Review on practical photoacoustic microscopy

Abstract

Photoacoustic imaging (PAI) has many interesting advantages, such as deep imaging depth, high image resolution, and high contrast to intrinsic and extrinsic chromophores, enabling morphological, functional, and molecular imaging of living subjects. Photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) is one form of the PAI inheriting its characteristics and is useful in both preclinical and clinical research. Over the years, PAM systems have been evolved in several forms and each form has its relative advantages and disadvantages. Thus, to maximize the benefits of PAM for a specific application, it is important to configure the PAM system optimally by targeting a specific application. In this review, we provide practical methods for implementing a PAM system to improve the resolution, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and imaging speed. In addition, we review the preclinical and the clinical applications of PAM and discuss the current challenges and the scope for future developments.

References 138

1. 1.

   Bell A.G. Upon the production and reproduction of sound by light. J. Soc. Telegr. Eng. 1880;9(34):404-426.

   Not in our library

2. 2.

   Wang L.V. Tutorial on photoacoustic microscopy and computed tomography. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 2008;14(1):171-179.

   Not in our library

3. 3.

   Jeon M., Kim C. Multimodal photoacoustic tomography. IEEE Trans. Multimedia. 2013;15(5):975-982.

   Not in our library

4. 4.

   Oraevsky A.A., Jacques S.L., Esenaliev R.O., Tittel F.K. Laser-based optoacoustic imaging in biological tissues. Proc. SPIE A. 1994;2134:122-128.

   Not in our library

5. 5.

   Kruger R.A. Photoacoustic ultrasound. Med. Phys. 1994;21(1):127-131.

   Not in our library10.1118/1.597367

6. 6.

   Kim J., Lee D., Jung U., Kim C. Photoacoustic imaging platforms for multimodal imaging. Ultrasonography. 2015;34(2):88.

   Not in our library10.14366/usg.14062

7. 7.

   Hu S., Wang L.V. Photoacoustic imaging and characterization of the microvasculature. J. Biomed. Opt. 2010;15(1).

   Not in our library10.1117/1.3281673

8. 8.

   Zhang H.F., Maslov K., Stoica G., Wang L.V. Functional photoacoustic microscopy for high-resolution and noninvasive in vivo imaging. Nat. Biotechnol. 2006;24(7):848.

   Not in our library10.1038/nbt1220

9. 9.

   Choi W., Park E.-Y., Jeon S., Kim C. Clinical photoacoustic imaging platforms. Biomed. Eng. Lett. 2018;8(2):139-155.

   Not in our library10.1007/s13534-018-0062-7

10. 10.
    Programmable Real-time Clinical Photoacoustic and Ultrasound Imaging System · 2016

    No notice
11. 11.

    Lee C., Jeon M., Jeon M.Y., Kim J., Kim C. In vitro photoacoustic measurement of hemoglobin oxygen saturation using a single pulsed broadband supercontinuum laser source. Appl. Opt. 2014;53(18):3884-3889.

    Not in our library10.1364/ao.53.003884

12. 12.

    Flammer J., Orgül S., Costa V.P., Orzalesi N., Krieglstein G.K., Serra L.M., Renard J.-P., Stefánsson E. The impact of ocular blood flow in glaucoma. Prog. Retin. Eye Res. 2002;21(4):359-393.

    Not in our library10.1016/s1350-9462(02)00008-3

13. 13.

    Hanahan D., Weinberg R.A. Hallmarks of cancer: the next generation. Cell. 2011;144(5):646-674.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.cell.2011.02.013

14. 14.
    Dual-Modality Photoacoustic and Ultrasound Imaging System for Noninvasive Sentinel Lymph Node Detection in Patients with Breast Cancer · 2015

    No notice
15. 15.

    Park S., Jung U., Lee S., Lee D., Kim C. Contrast-enhanced dual mode imaging: photoacoustic imaging plus more. Biomed. Eng. Lett. 2017;7(2):121-133.

    Not in our library10.1007/s13534-016-0006-z

16. 16.

    Zhang Y., Jeon M., Rich L.J., Hong H., Geng J., Zhang Y., Shi S., Barnhart T.E., Alexandridis P., Huizinga J.D. Non-invasive multimodal functional imaging of the intestine with frozen micellar naphthalocyanines. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2014;9(8):631.

    Not in our library10.1038/nnano.2014.130

17. 17.

    Lee S., Kwon O., Jeon M., Song J., Shin S., Kim H., Jo M., Rim T., Doh J., Kim S. Super-resolution visible photoactivated atomic force microscopy. Light: Sci. Appl. 2017;6(11).

    Not in our library10.1038/lsa.2017.80

18. 18.

    Kim C., Park S.-J., Kim J., Lee S., Lee C., Jeon M., Kim J., Oh K.K. