. nud.

1615Fusarium castaneum Lindau (as “(Lib.) Lindau”), Rabenh. Krypt.-Fl. 1(9): 556. 1909.

1616?Fusidium candidum Willk., Die mikroskopischen Feinde des Waldes 1: 103. 1866, nom. illegit., Art. 53.1.

1617?Fusarium candidum Sacc. & D. Sacc., Syll. Fung. 18: 674. 1906, nom. illegit., Art. 53.1.

1618?Fusarium candidum Dasz., Bull. Soc. Bot. Genève, 2 sér. 4: 293. 1913, nom. illegit., Art. 53.1.

1619Fusarium brassicae Lib. ex Cooke, Grevillea 8: 83. 1880.

1620Selenosporium brassicae Thüm., Hedwigia 19: 191. 1880.

1621Fusarium brassicae (Thüm.) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 4: 701. 1886, nom. illegit., Art. 53.1.

1622Fusarium obtusiusculum Sacc., Michelia 2: 297. 1881.

1623Fusarium rhizogenum Pound & Clem., Bot. Surv. Nebraska 3: 12. 1894.

1624Fusarium oxysporum var. obtusiusculum (Sacc.) Cif., Ann. Bot. (Rome) 16: 221. 1924.

1625Cylindrocarpon obtusiusculum (Sacc.) U. Braun, Cryptog. Bot. 4: 113. 1993.

1626Fusarium eichleri Bres., Ann. Mycol. 1: 130. 1903.

1627Neonectria ramulariae Wollenw., Ann. Mycol. 15: 52. 1917.

1628Nectria ramulariae (Wollenw.) E. Müll., Beitr. Kryptogamenfl. Schweiz 11: 634. 1962.

1629Cylindrocarpon magnusianum Wollenw., Z. Parasitenk. (Berlin) 1: 172. 1928.

1630Holotypus: Not located.

1631Type locality: Germany, Berlin.

1632Type substrate: Unknown.

1633candidum Fusarium (Link) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 4: 720. 1886, nom. illegit., Art. 53.1.

1634Neonectria ditissima (Tul. & C. Tul.) Samuels & Rossman, CBS Biodiversity Ser. 4: 134. 2006.

1635Basionym: Nectria ditissima Tul. & C. Tul., Select. Fung. Carpol. 3: 73. 1865.

1636Synonyms: Cucurbitaria ditissima (Tul. & C. Tul.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 3: 461. 1898.

1637Fusidium candidum Link, Mag. Neuesten Entdeck. Gesammten Naturk. Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin 3: 8. 1809, nom. sanct. [Fr., Syst. Mycol. 3: 481. 1832].

1638Cylindrocarpon candidum (Link) Wollenw., Fusaria Autogr. Delin. 1: 476. 1916.

1639?Fusisporium cylindricum Mont., Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 2, 17: 120. 1842.

1640?Fusarium cylindricum (Mont.) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 4: 720. 1886.

1641Fusarium fissum Peyl, Lotos 8: 30. 1858.

1642?Fusarium heteronemum Berk. & Broome (as ‘heteronema'’), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 3, 15: 402. 1865.

1643?Cylindrocarpon heteronema (Berk. & Broome) Wollenw. (as ‘heteronemum’), Fusaria Autogr. Delin. 1: 460. 1916.

1644?Ramularia heteronema (Berk. & Broome) Wollenw. (as ‘heteronemum'’), Fusaria Autogr. Delin. 1: 460. 1916.

1645Fusarium ulmi P. Crouan & H. Crouan, Fl. Finistère: 14. 1867.

1646Fusarium fragrans P. Crouan & H. Crouan, Fl. Finistère: 14. 1867.

1647Fusarium decipiens Cooke & Massee, in Cooke, Handb. Austral. Fungi: 388. 1892, nom. inval., Art. 39.1.

1648Fusarium mali Allesch., Ber. Bot. Vereines Landshut 12: 130. 1892.

1649Fusarium sarcochroum f. mali (Allesch.) Ferraris, 1910.

1650Cylindrocarpon mali (Allesch.) Wollenw., Phytopathology 18: 225. 1928.

1651Sporotrichum amenti P. Karst., Hedwigia 31: 296. 1892.

1652Fusarium fractum Sacc. & Cavara, Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital., n.s. 7: 308. 1900.

1653Cylindrocarpon fractum (Sacc. & Cavara) Wollenw., Fusaria Autogr. Delin. 2: 655. 1924.

1654Nectria galligena Bres., in Strasser, Verh. K. K. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 51: 413. 1901.

1655Dialonectria galligena (Bres.) Petch ex E.W. Mason & Grainger, Cat. Yorkshire Fung.: 32. 1937.

1656Neonectria galligena (Bres.) Rossman & Samuels, Stud. Mycol. 42: 159. 1999.

1657Fusarium prunorum McAlpine, Fungus Diseases of stone-fruit trees in Australia: 91. 1902.

1658Fusarium willkommii Lindau, Rabenh. Krypt.-Fl. ed. 2, 1(9): 551. 1909.

1659Cylindrocarpon willkommii (Lindau) Wollenw., Z. Parasitenk. (Berlin) 1: 150. 1928.

1660Fusarium luteum Parav., Ann. Mycol. 16: 302. 1918, nom. illegit., Art. 53.1.

1661Nectria ditissima var. arctica Wollenw., Angew. Bot. 8: 189. 1926.

1662Cylindrocarpon candidum var. medium Wollenw., Z. Parasitenk. (Berlin) 1: 158. 1928.

1663Cylindrocarpon candidum var. majus Wollenw., Z. Parasitenk. (Berlin) 1: 158. 1928.

1664Cylindrocarpon candidum var. minus Wollenw., Z. Parasitenk. (Berlin) 1: 155. 1928.

1665Cylindrocarpon mali var. flavum Wollenw., Z. Parasitenk. (Berlin) 1: 150. 1928.

1666Cylindrocarpon willkommii var. pluriseptatum Wollenw., Z. Parasitenk. (Berlin) 1: 152. 1928.

1667Cylindrocarpon willkommii var. minus Wollenw., Z. Parasitenk. (Berlin) 1: 152. 1928.

1668Holotypus: Not located.

1669Type locality: Unknown.

1670Type substrate: Branch.

1671Notes: Synonyms fide. Several names that include Fusidium candidum (1809), Fusisporium cylindricum (1842) and Fusarium fissum (1858) should take preference for this taxon. However, the epithet “candidum” is already occupied in the genus Neonectria and cannot be used. Furthermore, the link between Fusisporium cylindricum and Fusarium fissum with Neonectria ditissima still needs to be established. Therefore, we choose to retain the name Neonectria ditissima for this taxon.

1672candidum Fusarium Sacc. & D. Sacc., Syll. Fung. 18: 674. 1906, nom. illegit., Art. 53.1, non Fusarium candidum Ehrenb. 1818.

1673Basionym: Fusidium candidum Willk., Die mikroskopischen Feinde des Waldes 1: 103. 1866.

1674Replacing synonym: Fusarium willkommii Lindau, Rabenh. Krypt.-Fl. ed. 2, 1(9): 551. 1910.

1675(See Fusarium willkommii)

1676capitatum Fusarium Schwein., Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., n.s., 4: 302. 1832.

1677Synonym: Pionnotes capitata (Schwein.) Fr., Summa Veg. Scand. 2: 481. 1849.

1678Holotypus: PH00081394.

1679Type locality: USA, Pennsylvania.

1680Type substrate: Tsuga canadensis.

1681Notes: The type material of Fusarium capitatum, type species of the genus Pionnotes, was re-examined by. It represents not a hyphomycete but a basidiomycete identical to Dacrymyces chrysospermus. Therefore, the generic name Pionnotes is a synonym of Dacrymyces rather than Fusarium. Further evaluations are necessary in future phylogenetic revisions of the Dacrymycetales.

1682caricis Fusarium Oudem., Verslagen Meded. Afd. Natuurk. Kon. Akad. Wetensch., ser. 3, 7: 325. 1890.

1683(See Fusarium graminearum)

1684Holotypus: ?L.

1685Type locality: Netherlands, Zuid-Holland Province, Den Haag.

1686Type substrate: Leaves of Carex sp.

1687Note: Synonym fide.

1688caries Fusarium Nees, Nova Acta Phys.-Med. Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. Nat. Cur. 19, Suppl. 1: 478. 1843.

1689Holotypus: ?B, L or STR.

1690Type locality: China.

1691Type substrate: Meoschium lodiculare.

1692Notes: Status unclear. Not Fusarium fide.

1693carminascens Fusarium L. Lombard et al., Persoonia 43: 19. 2018 [2019].

1694Holotypus: CBS H-23609.

1695Ex-type culture: CBS 144738 = CPC 25800.

1696Type locality: South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal Province.

1697Type substrate: Zea mays.

1698Descriptions and illustrations: See.

1699Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: MW928801; rpb2: MH484937; tef1: MH485028.

1700carneolum Fusarium P. Karst., Meddeland. Soc. Fauna Fl. Fenn. 16: 35. 1888.

1701Vermicularia herbarum Westend., Herb. Crypt. Belg. no. 393. 1849.

1702Holotypus: ?H.

1703Type locality: Finland, Tammela.

1704Type substrate: Iris pseudacorus.

1705Note: Synonym fide.

1706carneoroseum Fusarium Cooke, Grevillea 19: 4. 1890.

1707(See Fusarium lateritium)

1708Holotypus: In K(M), Colenso 538 fide Index Fungorum.

1709Type locality: New Zealand.

1710Type substrate: Bark.

1711Note: Synonym fide.

1712carneum Fusarium (Mont.) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 4: 724. 1886.

1713Basionym: Fusisporium carneum Mont., Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 2, 17: 120. 1842.

1714Holotypus: ?PC.

1715Type locality: Cuba.

1716Type substrate: Leaf of monocotyledon.

1717Notes: Status unclear. Not Fusarium fide.

1718carniforme Fusarium Ellis & Tracy, nom. inval., Art. 38.1(a).

1719Synonym: Ramularia carniformis Sherb., Phytopathology 18: 149. 1928.

1720Authentic material: NY0093683.

1721Original locality: USA, Mississippi, Starkville.

1722Original substrate: Tripsacum dactyloides.

1723Notes: Status unclear. considered this species doubtful as conidia appeared microdochium-like.

1724carpineum Fusarium Davis, Trans. Wisconsin Acad. Sci. 18: 106. 1915.

1725Holotypus: BPI 442722.

1726Type locality: USA, Wisconsin, Wyalusing.

1727Type substrate: Carpinus caroliniana.

1728Notes: This species was not treated by any of,, or. A literature search could not find any additional information pertaining to this species.

1729carpini Fusarium Schulzer & Sacc., Hedwigia 23: 128. 1884.

1730(See Fusarium expansum)

1731Holotypus: Not located.

1732Type locality: Croatia, Vinkovci.

1733Type substrate: Carpinus betulus.

1734Note: Synonym fide.

1735cassiae Fusarium R.H. Perera et al., Mycosphere 11: 2138. 2020.

1736Holotypus: MFLU 18-2751.

1737Ex-type culture: MFLUCC 18-0573.

1738Type locality: Thailand, Phayao Province.

1739Type substrate: Pods of Cassia fistula.

1740Descriptions and illustrations: See.

1741Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb2: MT212197; tef1: MT212205.

1742castagnei Fusarium Mont., Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 3, 12: 296. 1849.

1743Myxosporium castagnei (Mont.) Wollenw., Fusaria. Autogr. Delin. 1: 489. 1916.

1744Holotypus: ?PC.

1745Type locality: France, Marseille.

1746Type substrate: Psoralea bituminosa.

1747Note: Synonym fide.

1748castaneicola Fusarium W. Yamam., Trans. Mycol. Soc. Japan 3: 114. 1962, nom. inval., Art. 39.1 & 40.1.

1749Rugonectria castaneicola (W. Yamam. & Oyasu) Hirooka & P. Chaverri, Stud. Mycol. 68: 73. 2011.

1750Basionym: Nectria castaneicola W. Yamam. & Oyasu, Sci. Rep. Hyogo Univ. Agric. 3: 15. 1957.

1751Synonyms: Neonectria castaneicola (W. Yamam. & Oyasu) Tak. Kobay. & Hirooka, J. Gen. Pl. Pathol. 71: 126. 2005, nom. inval., Art. 41.5.

1752Cylindrocarpon castaneicola Tak. Kobay. & Hirooka, J. Gen. Pl. Pathol. 71: 126. 2005.

1753Authentic material: Not designated.

1754Original locality: Japan, Hyogo.

1755Original substrate: Castanea crenata.

1756Note: This Fusarium epithet is invalid as neither a Latin diagnosis (Art. 39.1) nor a type designation (Art. 40.1) was included in the original description.

1757castaneum Fusarium Lindau (as “(Lib.) Sacc.“), Rabenh. Krypt.-Fl. ed. 2, 1(9): 556. 1909.

1758Synonym: Sclerotium castaneum Lib., in herb. 1832, nom. nud.

1759(See Fusarium candidum Ehrenb.)

1760Authentic material: Not located.

1761Original locality: Belgium, Ardennes.

1762Original substrate: Brassica oleracea.

1763cataleptum Fusarium Cooke & Harkn., Grevillea 12: 96. 1884.

1764(See Fusarium coccophilum)

1765Holotypus: In K(M), Harkness 1981 fide Index Fungorum.

1766Type locality: USA, California, San Rafael.

1767Type substrate: Acacia sp.

1768Note: Synonym fide.

1769catenatum Fusarium (Sand.-Den. & Crous) O'Donnell et al., Index Fungorum. 440: 1. 2020.

1770Neocosmospora catenata Sand.-Den. & Crous, Persoonia 41: 115. 2018.

1771Holotypus: CBS H-23225.

1772Ex-type culture: CBS 143229 = NRRL 54993 = UTHSC 09-1009.

1773Type locality: USA, Georgia.

1774Type substrate: Stegostoma fasciatum.

1775Descriptions and illustrations: See.

1776Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: KC808292; rpb2: KC808355; tef1: KC808214.

1777cateniforme Fusarium J.W. Xia et al., Persoonia 43: 197. 2019

1778Holotypus: CBS H-24053.

1779Ex-type culture: ATCC 11853 = CBS 150.25.

1780Type locality: Unknown.

1781Type substrate: Unknown.

1782Descriptions and illustrations: See.

1783Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb2: MN170384; tef1: MN170451.

1784catenulatum Fusarium F.J. Chen, Mycosystema 19: 459. 2000.

1785Holotypus: HMAS 71749.

1786Ex-type culture: AS 3.4704.

1787Type locality: China, Shaanxi, Yangling.

1788Type substrate: Gossypium hirsutum.

1789Descriptions and illustrations: See.

1790caucasicum Fusarium Letov, Mater. Mikol. Fitopatol. 8: 225. 1929.

1791Holotypus: Not located.

1792Ex-type culture: CBS 179.35 = IFO 5979 = NRRL 13954.

1793Type locality: Republic of Azerbaijan.

1794Type substrate: Gossypium hirsutum.

1795Descriptions and illustrations: See.

1796Notes: Status doubtful/unclear. The ex-type culture (CBS 179.35) accessioned in CBS appears to be either contaminated or transpositioned by another Fusarium sp.. A sequence of the tef1 gene region (DQ247543) from the copy accessioned at NRRL (NRRL 13954) places this species within the Neocosmospora falciformis clade. The status of the copy accessioned at IFO is not known.

1797caudatum Fusarium Wollenw., J. Agric. Res. 2: 262. 1914.

1798(See Fusarium scirpi)

1799Lectotypus (hic designatus, MBT 10000665): USA, South Carolina, Clemson College, Ipomoea batatas, date unknown, Harter & Field, in Wollenweber, J. Agric. Res. 2: 262, pl. 16, fig. M.

1800Notes: Synonym fide. No holotype specimen could be located and therefore an illustration is designated as lectotype.

1801cavispermum Fusarium Corda, Icon. Fung. 1: 3. 1837.

1802Cosmosporella cavisperma (Corda) Sand.-Den. et al., Stud. Mycol. 98 (no. 100116): 44. 2021.

1803Synonyms: Fusarium aquaeductuum var. cavispermum (Corda) Raillo, Fungi of the Genus Fusarium: 280. 1950.

1804Fusarium oxydendri Ellis & Everh., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 24: 477. 1897.

1805Fusarium cavispermum var. minus Wollenw., Fusaria Autogr. Delin. 3: 848. 1930.

1806Lectotypus: AKJ. Corda, Icon. Fung. 1: pl. I, fig. 58, designated in this study.

1807Type locality: Czech Republic.

1808Type substrate: Resin of Pinus sp.

1809Epitypus: CBS 172.31 (metabolic inactive specimen) designated in this study.

1810Ex-epitype: CBS 172.31 = NRRL 13996.

1811Epitype locality: Norway.

1812Epitype substrate: Pinus sylvestris.

1813Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: JX171465; rpb2: JX171579.

1814celosiae Fusarium T. Abe, Mem. Coll. Agric. Kyoto Imp. Univ. 7: 51. 1928.

1815(See Fusarium fujikuroi)

1816Holotypus: Not located.

1817Type locality: Japan.

1818Type substrate: Living stems and leaves of Celosia cristata.

1819Note: Synonym fide.

1820celtidicola Fusarium Q.J. Shang et al., Phytotaxa 361: 255. 2018.

1821Holotypus: MFLU 15-3646.

1822Ex-type culture: KUMCC 16-0019 = MFLUCC 16-0526.

1823Type locality: Italy, Forlì-Cesena Province, Forlì, Viale dell’Appennino.

1824Type substrate: Celtis australis.

1825Descriptions and illustrations: See.

1826Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: MH576579; rpb2: MH576577; tef1: MH576581.

1827celtidis Fusarium Ellis & Tracy, J. Mycol. 6: 76. 1890.

1828(See Fusarium lateritium)

1829Syntypes: In BPI, ISC & MICH.

1830Type locality: USA, Mississippi, Starkville.

1831Type substrate: Celtis occidentalis.

1832Note: Synonym fide.

1833celtidis Fusarium Pass., Atti Reale Accad. Lincei, Rendiconti Cl. Sci. Fis., 4 sér. 7: 51. 1891, nom. illegit., Art. 53.1.

1834Replacing synonym: Fusarium sphaeriiforme Sacc. (as ‘sphaeriaeforme’), Syll. Fung. 10: 723. 1892.

1835(See Fusarium melanochlorum)

1836Holotypus: ?PARMA.

1837Type locality: Italy, Parma, Vigheffio.

1838Type substrate: Dead branch of Celtis australis.

1839Note: Synonym fide.

1840cepae Fusarium Hanzawa, Mycol. Centralbl. 5(1): 5. 1914.

1841(See Fusarium oxysporum)

1842Lectotypus (hic designatus, MBT 10000666): Japan, Sapporo, Allium cepa, 1914, J. Hanzawa, 5(1): 6, fig. 1.

1843Notes: Synonym fide. No holotype specimen could be located and therefore an illustration is designated as lectotype.

1844cerasi Fusarium Rolland & Ferry, in Roumeguère, Rev. Mycol. (Toulouse) 14: 170. 1892.

1845?Foveostroma drupacearum (Lév.) DiCosmo, Canad. J. Bot. 56: 1682. 1978.

1846Basionym: Micropera drupacearum Lév., Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 3, 5: 283. 1846.

1847Synonyms: ?Peziza cerasi Pers., Neues Mag. Bot. 1: 115. 1794.

1848?Dermea cerasi (Pers.) Fr., Syst. Orb. Veg. 1: 115. 1825.

1849Syntype: ILL00220294 (Fungi Sel. Gall. Exs. No. 6119).

1850Type locality: France, Saint-Dié-des-Vosges.

1851Type substrate: Prunus sp. (cherry tree).

1852Note: This species was excluded from Fusarium by. considered this species as a possible synonym of Micropera drupacearum on which the present synonymies are based.

1853cerealis Fusarium (P. Karst.) Gruyter & J.H.M. Schneid., Jaarb. Plantenziektenk. Dienst 1989/1990, no. 168: 135. 1991, nom. inval., Art. 41.4.

1854Gliomastix cerealis (P. Karst.) C.H. Dickinson, Mycol. Pap. 115: 19. 1968.

1855Basionym: Coniosporium cerealis P. Karst., Meddeland. Soc. Fauna Fl. Fenn. 14: 109. 1887.

1856Synonyms: Acremonium cerealis (P. Karst.) W. Gams, Cephalosporium-artige Schimmelpilze (Stuttgart): 88. 1971.

1857Gliomastix guttuliformis J.C. Br. & W.B. Kendr., Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 41: 499. 1958.

1858Holotypus: In herb. P.A. Karsten in H fide.

1859Type locality: Finland, Mustiala.

1860Type substrate: Secale cereale.

1861cerealis Fusarium (Cooke) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 4: 713. 1886.

1862Basionym: Fusisporium cerealis Cooke, Grevillea 6: 139. 1878.

1863Synonym: Fusarium culmorum var. cerealis (Cooke) Wollenw., Fusaria Autogr. Delin. 3: 946. 1930.

1864Fusarium roseum f. cerealis (Cooke) W.C. Snyder & H.N. Hansen, Amer. J. Bot. 32: 663. 1945.

1865Gibberella rosea f. cerealis (Cooke) W.C. Snyder & H.N. Hansen, Amer. J. Bot. 32: 664. 1945.

1866Fusarium sambucinum var. cerealis (Cooke) Raillo, Fungi of the Genus Fusarium: 211. 1950.

1867Fusarium crookwellense L.W. Burgess et al., Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 79: 498. 1982.

1868Holotypus: ?K(M) 133541.

1869Type locality: USA, California, Gainesville.

1870Type substrate: Zea mays.

1871Notes: considered F. cerealis as a variety of F. culmorum, whereas considered it as a variety of F. sambucinum. applied a broader concept to F. culmorum that did not separate this variety in F. culmorum. recognised F. cerealis as a species and considered F. crookwellense as a synonym of F. cerealis. However, recommend the use of the name F. crookwellense over F. cerealis, indicating that no type material is available for F. cerealis. We choose to follow to consider F. crookwellense a synonym under F. cerealis. The material lodged in K(M) requires further investigation to determine whether epi- or neotypification is required.

1872cesatii Fusarium Rabenh., Klotzschii Herb. Viv. Mycol. Cent. 15: no. 1440. 1850.

1873Hymenula rubella Fr., Elench. Fung. 2: 38. 1828.

1874Lectotypus (of Fusarium cesatii, hic designatus, MBT 10000667): Italy, Vercelli, Carex sp., 1849, collector unknown, Rabenh., Klotzschii Herb. Viv. Mycol. Ed. I no. 1440 in HAL.

1875Note: Synonym fide.

1876cesatii Fusarium Thüm., Pilze Weinst.: 49. 1878, nom. illegit., Art. 53.1, non Fusarium cesatii Rabenh. 1850.

1877Elsinoe ampelina (de Bary) Shear, Phytopathology 19: 677. 1929.

1878Basionym: Sphaceloma ampelina de Bary, Ann. Oenol. 4: 165. 1874.

1879Synonyms: Manginia ampelina (de Bary) Viala & Pacottet, C. r. hebd. Séanc. Acad. Sci., Paris 139: 88. 1904.

1880Pionnotes cesatii Sacc., Syll. Fung. 4: 726. 1886.

1881Ramularia ampelophaga Pass., Bol. Comit. Agric. Parmense 9: 125. 1876.

1882Gloeosporium ampelophagum (Pass.) Sacc., Michelia 1: 217. 1878.

1883Authentic material: S-F47363.

1884Original locality: Italy, Vercelli.

1885Original substrate: Decaying stump of Vitis vinifera.

1886Note: Synonym fide.

1887chaetomium Fusarium Wallr., Fl. Crypt. Germ. 2: 242. 1833.

1888Colletotrichum chaetomium (Wallr.) S. Hughes, Canad. J. Bot. 36: 753. 1958.

1889Holotypus: ?STR.

1890Type locality: Germany.

1891Type substrate: Decaying Cucurbita.

1892chenopodinum Fusarium (Thüm.) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 4: 701. 1886.

1893(See Fusarium scirpi)

1894Basionym: Fusisporium chenopodinum Thüm., Mycoth. Univ. Cent. 14: no. 1378. 1879.

1895Syntypes: In BPI, CHRB, ILL, NEB, NY, NYS & PUL.

1896Type locality: Austria, Niederösterreich, Klosterneuburg.

1897Type substrate: Chenopodium album.

1898Note: Synonym fide.

1899chilense Fusarium (Mont.) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 4: 716. 1886.

1900Gloeosporium chilense (Mont.) Wollenw., Z. Parasitenk. (Berlin) 3: 496. 1931.

1901Basionym: Fusisporium chilense Mont., in Gay, Fl. Chil. 8: 25. 1852.

1902Fusisporium argillaceum Mont., Bull. Mass. Agric. Exp. Sta. no. 55. 1842, nom. illegit., Art. 53.1, non Fusarium argillaceum Fr. 1832.

1903Holotypus: In UPS fide Wollenweber, Fusaria Autogr. Delin. 2: 658.

1904Type locality: Chile, Juan Fernández Islands.

1905Type substrate: Bark of Urtica excelsa.

1906Note: Synonym fide.

1907chinhoyiense Fusarium Yilmaz & Crous, Persoonia 46: 147. 2021.

1908Holotypus: PREM 63215.

1909Ex-type culture: BBA 69031 = DAOM 225149 = Frank 5bCn8 = IMI 375355 = NRRL 25221 = NY007.I2.

1910Type locality: Zimbabwe, Chinhoyi.

1911Type substrate: Zea mays.

1912Descriptions and illustrations: See.

1913Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: MW402711; rpb2: MN534262; tef1: MN534050.

1914chlamydosporum Fusarium Wollenw. & Reinking, Phytopathology 15: 156. 1925.

1915Synonyms: Fusarium sporotrichioides var. chlamydosporum (Wollenw. & Reinking) Joffe, Mycopathol. Mycol. Appl. 53: 211. 1974, nom. inval., Art. 41.1.

1916Dactylium fusarioides Gonz. Frag. & Cif., Bol. Real Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. 27: 280. 1927.

1917Fusarium fusarioides (Gonz. Frag. & Cif.) C. Booth, The Genus Fusarium: 88. 1971.

1918Pseudofusarium purpureum Matsush., Microfungi of the Solomon Islands and Papua New Guinea: 47. 1971.

1919Neotypus: CBS 145.25 (preserved as metabolically inactive culture), designated in.

1920Ex-neotype culture: CBS 145.25 = NRRL 26851 = NRRL 26912.

1921Neotype locality: Honduras, Tela.

1922Neotype substrate: Musa sapientum.

1923Descriptions and illustrations: See,, and.

1924Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: MN120715; rpb2: MN120735; tef1: MN120754.

1925cicatricum Fusarium (Berk.) O'Donnell & Geiser, Phytopathology 103: 404. 2013.

1926Geejayessia cicatricum (Berk.) Schroers, Stud. Mycol. 68: 124. 2011.

1927Basionym: Sphaeria sanguinea var. cicatricum Berk., Mag. Zool. Bot. 1: 48. 1837.

1928Synonyms: Nectria cicatricum (Berk.) Tul. & C. Tul., Select. Fung. Carpol. 3: 77. 1865.

1929Sphaeria sanguinea var. cicatricum Haller, Syst. Nat., ed 13, 1: LII. 1768.

1930Sphaeria coccinea var. cicatricum Desm., Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 3, 10: 351. 1848.

1931Nectria coccinea var. cicatricum (Desm.) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 2: 482. 1883.

1932Cucurbitaria cicatricum (Desm.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 3: 462. 1898.

1933Nectria gibbera Fuckel, Jahrb. Nassauischen Vereins Naturk. 23–24: 177. 1870.

1934Fusarium fuckelii Sacc., Syll. Fung. 4: 695. 1886.

1935Nectria desmazieri Fuckel ex Sacc., Syll. Fung. 4: 695. 1886, nom. inval., Art. 36.1(d).

1936Lectotypus: K(M) 160064 (MBT 10001323 hic designatus).

1937Epitypus: CBS H-20374 (MBT 10001324 hic designatus).

1938Ex-epitype culture: CBS 125549.

1939Epitype locality: Slovenia, Arboretum Volčji Potok.

1940Epitype substrate: Decaying twigs of Buxus sempervirens.

1941Descriptions and illustrations: See.

1942Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: KM232231; rpb2: HM626679; tef1: HM626643.

1943Notes: The epitypification in was not Code compliant as neither a supporting holo-, lecto- nor epitype was cited. The specimen in the Kew herbarium was cited as isotype. In the protologue a single gathering is mentioned, but an illustration is also cited so a lectotypification is necessary. The epitypification is validated herein.

1944ciliatum Fusarium (Link) Link, in Willdenow, Sp. Pl., Ed. 4, 6: 105. 1825.

1945Scolecofusarium ciliatum (Link) L. Lombard et al., Stud. Mycol. 98 (no. 100116): 74. 2021.

1946Basionym: Atractium ciliatum Link, Mag. Neuesten Entdeck. Gesammten Naturk. Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin 7: 32. 1816.

1947Synonyms: Microcera ciliata (Link) Wollenw., Fusaria Autogr. Delin. 1: 435. 1916.

1948Calonectria ciliata (Link) W.C. Snyder & H.N. Hansen, Amer. J. Bot. 32: 664. 1945.

1949Sphaeria agnina Desm., Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. sér. 3, 6: 72. 1846.

1950Calonectria agnina (Desm.) Sacc., Michelia 1(3): 311. 1878.

1951Dialonectria agnina (Desm.) Cooke, Grevillea 12: 111. 1884.

1952Fusarium peltigerae Westend., Herb. Crypt. Belg. 9: no. 414. 1849.

1953Fusarium parasiticum Westend., Bull. Séances Cl. Sci. Acad. Roy. Sci. Belgique, sér. 2, 11: 652. 1861.

1954Nectria massariae Pass., in Rabenhorst, Fungi Eur. Exs. no. 1827. 1874.

1955Microcera massariae Sacc., Michelia 1(2): 262. 1878.

1956Calonectria massariae (Pass.) Sacc., Michelia 1(3): 312. 1878.

1957Fusisporium filisporum Cooke, Grevillea 8: 8. 1879.

1958Fusarium filisporum (Cooke) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 4: 708. 1886.

1959Fusarium scolecoides Sacc. & Ellis, Atti Reale Ist. Veneto Sci. Lett. Arti, sér. 6, 3: 728. 1885.

1960Fusarium elongatum Cooke, Grevillea 19: 4. 1890.

1961Calonectria dearnessii Ellis & Everh., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 42: 245. 1891.

1962Neotypus: CBS H-12687 designated in this study.

1963Ex-neotypus: ATCC 16068 = ATCC 24137 = BBA 9661 = CBS 191.65 = DSM 62172 = IMI 112499 = NRRL 20431.

1964Neotype locality: Germany.

1965Neotype substrate: Branch canker of Fagus sylvatica.

1966Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: MW834264; rpb2: MW834035; tef1: MW834296.

1967cinctum Fusarium Corda, Icon. Fung. 5: 80. 1842.

1968Striaticonidium cinctum (Corda) L. Lombard & Crous, Persoonia 36: 229. 2016.

1969Synonyms: Myrothecium cinctum (Corda) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 4: 751. 1886.

1970?Myrothecium ellipsosporum Fuckel (as ‘ellipsisporium’), Fungi Rhen. Exs. Cent. 16, no. 1529 (1865).

1971?Hymenopsis ellipsospora (as ‘ellipsosporum’) (Fuckel) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 4: 745. 1886.

1972Myrothecium striatisporum N.C. Preston, Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 31: 275. 1948.

1973Myrothecium longistriatisporum Matsush., Microfungi Solomon Isl. Papua-New Guinea: 39. 1971.

1974Lectotypus: PR 155489, designated in.

1975Epitypus: CBS H-22471, designated in.

1976Ex-epitype culture: CBS 932.69 = IMI 145760.

1977Epitype locality: Netherlands, Eastern Flevoland.

1978Epitype substrate: Agricultural soil.

1979Note: The lectotype was cited as holotype in but this is correctable according to Art. 9.10 of the Code (see also Ex. 11).

1980cinnabarinum Fusarium (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 4: 722. 1886.

1981(See Fusarium lateritium)

1982Basionym: Fusisporium cinnabarinum Berk. & M.A. Curtis, Grevillea 3: 146. 1875.

1983Syntypes: In PH, Pul & USCH:Fungi (Ellis, N. Amer. F. 3990).

1984Type locality: USA, Alabama.

1985Type substrate: Acer negundo.

1986Note: Synonym fide.

1987circinatum Fusarium Nirenberg & O'Donnell, Mycologia 90: 442. 1998.

1988Synonyms: Gibberella circinata Nirenberg & O'Donnell, Mycologia 90: 440. 1998, nom. inval., Art. 40.3.

1989Gibberella circinata Nirenberg & O'Donnell ex Britz et al., Sydowia 54: 16. 2002.

1990Holotypus: B 70 0001693.

1991Ex-type culture: BBA 69720 = CBS 405.97 = DAOM 225113 = IMI 375321 = NRRL 25331.

1992Type locality: USA, California.

1993Type substrate: Pinus radiata.

1994Descriptions and illustrations: See.

1995Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: JX171510; rpb2: JX171623; tef1: AF160295.

1996cirrosum Fusarium Höhn., Sitzungsber. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Cl., Abt. 1., 116: 153. 1907.

1997(See Fusarium expansum)

1998Holotypus: FH00284266.

1999Type locality: Austria, Niederösterreich, Irenental near Untertullnerbach.

2000Type substrate: Parasictic in the acervuli of Steganosporium pyriforme (syn. Steganosporium ovatum).

2001Note: Synonym fide.

2002citri Fusarium M.M. Wang et al., Persoonia 43: 79. 2019.

2003Holotypus: HAMS 248036.

2004Ex-type culture: CGMCC 3.19467 = LC6896.

2005Type locality: China, Hunan Province.

2006Type substrate: Leaves of Citrus reticulata.

2007Descriptions and illustrations: See.

2008Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: MK289828; rpb2: MK289771; tef1: MK289617.

2009citricola Fusarium Guarnaccia et al., Persoonia 40: 12. 2017. [2018].

2010Holotypus: CBS H-23020.

2011Ex-type culture: CBS 142421 = CPC 27805.

2012Type locality: Italy, Cosenza, Rocca Imperiale.

2013Type substrate: Citrus reticulata ‘Caffin’.

2014Descriptions and illustrations: See.

2015Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: LT746290; rpb2: LT746310; tef1: LT746197.

2016citriforme Fusarium Jamal., Valt. Maatalousk. Julk. 123: 11. 1943.

2017(See Fusarium tricinctum)

2018Lectotypus (hic designatus, MBT 10000668): Finland, Pyhajärvi, Hordeum sativum, 1938, E. Jamalainen, in Valt. Maatalousk. Julk. 123: 10. 1943, fig. 2.

2019Ex-type culture: CBS 253.50.

2020Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: MW928802; rpb2: MW928823; tef1: KR071775.

2021Notes: cited various specimens in the protologue of F. citriforme, but failed to indicate a holotype. Therefore, a lectotypification is done here to fix the name. Isolate CBS 253.50 was deposited in the public collection of CBS by E. Jamalainen in 1950. The isolate was indicated as the living ex-type culture of F. citriforme.

2022citrinum Fusarium Wollenw., in Lewis, Bull. Maine Agric. Exp. Sta. 219: 256. 1913.

2023(See Fusarium oxysporum)

2024Lectotypus (hic designatus, MBT 10000669): Germany, Berlin, Dahlem, rotten fruit of Solanum lycopersicum, Oct. 1910, H.W. Wollenweber, B70 0100185.

2025Notes: Synonym fide. Only one specimen located at B matches the original collection event, but it is not indicated as the type. Therefore B 70 0100185 is designated as lectotype here.

2026citrulli Fusarium Taubenh., Bull. Texas Agric. Exp. Sta. 260: 27. 1920.

2027(See Fusarium oxysporum)

2028Lectotypus (hic designatus, MBT 10000670): USA, Texas, Waller County, seedlings of Citrullus lanatus, 1920, J.J. Taubenhaus, in Bull. Texas Agric. Exp. Sta. 260: 30, fig. 8h.

2029Notes: Synonym fide. No holotype specimen could be located and therefore an illustration is designated as lectotype.

2030citrulli Fusarium Sartory, Compt. Rend. Hebd. Séances Acad. Sci. 188: 1434. 1929, nom. inval., Art. 35.2; nom. illegit., Art. 53.1.

2031Neocosmospora martii (Appel & Wollenw.) Sand.-Den. & Crous, Persoonia 43: 142. 2019.

2032Basionym: Fusarium martii Appel & Wollenw., Arbeiten Kaiserl. Biol. Anst. Land-Forstw. 8: 83. 1910.

2033Synonyms: Fusarium solani var. martii (Appel & Wollenw.) Wollenw., Fusaria Autogr. Delin. 3: 1034. 1930.

2034?Selenosporium fuscum Bonord., Handb. Mykol.: 135. 1851.

2035?Fusarium fuscum (Bonord.) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 4: 699. 1886.

2036Fusarium citrulli Sartory & J. Mey., Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol. 107: 55. 1931, nom. illegit., Art. 53.1, non Fusarium citrulli Taubenh. 1920.

2037Neocosmospora croci Guarnaccia et al., Persoonia 40: 17. 2017 [2018].

2038Authentic material: Not located.

2039Original locality: France.

2040Original substrate: Citrullus vulgaris.

2041Note: Synonyms fide and.

2042clavatum Fusarium Sherb., Mem. Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta. 6: 234. 1915.

2043(See Fusarium flocciferum)

2044Lectotypus (hic designatus, MBT 10000671): USA, New York, Castile, rotten tuber of Solanum tuberosum, 1915, C.D. Sherbakoff, in Mem. Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta. 6: 235, fig. 40.

2045Notes: Synonym fide. No holotype specimen could be located and therefore an illustration is designated as lectotype.

2046clavus Fusarium J.W. Xia et al. (as ‘clavum’), Persoonia 43: 199. 2019.

2047Holotypus: CBS H-24054.

2048Ex-type culture: CBS 126202 = RMF N 38.

2049Type locality: Namibia, northern Karoo, 30 km west of Maltahöhe.

2050Type substrate: Desert soil.

2051Descriptions and illustrations: See.

2052Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb2: MN170389; tef1: MN170456.

2053clematidis Fusarium Rolland & Fautrey, Rev. Mycol. (Toulouse) 16: 72. 1894.

2054Macroconia sphaeriae (Fuckel) Gräfenhan & Schroers, Stud. Mycol. 68: 103. 2011.

2055Basionym: Fusarium sphaeriae Fuckel, Fungi Rhen. Exs. Fasc. 3: no. 212. 1863.

2056Synonyms: Fusarium sphaeriae var. robustum Davis, Trans. Wisconsin Acad. Sci. 19: 714. 1919.

2057Septogloeum robustum (Davis) Wollenw. & Reinking, Fusarien: 336. 1935.

2058?Nectria leptosphaeriae var. macrospora Wollenw., Angew. Bot. 8: 187. 1926.

2059Syntype: ILL00220727 (Roumeguère, Fungi Sel. Gall. Exs. no. 6537).

2060Type locality: France.

2061Type substrate: Clematis vitalba.

2062Note: Synonym fide.

2063clypeaster Fusarium (Corda) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 4: 706. 1886.

2064Septogloeum clypeaster (Corda) Wollenw., Fusarien: 321. 1935.

2065Basionym: Fusisporium clypeaster Corda, Icon. Fung. 4: 26. 1840.

2066Lectotypus (hic designatus, MBT 10000672): Czech Republic, Phragmites, May 1839, A.C.J. Corda, in Icon. Fung. 4, Tab. 6, fig. 82. 1840.

2067Notes: Synonym fide. No holotype specimen could be located and therefore an illustration is designated as lectotype.

2068coccidicola Fusarium Henn. (as ‘coccideicola’), Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 34: 57. 1904.

2069Microcera diploa (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Gräfenhan & Seifert, Stud. Mycol. 68: 106. 2011.

2070Basionym: Nectria diploa Berk. & M.A. Curtis, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 10: 378. 1868.

2071Synonyms: Cucurbitaria diploa (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 3: 461. 1898.

2072Creonectria diploa (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Seaver, Mycologia 1: 190. 1909.

2073Calonectria diploa (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Wollenw., Angew. Bot. 8: 193. 1926.

2074Cosmospora diploa (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Rossman & Samuels, Stud. Mycol. 42: 121. 1999.

2075Fusarium derridis Henn., Beibl. Hedwigia 41: (66). 1902.

2076Fusarium juruanum Henn., Hedwigia 43: 398. 1904.

2077Fusarium pentaclethrae Henn., Hedwigia 44: 71. 1905.

2078Aschersonia henningsii Koord., Verh. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch., Afd. Natuurk. 13: 213. 1907.

2079Microcera henningsii (Koord.) Petch, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Peradeniya) 5: 533. 1914.

2080Pseudomicrocera henningsii (Koord.) Petch, Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 7: 100. 1921.

2081Microcera fujikuroi Miyabe & Sawada, J. Fac. Agric. Hokkaido Imp. Univ. 5: 83. 1913.

2082Microcera merrillii Syd. & P. Syd., Ann. Mycol. 12(6): 576. 1914.

2083Pseudomicrocera henningsii var. longispora Petch, Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 7: 164. 1921.

2084Fusarium microcera Bilaĭ, Fusarii (Biologija i sistematika): 292. 1955, nom. inval., Art. 39.1.

2085Holotypus: Zimmerman no. 26 in B fide.

2086Type locality: Tanzania, East Usambara, Magrotto.

2087Type substrate: Parasitic on Coccoidea sp. on Camellia sinensis.

2088coccinellum Fusarium Kalchbr., Flora (Regensburg) 59: 426. 1876.

2089(See Fusarium coccophilum)

2090Syntype: ?NY00899913.

2091Type locality: South Africa, Eastern Cape Province, Somerset-East.

2092Type substrate: Acacia horrida.

2093Note: Synonym fide.

2094coccineum Fusarium Schwein., Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., n.s. 4: 302. 1834.

2095Holotypus: ?PH00062490.

2096Type locality: USA, Pennsylvania, Northhampton, Nazareth.

2097Type substrate: Bark of Castanea sp.

2098Notes: Status unclear. Not Fusarium fide.

2099coccophilum Fusarium (Desm.) Wollenw. & Reinking, Fusarien: 34. 1935.

2100Microcera coccophila Desm., Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot., sér. 3, 10: 359. 1848.

2101Synonyms: Tubercularia coccophila (Desm.) Bonord., Abh. Naturf. Ges. Halle 8: 96. 1864.

2102Fusarium episphaeria f. coccophilum (Desm.) W.C. Snyder & H.N. Hansen, Amer. J. Bot. 32: 662. 1945.

2103Nectria episphaeria f. coccophila (Desm.) W.C. Snyder & H.N. Hansen, Amer. J. Bot. 32: 662. 1945.

2104Fusarium coccinellum Kalchbr., Flora (Regensburg) 56: 426. 1876.

2105Fusisporium coccinellum (Kalchbr.) Kalchbr., in Thümen, Mycoth. Univ. no. 782. 1877.

2106Fusarium cataleptum Cooke & Harkn., Grevillea 12: 96. 1884.

2107Microcera pluriseptata Cooke & Massee, Grevillea 17: 43. 1888.

2108Fusarium callosporum Pat., Bull. Soc. Mycol. France 9: 164. 1893.

2109Fusarium baccharidicola Henn., Hedwigia 48: 20. 1908.

2110Microcera coccophila var. platyspora Sousa da Câmara, Revista Agron. (Lisbon): 5 (extr.). 1920.

2111Lectotypus: K(M) 165807, designated in.

2112Type locality: France, Normandy, near Caen.

2113Type substrate: Parasitic on Eulecanium tiliae on Salix sp. and Fraxinus excelsior.

2114Descriptions and illustrations: See.

2115Notes: No living type material available. designated a lectotype but did not designate an epitype, which is still required.

2116coffeatum Fusarium L. Lombard & Crous, Fungal Syst. Evol. 4: 191. 2019.

2117Replaced synonym: Fusarium chlamydosporum var. fuscum Gerlach, Phytopathol. Z. 90: 41. 1977.

2118Holotypus: BBA 62053.

2119Isotypus: CBS H-631.

2120Ex-type culture: BBA 62053 = CBS 635.76 = NRRL 20841.

2121Type locality: South Africa.

2122Type substrate: Cynodon lemfuensis.

2123Descriptions and illustrations: See, and.

2124Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: MN120717; rpb2: MN120736; tef1: MN120755.

2125coffeicola Fusarium Henn., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 22: 82. 1895.

2126Synonym: Gloeosporium coffeicola (P. Henn.) Wollenw., Fusaria Autogr. Delin. 1: 493. 1916, nom. illegit., Art. 53.1, non Gloeosporium coffeicola Tassi 1900.

2127Holotypus: In B fide.

2128Type locality: Cameroon, Victoria.

2129Type substrate: Coffea liberica.

2130Notes: Status unclear. Not Fusarium fide.

2131coicis Fusarium Johanssen et al., Fungal Diversity 77: 356. 2015 [2016].

2132Holotypus: RBG 5368.

2133Ex-type culture: FRL 19329 = NRRL 66233 = RBG 5368.

2134Type locality: Australia, Queensland, Mareeba.

2135Type substrate: Coix gasteenii.

2136Descriptions and illustrations: See.

2137Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: KP083269; rpb2: KP083274; tef1: KP083251.

2138colorans Fusarium (De Jonge) Appel & Wollenw., Arbeiten Kaiserl. Biol. Anst. Land-Forstw. 8: 39. 1913.

2139Albonectria rigidiuscula (Berk. & Broome) Rossman & Samuels, Stud. Mycol. 42: 105. 1999.

2140Basionym: Nectria rigidiuscula Berk. & Broome, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 14: 116. 1873 [1875]. Synonyms: Calonectria rigidiuscula (Berk. & Broome) Sacc., Michelia 1(3): 313. 1878.

2141Fusarium rigidiusculum (Berk. & Broome) W.C. Snyder & H.N. Hansen, Amer. J. Bot. 32: 664. 1945.

2142Calonectria eburnea Rehm, Hedwigia 37: 196. 1898.

2143Calonectria lichenigena Speg., Bol. Acad. Nac. Ci. Republ. Argent. 11: 530. 1889.

2144Calonectria sulcata Starbäck, Bih. Kongl. Svenska Vetensk.-Akad. Handl. 25: 29. 1899.

2145Fusarium decemcellulare Brick, Jahresber. Vereinigung Angew. Bot. 6: 227. 1908.

2146Spicaria colorans De Jonge, Recueil Trav. Bot. Néerl. 6: 48. 1909.

2147Scoleconectria tetraspora Seaver, N. Amer. Fl. 3: 27. 1910.

2148Calonectria tetraspora (Seaver) Sacc. & Trotter, Syll. Fung. 22: 487. 1913.

2149Nectria rigidiuscula f. theobromae E.J. Ford et al., Phytopathology 57: 712. 1967.

2150Holotypus: Not located.

2151Type locality: Surinam.

2152Type substrate: Theobroma cacao.

2153Notes: Synonym fide. indicated that cultures and specimens of Spicaria colorans (basionym of F. colorans) were deposited in the Willie Commelin Scholten collection in Amsterdam. This collection has been accessioned into the CBS collection (CBS & CBS H). However, no cultures and specimens or records could be located at CBS.

2154commune Fusarium K. Skovg. et al., Mycologia 95: 632. 2003.

2155Holotypus: BBA 71639 in B.

2156Ex-type culture: AAS 156 = BBA 71639 = CBS 110090 = NRRL 31076.

2157Type locality: Denmark.

2158Type substrate: Soil.

2159Descriptions and illustrations: See.

2160Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: MW928803; rpb2: MW934368; tef1: AF362263.

2161commutatum Fusarium Sacc., Syll. Fung. 4: 710. 1886.

2162(See Fusarium solani)

2163Replaced synonym: Fusisporium candidum Bonord., Handb. Allg. Mykol.: 96 (1851), nom. illegit., Art. 53.1, non Fusisporium candidum Link 1824.

2164Holotypus: Not located.

2165Type locality: Germany.

2166Type substrate: Solanum tuberosum.

2167Note: Synonyms fide and.

2168compactum Fusarium (Wollenw.) Raillo, Fungi of the Genus Fusarium: 180. 1950.

2169Basionym: Fusarium scirpi var. compactum Wollenw., Fusaria Autogr. Delin. 3: no. 924. 1930.

2170Synonym: Fusarium compactum (Wollenw.) Gordon, Canad. J. Bot. 30: 224. 1952, nom. inval., Art. 53.1.

2171Lectotypus: Illustration in Wollenweber, Fusaria Autogr. Delin. no. 924 (1930), designated in.

2172Epitypus: CBS 186.31 (preserved as metabolically inactive culture), designated in.

2173Ex-epitype culture: CBS 186.31 = NRRL 36323.

2174Epitype locality: UK, Kew.

2175Epitype substrate: Cotton thread.

2176Descriptions and illustrations: See, no. 924),,, and.

2177Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb2: GQ505826; tef1: GQ505648.

2178concentricum Fusarium Nirenberg & O'Donnell, Mycologia 90: 442. 1998.

2179Holotypus: B 70 0001694.

2180Ex-type culture: BBA 64354 = CBS 450.97 = DAOM 225146 = IMI 375352 = NRRL 25181.

2181Type locality: Costa Rica.

2182Type substrate: Musa sapientum.

2183Descriptions and illustrations: See and.

2184Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: LT996192; rpb2: LT575063; tef1: AF160282.

2185concolor Fusarium Reinking, Zentralbl. Bakteriol., 2. Abt. 89: 512. 1934.

2186Synonym: Fusarium polyphialidicum Marasas et al., Mycologia 78: 678. 1986.

2187Holotypus: IMI 112502.

2188Ex-type culture: BBA 2607 = BBA 63601 = CBS 183.34 = DAOM 225131 = DSM 62179 = IMI 112502 = NRRL 13994.

2189Type locality: Uruguay, Montevideo.

2190Type substrate: Hordeum vulgare.

2191Descriptions and illustrations: See and.

2192Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: MH742492; rpb2: MH742569; tef1: MH742650.

2193conglutinans Fusarium Wollenw., Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. 31: 34. 1913.

2194(See Fusarium oxysporum)

2195Holotypus: Not located.

2196Type locality: USA, Wisconsin.

2197Type substrate: Brassica oleracea var. capitata.

2198congoense Fusarium Wollenw., Fusaria Autogr. Delin. 1: 307. 1916.

2199(See Fusarium heterosporum)

2200Syntype: BPI 451889.

2201Type locality: Democratic Republic of the Congo.

2202Type substrate: Bromus willdenowii.

2203Note: Synonyms fide.

2204coniosporiicola Fusarium Henn., Ann. Mus. Congo Belge, Bot., Sér. 5, 2: 106. 1907.

2205Dendrodochium coniosporiicola (Henn.) Hansf., Proc. Linn. Soc. London 155: 60. 1943.

2206Synonym: Fusidium coniosporiicola (Henn.) Wollenw., Fusaria Autogr. Delin. 1: 477. 1916.

2207Syntypes: In BR & S.

2208Type locality: Democratic Republic of the Congo, Gongolo.

2209Type substrate: Albizia aff. fastigiata.

2210constrictum Fusarium Penz., Michelia 2: 486. 1882.

2211Synonym: Ramularia constricta (Penz.) Wollenw., Fusarien: 322. 1935.

2212Holotypus: Not located; destroyed fide U. Braun.

2213Type locality: Italy, Padua.

2214Type substrate: Leaves of Citrus sp.

2215Notes: Status unclear. Neither Fusarium fide nor Ramularia (pers. comm. U. Braun).

2216contaminatum Fusarium L. Lombard & Crous, Persoonia 43: 20. 2018 [2019].

2217Holotypus: CBS H-23610.

2218Ex-type culture: CBS 114899.

2219Type locality: Germany, Schlüchtern.

2220Type substrate: Pasteurised chocolate milk.

2221Descriptions and illustrations: See.

2222Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb2: MH484901; tef1: MH484992.

2223continuum Fusarium X. Zhou et al., Mycologia 108: 677. 2016.

2224Holotypus: HMNWAFU NX-Ffpl-10-20100851.

2225Ex-type culture: CBS 140841 = F201030 = NRRL 66286.

2226Type locality: China, Shaanxi, Fuping, Lei village.

2227Type substrate: Zanthoxylum bungeanum.

2228Descriptions and illustrations: See.

2229Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: KM520387; rpb2: KM236782; tef1: KM236722.

2230convolutans Fusarium Sand.-Den. et al., MycoKeys 34: 77. 2018.

2231Holotypus: CBS H-23495.

2232Ex-type culture: CBS 144207 = CPC 33733.

2233Type locality: South Africa, Kruger National Park, Skukuza, Granite Supersite.

2234Type substrate: Rhizosphere of Kyphocarpa angustifolia.

2235Descriptions and illustrations: See.

2236Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: LT996193; rpb2: LT996141; tef1: LT996094.

2237corallinum Fusarium Mattir., Atti Accad. Sci. Ist. Bologna, Cl. Sci. Fis., Mem. 6: 677. 1897, nom. illegit., Art. 53.1.

2238(See Fusarium culmorum)

2239Authentic material: Not located.

2240Type locality: Italy.

2241Type substrate: Andropogon sp.

2242Note: Synonym fide Wollenweber (1931).

2243corallinum Fusarium Sacc., Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital. 8: 196. 1876.

2244(See Fusarium graminum)

2245Holotypus: In PAD.

2246Type locality: Italy, Treviso, Selva.

2247Type substrate: Cynodon dactylon.

2248cordae Fusarium Massee, Brit. Fung.-Fl. 3: 481. 1893.

2249(See Fusarium oxysporum)

2250Notes: Massee introduced this name to replace F. aurantiacum Corda, indicating that F. aurantiacum (Link) Sacc., based on Fusisporium aurantiacum, predates Corda's use of the epithet. However, Corda's use of the epithet in Fusarium predates Saccardo's recombination into Fusarium.

2251cortaderiae Fusarium O'Donnell et al., Fungal Genet. Biol. 41: 620. 2004.

2252Holotypus: BPI 843479.

2253Ex-type culture: CBS 119183 = ICMP 5435 = NRRL 29297.

2254Type locality: New Zealand, Auckland, Henderson.

2255Type substrate: Cortaderia selloana.

2256Descriptions and illustrations: See.

2257Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: KM361644; rpb2: KM361662; tef1: AY225885.

2258crassistipitatum Fusarium Scandiani et al., Mycoscience 53: 171. 2011.

2259(See Fusarium azukiicola)

2260Holotypus: BPI 871490.

2261Ex-type culture: MAFF 239757 = NRRL 36877.

2262Type locality: Argentina, Santa Fe, Zavalla.

2263Type substrate: Glycine max.

2264Descriptions and illustrations: See.

2265Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb2: FJ240405; tef1: FJ240351.

2266crassum Fusarium (Sand.-Den. & Crous) O'Donnell et al., Index Fungorum 440: 1. 2020.

2267Neocosmospora crassa Sand.-Den. & Crous, Persoonia 43: 122. 2019.

2268Holotypus: CBS H-23976.

2269Ex-type culture: CBS 144386 = MUCL 11420.

2270Type locality: France, Paris.

2271Type substrate: Unknown.

2272Descriptions and illustrations: See.

2273Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: MW218109; rpb2: LR583823; tef1: LR583604.

2274croceum Fusarium J.W. Xia et al., Persoonia 43: 201. 2019.

2275Holotypus: CBS H-24055.

2276Ex-type culture: CBS 131777.

2277Type locality: Iran, Golestan Province, Gonbad-e Qabus.

2278Type substrate: Triticum sp.

2279Descriptions and illustrations: See.

2280Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb2: MN170396; tef1: MN170463.

2281croci Fusarium (Guarnaccia, Sand.-Den. & Crous) O'Donnell et al., Index Fungorum 440: 1. 2020.

2282Basionym: Neocosmospora croci Guarnaccia, Sand.-Den. & Crous, Persoonia 40: 17. 2017.

2283(See Fusarium citrulli Sartory)

2284Holotypus: CBS H-23022.

2285Ex-type culture: CBS 142423 = CPC 27186.

2286Type locality: Italy, Sicily, Catania, Paternó.

2287Type substrate: Citrus sinensis.

2288Descriptions and illustrations: See.

2289Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb2: LT746329; tef1: LT746216.

2290cromyophthoron Fusarium Sideris, Phytopathology 14: 212. 1924.

2291(See Fusarium oxysporum)

2292Lectotypus (hic designatus, MBT 10000673): USA, California, Stockton, roots of Allium sp.,1924, C.P. Sideris, in Phytopathology 14, pl. IX.

2293Notes: Synonym fide. No holotype specimen could be located and therefore an illustration is designated as lectotype.

2294crookwellense Fusarium L.W. Burgess et al., Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 79: 498. 1982.

2295(See Fusarium cerealis (Cooke) Sacc.)

2296Holotypus: FRC R-3090.

2297Ex-type culture: NRRL 13163.

2298Type locality: Australia, New South Wales, Crookwell.

2299Type substrate: Solanum tuberosum tubers.

2300Descriptions and illustrations: See.

2301Note: See Notes under F. cerealis.

2302cruentum Fusarium Teich, Byull. Sredne-Aziatsk. Gosud. Univ. 19: 178. 1934.

2303Holotypus: Not located.

2304Type locality: Uzbekistan, Tashkent.

2305Type substrate: Roots and stems of Vitis vinifera.

2306Notes: Status unclear. This species was not treated by any of,,,,, or. Furthermore, no additional records could be located.

2307cryptoseptatum Fusarium (Sand.-Den. & Crous) O'Donnell, Index Fungorum 440: 1. 2020.

2308Neocosmospora cryptoseptata Sand.-Den. & Crous, Persoonia 43: 122. 2019.

2309Holotypus: CBS H-23977.

2310Ex-type culture: BBA 65024 = CBS 145463 = NRRL 22412.

2311Type locality: French Guiana.

2312Type substrate: Bark.

2313Descriptions and illustrations: See.

2314Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: MW834215; rpb2: EU329510; tef1: AF178351.

2315cryptum Fusarium McAlpine, Fungus Diseases of Citrus trees in Australia: 106. 1899.

2316(See Fusarium larvarum)

2317Holotypus: VPRI 2557.

2318Type locality: Australia, South Australia.

2319Type substrate: Twigs of Citrus limonia.

2320Note: Synonym fide.

2321cubense Fusarium E.F. Sm., Science, N.Y. 31: 754. 1910.

2322(See Fusarium oxysporum)

2323Holotypus: Not located.

2324Type locality: Cuba.

2325Type substrate: Musa sp.

2326Note: Synonym fide.

2327cucumerinum Fusarium Berk. & Broome, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, 17: 141. 1876.

2328Holotypus: ?K(M).

2329Type locality: UK, Northamptonshire, Daventry, Sibbertoft.

2330Type substrate: Diseased Cucumis sativus.

2331Notes: Status unclear. synonymised this species under Septomyxa persicina. In contrast, Index Fungorum indicates that this species is a synonym under F. oxysporum. The original protologue fits neither S. persicina nor F. oxysporum.

2332cucurbitae Fusarium Taubenh., Bull. Texas Agric. Exp. Sta. 260: 27. 1920.

2333Lectotypus (hic designatus, MBT 10000674): USA, Texas, Waller County, from squash, date unkown, J.J. Taubenhaus, in Bull. Texas Agric. Exp. Sta. 260: 30, fig. 8j. 1920.

2334Notes: Based on the description and illustrations provided by, this species could represent F. oxysporum. However, recollection and epitypification are required to confirm this. No holotype specimen could be located and therefore an illustration is designated as lectotype.

2335cucurbitariae Fusarium (Pat.) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 4: 708. 1886.

2336(See Fusarium avenaceum)

2337Basionym: Fusisporium cucurbitariae Pat., Rev. Mycol. (Toulouse) 3: 10. 1881.

2338Holotypus: ?FH01093588.

2339Type locality: France, Lons-le-Saunier.

2340Type substrate: Diseased Cucumis sativus.

2341Note: Synonym fide.

2342cucurbitariae Fusarium Peyronel, Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital., n.s. 25: 436. 1918, nom. illegit., Art. 53.1.

2343Holotypus: ?ROPV.

2344Type locality: Italy, Piemonte, Riclaretto.

2345Type substrate: Parasitic on perithecia of Camarosporidiella laburni (≡ Cucurbitaria laburni).

2346Notes: Status unclear. Not treated by any of,, or.

2347cucurbiticola Fusarium O'Donnell et al., Index Fungorum 440: 2. 2020.

2348Neocosmospora cucurbitae Sand.-Den. et al., Persoonia 43: 125. 2019.

2349Synonyms: Fusarium solani f. cucurbitae W.C. Snyder & H.N. Hansen, Amer. J. Bot. 28: 740. 1941.

2350Fusarium solani f. sp. cucurbitae W.C. Snyder & H.N. Hansen, Root rots caused by Phycomycetes 28: 740. 1941.

2351Hypomyces solani f. cucurbitae W.C. Snyder & H.N. Hansen, Amer. J. Bot. 28: 741. 1941.

2352Nectria haematococca var. cucurbitae (W.C. Snyder & H.N. Hansen) Dingley, New Zealand J. Agric. Res. 4: 337. 1961.

2353Nectria solani f. cucurbitae (W.C. Snyder & H.N. Hansen) G.R.W. Arnold, Z. Pilzk. 37: 193. 1972.

2354Holotypus: CBS H-23978.

2355Ex-type culture: BBA 64411 = CBS 616.66 = NRRL 22399.

2356Type locality: Netherlands.

2357Type substrate: Cucurbita viciifolia.

2358Descriptions and illustrations: See.

2359Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: MW834217; rpb2: LR583825; tef1: DQ247592.

2360cugenangense Fusarium Maryani et al., Stud. Mycol. 92: 181. 2018 [2019].

2361Holotypus: InaCC F984 (preserved as metabolically inactive culture).

2362Ex-type culture: InaCC F984.

2363Type locality: Indonesia, West Java, Cianjur, Cugenang.

2364Type substrate: Pseudostem of Musa var. Pisang Kepok.

2365Descriptions and illustrations: See.

2366Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: LS479560; rpb2: LS479308; tef1: LS479757.

2367culmorum Fusarium (Wm.G. Sm.) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 10: 726. 1892.

2368Basionym: Fusisporium culmorum Wm.G. Sm., Diseases of field and garden crops, chiefly as are caused by fungi: 209. 1884.

2369Synonyms: Fusarium schribauxii Delacr., Bull. Soc. Mycol. France 6: 99. 1890.

2370Fusarium corallinum Mattir., Atti Accad. Sci. Ist. Bologna, Cl. Sci. Fis., Mem. 6: 677. 1897, nom. illegit., Art. 53.1.

2371Fusarium versicolor Sacc., Syll. Fung. 16: 1099. 1902.

2372Fusarium heidelbergense Sacc., Ann. Mycol. 8: 346. 1910.

2373?Fusarium neglectum Jacz., Bull. Trimestriel Soc. Mycol. France 28: 348. 1912.

2374Fusarium rubiginosum Appel & Wollenw., Arbeiten Kaiserl. Biol. Anst. Land-Forstw. 8: 108. 1910 [1913].

2375Fusarium culmorum var. leteius Sherb., Mem. Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta. 6: 242. 1915.

2376Fusarium culmorum var. majus Wollenw., Fusaria Autogr. Delin. 2: 613. 1924.

2377Lectotypus (hic designatus, MBT 10000675): UK, infected ear of Triticum sp., 1884, W.G. Smith, in Diseases of field and garden crops, chiefly as are caused by fungi: 210. fig. 92.

2378Epitypus (hic designatus, MBT 10000676): Denmark, moldy kernel of Hordeum vulgare, 3 Feb. 1986, U. Thrane, CBS 417.86 (preserved as metabolic inactive culture).

2379Ex-epitype culture: CBS 417.86 = FRC R-8504 = IMI 309344= NRRL 25475.

2380Descriptions and illustrations: See,, and.

2381Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: JX171515; rpb2: JX171628; tef1: MW233082.

2382Notes: No holotype specimen could be located. Therefore, an illustration is designated as lectotype and CBS 417.86 is designated as epitype as this isolate is commonly used as an authentic strain for F. culmorum in literature.

2383cuneiforme Fusarium Sherb., Mem. Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta. 6: 129. 1915.

2384(See Fusarium ventricosum)

2385Typus: ?CUP-007474.

2386Type locality: USA, New York.

2387Type substrate: Solanum tuberosum.

2388Notes: Synonym fide and. Lectotypification pending study of material lodged in CUP.

2389cuneirostrum Fusarium O'Donnell & T. Aoki, Mycoscience 46: 170. 2005.

2390(See Fusarium azukiicola)

2391Holotypus: BPI 843353.

2392Ex-type culture: FRC S-1551 = MAFF 239038 = NRRL 31157.

2393Type locality: USA, Michigan, Presque Isle.

2394Type substrate: Phaseolus vulgaris.

2395Descriptions and illustrations: See.

2396Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: KJ511271; rpb2: FJ240389; tef1: MAEA01003816.

2397curvatum Fusarium L. Lombard & Crous, Persoonia 43: 21. 2018 [2019].

2398Holotypus: CBS H-23611.

2399Ex-type culture: CBS 238.94 = NRRL 26422 = PD 94/184.

2400Type locality: Netherlands.

2401Type substrate: Beaucarnea sp.

2402Descriptions and illustrations: See.

2403Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: MW928804; rpb2: MH484893; tef1: MH484984.

2404cuticola Fusarium (R. Blanch.) Guég., Champ. Paras. Homme: 262. 1904.

2405(See Fusarium oxysporum)

2406Basionym: Selenosporium cuticola R. Blanch., Compt. Rend. Hebd. Séances Acad. Sci. 111: 479. 1890.

2407Holotypus: Not located.

2408Type locality: France.

2409Type substrate: Skin of Chamaeleo vulgaris and Lacerta viridis (lizards).

2410Notes: Synonym fide. Based on the substrate, this species could belong to the genus Bisifusarium. However, the protologue is not definitive, and recollection from type substrate is needed to confirm its taxonomic position.

2411cyanescens Fusarium (G.A. de Vries et al.) O'Donnell et al., Index Fungorum 440: 2. 2020.

2412Neocosmospora cyanescens (G.A. de Vries et al.) Summerb. et al., Biology of Microfungi (Cham): 183. 2016.

2413Basionym: Phialophora cyanescens G.A. de Vries et al., Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 50: 150. 1984.

2414Synonyms: Cylindrocarpon cyanescens (G.A. de Vries et al.) Sigler, J. Clin. Microbiol. 29: 1858. 1991.

2415Holotypus: CBS 518.82 (maintained as metabolically inactive culture).

2416Ex-type culture: CBS 518.82.

2417Type locality: Netherlands, Groningen Province, Groningen.

2418Type substrate: Subcutaneous tissue of the right foot of a male Homo sapiens.

2419Descriptions and illustrations: See and.

2420Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: MW218110; rpb2: LR583826; tef1: LR583605.

2421cyanostomum Fusarium (Sacc. & Flageolet) O'Donnell & Geiser, Phytopathology 103: 404. 2013.

2422Cyanonectria cyanostoma (Sacc. & Flageolet) Samuels & P. Chaverri, Mycol. Progr. 8: 56. 2009.

2423Basionym: Nectria cyanostoma Sacc. & Flageolet, Rendiconti Congr. Bot. Palermo 1902: 53. 1902.

2424Lectotypus: BPI 551652, designated in.

2425Epitypus: BPI 748307, designated in.

2426Ex-epitype culture: BBA 70964 = CBS 101734 = G.J.S. 98-127.

2427Epitype locality: France.

2428Epitype substrate: Buxus sempervirens.

2429Descriptions and illustrations: See.

2430Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: JX171546; rpb2: HQ897759; tef1: HM626647.

2431cyclogenum Fusarium Sacc., Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital. 8: 197. 1876.

2432?Gloeosporium orbiculare (Berk.) Berk., Just's Bot. Jahresber. 4: 1274. 1876.

2433Basionym: Cytospora orbicularis Berk., Ann. Nat. Hist. 1: 207. 1838.

2434Synonyms: Myxosporium orbiculare (Berk.) Berk., Outl. Brit. Fungol.: 325. 1860.

2435Colletotrichum orbiculare (Berk.) Arx, Verh. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch., Afd. Natuurk., Sect. 2, 51: 112. 1957, nom. inval., Art. 36.2 (Melbourne).

2436Sirogloea orbicularis (Berk.) Arx, Verh. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch., Afd. Natuurk., Sect. 2, 51: 113. 1957, nom. inval., Art. 36.2 (Melbourne).

2437Syntypes: In BPI & S.

2438Type locality: Italy, Treviso, Selva.

2439Type substrate: Citrullus sp.

2440Note: Cytospora orbicularis is not a Colletotrichum nor a Fusarium (small ellipsoidal conidia discharged in tendrils) as outlined in.

2441cydoniae Fusarium Allesch., Ber. Bot. Vereines Landshut 12: 130. 1892.

2442(See Fusarium lateritium)

2443Holotypus: In M.

2444Type locality: Germany, München.

2445Type substrate: Cydonia vulgaris.

2446Note: Synonym fide.

2447cydoniae Fusarium Roum. & Fautrey, Rev. Mycol. (Toulouse) 14: 170. 1892, nom. illegit., Art. 53.1, non Allescher 1892.

2448(See Fusarium rollandianum)

2449cydoniae Fusarium (Schulzer) Sacc. & Traverso, Syll. Fung. 19: 724. 1910, nom. illegit., Art. 53.1, non Allescher 1892, nec Roum. & Fautrey 1892.

2450Basionym: Selenosporium cydoniae Schulzer, Verhand. K.K. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 21: 1240. 1871.

2451(See Fusarium lateritium)

2452Holotypus: Not located.

2453Type locality: Austria, Vienna.

2454Type substrate: Cydonia vulgaris.

2455Note: Synonyms fide.

2456cylindricum Fusarium (Mont.) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 4: 720. 1886.

2457Basionym: Fusisporium cylindricum Mont., Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 2, 17: 120. 1842.

2458(See Fusarium candidum (Link) Sacc.)

2459Holotypus: ?PC.

2460Type locality: Cuba.

2461Type substrate: Sarcocarp of unknown fruit.

2462Note: Synonyms fide.

2463cymbiferum Fusarium Berk. & M.A. Curtis, in Berkeley, Grevillea 3: 98. 1875.

2464Colletotrichum coccodes (Wallr.) S. Hughes, Canad. J. Bot. 36: 754. 1958.

2465Basionym: Chaetomium coccodes Wallr., Fl. Crypt. Germ. 2: 265. 1833.

2466Synonyms: Fusarium effusum Schwein., Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., n.s. 4: 302. 1832 [1834].

2467Fusarium georginae Corda, Icon. Fung. 2: 4. 1838.

2468Vermicularia atramentaria Berk. & Broome, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 5: 378. 1850.

2469Colletotrichum atramentarium (Berk. & Broome) Taubenh., Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 6: 554. 1916.

2470Acrothecium solani Sacc., Michelia 1(3): 74. 1877.

2471Fusisporium elasticae Thüm., Boll. Soc. Adriat. Sci. Nat. Trieste 3: 440. 1877.

2472Fusarium elasticae (Thüm.) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 4: 711. 1886.

2473Gloeosporium elasticae Cooke & Massee, in Cooke, Grevillea 18: 74. 1890.

2474Fusarium foliicola Allesch., Hedwigia 34: 289. 1895.

2475Gloeosporium foliicola (Allesch.) Wollenw., Fusarien: 325. 1935, nom. illegit., Art. 53.1.

2476Colletotrichum solanicola O'Gara, Mycologia 7: 39. 1915.

2477Colletotrichum biologicum Chaudhuri, Ann. Bot. 38: 735. 1924.

2478Holotypus: ?K(M).

2479Type locality: USA.

2480Type substrate: Stems of some herbaceous plants.

2481Note: Synonyms fide.

2482cypericola Fusarium Henn., Hedwigia 48: 116. 1908.

2483Libertella cypericola (Henn.) Wollenw., Fusaria Autogr. Delin. 1: 486. 1916.

2484Syntype: In B fide.

2485Type locality: Brazil, Pará.

2486Type substrate: Cyperus exaltatus.

2487Note: Synonym fide.

2488dactylidis Fusarium T. Aoki et al., Mycologia 107: 412. 2015.

2489Holotypus: BPI 892886.

2490Ex-type culture: CBS 119181 = ICMP 5269 = NRRL 29298.

2491Type locality: New Zealand, Manawatu, Palmerston North.

2492Type substrate: Dactylis glomerata.

2493Descriptions and illustrations: See.

2494Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: KM361654; rpb2: KM361672; tef1: DQ459748.

2495decemcellulare Fusarium Brick, Jahresber. Vereinigung Angew. Bot. 6: 227. 1908.

2496(See Fusarium colorans)

2497Holotypus: ?HBG.

2498Type locality: Cameroon.

2499Type substrate: Theobroma cacao.

2500decipiens Fusarium Cooke & Massee, in Cooke, Handb. Austral. Fungi: 388. 1892, nom. inval., Art. 39.1.

2501(See Fusarium candidum (Link) Sacc.)

2502Authentic material: ?K(M).

2503Original locality: Australia, Queensland.

2504Original substrate: Ficus aspera.

2505Note: Synonym fide.

2506deformans Fusarium J. Schröt., Jahresber. Schles. Ges. Vaterl. Cult. 61: 179. 1883.

2507Gloeosporium deformans (J. Schröt.) Lind, Ann. Bot. 7: 19. 1908.

2508Synonyms: Fusamen deformans (J. Schröt.) P. Karst., Bidrag Kännedom Finlands Natur Folk 51: 485. 1892.

2509Calogloeum deformans (J. Schröt.) Nannf., Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 25: 25. 1931.

2510Platycarpium deformans (J. Schröt.) Petr., Sydowia 7: 296. 1953.

2511Holotypus: In B fide.

2512Type locality: Poland, Breslau.

2513Type substrate: Salix cinerea.

2514Note: Synonyms fide.

2515delacroixii Fusarium Sacc., Syll. Fung. 10: 725. 1892.

2516(See Fusarium sambucinum)

2517Replaced synonym: Fusarium asparagi Delacr., Bull. Soc. Mycol. France 6: 99. 1890, nom. illegit., Art. 53.1, non Fusarium asparagi Briard 1890.

2518Lectotypus (hic designatus, MBT 10000677): France, Paris, Asparagus officinalis, 1890, M.G. Delaroix, in Bull. Soc. Mycol. France 6, pl. XV. fig. III.

2519Notes: Synonyms fide. No holotype material is available for the replaced synonym F. asparagi Delacr. and therefore, an illustration from the original protologue is designated as lectotype.

2520delphinoides Fusarium Schroers et al., Mycologia 101: 57. 2009.

2521Bisifusarium delphinoides (Schroers et al.) L. Lombard & Crous, Stud. Mycol. 80: 224. 2015.

2522Holotypus: CBS H-20124.

2523Ex-type culture: CBS 120718 = NRRL 53290.

2524Type locality: South Africa, Western Cape Province, Clanwilliam.

2525Type substrate: Hoodia gordonii stem lesions.

2526Descriptions and illustrations: See.

2527Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: KM232210; tef1: EU926296.

2528denticulatum Fusarium Nirenberg & O'Donnell, Mycologia 90: 445. 1998.

2529Holotypus: B 70 0001691.

2530Ex-type culture: BBA 67772 = CBS 407.97 = IMI 376115 = NRRL 25311.

2531Type locality: USA, Louisiana.

2532Type substrate: Ipomoea batatas.

2533Descriptions and illustrations: See and.

2534Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: MT010953; rpb2: MT010970; tef1: KR909385.

2535derridis Fusarium Henn., Beibl. Hedwigia 41: (66). 1902.

2536(See Fusarium coccidicola)

2537Holotypus: In B fide.

2538Type locality: Papua New Guinea.

2539Type substrate: Derris sp.

2540Note: Synonym fide.

2541desaboruense Fusarium N. Maryani et al., Persoonia 43: 59. 2019.

2542(See Fusarium sacchari)

2543Holotypus: InaCC F951 (preserved as metabolically inactive culture).

2544Ex-type culture: InaCC F951.

2545Type locality: Indonesia, East Nusa Tenggara, Sikka Flores, Kecamatan Waigate, Desa Boru.

2546Type substrate: Musa var. Pisang Kepok.

2547Descriptions and illustrations: See.

2548Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: LS479870; rpb2: LS479852.

2549desciscens Fusarium Oudem., Ned. Kruidk. Arch., 2 sér., 5: 515. 1889.

2550(See Fusarium sarcochroum)

2551Holotypus: ?L.

2552Type locality: Netherlands, Zuid-Holland Province, Den Haag, Scheveningen.

2553Type substrate: Sarothamnus vulgaris.

2554Note: Synonym fide.

2555detonianum Fusarium Sacc. (as ‘de-tonianum’), Syll. Fung. 4: 708. 1886, nom. illegit., Art. 52.1.

2556(See Fusarium miniatum Sacc.)

2557Authentic material: Not located.

2558Original locality: Italy.

2559Original substrate: Sporangium of Cyathus vernicosa.

2560dianthi Fusarium Prill. & Delacr., Compt. Rend. Hebd. Séances Acad. Sci. 129: 745. 1899.

2561(See Fusarium oxysporum)

2562Holotypus: Not located.

2563Type locality: France, Antibes.

2564Type substrate: Dianthus caryophyllus.

2565didymum Fusarium (Harting) Lindau, Rabenh. Krypt.-Fl. Ed. 2, 1(9): 574. 1909.

2566Basionym: Fusisporium didymum Harting, Nieuwe Verh. Eerste Kl. Kon. Ned. Inst. Wetensch. Amsterdam 12: 228. 1846.

2567(See Fusarium eichleri)

2568Lectotypus (hic designatus, MBT 10000678): Netherlands, Solanum tuberosum, date unknown, Harting, in Nieuwe Verh. Eerste Kl. Kon. Ned. Inst. Wetensch. Amsterdam 12 (1846), tab. II, figs 2–4.

2569Notes: Requires recombination into Neonectria after further investigation. No preserved specimen could be located and therefore an illustration is designated as lectotype.

2570diffusum Fusarium Carmich., Grevillea 16: 81. 1888.

2571(See Fusarium avenaceum)

2572Holotypus: ?K(M).

2573Type locality: UK, Scotland, Appin.

2574Type substrate: Stems of Asteraceae (thristle).

2575Note: Synonym fide.

2576dimerum Fusarium Penz., Michelia 2: 484. 1882.

2577Bisifusarium dimerum (Penz.) L. Lombard & Crous, Stud. Mycol. 80: 225. 2015.

2578Synonyms: Fusarium aquaeductuum var. dimerum (Penz.) Raillo, Fungi of the Genus Fusarium: 279. 1950.

2579Microdochium dimerum (Penz.) Arx, Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 83: 374. 1984.

2580?Fusisporium flavum Fr., Syst. Mycol. 3: 444. 1832.

2581?Pionnotes flava (Fr.) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 4: 726. 1886.

2582?Fusarium flavum (Fr.) Wollenw., Z. Parasitenk. 3: 305. 1931.

2583?Fusarium aquaeductuum var. flavum (Fr.) Raillo, Fungi of the Genus Fusarium: 280. 1950.

2584Selenosporium aurantiacum Bonord., Abh. Naturf. Ges. Halle 8: 97. 1864, nom. illegit., Art. 53.1.

2585Fusarium bonordenii Sacc., Syll. Fung. 4: 699. 1886.

2586Fusarium baptisiae Henn., Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 2: 383. 1899.

2587Fusarium subnivale Höhn., in Penther & Zederbauer, Ann. K.K. Naturhist. Hofmus. 20: 369. 1905.

2588Fusarium dimerum var. majusculum Wollenw., Fusaria Autogr. Delin. 1: 90. 1916.

2589?Fusarium pusillum Wollenw., Fusaria Autogr. Delin. 2: 550. 1924.

2590?Fusarium dimerum var. pusillum (Wollenw.) Wollenw., Fusaria Autogr. Delin. 3: 851. 1930.

2591Fusarium dimerum var. violaceum Wollenw., Fusaria Autogr. Delin. 3: 854. 1930.

2592Lectotypus: Fig. 1212 in, designated in.

2593Epitypus: CBS H-20129, designated in.

2594Ex-epitype culture: CBS 108944 = NRRL 36140.

2595Epitype locality: Netherlands.

2596Epitype substrate: Blood of Homo sapiens with acute myeloid leukemia.

2597Descriptions and illustrations: See.

2598Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: KM232212; rpb2: KM232363; tef1: EU926334.

2599Note: Synonyms fide and.

2600diminutum Fusarium (Sand.-Den. & Crous) O'Donnell et al., Index Fungorum 440: 2. 2020.

2601Neocosmospora diminuta Sand.-Den. & Crous, Persoonia 43: 127. 2019.

2602Holotypus: CBS H-23979.

2603Ex-type culture: CBS 144390 = MUCL 18798.

2604Type locality: ?Ivory Coast.

2605Type substrate: Treated wood of Coelocaryon preussii.

2606Descriptions and illustrations: See.

2607Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: MW834218; rpb2: LR583828; tef1: LR583607.

2608dimorphum Fusarium J.V. Almeida & Sousa da Câmara, Revista Agron. (Lisbon) 1: 306. 1903.

2609(See Fusarium buxicola)

2610Holotypus: MA-Funhist:6036-1.

2611Type locality: Portugal.

2612Type substrate: Buxus sempervirens.

2613Note: Synonym fide.

2614diplosporum Fusarium Cooke & Ellis, Grevillea 7: 38. 1878.

2615(See Fusarium sarcochroum)

2616Holotypus: ?K(M).

2617Type locality: USA, New Jersey.

2618Type substrate: Stems of Solanum tuberosum.

2619Note: Synonym fide.

2620discoideum Fusarium Fautrey & Roum., Rev. Mycol. (Toulouse) 13: 173. 1891.

2621(See Fusarium lateritium)

2622Syntype: ILL00220061 (Roumeguère, Fungi Sel. Gall. Exs. no. 5898).

2623Type locality: France, Noidan.

2624Type substrate: Sambucus nigra.

2625Note: Synonym fide.

2626discolor Fusarium Appel & Wollenw., Arbeiten Kaiserl. Biol. Anst. Land-Forstw. 8: 114. 1913.

2627(See Fusarium sambucinum)

2628Holotypus: ?S-F45617.

2629Type locality: Germany, Berlin.

2630Type substrate: Solanum tuberosum.

2631Note: Synonym fide.

2632diversisporum Fusarium Sherb., Mem. Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta. 6: 161. 1915.

2633Typus: ?CUP-007430.

2634Type locality: USA, New York.

2635Type substrate: Solanum tuberosum

2636Descriptions and illustrations: See and.

2637Notes: This species is recognised by who considered isolate CBS 795.70 as authentic for F. diversisporum. However, typification of F. diversisporum first requires study of the specimen lodged in CUP.

2638dlaminii Fusarium Marasas et al., Mycologia 77: 971. 1986 [1985].

2639Holotypus: DAOM 191112.

2640Ex-type culture: ATCC 58097 = BBA 69859 = CBS 175.88 = DAOM 191112 = FRC M-1637 = IMI 290241 = MRC 3032 = NRRL 13164.

2641Type locality: South Africa, Eastern Cape Province, Butterworth.

2642Type substrate: Plant debris in soil.

2643Descriptions and illustrations: See and.

2644Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: KU171681; rpb2: KU171701; tef1: KU171721.

2645domesticum Fusarium (Fr.) H.P. Bachm., LWT – Food Sci. Technol. 38: 405. 2005, nom. inval., Art. 41.5, See Art. 41.7.

2646Bisifusarium domesticum (Fr.) L. Lombard & Crous, Stud. Mycol. 80: 225. 2015.

2647Basionym: Trichothecium domesticum Fr., Syst. Mycol. 3: 427. 1832.

2648Neotypus: CBS 434.34 (preserved as metabolically inactive culture), designated in.

2649Ex-neotype culture: ATCC 13417 = CBS 434.34 = MUCL 9826.

2650Type locality: Belgium.

2651Type substrate: Cheese.

2652Descriptions and illustrations: See.

2653dominicanum Fusarium Cif., Sydowia 9: 325. 1955

2654Holotypus: ?PAV.

2655Type locality: Dominican Republic, Santo Domingo, Villa Altagracia.

2656Type substrate: Byrsonima sp. (between mycelium of Meliola byrsonimae).

2657Descriptions and illustrations: See.

2658Notes: considered this a ‘conventional’ species as the author indicated that more information based on culture characteristics is required. No living material of this species could be located and recollection from the type locality is required.

2659duofalcatisporum Fusarium J.W. Xia et al., Persoonia 43: 201. 2019.

2660Holotypus: CBS H-24056.

2661Ex-type culture: CBS 384.92 = NRRL 36448.

2662Type locality: Sudan, Nile Province.

2663Type substrate: Seeds of Phaseolus vulgaris.

2664Descriptions and illustrations: See.

2665Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb2: GQ505830; tef1: GQ505652.

2666duoseptatum Fusarium Maryani et al., Stud. Mycol. 92: 181. 2018 [2019].

2667Holotypus: InaCC F916 (preserved as metabolically inactive culture).

2668Ex-type culture: InaCC F916.

2669Type locality: Indonesia, Central Kalimantan, Kapuas Timur, Anjir Serapat Tengah.

2670Type substrate: Pseudostem of Musa var. Pisang Kepok.

2671Descriptions and illustrations: See.

2672Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: LS479495; rpb2: LS479239; tef1: LS479688.

2673echinatum Fusarium Sand.-Den. & G.J. Marais, Stud. Mycol. 98 (no. 100116): 47. 2021.

2674Holotypus: CBS H-24658.

2675Ex-type culture: CAMS 000733 = CBS 146497 = CPC 30815.

2676Type locality: South Africa.

2677Type substrate: Unidentified tree.

2678Descriptions and illustrations: See this study.

2679Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: MW834187; rpb2: MW834004; tef1: MW834273.

2680echinosporum Fusarium Sibilia, Ann. Reale. Ist. Super. Agrar. Forest., ser. 2, 1: 77. 1925.

2681Holotypus: Not located.

2682Type locality: Italy.

2683Type substrate: Cedrus deodara.

2684Descriptions and illustrations: See.

2685Notes: This species is recognised in Petrak's Lists V. 3. mention this species, but they did not treat it any further. considered it a possible synonym of F. graminearum. Requires recollection from the type locality and substrate.

2686effusum Fusarium Schwein., Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., n.s., 4: 302. 1832 [1834].

2687(See Fusarium cymbiferum)

2688Holotypus: PH00062491.

2689Type locality: USA, Pennsylvania, Northampton, Bethlehem.

2690Type substrate: Hypericum frondosum.

2691Note: Synonym fide.

2692eichleri Fusarium Bres., Ann. Mycol. 1: 130. 1903.

2693(See Fusarium candidum Ehrenb.)

2694Holotypus: S-F45618.

2695Type locality: Poland.

2696Type substrate: Salix caprea.

2697elaeidis Fusarium L. Lombard & Crous, Persoonia 43: 23. 2018 [2019].

2698Holotypus: CBS H-23612.

2699Ex-type culture: CBS 217.49 = NRRL 36358.

2700Type locality: Zaire.

2701Type substrate: Elaeis sp.

2702Descriptions and illustrations: See.

2703Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: MW928805; rpb2: MH484870; tef1: MH484961.

2704elasticae Fusarium (Thüm.) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 4: 711. 1886.

2705Basionym: Fusisporium elasticae Thüm., in Bolle & Thümen, Boll. Soc. Adriat. Sci. Nat. Trieste 3: 440. 1877.

2706(See Fusarium cymbiferum)

2707Lectotypus (hic designatus, MBT 10000679): Italy, Gorizia, Ficus elastica, 1877, F. de Thümen, in Bolle & Thümen, Boll. Soc. Adriat. Sci. Nat. Trieste 3, tab. I, fig. 13.

2708Notes: Synonyms fide. No holotype specimen could be located and therefore an illustration is designated as lectotype.

2709elegans Fusarium Appel & Wollenw., Arbeiten Kaiserl. Biol. Anst. Land-Forstw. 8: 94. 1913, nom. inval., Art. 36.1(a).

2710(See Fusarium oxysporum)

2711Notes: Appel and Wollenweber (l.c.) proposed this name only provisionally under Fusarium solani. They added an illustration of conidia on page 38 (fig. 2D).

2712elegans Fusarium W. Yamam. & Maeda, Trans. Mycol. Soc. Japan 3: 115. 1962.

2713Neocosmospora elegans (W. Yamam. & Maeda) Sand.-Den. & Crous, Persoonia 43: 127. 2019.

2714Basionym: Nectria elegans W. Yamam. & Maeda, Hyogo Univ. Agric. ser. Agric. Biol. 3: 15. 1957.

2715Synonyms: ?Fusarium solani f. xanthoxyli Y. Sakurai & Matuo, Ann. Phytopathol. Soc. Japan 26: 117. 1961, nom. inval., Art. 39.1.

2716?Hypomyces solani f. xanthoxyli Y. Sakurai & Matuo, Ann. Phytopathol. Soc. Japan 26: 117. 1961, nom. inval., Art. 39.1.

2717Fusarium yamamotoi O'Donnell et al., Index Fungorum 440: 5. 2020.

2718Lectotypus: figs 1–9, p. 16, in, designated in.

2719Epitypus: CBS H-23980, designated in.

2720Ex-epitype culture: ATCC 42366 = CBS 144396 = MAFF 238541 = NRRL 22277 = SUF XV-1.

2721Epitype locality: Japan, Hyōgo.

2722Epitype substrate: Trunk of Zanthoxylum piperitum

2723Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: MW218113; rpb2: FJ240380; tef1: AF178336

2724Note: This is a valid species name that is not a homonym since the name F. elegans Appel & Wollenw. is an invalid name.

2725eleocharidis Fusarium Rostr. (as ‘heleocharidis’), in Thümen, Mycoth. Univ., Cent. 22: no. 2185. 1883.

2726(See Fusarium heterosporum)

2727Syntypes: In BPI, NEB & S (Mycoth. Univ., Cent. 22: no. 2185).

2728Type locality: Denmark, Fyn, Langeland.

2729Type substrate: Eleocharis palustris.

2730Notes: Synonym fide.

2731elongatum Fusarium Cooke, Grevillea 19: 4. 1890.

2732(See Fusarium ciliatum)

2733Holotypus: In K(M), Colenso 538 fide Index Fungorum.

2734Type locality: New Zealand.

2735Type substrate: Twigs.

2736Note: Synonym fide.

2737elongatum Fusarium De Wild., Ann. Soc. Belge Microsc. 17: 42. 1893, nom illegit., Art. 53.1.

2738Replacing synonym: Fusarium longissimum Sacc. & P. Syd., Syll. Fung. 14: 1128. 1899.

2739Amniculicola longissima (Sacc. & P. Syd.) Nadeeshan & K.D. Hyde, IMA Fungus 7: 301. 2016.

2740Synonyms: Anguillospora longissima (Sacc. & P. Syd.) Ingold, Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 25: 402. 1942.

2741Holotypus: Not located.

2742Type locality: Belgium, Brussels, Botanical Garden.

2743Type substrate: Submerged plant material.

2744Note: Synonyms fide.

2745elongatum Fusarium O.A. Pratt, J. Agric. Res. 13: 84. 1918, nom. illegit., Art. 53.1.

2746(See Fusarium sambucinum)

2747Authentic material: Not located.

2748Original locality: USA, Idaho.

2749Original substrate: Soil.

2750Note: Synonym fide.

2751elongatum Fusarium Reinking, Zentralbl. Bakteriol. Parasitenk., Abt. 2, 89: 511. 1934, nom. illegit., Art. 53.1.

2752(See Fusarium sublunatum)

2753Authentic material: B 70 0100189.

2754Original culture: CBS 190.34 = NRRL 20897.

2755Original locality: Costa Rica.

2756Original substrate: Soil from Musa sapientum and Theobroma cacao plantation.

2757Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: KX302927; rpb2: KX302935; tef1: KX302919.

2758Note: Synonym fide.

2759ensiforme Fusarium Wollenw. & Reinking, Phytopathology 15: 169. 1925.

2760Synonym: Fusarium javanicum var. ensiforme (Wollenw. & Reinking) Wollenw., Z. Parasitenk. 3: 483. 1931.

2761Fusarium javanicum subsp. ensiforme (Wollenw. & Reinking) Raillo, Fungi of the Genus Fusarium: 229. 1950.

2762Holotypus: Not located.

2763Type locality: Honduras.

2764Type substrate: Rotten fruit of Ficus sp.

2765Notes: Synonyms fide. Synonym of F. javanicum fide. Status unclear [see ].

2766entomophilum Fusarium Petch, Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 11: 260. 1926.

2767(See Fusarium lateritium)

2768Holotypus: ?K(M).

2769Type locality: Sri Lanka, Suduganga.

2770Type substrate: Clitellaria heminopla.

2771Note: Synonym fide.

2772epicoccum Fusarium McAlpine, Fungus Diseases of Citrus trees in Australia: 113. 1899.

2773(See Fusarium larvarum)

2774Lectotypus (hic designatus, MBT 10000680): Australia, Victoria, Melbourne, Aspidiotus aurantium on Citrus deliciosa, 1899, D. McAlpine, in Fungus Diseases of Citrus trees in Australia, figs 177–180.

2775Note: Synonym fide. No holotype specimen could be located and therefore an illustration is designated as lectotype.

2776epimyces Fusarium Cooke, Grevillea 17: 15. 1888, nom. inval., Art. 38.1(a).

2777(See Fusarium azukiicola)

2778Authentic material: In K(M) fide Index Fungorum.

2779Original locality: UK, Reading.

2780Original substrate: Scleroderma sp.

2781Note: Synonym fide.

2782episphaeria Fusarium (Tode) W.C. Snyder & H.N. Hansen, Amer. J. Bot. 32: 662. 1945.

2783Dialonectria episphaeria (Tode) Cooke (as ‘episphærica’), Grevillea 12: 82. 1884.

2784Basionym: Sphaeria episphaeria Tode, Fung. Mecklenb. Sel. 2: 21. 1791.

2785Synonyms: Nectria episphaeria (Tode) Fr., Summa Veg. Scand. 2: 388. 1849.

2786Cucurbitaria episphaeria (Tode) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 3: 461. 1898.

2787Cosmospora episphaeria (Tode) Rossman & Samuels, Stud. Mycol. 42: 121. 1999.

2788Hypoxylon phoeniceum Bull., Hist. Champ. France 1: 171. 1791.

2789Sphaeria sanguinea var. media Fr., Syst. Mycol. 2: 453. 1823.

2790Nectria episphaeria var. media (Fr.) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 2: 497. 1883.

2791Dialonectria episphaeria var. verruculosa Cooke, Grevillea 12: 82. 1884.

2792Nectria episphaeria var. verruculosa (Cooke) Berl. & Voglino, Syll. Fung., Addit. Vol. 1–4: 203. 1886.

2793Nectria episphaeria var. kretzschmariae Henn., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 14: 364. 1891.

2794Nectria episphaeria var. gregaria Starbäck, Ark. Bot. 5: 9. 1905.

2795Lectotypus: L 0112704 (Herb. Lugd. Bat. 910267659 ex Herb. Persoon), selected in.

2796Type locality: Unknown.

2797Type substrate: Partially decorticated twig of Diatrype stigma.

2798episphaericum Fusarium (Cooke & Ellis) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 4: 708. 1886.

2799Basionym: Fusisporium episphaericum Cooke & Ellis, Grevillea 5: 50. 1876.

2800Cosmospora nothepisphaeria (Samuels) Rossman & Samuels, Stud. Mycol. 42: 123. 1999.

2801Basionym: Nectria nothepisphaeria Samuels, Mycol. Pap. 164: 30. 1991.

2802Synonyms: Fusarium ciliatum var. episphaericum (Cooke & Ellis) Wollenw., Fusaria Autogr. Delin. 3: 871. 1930.

2803Fusarium ciliatum var. majus Wollenw., Fusaria Autogr. Delin. 3: 872. 1930.

2804Lectotypus (of Fusisporium episphaericum, hic designatus, MBT 10000681): USA, New Jersey, parasitic on Diatrypella sp. on Corylus avellana, 1876, M.C. Cooke & J.B. Ellis, in Grevillea 5, pl. 80, fig. 10.

2805Note: No holotype specimen could be located and therefore an illustration is designated as lectotype.

2806epistroma Fusarium (Höhn.) C. Booth (as ‘epistromum’), The Genus Fusarium: 66. 1971.

2807Fusicolla epistroma (Höhn.) Gräfenhan & Seifert, Stud. Mycol. 68: 100. 2011.

2808Basionym: Dendrodochium epistroma Höhn., Sitzungsber. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss. Wien. Math.-Naturwiss. Cl., Abt. 1., 118: 424. 1909.

2809Lectotypus: B 700014042, designated in.

2810Lectotype locality: Germany, Brandenburg, “Schmidt's Grund” near Tamsel.

2811Lectotype substrate: Old stromata of Diatrypella favacea.

2812Epitypus: IMI 85601, designated in.

2813Ex-epitype culture: ATCC 24369 = BBA 62201 = NRRL 20439 = NRRL 20461.

2814Epitype locality: UK, Yorkshire.

2815Epitype substrate: Diatrypella on Betula.

2816Diagnostic DNA barcode: rpb2: HQ897765.

2817epithele Fusarium McAlpine, Fungus Diseases of Citrus trees in Australia: 80. 1899.

2818(See Fusarium reticulatum)

2819Holotypus: VPRI 2563.

2820Type locality: Australia, New South Wales.

2821Type substrate: Rotten fruit of Citrus x limon.

2822Note: Synonym fide.

2823equinum Fusarium Növgaard, Science, N.Y. 14: 899. 1901.

2824Holotypus: Not located.

2825Type locality: USA.

2826Type substrate: Infected skin of Equus sp. (horse).

2827Notes: Status unclear. Doubtful species fide. Based on the original substrate, this species might belong to the medically important genus Neocosmospora. However, recollection is required to confirm its taxonomic affiliation.

2828equiseti Fusarium (Corda) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 4: 707. 1886.

2829Basionym: Selenosporium equiseti Corda, Icon. Fung. 2: 7. 1838.

2830Synonyms: Fusisporium ossicola Berk. & M.A. Curtis, Grevillea 3: 147. 1875.

2831Fusarium ossicola (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 4: 714. 1886.

2832Fusarium nectriae-palmicolae Henn., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 23: 290. 1896.

2833Fusarium gibbosum Appel & Wollenw., Arbeiten Kaiserl. Biol. Anst. Land-Forstw. 8: 190. 1910.

2834Fusarium roseum var. gibbosum (Appel & Wollenw.) Messiaen & R. Cass., Ann. Inst. Natl. Rech. Agron. Tunisie 19: 435. 1968, nom. inval., Art. 41.5.

2835Fusarium roseum var. gibbosum (Appel & Wollenw.) Messiaen & R. Cass., Agronomie 8: 220. 1988, nom. inval., Art. 41.1.

2836Fusarium bullatum Sherb., Mem. Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta. 6: 198. 1915.

2837Fusarium equiseti var. bullatum (Sherb.) Wollenw., Fusaria Autogr. Delin. 3: 916. 1930.

2838Fusarium gibbosum var. bullatum (Sherb.) Bilaĭ, Mikrobiol. Zhurn. 49: 6. 1987.

2839Fusarium bullatum var. roseum Sherb., Mem. Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta. 6: 201. 1915.

2840Fusarium roseobullatum Wollenw. (as ‘roseo-bullatum'’), Fusaria Autogr. Delin. 1: 117. 1916.

2841Fusarium vasinfectum var. pisi Schikora, Arbeiten. Biol. Anst. Land-Forstwirt. 5: 188, pl. 7. 1906, nom. illegit., Art. 53.1.

2842Fusarium falcatum Appel & Wollenw., Arbeiten Kaiserl. Biol. Anst. Land-Forstw. 8: 184. 1910.

2843Fusarium falcatum var. fuscum Sherb., Mem. Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta. 6: 138. 1915.

2844Fusarium equiseti var. crassum Wollenw., Fusaria Autogr. Delin. 3: 921. 1930.

2845Fusarium terrestre Manns, Bull. North Dakota Agric. Exp. Sta.: no. 259. 1932.

2846Gibberella intricans Wollenw., Fusaria Autogr. Delin. 3: 810. 1930.

2847Fusarium eucheliae Sartory, R. Sartory & J. Mey., Ann. Mycol. 30: 471. 1932.

2848Fusarium equiseti var. intermedium Saccas, Agron. Trop. (Maracay) 10: 49. 1955, nom. inval., Art. 39.1.

2849Lectotypus: (hic designatus, MBT 10001325): Czech Republic, Kuchelbad, near Prague, on stems of Equisetum sp., 1836, AKJ. Corda. Icon. Fung. 2, tab. IX, fig. 32.

2850Epitypus (hic designatus, MBT 10000682): Germany, Braunschweig, Niedersachsen, soil, 3 Aug. 1994, H. I. Nirenberg, CBS H-5570.

2851Ex-epitype culture: BBA 68556 = CBS 307.94 = NRRL 26419.

2852Descriptions and illustrations: See,,, and.

2853Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb2: GQ505777; tef1: GQ505599.

2854Notes: incorrectly designated CBS 307.94 (CBS H-5570) as neotype for Selenosporium equiseti even though original material was available in PRM as well as an illustration provided in the protologue. A lectotypification rather than a neotypification was required. Therefore, the original illustration is selected as lectotype and CBS H-5570 (= CBS 307.94) is designated as epitype here, superseding the neotype designation.

2855equiseticola Fusarium Allesch., Hedwigia 34: 289. 1895.

2856(See Fusarium scirpi)

2857Holotypus: In M.

2858Type locality: Germany, Oberammergau.

2859Type substrate: Dried stems of Equisetum limosum.

2860Note: Synonym fide.

2861equisetorum Fusarium Desm., Pl. Crypt. N. France: no. 1546/1846? 1843.

2862Basionym: Hymenula equiseti Lib., Pl. Crypt. Arduenna 3: no. 236. 1834.

2863(See Fusarium oxysporum)

2864Syntypes: In BPI, BRU, CUP, ISC PH, S & UPS (Pl. Crypt. Arduenna 3: no. 236).

2865Type locality: Belgium.

2866Type substrate: Equisetum limosum.

2867Notes: Synonym fide.

2868ershadii Fusarium M. Papizadeh et al., Europ. J. Pl. Pathol. 151: 693. 2018, nom. illegit., Art. 52.1.

2869Basionym: Cylindrocarpon tonkinense Bugnic., Encycl. Mycol. 11: 181. 1939.

2870(See Fusarium tonkinense)

2871erubescens Fusarium Berk. & M.A. Curtis, Grevillea 3: 98. 1875.

2872Synonym: Fusarium alabamense Sacc., Syll. Fung. 4: 722. 1886, nom. illegit., Art. 52.1.

2873Holotypus: ?K(M).

2874Type locality: USA, Alabama, Beaumont.

2875Type substrate: Dead bark.

2876Notes: Status unclear. Not Fusarium fide.

2877erubescens Fusarium (Durieu & Mont.) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 4: 719. 1886, nom. illegit., Art. 53.1.

2878Basionym: Fusisporium erubescens Durieu & Mont., Exploration scientifique de l'Algérie 1–9: 351. 1848.

2879(See Fusarium bacilligerum)

2880Holotypus: ?PC.

2881Type locality: Algeria, Béjaïa.

2882Type substrate: Rhamnus alaternus.

2883Note: Synonym fide.

2884erubescens Fusarium Appel & Oven, Landwirtsch. Jahrb. 1905, nom. illegit., Art. 53.1.

2885(See Fusarium acuminatum)

2886Authentic material: Not located.

2887Original locality: Germany.

2888Original substrate: Solanum lycopersicum.

2889Note: Synonym fide.

2890eucalypticola Fusarium Henn., Hedwigia 40: 355. 1901.

2891Holotypus: In B fide.

2892Type locality: Australia, Western Australia, Cranbrook.

2893Type substrate: Eucalyptus baxteri (syn. E. santalifolia)

2894Notes: Status unclear. Not Fusarium fide.

2895eucalyptorum Fusarium Cooke & Harkn., Grevillea 9: 128. 1881.

2896(See Fusarium oxysporum)

2897Syntype: BPI 452103.

2898Type locality: USA, California, San Francisco Masonic Cemetery.

2899Type substrate: Eucalyptus sp.

2900Note: Synonym fide.

2901eucheliae Fusarium Sartory, R. Sartory & J. Mey., Ann. Mycol. 30: 471. 1932.

2902(See Fusarium equiseti)

2903Lectotypus (hic designatus, MBT 10000683): France, digestive track of living caterpillar, 1932, A. Sartory, R. Sartory & J. Meyer, in Ann. Mycol. 30: 473, figs 1–13.

2904Notes: Synonym fide. No holotype specimen could be located and therefore an illustration is designated as lectotype.

2905eumartii Fusarium C.W. Carp., J. Agric. Res. 5: 204. 1915.

2906(See Fusarium solani)

2907Lectotypus: Illustration Plate XIV, number 4, in Carpenter (1915), designated in.

2908Type locality: Unknown.

2909Type substrate: Solanum tuberosum.

2910euonymi Fusarium Syd., Beibl. Hedwigia 39: (6). 1900.

2911(See Fusarium lateritium)

2912Syntype: S-F45621 (Sydow, Mycoth. March. no. 4896).

2913Type al locality: Germany, Berlin.

2914Type substrate: Euonymus bungeanus.

2915Note: Synonym fide.

2916euonymi-japonici Fusarium Henn., Hedwigia 41: 139. 1902.

2917(See Fusarium lateritium)

2918Holotypus: In B fide.

2919Type locality: Germany, Berlin.

2920Type substrate: Euonymus japonicus.

2921Note: Synonym fide.

2922euwallaceae Fusarium S. Freeman et al., Mycologia 105: 1599. 2013.

2923Neocosmospora euwallaceae (S. Freeman et al.) Sand.-Den. et al., Persoonia 43: 129. 2019.

2924Holotypus: BPI 884203.

2925Ex-type culture: CBS 135854 = NRRL 54722.

2926Type locality: Israel, central coastal region, Kibbutz Glil Yam.

2927Type substrate: Euwallacea sp. beetle infecting Persea americana cv. Hass.

2928Descriptions and illustrations: See.

2929Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: JQ038021; rpb2: JQ038028; tef1: JQ038007.

2930expansum Fusarium Schltdl., Fl. Berol. 2: 139. 1824.

2931Synonym: ?Fusarium carpini Schulzer & Sacc., Hedwigia 23: 128. 1884.

2932Fusarium socium Sacc., Atti Ist. Veneto Sci. Lett. Arti, sér. 6, 2: 450. 1884.

2933Fusarium cirrosum Höhn., Sitzungsber. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Cl., Abt. 1., 116: 153. 1907.

2934Fusarium macounii Dearn., Mycologia 9: 363. 1917.

2935Holotypus: HAL 1614 F.

2936Type locality: Germany, Berlin.

2937Type substrate: Carpinus betulus.

2938Descriptions and illustrations: See and.

2939Notes: Both and recognised this species. This species requires epitypification from the type locality.

2940fabacearum Fusarium L. Lombard et al., Persoonia 43: 24. 2018 [2019].

2941Holotypus: CBS H-23613.

2942Ex-type culture: CBS 144743 = CPC 25802.

2943Type locality: South Africa, Western Cape Province.

2944Type substrate: Glycine max.

2945Descriptions and illustrations: See.

2946Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: MW928806; rpb2: MH484938; tef1: MH485029.

2947falcatum Fusarium Appel & Wollenw., Arbeiten Kaiserl. Biol. Anst. Land-Forstw. 8: 184. 1913.

2948Replaced synonym: Fusarium vasinfectum var. pisi Schikora, Arbeiten Biol. Anst. Land-Forstwirt. 5: 188, pl. 7. 1906, nom. illegit., Art. 53.1

2949(See Fusarium equiseti)

2950Holotypus: Not located.

2951Type locality: Germany, Berlin.

2952Type substrate: Pisum sativum.

2953Notes: Synonym fide.

2954falciforme Fusarium (Carrión) Summerb. & Schroers, J. Clin. Microbiol. 40: 2872. 2002.

2955Neocosmospora falciformis (Carrión) L. Lombard & Crous, Stud. Mycol. 80: 227. 2015.

2956Basionym: Cephalosporium falciforme Carrión, Mycologia 43: 523. 1951.

2957Synonyms: Acremonium falciforme (Carrión) W. Gams, Cephalosporium-artige Schimmelpilze: 139. 1971.

2958Fusarium paranaense S.S. Costa et al., Fungal Biology 120: 55. 2015 [2016].

2959Holotypus: CBS 475.67 (preserved as metabolically inactive culture).

2960Ex-type culture: CBS 475.67 = IHM 939 = IMI 268681.

2961Type locality: Puerto Rico.

2962Type substrate: Mycetoma from Homo sapiens.

2963Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: MW218114; rpb2: LT960558; tef1: LT906669.

2964fasciculatum Fusarium J.W. Xia et al., Persoonia 43: 203. 2019.

2965Holotypus: CBS H-24057.

2966Ex-type culture: CBS 131382.

2967Type locality: Australia, Northern Territories, Roper River area.

2968Type substrate: Stems of Oryza australiensis.

2969Descriptions and illustrations: See.

2970Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb2: MN170406; tef1: MN170473.

2971fautreyi Fusarium Sacc., Syll. Fung. 10: 934. 1892.

2972Replaced synonym: Fusarium parasiticum Fautrey, Rev. Mycol. (Toulouse) 11: 153. 1889, nom. illegit., Art. 53.1.

2973(See Fusarium lateritium)

2974Typus: BR5020140789424.

2975Type locality: France, Noidan.

2976Type substrate: Vitis vinifera.

2977Note: Synonyms fide.

2978ferrugineum Fusarium (Sand.-Den. & Crous) O'Donnell et al., Index Fungorum 440: 2. 2020.

2979Neocosmospora ferruginea Sand.-Den. & Crous, Persoonia 43: 130. 2019.

2980Holotypus: CBS H-23981.

2981Ex-type culture: CBS 109028 = NRRL 32437.

2982Type locality: Switzerland.

2983Type substrate: Subcutaneous nodule of Homo sapiens.

2984Descriptions and illustrations: See.

2985Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: HM347157; rpb2: EU329581; tef1: DQ246979.

2986ferruginosum Fusarium Sherb., Mem. Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta. 6: 190. 1915.

2987(See Fusarium acuminatum)

2988Typus: ?CUP-007445.

2989Type locality: USA, New York, Long Island

2990Type substrate: Solanum tuberosum

2991Notes: Synonym fide. Lectotypification pending study of material lodged in CUP.

2992ficicrescens Fusarium Al-Hatmi et al., Fungal Biol. 120: 274. 2015 [2016].

2993Holotypus: CBS H-21815.

2994Ex-type culture: CBS 125178.

2995Type locality: Iran, Estahban.

2996Type substrate: Fruit of Ficus carica.

2997Descriptions and illustrations: See.

2998Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: MT010950; rpb2: MT010977; tef1: MT011004.

2999filiferum Fusarium (Preuss) Wollenw., Fusaria Autogr. Delin. 1: 220. 1916.

3000Basionym: Fusoma filiferum Preuss, Linnaea 25: 73. 1852.

3001Synonym: Fusarium scirpi var. filiferum (Preuss) Wollenw., Fusaria Autogr. Delin. 3: 936. 1930.

3002(See Fusarium scirpi)

3003Holotypus: Not located.

3004Type locality: Germany.

3005Type substrate: Bark of Pinus sp.

3006Note: Synonym fide.

3007filisporum Fusarium (Cooke) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 4: 708. 1886.

3008Basionym: Fusisporium filisporum Cooke, Grevillea 8: 8. 1879.

3009(See Fusarium ciliatum)

3010Holotypus: In K(M), Muller s.n. fide Index Fungorum.

3011Type locality: UK, Eastbourne.

3012Type substrate: Orthotrichum sp.

3013Note: Synonym fide.

3014fissum Fusarium Peyl, Lotos 8: 30. 1858.

3015(See Fusarium candidum (Link.) Sacc.)

3016Lectotypus (hic designatus, MBT 10000684): Germany, twigs of Citrus aurantiacum, 1858, J. Peyl, in Lotos 8, fig. 17.

3017Notes: Synonym fide. No holotype specimen could be located and therefore an illustration is designated as lectotype.

3018flagelliforme Fusarium J.W. Xia et al., Persoonia 43: 204. 2019.

3019Holotypus: CBS H-24058.

3020Ex-type culture: CBS 162.57 = NRRL 36269.

3021Type locality: Croatia, Zagreb.

3022Type substrate: Seedlings of Pinus nigra.

3023Descriptions and illustrations: See.

3024Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb2: GQ505823; tef1: GQ505645.

3025flavidum Fusarium (Bonord.) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 4: 698. 1886.

3026Basionym: Fusisporium flavidum Bonord., Bot. Zeitung (Berlin) 19: 194. 1861.

3027(See Fusarium reticulatum)

3028Lectotypus (hic designatus, MBT 10000685): Germany, rotten tree, 1861, H.F. Bonorden, in Bot. Zeitung (Berlin) 19: tab. VIII, fig. 3.

3029Notes: Synonym fide. No holotype specimen could be located and therefore an illustration is designated as lectotype.

3030flavum Fusarium (Fr.) Wollenw., Z. Parasitenk. (Berlin) 3: 305. 1931.

3031Basionym: Fusisporium flavum Fr., Syst. Mycol. 3: 444. 1832.

3032(See Fusarium dimerum)

3033Holotypus: Not located.

3034Type locality: Germany, Bonn.

3035Type substrate: Aster sp.

3036Note: Synonym fide.

3037flocciferum Fusarium Corda, in Sturm, Deutschl. Fl., Abt. 3, Pilze Deutschl. 2: 17. 1828.

3038Synonyms: Fusarium vinosum Massee, Brit. Fung.-Fl. 3: 479. 1893.

3039Fusarium clavatum Sherb., Mem. Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta. 6: 234. 1915.

3040Fusarium idahoanum O.A. Pratt, J. Agric. Res. 13: 86. 1918.

3041Fusarium nigrum O.A. Pratt, J. Agric. Res. 13: 90. 1918.

3042Lectotypus: (hic designatus, MBT 10001326) Germany, Berlin, on shell of the fruit of Aesculus hippocastanum. AKJ. Corda, Sturm, Deutschl. Fl., Abt. 3, Pilze Deutschl. 2, pl. 7.

3043Epitypus (hic designatus, MBT 10000686): Germany, greenhouse soil, 1966, D. Bredemeier, CBS 821.68 (preserved as metabolically inactive culture).

3044Ex-epitype culture: CBS 821.68 = NRRL 28450.

3045Descriptions and illustrations: See and.

3046Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: MW928807; rpb2: MW928824; tef1: MW928837.

3047Notes: Corda's original illustration of Fusarium flocciferum is here selected as lectotype. considered isolate CBS 821.68, along with CBS 792.70, as good representatives of F. flocciferum. Based on their observations and collection locality, CBS 821.68 is designated as epitype of F. flocciferum.

3048floridanum Fusarium T. Aoki et al., Mycologia 111: 922. 2019.

3049Neocosmospora floridana (T. Aoki et al.) L. Lombard & Sand.-Den., comb. nov. MycoBank MB 837664.

3050Basionym: Fusarium floridanum T. Aoki et al., Mycologia 111: 922. 2019.

3051Holotypus: BPI 910972.

3052Ex-type culture: MAFF 246849 = NRRL 62628.

3053Type locality: USA, Florida, Gainsville.

3054Type substrate: Mycangium of Euwallacea interjectus infesting Acer negundo.

3055Descriptions and illustrations: See.

3056Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: KC691593; rpb2: KC691624, KC691653; tef1: KC691535.

3057Notes: A new combination is provided in the genus Neocosmospora based on the phylogenetic relationship of this species to other Neocosmospora spp. in the ambrosia clade.

3058foeni Fusarium (Berk. & Broome) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 4: 699. 1886.

3059Basionym: Fusisporium foeni Berk. & Broome, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 2, 7: 179. 1851.

3060(See Fusarium merismoides)

3061Holotypus: ?K(M).

3062Type locality: UK, Northamptonshire, Apethrope.

3063Type substrate: A hay stalk.

3064Note: Synonym fide.

3065foetens Fusarium Schroers et al., Mycologia 96: 398. 2004.

3066Holotypus: CBS 110286 (preserved as metabolically inactive culture).

3067Ex-type culture: CBS 110286 = NRRL 31852 = PD 2001/7244.

3068Type locality: Netherlands, Zuid-Holland Province, Maasland.

3069Type substrate: Begonia elatior hybrid.

3070Descriptions and illustrations: See and.

3071Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: MW928808; rpb2: MW928825; tef1: AY320087.

3072foliicola Fusarium Allesch., Hedwigia 34: 289. 1895.

3073(See Fusarium cymbiferum)

3074Holotypus: In M.

3075Type locality: Germany, Oberammergau.

3076Type substrate: Arabis alpina.

3077Note: Synonym fide.

3078fracticaudum Fusarium Herron et al., Stud. Mycol. 80: 137. 2015.

3079Holotypus: PREM 60895.

3080Ex-type culture: CBS 137233 = CMW 25245.

3081Type locality: Colombia, Risaralda, Angela Maria (Santa Rosa).

3082Type substrate: Pinus maximinoi.

3083Descriptions and illustrations: See.

3084Notes: Comparisons of recently generated sequences for the living ex-type (CBS 137233 = CMW 25245) of F. fracticaudum indicate a strain transposition or contamination by another Fusarium species. Therefore, this species needs to be recollected from the type locality and substrate or sequences need to be generated from the holotype specimen.

3085fractiflexum Fusarium T. Aoki et al., Mycoscience 42: 462. 2001.

3086Holotypus: NIAES 20515.

3087Ex-type culture: MAFF 237529 = NRRL 28852.

3088Type locality: Japan, Yamanashi, Enzan.

3089Type substrate: Cymbidium sp.

3090Descriptions and illustrations: See.

3091Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: LR792578; rpb2: LT575064; tef1: AF160288.

3092fractum Fusarium Sacc. & Cavara, Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital., n.s., 7: 308. 1900.

3093(See Fusarium candidum (Link) Sacc.)

3094Holotypus: In PAD.

3095Type locality: Italy.

3096Type substrate: Fagus sp.

3097Note: Synonym fide.

3098fragrans Fusarium P. Crouan & H. Crouan, Fl. Finistère: 14. 1867.

3099(See Fusarium candidum (Link) Sacc.)

3100Holotypus: ?PC.

3101Type locality: France.

3102Type substrate: Salix sp.

3103Note: Synonym fide.

3104fraxini Fusarium Allesch., Ber. Bot. Vereines Landshut 12: 130. 1892.

3105(See Fusarium sambucinum)

3106Holotypus: In M.

3107Type locality: Germany, München.

3108Type substrate: Fraxinus excelsior.

3109Note: Synonym fide.

3110fraxini Fusarium Kabát & Bubák, Fungi Imperf. Exs., no. 900. 1912, nom. illegit., Art. 53.1.

3111Fusicoccum fraxini Sherb., Phytopathology 18: 148. 1928.

3112Authentic material: BPI 451324.

3113Original locality: Czech Republic.

3114Original substrate: Fraxinus excelsior.

3115fredkrugeri Fusarium Sand.-Den. et al., MycoKeys 34: 79. 2018.

3116Holotypus: CBS H-23496.

3117Ex-type culture: CBS 144209 = CPC 33747.

3118Type locality: South Africa, Kruger National Park, Skukuza, Granite Supersite.

3119Type substrate: Rhizosphere soil of Melhania acuminata.

3120Descriptions and illustrations: See.

3121Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: LT996199; rpb2: LT996147; tef1: LT996097.

3122fructigenum Fusarium Fr., Syst. Mycol. 3: 471. 1832.

3123(See Fusarium lateritium)

3124Holotypus: Not located.

3125Type locality: Unknown.

3126Type substrate: Fruit of Rosa pomifera.

3127Note: Synonym fide.

3128fuckelii Fusarium Sacc., Syll. Fung. 4: 695. 1886.

3129Geejayessia desmazieri (Becc. & De Not.) Schroers et al., Stud. Mycol. 68: 130. 2011.

3130Basionym: Nectria desmazieri Becc. & De Not., Schem. di Classif. Sferiacei: 10. 1863.

3131Synonyms: Dialonectria desmazieri (Becc. & De Not.) Petch, Naturalist (London): 281. 1937.

3132Nectria coccinea var. cicatricum Desm., Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot 10: 351. 1848 (fide and ).

3133Nectria gibbera Fuckel, Jahrb. Nassauischen Vereins Naturk. 23–24: 177. 1870.

3134Lectotypus: G 00110886 (Fuckel, Fungi Rhen. No. 2357), designated in.

3135Type locality: Germany, Rheingau.

3136Type substrate: Buxus sempervirens.

3137fujikuroi Fusarium Nirenberg, Mitt. Biol. Bundesanst. Land- Forstw. Berlin-Dahlem 169: 32. 1976

3138Synonyms: Lisea fujikuroi Sawada, Special Bull. Agric. Exp. Sta. Gov. Formosa 19: 251. 1919.

3139Gibberella fujikuroi (Sawada) Wollenw., Z. Parasitenk. (Berlin) 3: 514. 1931.

3140?Gibberella fujikuroi var. subglutinans E.T. Edwards, Agric. Gaz. New South Wales 44: 895. 1933.

3141?Gibberella subglutinans (E.T. Edwards) P.E. Nelson et al., Fusarium species. An illustrated manual for identification (University Park): 135. 1983.

3142?Oospora cephalosporioides Luchetti & Favilli, Annali Fac. Agrar. R. Univ. Pisa 1: 399. 1938.

3143?Gibberella fujikuroi f. oryzae Saccas, Rev. Pathol. Veg. Entomol. Agric. France 30: 77. 1951.

3144?Gibberella fujikuroi var. intermedia Kuhlman, Mycologia 74: 766. 1982.

3145Holotypus: IMI 202879.

3146Ex-type culture: BBA 12428 = BBA 63630 = CBS 221.76 = IHEM 3821 = IMI 196086 = IMI 202879 = NRRL 13620 = NRRL 13998 = NRRL 22174.

3147Type locality: Taiwan.

3148Type substrate: Oryza sativa.

3149Descriptions and illustrations: See, and.

3150Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: JX171456; rpb2: JX171570; tef1: AF160279.

3151fuliginosporum Fusarium Sibilia, Ann. Reale. Ist. Super. Agrar. Forest., ser. 2, 1: 77. 1925.

3152Holotypus: Not located.

3153Type locality: Italy.

3154Type substrate: Forest containing mostly Cedrus deodara.

3155Note: Mentioned by, but no additional records of this species could be located.

3156fungicola Fusarium (Har. & P. Karst.) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 10: 730. 1892.

3157?Alysidium hypophleodes (Corda) Bonord., Handb. Allg. Mykol.: 35. 1851.

3158Basionym: Fusidium hypophleodes Corda, Icon. Fung. 1: 3, tab. 1, fig. 50. 1837.

3159Synonym: Fusamen fungicola Har. & P. Karst. (as ‘fungicolum’), Rev. Mycol. (Toulouse) 12: 129. 1890.

3160Holotypus: Not located.

3161Type locality: Finland, Mustiala.

3162Type substrate: Lenzites betulina.

3163Note: Synonyms fide.

3164funicola Fusarium Tassi, Bull. Lab. Orto Bot. Reale Univ. Siena 3: 131. 1900.

3165(See Fusarium graminearum)

3166Holotypus: ?SIENA.

3167Type locality: Italy.

3168Type substrate: Rotten string.

3169Note: Synonym fide.

3170fusarioides Fusarium (Gonz. Frag. & Cif.) C. Booth, The Genus Fusarium: 88. 1971.

3171Basionym: Dactylium fusarioides Gonz. Frag. & Cif., Bol. Real Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. 27: 280. 1927.

3172(See Fusarium chlamydosporum)

3173Holotypus: ?MA-Funhist: 7609-1.

3174Type locality: Dominican Republic, Moca.

3175Type substrate: leaves of Crotalaria sp.

3176Note: Synonym fide.

3177fuscum Fusarium (Bonord.) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 4: 699. 1886.

3178Basionym: Selenosporium fuscum Bonord., Handb. Mykol.: 135. 1851.

3179(See Fusarium citrulli Sartory)

3180Holotypus: Not preserved fide.

3181Type locality: Germany.

3182Type substrate: Bark.

3183Note: Synonym fide.

3184gaditjirrii Fusarium Phan et al., Stud. Mycol. 50: 265. 2004.

3185Synonym: Gibberella gaditjirrii Phan et al., Stud. Mycol. 50: 264. 2004.

3186Holotypus: DAR 76663.

3187Ex-type culture: CBS 116011 = F15048 = NRRL 53678.

3188Type locality: Australia, Queensland, Walkamin Research Station.

3189Type substrate: Heteropogon triticeus.

3190Descriptions and illustrations: See.

3191Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb2: HQ662690; tef1: AY639636.

3192gallinaceum Fusarium Cooke & Harkn., Grevillea 9: 8. 1880.

3193(See Fusarium merismoides)

3194Holotypus: BPI 452133.

3195Type locality: USA, California, Sausalito.

3196Type substrate: Feathers of Gallus sp. (chicken).

3197Note: Synonym fide.

3198gamsii Fusarium Torbati et al., Mycol. Progr. 18: 127. 2018 [2019].

3199Holotypus: CBS H-23561.

3200Ex-type culture: CBS 143610 = CPC 30862.

3201Type locality: Iran, West Azerbaijan Province, Orumieh-Salmas.

3202Type substrate: Agaricus bisporus.

3203Descriptions and illustrations: See.

3204Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb2: LT970760; tef1: LT970788.

3205gaudefroyanum Fusarium Sacc., Michelia 2: 132. 1880.

3206(See Fusarium avenaceum)

3207Holotypus: In PAD.

3208Type locality: France, Paris.

3209Type substrate: Cyperaceae.

3210Note: Synonym fide.

3211gemmiperda Fusarium Aderh., Z. Pflanzenkrankh. 11: 70. 1901.

3212(See Fusarium lateritium)

3213Lectotypus (hic designatus, MBT 10000687): Germany, Prunus cerasus, 1901, R. Aderhold, in Z. Pflanzenkrankh. 11: pl. II, figs 1–4.

3214Notes: Synonym fide. No holotype specimen could be located and therefore an illustration is designated as lectotype.

3215genevense Fusarium Dasz., Bull. Soc. Bot. Genève, sér. 2, 4: 305. 1912.

3216(See Fusarium sambucinum)

3217Lectotypus (hic designatus, MBT 10000688): Switzerland, Geneva, from soil, 1912, M. Daszewska, in Bull. Soc. Bot. Genève, sér. 2, 4: 306, fig. 27.

3218Notes: Synonym fide. No holotype specimen could be located and therefore an illustration is designated as lectotype.

3219georginae Fusarium Corda, Icon. Fung. 2: 4. 1838.

3220(See Fusarium cymbiferum)

3221Typus: In PRM fide.

3222Type locality: Czech Republic, Prague.

3223Type substrate: Dahlia sp.

3224Notes: Synonym fide. Lectotypification pending study of material lodged in PRM.

3225gerlachii Fusarium T. Aoki et al., Fungal Genet. Biol. 44: 1202. 2007.

3226Holotypus: BPI 871657.

3227Ex-type culture: LRG 00-551 = NRRL 36905.

3228Type locality: USA, Minnesota, Polk County, Climax.

3229Type substrate: Triticum aestivum.

3230Descriptions and illustrations: See.

3231Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: KM361646; rpb2: KM361664; tef1: DQ459742.

3232gibbosum Fusarium Appel & Wollenw., Arbeiten Kaiserl. Biol. Anst. Land- Forstw. 8: 190. 1910 [1913].

3233(See Fusarium equiseti)

3234Holotypus: ?BPI 452135.

3235Type locality: Germany, Berlin

3236Type substrate: Solanum tuberosum

3237Note: Synonym fide.

3238gigas Fusarium Speg. Anales Soc. Ci. Argent. 22: 221. 1886.

3239Holotypus: In LPS fide.

3240Type locality: Paraguay.

3241Type substrate: Bambusa sp.

3242Descriptions and illustrations: See, and.

3243Notes: This species requires epitypification.,, and accepted this species, although limited information is available.

3244glandicola Fusarium Cooke & W.R. Gerard, Grevillea 7: 14. 1878.

3245Tubercularia glandicola (Cooke & W.R. Gerard) Wollenw. & Reinking, Fusarien: 325. 1935.

3246Holotypus: In K(M), Gerard s.n. fide Index Fungorum.

3247Type locality: USA, New York.

3248Type substrate: Acorns of Quercus sp.

3249Note: Synonym fide.

3250glandicola Fusarium Allesch., Ber. Bot. Vereines Landshut 12: 130. 1892, nom. illegit., Art. 53.1.

3251Replacing synonym. Fusarium allescheri Sacc. & P. Syd., Syll. Fung. 14: 1128. 1899.

3252(See Fusarium melanochlorum)

3253Authentic material: In M.

3254Original locality: Germany, München.

3255Original substrate: Fruits of Quercus robur (syn. Q. pedunculata).

3256Note: Synonyms fide.

3257gleditschiae Fusarium Therry (as ‘gledrischiae’), in Roumeguère, Fungi Sel. Gall. Exs.: no. 5496. 1890, nom. nud., Art. 38.1(a).

3258Gloeosporium gleditschiae Therry ex Wollenw., Z. Parasitenk. (Berlin) 3: 437. 1931.

3259Note: Synonym fide.

3260gleditschiicola Fusarium Dearn. & Barthol. (as ‘gleditsiaecolum’), Mycologia 9: 363. 1917.

3261(See Fusarium lateritium)

3262Holotypus: JD 4379 in DAOM.

3263Type locality: USA, Kansas, Stockton.

3264Type substrate: Gleditsia triacanthos.

3265Note: Synonym fide.

3266globosum Fusarium Rheeder et al., Mycologia 88: 509. 1996.

3267Holotypus: BPI 802834.

3268Ex-type culture: CBS 428.97 = DOAM 214966 = FRC M-8014 = IMI 375330 = MRC 6647 = NRRL 26131 = PREM 51878.

3269Type locality: South Africa, Eastern Cape Province, Butterworth district, Teko Experimental Farm.

3270Type substrate: Zea mays.

3271Descriptions and illustrations: See and.

3272Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: KF466396; rpb2: KF466406; tef1: KF466417.

3273globulosum Fusarium Pass., in Rabenhorst, Fungi Eur. Exs. no. 2262. 1877.

3274Syntypes: In BPI, CUP, ILL & S (Fungi Eur. Exs. # 2262).

3275Type locality: Italy, Parma.

3276Type substrate: Salvia verticillata.

3277Note: Not Fusarium fide.

3278gloeosporioides Fusarium Speg. (as ‘gloeosporoide’), Anales Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat. Buenos Aires 6: 350. 1898 [1899].

3279(See Fusarium incarnatum)

3280Holotypus: In LPS fide.

3281Type locality: Argentina, La Plata.

3282Type substrate: Fruits of Passiflora tweediana.

3283Note: Synonym fide.

3284gloeosporioides Fusarium (Speg.) Sacc. & Trotter, Syll. Fung. 22: 1482. 1913, nom. illegit., Art. 53.1.

3285Basionym: Selenosporium gloeosporioides Speg. (as ‘gloesporioides’), Anales Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat. Buenos Aires 13: 458. 1911.

3286(See Fusarium lateritium)

3287Holotypus: In LPS (Myc. Argent. ser. 5, no. 1167) fide.

3288Type locality: Argentina, Buenos Aires.

3289Type substrate: Pircunia dioica.

3290Note: Synonym fide.

3291glumarum Fusarium Sacc., Syll. Fung. 4: 706. 1886.

3292Replaced synonym: Fusarium pallens Berk. & M.A. Curtis, Grevillea 3: 99. 1875, nom. illegit., Art. 53.1, non Fusarium pallens Nees & T. Nees 1818.

3293(See Fusarium incarnatum)

3294Syntype: CBRU00007755.

3295Type locality: USA.

3296Type substrate: Juncus sp.

3297Note: Synonym fide.

3298glycines Fusarium L. Lombard et al., Persoonia 41: 25. 2018 [2019].

3299Holotypus: CBS H-23614.

3300Ex-type culture: CBS 144746 = CPC 25808.

3301Type locality: South Africa, North West Province.

3302Type substrate: Glycine max.

3303Descriptions and illustrations: See.

3304Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: MW928809; rpb2: MH484942; tef1: MH485033.

3305goolgardi Fusarium D.M. Robinson et al., Fungal Diversity 77: 357. 2015 [2016].

3306Holotypus: RGB5411.

3307Ex-type culture: NRRL 66250 = RGB5411.

3308Type locality: Australia, New South Wales, Bungonia State Conservation Area.

3309Type substrate: Xanthorrhoea glauca.

3310Descriptions and illustrations: See.

3311Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: KP083270; rpb2: KP083280; tef1: KP101123.

3312gossypinum Fusarium L. Lombard & Crous, Persoonia 41: 26. 2018 [2019].

3313Holotypus: CBS H-23615.

3314Ex-type culture: CBS 116613.

3315Type locality: Ivory Coast, Bouaké.

3316Type substrate: Gossypium hirsutum.

3317Descriptions and illustrations: See.

3318Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb2: MH484909; tef1: MH485000.

3319gracile Fusarium McAlpine, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales 28: 554. 1903.

3320(See Fusarium avenaceum)

3321Holotypus: VPRI 2564.

3322Type locality: Australia, Victoria, Sandringham.

3323Type substrate: Flowering stem of Lobelia gibbosa.

3324Note: Synonym fide.

3325gracilipesFusarium J.W. Xia et al., Persoonia 43: 205. 2019.

3326Holotypus: CBS H-24059.

3327Ex-type culture: NRRL 43635.

3328Type locality: USA, Nebraska.

3329Type substrate: Equus sp. (horse).

3330Descriptions and illustrations: See.

3331Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: HM347188; rpb2: GQ505840; tef1: GQ505662.

3332graminearum Fusarium Schwabe, Fl. Anhalt. 2: 285. 1839.

3333Synonyms: Sphaeria zeae Schwein., Schriften Naturf. Ges. Leipzig 1: 48. 1822, non Fusarium zeae (Westend.) Sacc. 1886.

3334Dothidea zeae (Schwein.) Schwein., Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., n.s., 4: 230. 1832.

3335Hendersoniopsis zeae (Schwein.) Woron., Fungal and Bacterial Diseases of Agricultural Plants: 255. 1922.

3336Gibberella zeae (Schwein.) Petch, Ann. Mycol. 34: 260. 1936.

3337Fusarium stictoides Durieu & Mont., Explor. Sci. Algérie 1: 334. 1848.

3338Sphaeria saubinetii Durieu & Mont., Explor. Sci. Algérie 1: 479. 1849.

3339Gibbera saubinetii (Durieu & Mont.) Mont., Syll. Gen. Sp. Crypt.: 252. 1856.

3340Botryosphaeria saubinetii (Durieu & Mont.) Niessl, Verh. Naturf. Vereins Brünn 10: 195. 1872.

3341Gibberella pulicaris subsp. saubinetii (Durieu & Mont.) Sacc., Michelia 1: 317. 1878.

3342Gibberella saubinetii (Durieu & Mont.) Sacc., Michelia 1: 513. 1879.

3343Fusisporium insidiosum Berk., Gard. Chron. 1860: 480. 1860.

3344Fusarium insidiosum (Berk.) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 4: 707. 1886, nom. illegit., Art. 53.1.

3345Gibberella saubinetii var. coronillae Sacc., Michelia 1: 513. 1879.

3346Fusarium mollerianum Thüm., Inst. Coimbra 28: 263. 1881.

3347Gibberella saubinetii subsp. pachyspora Sacc., Michelia 2: 74. 1880.

3348Gibberella saubinetii var. pachyspora (Sacc.) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 2: 555. 1883.

3349Fusarium caricis Oudem., Verslagen Meded. Afd. Natuurk. Kon. Akad. Wetensch., ser. 3, 7: 325. 1890.

3350Fusarium graminearum var. caricis (Oudem.) Wollenw., Z. Parasitenk. (Berlin) 3: 365. 1931.

3351?Fusarium rhoicola Fautrey, Rev. Mycol. (Toulouse) 17: 171. 1895.

3352Fusarium funicola Tassi, Bull. Lab. Orto Bot. Reale Univ. Siena 3: 131. 1900.

3353Gibberella saubinetii f. acuum Feltgen, Vorstud. Pilzfl. Luxemburg, Nachtr. III: 303. 1903.

3354Gibberella saubinetii var. acuum (Feltgen) Sacc. & D. Sacc., Syll. Fung. 17: 813. 1905.

3355Gibberella saubinetii var. tetraspora Feltgen, Vorstud. Pilzfl. Luxemburg, Nachtr. III: 302. 1903.

3356Gibberella saubinetii var. calami Henn., Beibl. Hedwigia 42: (79). 1903.

3357Gibberella saubinetii var. mate Speg., Anales Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat. Buenos Aires 17: 129. 1908.

3358?Selenosporium bufonicola Speg., Anales Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat. Buenos Aires, ser. 3, 13: 458. 1910.

3359?Fusarium bufonicola (Speg.) Sacc. & Trotter, Syll. Fung. 22: 1486. 1913.

3360Fusarium rostratum Appel & Wollenw., Arbeiten Kaiserl. Biol. Anst. Land- Forstw. 8: 30. 1910 [1913].

3361Gibberella saubinetii var. flacca Wollenw., Z. Parasitenk. (Berlin) 3: 433. 1931.

3362Lectotypus (hic designatus, MBT 10000689): Germany, inflorescence of Triticum sp., 1839, S.H. Schwabe, in Flora Anhaltina 2, tab. VI. fig. 7.

3363Epitypus (hic designatus, MBT 10000690): Germany, Hordeum vulgare, 1988, L. Niessen, CBS 136009 (preserved as metabolically inactive culture).

3364Ex-epitype culture: CBS 136009.

3365Descriptions and illustrations: See, and.

3366Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: MW928810; rpb2: MW928826; tef1: MW928838.

3367Notes: This well-known and economically important pathogen of gramineous hosts has a global distribution and is accepted as originally circumscribed. However, no type material is available for taxonomic reference. Therefore, a lectotype based on an illustration from the original protologue and an epitype is designated here to provide taxonomic stability for this species.

3368graminum Fusarium Corda, Icon. Fung. 1: 3. 1837.

3369Synonym: Fusarium herbarum var. graminum (Corda) Wollenw., Fusaria Autogr. Delin. 3: 891. 1930.

3370Fusarium avenaceum var. graminum (Corda) Raillo, Fungi of the Genus Fusarium: 188. 1950.

3371Fusarium corallinum Sacc., Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital. 8: 196. 1876.

3372Lectotypus (hic designatus, MBT 10000691): Germany, gramineous plant, 1837, A.C.J Corda, in Icon. Fung. 1, tab. I, fig. 59.

3373Descriptions and illustrations: See and.

3374Notes: This species is recognised by and. Recollection from the type host and locality is required. No holotype specimen could be located and therefore an illustration is designated as lectotype.

3375granulare Fusarium Kalchbr., Crypt. Austro-Afric., no. 1068. 1874.

3376(See Fusarium sambucinum)

3377Holotypus: ?B 70 0100191 (Crypt. Austro-Afric., no. 1068).

3378Type locality: South Africa, Eastern Cape Province, Somerset-East.

3379Type substrate: Datura stramonium (syn. Datura tatula).

3380Note: Synonym fide.

3381granulosum Fusarium Ellis & Everh., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 45: 466. 1894 [1893].

3382(See Fusarium avenaceum)

3383Holotypus: Commons 2091 in NY.

3384Type locality: USA, Delaware, New Castle, Mount Cuba.

3385Type substrate: Smilax hispida.

3386Note: Synonym fide.

3387grosmichelii Fusarium Maryani et al., Stud. Mycol. 92: 176. 2018 [2019].

3388Holotypus: InaCC F833 (preserved as metabolically inactive culture).

3389Ex-type culture: InaCC F833.

3390Type locality: Indonesia, West Java, Bogor, Suakarya (Megamendung).

3391Type substrate: Pseudostem of Musa acuminata var. Pisang Ambon Lumut.

3392Descriptions and illustrations: See.

3393Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: LS479548; rpb2: LS479295; tef1: LS479744.

3394guilinense Fusarium M.M. Wang et al., Persoonia 43: 80. 2019.

3395Holotypus: HAMS 248037.

3396Ex-type culture: CGMCC 3.19495 = LC12160.

3397Type locality: China, Guangxi Province, Guilin.

3398Type substrate: Leaf of Musa nana.

3399Descriptions and illustrations: See.

3400Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: MK289831; rpb2: MK289747; tef1: MK289594.

3401guttiforme Fusarium Nirenberg & O'Donnell, Mycologia 90: 446. 1998.

3402Holotypus: B 70 0001690.

3403Ex-type culture: BBA 69661 = CBS 409.97 = IMI 376113 = NRRL 25295.

3404Type locality: Brazil.

3405Type substrate: Ananas comosus.

3406Descriptions and illustrations: See.

3407Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: MT010938; rpb2: MT010967; tef1: KC514066.

3408gymnosporangii Fusarium Jaap, Ann. Mycol. 14: 44. 1916.

3409Nectria gymnosporangii (Jaap) Rossman, Mycotaxon 8: 515. 1979.

3410Basionym: Calonectria gymnosporangii Jaap, Ann. Mycol. 14: 10. 1916.

3411Synonyms: Bactridium gymnosporangii (Jaap) Wollenw., Fusaria Autogr. Delin. 1: 458. 1916.

3412Cylindrocarpon gymnosporangii (Jaap) Rossman, Mycol. Pap. 150: 31. 1983.

3413Holotypus: In HBG fide.

3414Type locality: Croatia, Dalmatia, Lapad near Ragusa.

3415Type substrate: Parasitic on Gymnosporangium confusum on Juniperus phoenicea branches.

3416haematococcum Fusarium Nalim et al., Mycologia 103: 1322. 2011.

3417Neocosmospora haematococca (Berk. & Broome) Samuels et al., Mycologia 103: 1322. 2011.

3418Basionym: Nectria haematococca Berk. & Broome, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 14: 116. 1875.

3419Synonyms: Dialonectria haematococca (Berk. & Broome) Cooke, Grevillea 12: 110. 1884.

3420Cucurbitaria haematococca (Berk. & Broome) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 3: 461. 1898.

3421Hypomyces haematococcus (Berk. & Broome) Wollenw., Angew. Bot. 8: 191. 1926.

3422Haematonectria haematococca (Berk. & Broome) Samuels & Nirenberg, Stud. Mycol. 42: 135. 1999.

3423?Nectria lanata Pat., Bull. Soc. Mycol. France 8: 52. 1892 (fide Samuels 1976).

3424?Nectria aurantiella Speg., Anales Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat. Buenos Aires 6: 287. 1898.

3425?Nectria episphaerioides Penz. & Sacc., Malpighia 11: 511. 1898 [1897].

3426?Nectria cinnabarina var. jaraguensis Höhn., Denkschr. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 83: 18. 1907.

3427?Nectria bogoriensis C. Bernard, Bull. Dép. Agric. Indes Néerl. 11: 45. 1907.

3428?Nectria victoriae Henn., in Rehm, Ann. Mycol. 5: 81. 1907, nom. inval., Art. 38.1(a).

3429?Nectria calonectricola Henn., Hedwigia 48: 105. 1908.

3430?Nectria citri Henn., Hedwigia 48: 104. 1908.

3431?Nectria luteococcinea Höhn., Sitzungsber. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Cl., Abt. 1. 118: 299. 1909.

3432?Nectria bainii var. hypoleuca Sacc., Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital. 23: 205. 1916.

3433?Nectria confluens Seaver, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico & Virgin Islands 8: 44. 1926, nom. illegit., Art. 53.1.

3434Lectotypus: K(M) 252877, designated in Samuels (1976).

3435Lectotype locality: Sri Lanka.

3436Lectotype substrate: Unknown

3437Epitypus: BPI 871363, designated in.

3438Ex-epitype culture: CBS 119600 = FRC S-1832.

3439Epitype locality: Sri Lanka, Sabaragamuwa Province, Sinharaja Man and Biosphere Reserve, Morningside, vicinity Bungalow in forested slope.

3440Epitype substrate: Dying tree.

3441Descriptions and illustrations: See.

3442Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb2: LT960561; tef1: KM231926.

3443hainanense Fusarium M.M. Wang et al., Persoonia 43: 82. 2019.

3444Holotypus: HAMS 248038.

3445Ex-type culture: CGMCC 3.19478 = LC11638.

3446Type locality: China, Hainan Province.

3447Type substrate: Stem of Oryza sp.

3448Descriptions and illustrations: See.

3449Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: MK289833; rpb2: MK289735; tef1: MK289581.

3450hakeae Fusarium Henn., Verh. Bot. Vereins Prov. Brandenburg 40: 175. 1899.

3451Gloeosporium hakeae (Henn.) Wollenw., Fusaria Autogr. Delin. 1: 494. 1916.

3452Holotypus: In B fide.

3453Type locality: Germany, Berlin.

3454Type substrate: Hakea salicifolia.

3455Note: Synonym fide.

3456heidelbergense Fusarium Sacc., Ann. Mycol. 8: 346. 1910.

3457(See Fusarium culmorum)

3458Holotypus: In PAD.

3459Type locality: Germany, Heidelberg.

3460Type substrate: Cymbidium sp.

3461Note: Synonym fide.

3462helgardnirenbergiae Fusarium O'Donnell et al., Index Fungorum 440: 2. 2020.

3463Neocosmospora nirenbergiana Sand.-Den. & Crous, Persoonia 43: 143. 2019.

3464Holotypus: CBS H-23988.

3465Ex-type culture: BBA 65023 = CBS 145469 = G.J.S. 87-127 = NRRL 22387.

3466Type locality: French Guiana.

3467Type substrate: Bark of unidentified tree.

3468Descriptions and illustrations: See.

3469Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb2: EU329505; tef1: AF178339.

3470helianthi Fusarium (Schwein.) Wollenw., Fusaria Autogr. Delin. 2: 555. 1924.

3471Basionym: Vermicularia subeffiguratahelianthi Schwein., Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., n.s., 4: 228. 1832.

3472(See Fusarium tricinctum)

3473Holotypus: PH00078405.

3474Type locality: Unknown.

3475Type substrate: Helianthus annuus.

3476Note: Synonyms fide.

3477helotioides Fusarium Berk. & M.A. Curtis, in Berkeley, Grevillea 3: 98. 1875.

3478Holotypus: ?K(M).

3479Type locality: USA, Alabama.

3480Type substrate: Ilex decidua (syn. Ilex prinoides).

3481Notes: Status unclear. Not Fusarium fide.

3482hengyangense Fusarium (Z.Q. Zeng & W.Y. Zhuang) O'Donnell et al., Index Fungorum 440: 2. 2020.

3483Neocosmospora hengyangensis Z.Q. Zeng & W.Y. Zhuang, Phytotaxa 319: 179. 2017.

3484Holotypus: HMAS 254518.

3485Ex-type culture: HMAS 248884.

3486Type locality: China, Hunan, Hengyang, Gouloufeng.

3487Type substrate: Twigs.

3488Descriptions and illustrations: See.

3489Diagnostic DNA barcodes: tef1: KY829448.

3490herbarum Fusarium (Corda) Fr., Summa Veg. Scand. 2: 472. 1849.

3491Basionym: Selenosporium herbarum Corda, Icon. Fung. 3: 34, tab. 6, fig. 88. 1839.

3492(See Fusarium avenaceum)

3493Typus: PRM 155731.

3494Type locality: Czech Republic, Prague.

3495Type substrate: Gramineous plant part.

3496Note: Synonyms fide. Lectotypification pending study of material lodged in PRM.

3497heteronemum Fusarium Berk. & Broome (as ‘heteronema’), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, 15: 402. 1865.

3498(See Fusarium candidum (Link) Sacc.)

3499Holotypus: ?K(M).

3500Type locality: UK, Batheaston.

3501Type substrate: Decaying Pyrus sp.

3502Note: Synonym fide.

3503heterosporioides Fusarium Fautrey, in Roumeguère, Fungi Sel. Gall. Exs. No. 5399. 1890 and Rev. Mycol. (Toulouse) 12: 126. 1890.

3504Syntype: ILL00219542 (Roumeguère, Fungi Sel. Gall. Exs no. 5399).

3505Type locality: France, Charny

3506Type substrate: Sclerotium clavus on Glyceria fluitans.

3507Notes: Status unclear. Not Fusarium fide.

3508heterosporum Fusarium Nees & T. Nees, Nova Acta Phys.-Med. Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. Nat. Cur. 9: 235. 1818.

3509Synonyms: ?Fusarium leucoconium Corda, Icon. Fung. 1: 4. 1837. [fide ].

3510Sphaeria cyanea Sollm., Bot. Zeitung (Berlin) 21: 193. 1863.

3511Botryosphaeria cyanea (Sollm.) Weese, Sitzungsber. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Cl., Abt. 1, 128: 707. 1919.

3512Gibberella cyanea (Sollm.) Wollenw., Fusaria Autogr. Delin. 1: 39. 1919.

3513Fusarium secalis Fée, Mém. Soc. Mus. Hist. Nat. Strassbourg 3: 35. 1843.

3514Fusarium eleocharidis Rostr. (as ‘heleocharidis’), in Thümen, Mycoth. Univ., Cent. 22, no. 2185. 1883.

3515Fusisporium lolii Wm.G. Sm., Diseases of field and garden crops, chiefly as are caused by fungi: 213. 1884.

3516Fusarium lolii (Wm.G. Sm.) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 11: 652. 1895.

3517Fusarium heterosporum var. lolii (Wm.G. Sm.) Wollenw., Z. Parasitenk. (Berlin) 3: 349. 1931.

3518Fusarium heterosporum f. paspali Ellis & Everh., in Ellis, North Amer. Fung., Ser. 2, no. 2395. 1886.

3519Fusarium parasiticum Ellis & Kellerm., J. Mycol. 3: 127. 1887, nom. illegit., Art. 53.1.

3520Fusarium pucciniophilum Sacc. & P. Syd., Syll. Fung. 14: 1128. 1899.

3521Fusarium stromaticum Delacr., Bull. Soc. Mycol. France 9: 186. 1893.

3522Fusarium paspalicola Henn., Monsunia 1: 38. 1899 [1900].

3523Fusarium heterosporum var. paspalicola (Henn.) Wollenw., Z. Parasitenk. (Berlin) 3: 349. 1931.

3524Fusarium congoense Wollenw., Fusaria Autogr. Delin. 1: 307. 1916.

3525Fusarium heterosporum var. congoense (Wollenw.) Wollenw., Z. Parasitenk. (Berlin) 3: 350. 1931.

3526Fusarium heterosporum f. aleuritis Saccas & Drouillon (as ‘aleuritidis’), Agron. Trop. 6: 251. 1951.

3527Gibberella gordonii C. Booth, The Genus Fusarium: 177. 1971.

3528Lectotypus (hic designatus, MBT 10000692): Germany, sclerotium of Claviceps purpurea on a spike of Triticum sp., 1818, G.C.D. Nees von Esenbeck, in Nova Acta Phys.-Med. Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. Nat. Cur., tab. V. fig. 5.

3529Epitypus (hic designatus, MBT 10000693): Germany, Rotenburg near Bremen, sclerotium of Claviceps purpurea on Lolium perenne, Aug. 1967, U.G. Schlösser, CBS 391.68 (preserved as metabolically inactive culture).

3530Ex-epitype culture: CBS 391.68 = NRRL 25798.

3531Descriptions and illustrations: See,, and.

3532Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: MW928811; rpb2: MW928827; tef1: MW928839.

3533Notes: This species is recognised by,,, and. Index Fungorum indicates that the correct name for this species is F. lolii. However, this name is not commonly used and considered as a synonym of F. heterosporum. Additionally, the epithet ‘heterosporum’ is older than the epithet ‘lolii’ and should have priority. No holotype specimen is available and therefore an illustration is designated as lectotype.

3534heveae Fusarium Vincens, Bull. Soc. Pathol. Vég. France 2: 19. 1915.

3535(See Fusarium incarnatum)

3536Holotypus: ?PC.

3537Type locality: Brazil, Para.

3538Type substrate: Hevea brasiliensis.

3539Note: Synonym fide.

3540hexaseptatum Fusarium Maryani et al., Stud. Mycol. 92: 183. 2018 [2019].

3541Holotypus: InaCC F866 (preserved as metabolically inactive culture).

3542Ex-type culture: InaCC F866.

3543Type locality: Indonesia, West Java, Sukabumi, Parakan Lima.

3544Type substrate: Musa acuminata var. Pisang Ambon Kuning.

3545Descriptions and illustrations: See.

3546Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb2: LS479359; tef1: LS479805.

3547hibernans Fusarium Lindau, Rabenh. Krypt.-Fl., ed. 2, 1(9): 542. 1909, nom. superfl., Art. 52.1.

3548Basionym: Fusarium nivale Ces. ex Berl. & Voglino, in Saccardo, Syll. Fung., Addit. I–IV: 390. 1886, non (Fr.) Sorauer, 1901.

3549(See Fusarium nivale)

3550Authentic material: Klotzsch, Herb. Viv. Mycol. no. 1439 in HAL.

3551Original locality: Italy, Vercelli.

3552Original substrate: Leaves of overwintered crop.

3553Note: Synonyms fide.

3554hippocastani Fusarium (Corda) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 4: 703. 1886.

3555Basionym: Selenosporium hippocastani Corda, Icon. Fung. 2: 7. 1838.

3556(See Fusarium acuminatum)

3557Lectotypus (hic designatus, MBT 10000694): Czech Republic, Prague, Aesculus hippocastanum, 1836, A.C.J. Corda, in Icon. Fung. 2: tab. IX. fig. 31.

3558Notes: According to and, no material was preserved in PRM. Therefore, an illustration is selected as lectotype.

3559hoodiae Fusarium L. Lombard et al., Persoonia 41: 27. 2018 [2019].

3560Holotypus: CBS H-23616.

3561Ex-type culture: CBS 132474.

3562Type locality: South Africa, Northern Cape Province, Prieska.

3563Type substrate: Root of Hoodia gordonii.

3564Descriptions and illustrations: See.

3565Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb2: MH484929; tef1: MH485020.

3566hordearium Fusarium Ducomet, Rech. Dével. Champ. Parasit.: 87. 1907.

3567Holotypus: ?MPA.

3568Type locality: France.

3569Type substrate: Unknown.

3570Notes: Status unclear. Not Fusarium fide.

3571hordei Fusarium (Wm.G. Sm.) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 11: 652. 1895.

3572Basionym: Fusisporium hordei Wm.G. Sm., Diseases of field and garden crops, chiefly as are caused by fungi: 212. 1884.

3573(See Fusarium sambucinum)

3574Lectotypus (hic designatus, MBT 10000695): Denmark, Hordeum sp., 1884, W. G. Smith, in Diseases of field and garden crops, chiefly as are caused by fungi: 211, fig. 94.

3575Notes: Synonym fide. No holotype material could be located and therefore an illustration is designated as lectotype.

3576hostae Fusarium Geiser & Juba, Mycologia 93: 672. 2001.

3577Synonym: Gibberella hostae Geiser & Juba, Mycologia 93: 672. 2001.

3578Holotypus: BPI 748169.

3579Ex-type culture: FRC O-2074 = NRRL 29889.

3580Type locality: USA, South Carolina.

3581Type substrate: Hosta sp.

3582Descriptions and illustrations: See.

3583Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: JX171527; rpb2: JX171640; tef1: AY329034.

3584humi Fusarium (Reinking) Nirenberg & Hagedorn, Nachrichtenbl. Deutsch. Pflanzenschutzdienstes 60: 215. 2008.

3585Basionym: Fusarium tumidum var. humi Reinking, Zentralbl. Bakteriol., 2. Abth. 89: 513. 1934.

3586Lectotypus (hic designatus, MBT 10000706): Honduras, soil, 1931, O.A. Reinking, in Wollenweber's Fusaria Autogr. Delin. no. 1152 of type culture 5236.

3587Notes: This species is recognised by,, and. Recollection from the type host and locality is required. No holotype material could be located and therefore an illustration is designated as lectotype.

3588humicola Fusarium L. Lombard & Crous, Fungal Syst. Evol. 4: 191. 2019.

3589Holotypus: CBS H-24016.

3590Ex-type culture: ATCC 24372 = CBS 124.73 = IMI 128101 = NRRL 25535.

3591Type locality: Pakistan.

3592Type substrate: Soil.

3593Descriptions and illustrations: See.

3594Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: MN120718; rpb2: MN120738; tef1: MN120757.

3595humuli Fusarium M.M. Wang et al., Persoonia 43: 83. 2019.

3596Holotypus: HAMS 248039.

3597Ex-type culture: CGMCC 3.19374 = CQ1039.

3598Type locality: China, Jiangsu Province.

3599Type substrate: Leaves of Humulus scandens.

3600Descriptions and illustrations: See.

3601Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: MK289840; rpb2: MK289724; tef1: MK289570.

3602hydnicola Fusarium Ellis & Everh. (as ‘hydnicolum’), J. Mycol. 4(4–5): 45. 1888.

3603Alysidium hypophleodes (Corda) Bonord., Handb. Mykol.: 35. 1851.

3604Basionym: Fusidium hypophleodes Corda, Icon. Fung. 1: 3, tab. 1, fig. 50. 1837.

3605Holotypus: NY (fide Index Fungorum).

3606Type locality: USA, Missouri, Concordia.

3607Type substrate: Bark of dead Hydnum membranaceum.

3608Note: Synonym fide.

3609hymenula Fusarium Pound & Clem., Bot. Surv. Nebraska 4: 7. 1896.

3610Gloeosporium intermediumvar.brevipes Sacc., Syll. Fung. 3: 703. 1884.

3611Holotypus: NEB0040541.

3612Type locality: USA, Nebraska.

3613Type substrate: Helianthus sp.

3614Notes: Synonym fide. The name is misspelled as ‘lymenula’ in the NEB database.

3615hyperoxysporum Fusarium Wollenw., J. Agric. Res. 2: 268. 1914.

3616(See Fusarium oxysporum)

3617Holotypus: Not located.

3618Type locality: USA.

3619Type substrate: Ipomoea batatas.

3620Note: Synonym fide.

3621hypocreoideum Fusarium Cooke & Massee, Grevillea 16: 76. 1888.

3622Aschersonia hypocreoidea (Cooke & Massee) Petch, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Peradeniya) 7: 255. 1922.

3623Holotypus: K(M) 127920.

3624Type locality: Australia, Queensland.

3625Type substrate: Ficus aspera.

3626hypodermium Fusarium (Link) Link, in Willdenow, Sp. Pl., ed. 4, 6: 96. 1825.

3627Basionym: Fusidium hypodermium Link, Mag. Neuesten Entdeck. Gesammten Naturk. Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin 8: 31. 1816 [1815].

3628Marssonina aurantiaca (Link) Magnus, Hedwigia 45: 90. 1906.

3629Basionym: Cryptosporium aurantiacum Link, in Willdenow, Sp. Pl., ed 4, 6: 96. 1825, nom. sanct. (Fries, Syst. Mycol. 3: 481. 1832).

3630Synonyms: Fusidium aurantiacum (Link) Fr., Syst. Mycol. 3: 481. 1832.

3631Gloeosporium aurantiacum (Link) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 3: 717. 1884.

3632Marssonia aurantiaca (Link) Rostr., Bot. Tidsskr. 19: 217. 1895.

3633Note: Synonyms fide.

3634hypothenemi Fusarium (Sand.-Den. & Crous) O'Donnell et al., Index Fungorum 440: 2. 2020.

3635Neocosmospora hypothenemi Sand.-Den. & Crous, Persoonia 43: 132. 2019.

3636Holotypus: CBS H-23982.

3637Ex-type culture: ARSEF 5878 = CBS 145464 = NRRL 52782.

3638Type locality: Benin, Niaouli.

3639Type substrate: Adult Hypothenemus hampei (coffee borer beetle).

3640Descriptions and illustrations: See.

3641Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: MW218117; rpb2: JF741176; tef1: JF740850.

3642idahoanum Fusarium O.A. Pratt, J. Agric. Res. 13: 86. 1918.

3643(See Fusarium flocciferum)

3644Lectotypus (hic designatus, MBT 10000707): USA, Idaho, soil, 1918, O.A. Pratt, in J. Agric. Res. 13: 87, fig. 2.

3645Notes: Synonyms fide. No holotype material could be located and therefore an illustration is designated as lectotype.

3646illosporioides Fusarium Sacc., Harriman Alaska Exped. 5: 15. 1904.

3647(See Fusarium lateritium)

3648Holotypus: In PAD.

3649Type locality: USA, Alaska, Sitka.

3650Type substrate: Ribes sp.

3651Note: Synonym fide.

3652illudens Fusarium C. Booth, The Genus Fusarium: 54. 1971.

3653Neocosmospora illudens (Berk.) L. Lombard & Crous, Stud. Mycol. 80: 227. 2015.

3654Basionym: Nectria illudens Berk., in Hooker, Bot. Antarct. Voy. II (Fl. Nov.-Zel.): 203. 1855.

3655Synonyms: Cucurbitaria illudens (Berk.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 3: 461. 1898.

3656Haematonectria illudens (Berk.) Samuels & Nirenberg, Stud. Mycol. 42: 136. 1999.

3657Neotypus: PAD S00012, designated in

3658Neotype locality: New Zealand.

3659Neotype substrate: Bark of unknown host plant,

3660“inaequale Fusarium” Auersw. Bot. Zeitung (Berlin) 8: 439. 1850, typographic error (see Notes).

3661Ramularia rosea (Fuckel) Sacc., Fungi Ital. Del., Tab. 1001. 1881.

3662Basionym: Fusidium roseum Fuckel, Fungi Rhen. Fasc. III, no. 219. 1863.

3663Synonyms: Ovularia rosea (Fuckel) Massee, Brit. Fung.-Fl. 3: 323. 1893.

3664Cylindrospora rosea (Fuckel) J. Schröt., in Cohn, Krypt.-Fl. Schles., Pilze II: 493. 1897.

3665Fusidium inaequale Auersw., in Rabenh., Klotzschii Herb. Viv. Mycol., Cent. 14: no. 1383. 1850.

3666Ramularia lucidae Davis, Trans. Wis. Acad. Sci. Art. Lett. 19: 687. 1919.

3667Authentic material: Rabenh., Klotzschii Herb. Viv. Mycol. 1383 in HAL.

3668Original locality: Germany, Leipzig.

3669Original substrate: Salix amygdalina.

3670Notes: Not Fusarium fide. This species was first published as Fusidium inaequale Auersw., in Rabenh., Klotzschii Herb. Viv. Mycol., Cent. 14: no. 1383, 1850. The description was repeated in Bot. Zeitung 8: 439, 1850 and Flora 33: 283, 1850 (in the latter publication also under Fusidium), so that in the simultaneous publication in “Botanische Zeitung” the “F.” was undoubtedly also meant to be Fusidium and not Fusarium. Syntype material deposited at HAL has recently been examined, and Fusidium inaequale turned out to be a heterotypic synonym of Ramularia rosea (Fuckel) Sacc (see ).

3671incarcerans Fusarium (Berk.) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 4: 713. 1886.

3672Basionym: Fusisporium incarcerans Berk., Intellectual Observ. 2: 11. 1863.

3673(See Fusarium avenaceum)

3674Holotypus: ?K(M).

3675Type locality: UK, Northamptonshire, Fotheringhay Castle.

3676Type substrate: Orthotrichum sp.

3677Note: Synonym fide.

3678incarnatum Fusarium (Roberge ex Desm.) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 4: 712. 1886.

3679Basionym: Fusisporium incarnatum Roberge ex Desm., Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 3, 11: 274. 1849.

3680Synonyms: Fusarium semitectum Berk. & Ravenel, Grevillea 3: 98. 1875.

3681Pseudofusarium semitectum (Berk. & Ravenel) Matsush., Icon. Microfung. Matsush. Lect. (Kobe): 119. 1975.

3682Fusarium pallens Berk. & M.A. Curtis, Grevillea 3: 99. 1875, nom. illegit., Art. 53.1, non Fusarium pallens Nees & T. Nees 1818.

3683Fusarium glumarum Sacc., Syll. Fung. 4: 706. 1886 (nom. nov. for F. pallens Berk. & M.A. Curtis).

3684Fusisporium pallidoroseum Cooke, Grevillea 6: 139. 1878.

3685Fusarium pallidoroseum (Cooke) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 4: 720. 1886.

3686Fusarium asparagi Briard, Rev. Mycol. (Toulouse) 12: 142. 1890.

3687Fusarium gloeosporioides Speg. (as ‘gloeosporioide’), Anales Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat. Buenos Aires 6: 350. 1899.

3688Fusarium juglandinum Peck, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 36: 157. 1909.

3689Fusarium heveae Vincens, Bull. Soc. Pathol. Vég. France 2: 19. 1915.

3690Fusarium tenuistipes Sacc., Atti Mem. Reale Accad. Sci. Lett. Arti, Padova 33: 195. 1917.

3691Fusarium semitectum var. majus Wollenw., Fusaria Autogr. Delin. 3: 907–910. 1930.

3692Fusarium semitectum var. violaceum Batikyan & Abramyan (as ‘violaceae’), Biol. Zhurn. Armenii 22: 58. 1969, nom. inval., Art. 39.1.

3693Lectotypus: (hic designatus, MBT 10001327) France, from Tagetes erecta, 1848, M. Roberge in Desmazières, Pl. Crypt. N. France, éd 2, No. 1303, in PC.

3694Epitypus: (hic designatus, MBT 10001328) Malawi, on Trichosanthes dioica, date unknown, H.M. Phiri, CBS H-24060.

3695Ex-epitype culture: ATCC 24387 = CBS 132.73 = IMI 128222 = NRRL 25478.

3696Descriptions and illustrations: See, and.

3697Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb2: MN170409; tef1: MN170476.

3698Note: The epitypification of Fusarium incarnatum by was not effective as the holo- or lectotype was not correctly indicated (Art. 9.9). Here, a lectotype is selected and the epitypification is validated.

3699inflexum Fusarium R. Schneid., in Schneider & Dalchow, Phytopathol. Z. 82: 80. 1975.

3700Holotypus: DSM 63203.

3701Ex-type culture: ATCC 32213 = BBA 63203 = CBS 716.74 = DAOM 225130 = DSM 63203 = IMI 375336 = NRRL 20433.

3702Type locality: Germany, Hamburg, Vierlanden.

3703Type substrate: Stem of Vicia faba.

3704Descriptions and illustrations: See and.

3705Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: JX171469; rpb2: JX171583; tef1: AF008479.

3706inseptatum Fusarium Schwein., Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., n.s., 4: 302. 1832 [1834].

3707Holotypus: PH00062493.

3708Type locality: USA, Pennsylvania, Bethlehem.

3709Type substrate: Daphne mezereum.

3710Notes: Status unclear. Not Fusarium fide.

3711insidiosum Fusarium Roum., Michelia 2: 132. 1880.

3712(See Fusarium lateritium)

3713Syntypes: In BR, CUP & ILL (Roum., Fungi Sel. Gall. Exs. No. 57).

3714Type locality: France, Pyrénées-Orientales, Environs de Perpignan.

3715Type substrate: Phytolacca decandra.

3716Note: Synonym fide.

3717insidiosum Fusarium (Berk.) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 4: 707. 1886, nom. illegit., Art. 53.1.

3718Basionym: Fusisporium insidiosum Berk., Gard. Chron. 1860: 480. 1860.

3719(See Fusarium graminearum)

3720Holotypus: ?K(M).

3721Type locality: UK.

3722Type substrate: Agrostis pulchella.

3723Note: Synonyms fide.

3724ipomoeae Fusarium M.M. Wang et al., Persoonia 43: 83. 2019.

3725Holotypus: HAMS 248040.

3726Ex-type culture: CGMCC 3. 19496 = LC12165.

3727Type locality: China, Jiangsu Province.

3728Type substrate: Leaves of Ipomoea aquatica.

3729Descriptions and illustrations: See.

3730Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: MK289859; rpb2: MK289752; tef1: MK289599.

3731iranicum Fusarium Torbati et al., Mycol. Progr. 18: 129. 2018 [2019].

3732Holotypus: CBS H-23560.

3733Ex-type culture: CBS 143608 = CPC 30860.

3734Type locality: Iran, West Azerbaijan Province, Orumieh-Salmas.

3735Type substrate: Agaricus bisporus.

3736Descriptions and illustrations: See.

3737Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb2: LT970757; tef1: LT970785.

3738iridis Fusarium Oudem., Ned. Kruidk. Arch., 2 sér. 5: 515. 1889.

3739(See Fusarium avenaceum)

3740Holotypus: ?L.

3741Type locality: Netherlands.

3742Type substrate: Iris pseudacorus.

3743Note: Synonym fide.

3744irregulare Fusarium M.M. Wang et al., Persoonia 43: 84. 2019.

3745Holotypus: HAMS 248041.

3746Ex-type culture: CGMCC 3.19489 = LC7188.

3747Type locality: China, Guangdong Province.

3748Type substrate: Bambusoideae.

3749Descriptions and illustrations: See.

3750Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: MK289863; rpb2: MK289783; tef1: MK289629.

3751japonicum Fusarium Allesch., Beibl. Hedwigia 36: (164). 1897.

3752(See Fusarium tortuosum)

3753Syntype: S-F45631 (Sydow, Mycoth. March. no. 4592).

3754Type locality: Germany, Berlin.

3755Type locality: Prunus japonica.

3756Note: Synonym fide.

3757javanicum Fusarium Koord., Verh. Kon. Akad. Wetensch., Afd. Natuurk., Sect. 2, 13: 247. 1907.

3758Holotypus: Not located.

3759Type locality: Indonesia, Central Java, Purworejo.

3760Type substrate: Ficus elastica.

3761Note: Status unclear fide.

3762juglandinum Fusarium Peck, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 36: 157. 1909.

3763(See Fusarium incarnatum)

3764Holotypus: NYSf1607.

3765Type locality: USA, Kansas, Rooks, Stockton.

3766Type substrate: Juglans nigra.

3767Note: Synonym fide.

3768junci Fusarium P. Crouan & H. Crouan, Fl. Finistère: 14. 1867.

3769Holotypus: ?CO.

3770Type locality: France, Paris.

3771Type substrate: Juncus effusus.

3772Note: ?Fusidium fide.

3773jungiae Fusarium Pat., Bull. Soc. Mycol. France 11: 234. 1895.

3774(See Fusarium avenaceum)

3775Holotypus: FH00965356.

3776Type locality: Argentina, San Jorge.

3777Type substrate: Parasitic on Puccinia sp. on Jungia sp.

3778Note: Synonym fide.

3779juruanum Fusarium Henn., Hedwigia 43: 398. 1904.

3780(See Fusarium coccidicola)

3781Holotypus: In B.

3782Type locality: Brazil, Rio Jurua.

3783Type substrate: Annonaceae sp.

3784Note: Synonym fide.

3785kalimantanense Fusarium Maryani et al., Stud. Mycol. 92: 187. 2018 [2019].

3786Holotypus: InaCC F917 (preserved as metabolically inactive culture).

3787Ex-type culture: InaCC F917.

3788Type locality: Indonesia, Central Kalimantan, Katingan, Pulau Malan.

3789Type substrate: Musa acuminata var. Pisang Ambon.

3790Descriptions and illustrations: See.

3791Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: LS479497; rpb2: LS479241; tef1: LS479690.

3792kelerajum Fusarium Samuels et al., Mycologia 103: 1326. 2011.

3793Neocosmospora keleraja Samuels et al., Mycologia 103: 1326. 2011.

3794Holotypus: BPI 871413.

3795Ex-type culture: FRC S-1839 = G.J.S. 02-122.

3796Type locality: Sri Lanka, Minneriya Natl. Forest.

3797Type substrate: Trunk of Yakuda marang.

3798Descriptions and illustrations: See.

3799Diagnostic DNA barcode: tef1: DQ247518.

3800keratoplasticum Fusarium Geiser et al., Fung. Gen. Biol. 53: 68. 2013.

3801Neocosmospora keratoplastica (Geiser et al.) Sand.-Den. & Crous, Persoonia 41: 120. 2018.

3802Synonyms: Cephalosporium keratoplasticum T. Morik., Mycopathologia 2: 66. 1939, nom. inval., Art. 39.1.

3803Hyalopus keratoplasticum T. Morik. ex M.A.J. Barbosa, Subsidios Para o Estudo Parasitologico do Genero Hyalopus Corda, 1838: 19. 1941, nom. inval., Art. 39.1.

3804Fusarium sedimenticola M.M. Wang et al., Botanica Marina 63: 174. 2020.

3805Holotypus: FRC S-2477.

3806Ex-type culture: CBS 490.63 = FRC S-2477 = NRRL 22661.

3807Type locality: USA, Virginia, Winchester.

3808Type substrate: Indoor plumbing.

3809Descriptions and illustrations: See.

3810Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: MW218121; rpb2: JN235897; tef1: JN235712.

3811konzum Fusarium Zeller et al., Mycologia 95: 947. 2003.

3812Synonym: Gibberella konza Zeller et al., Mycologia 95: 947. 2003.

3813Holotypus: DAR 76034.

3814Ex-type culture: CBS 119849 = KSU 10653 = NRRL 53394.

3815Type locality: USA, Kansas, Manhattan, Konza Praire Biological Station.

3816Type substrate: Sorghastrum nutans.

3817Descriptions and illustrations: See and.

3818Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: LT996200; rpb2: LT996148; tef1: LT996098.

3819kotabaruense Fusarium Maryani et al., Persoonia 43: 65. 2019.

3820Holotypus: InaCC F963 (preserved as metabolically inactive culture).

3821Ex-type culture: InaCC F963.

3822Type locality: Indonesia, South Kalimantan, Kota Baru, Kecamatan Pamukan Barat, Desa Sungai Birah.

3823Type substrate: Musa var. Pisang Hawa.

3824Descriptions and illustrations: See.

3825Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: LS479875; rpb2: LS479859; tef1: LS479445.

3826kuehnii Fusarium (Fuckel) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 4: 714. 1886.

3827Basionym: Fusisporium kuehnii Fuckel, Fungi Rhen. Exs., Suppl., Fasc. 5, no. 1920. 1867.

3828?Athelia arachnoidea (Berk.) Jülich, Willdenowia 7: 53. 1972. (fide )

3829Basionym: Corticium arachnoideum Berk., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 1, 13: 345. 1844.

3830Synonym: Fusisporium devastans J.G. Kühn, Krankh. Kulturgew.: 32. 1858, nom. inval., Art. 38.1(a).

3831Syntype: Fuckel, Fungi Rhen. Exs., Suppl., Fasc. 5, 1920 (e.g., HAL).

3832Type locality: Germany.

3833Type substrate: Lichens and mosses.

3834Notes: Status doubtful. Considered a possible synonym of F. dimerum by.

3835kurdicum Fusarium Petr., Sydowia 13: 96. 1959.

3836Cosmospora kurdica (Petr.) Rossman & Samuels, Stud. Mycol. 42: 122. 1999.

3837Basionym: Calonectria kurdica Petr., Sydowia 13: 95. 1959.

3838Synonyms: Nectria kurdica (Petr.) Rossman, Mycol. Pap. 150: 35. 1983.

3839?Stagonopsis sclerotioides Höhn., Ann. K. K. Naturhist. Hofmus. 20: 368. 1905.

3840?Botryocrea sclerotioides (Höhn.) Petr., Sydowia 3: 141. 1949.

3841?Fusarium sclerotioides (Höhn.) Samuels & Rossman, Mycol. Pap. 164: 23. 1991.

3842Holotypus: K.H. Rechinger, 31 Jul. 1957, in W.

3843Type locality: Iran, Kurdistan.

3844Type substrate: Astragalus sp.

3845Note: Synonyms fide.

3846kuroshium Fusarium F. Na et al., Plant Disease 102: 1159. 2018, nom. inval., Art. 40.7.

3847Neocosmospora kuroshio F. Na et al. ex Sand.-Den. & Crous, Persoonia 43: 137. 2019.

3848Holotypus: BPI 910340.

3849Ex-type culture: CBS 142642 = UCR 3641.

3850Type locality: USA, California, San Diego, El Cajon.

3851Type substrate: Euwallacea sp. galleries in Platanus racemosa.

3852Descriptions and illustrations: See.

3853Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: KX262236; rpb2: KX262256; tef1: KX262216.

3854kurunegalense Fusarium Samuels et al., Mycologia 103: 1323. 2011.

3855Neocosmospora kurunegalensis Samuels et al., Mycologia 103: 1324. 2011.

3856Holotypus: BPI 871391.

3857Ex-type culture: CBS 119599 = G.J.S. 02-94.

3858Type locality: Sri Lanka, Wagamba Province, Kurunegala.

3859Type substrate: Recently felled tree.

3860Descriptions and illustrations: See.

3861Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: MW834228; rpb2: LR583838; tef1: DQ247511.

3862kyushuense Fusarium O'Donnell & T. Aoki, Mycoscience 39: 2. 1998.

3863Holotypus: NIAES99701.

3864Ex-type culture: ATCC 56750 = FRC T-346A = MAFF 237645 = MRC 1767 = NRRL 3509.

3865Type locality: Japan, Kumamoto.

3866Type substrate: Seed of Triticum aestivum.

3867Descriptions and illustrations: See.

3868Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb2: MH582098; tef1: MH582292.

3869laboulbeniae Fusarium Cépède, Arch. Parasitol. 16: 373. 1914.

3870(See Fusarium larvarum)

3871Holotypus: Not located.

3872Type locality: France, Pas-de-Calais, Wimereux.

3873Type substrate: Demetrias unipunctata.

3874Note: Synonym fide.

3875lacertarum Fusarium Subrahm. (as ‘laceratum’), Mykosen 26: 478. 1983.

3876Holotypus: IMI 300797.

3877Ex-type culture: ATCC 42771 = CBS 130185 = IMI 300797 = NRRL 20423.

3878Type locality: India, Poona, Pimpri.

3879Type substrate: Skin of lizard.

3880Descriptions and illustrations: See.

3881Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: JX171467; rpb2: JX171581; tef1: GQ505593.

3882lactis Fusarium Pirotta, Arch. Lab. Bot. Crittog. Univ. Pavia 2 & 3: 316. 1879.

3883Synonyms: ?Fusarium pyrinum Schwein., Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., n.s. 4: 302. 1834.

3884?Fusarium apiogenum Sacc., Syll. Fung. 4: 717. 1886.

3885Fusarium rubrum Parav., Ann. Mycol. 16: 311. 1918.

3886Lectotypus: Arch. Lab. Bot. Crittog. Univ. Pavia 2 & 3, Tab. 21, figs 1–6, designated by.

3887Lectotype locality: Italy, Pavia.

3888Lectotype substrate: Clotted milk.

3889Epitypus: B 70 0001686, designated by.

3890Ex-epitype culture: BBA 68590 = CBS 411.97 = IMI 375351 = NRRL 25200.

3891Epitype locality: USA, California.

3892Epitype substrate: Ficus carica.

3893Descriptions and illustrations: See and.

3894Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: LT996201; rpb2: LT996149; tef1: AF160272.

3895lagenariae Fusarium (Schwein.) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 4: 724. 1886.

3896Basionym: Fusisporium lagenariae Schwein., Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., n.s., 4: 275. 1834.

3897(See Fusarium oxysporum)

3898Holotypus: PH00062516

3899Type locality: USA, Pennsylvania, Bethlehem.

3900Type substrate: Lagenaria siceraria.

3901lagenarium Fusarium Pass., Erb. Critt. Ital., ser. 2: no. 148. 1871.

3902Synonym: Gloeosporium lagenarium (Pass.) Sacc. & Roum., Rev. Mycol., Toulouse 2(8): 201. 1880.

3903(See Fusarium cyclogenum)

3904Holotypus: In PAD.

3905Type locality: Italy, Parma.

3906Type substrate: Lagenaria sp.

3907Note: Synonym fide.

3908lanceolatum Fusarium O.A. Pratt, J. Agric. Res. 13: 83. 1918.

3909(See Fusarium acuminatum)

3910Lectotypus (hic designatus, MBT 10000709): USA, Idaho, from soil, 1918, O.A. Pratt, in J. Agric. Res. 13: 82, fig. 1A–E.

3911Notes: Synonym fide. No holotype specimen could be located and therefore an illustration is designated as lectotype.

3912langsethiae Fusarium Torp & Nirenberg, Int. J. Food Microbiol. 95: 248. 2004.

3913Holotypus: B 70 0012234.

3914Ex-type culture: BBA 70945 = CBS 113234.

3915Type locality: Norway.

3916Type substrate: Kernal of Avena sativa.

3917Descriptions and illustrations: See.

3918Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: MW928812; rpb2: MW928828; tef1: AB674298.

3919languescens Fusarium L. Lombard & Crous, Persoonia 43: 28. 2018 [2019].

3920Holotypus: CBS H-23617.

3921Ex-type culture: CBS 645.78 = NRRL 36531.

3922Type locality: Morocco.

3923Type substrate: Solanum lycopersicum.

3924Descriptions and illustrations: See.

3925Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: MW928813; rpb2: MH484880; tef1: MH484971.

3926laricis Fusarium Sawada, Bull. Gov. Forest Exp. Sta., Meguro 46: 130. 1950.

3927Holotypus: TFM:FPH 00771.

3928Type locality: Japan, Aomori, Kamikita, Noheji

3929Type substrate: Larix kaempferi.

3930larvarum Fusarium Fuckel, Jahrb. Nassauischen Vereins Naturk. 23–24: 369. 1870.

3931Microcera larvarum (Fuckel) Gräfenhan et al., Stud. Mycol. 68: 105. 2011.

3932Synonyms: Fusarium nivale var. larvarum (Fuckel) Bilaĭ, Fusarii (Biologija i sistematika): 295. 1955, nom. inval., Art. 41.1

3933Fusarium cryptum McAlpine, Fungus Diseases of Citrus trees in Australia: 106. 1899.

3934Fusarium epicoccum McAlpine, Fungus Diseases of Citrus trees in Australia: 113. 1899.

3935Microcera parlatoriae Trab., Bull. Agric. Algérie Tunisie 13: 33. 1907.

3936Microcera curta Sacc., Ann. Mycol. 7: 437. 1909.

3937Microcera tonduzii Pat., Bull. Soc. Mycol. France 28: 142. 1912.

3938Fusarium aspidioti Sawada, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 28: 312. 1914.

3939Fusarium laboulbeniae Cépède, Arch. Parasitol. 16: 373. 1914.

3940Fusarium acremoniopsis Vincens, Bull. Soc. Mycol. France 31: 26. 1915.

3941?Fusarium meliolicola F. Stevens, Bot. Gaz. 65: 245. 1918.

3942?Nectria meliolicola F. Stevens, Bot. Gaz. 65: 231. 1918.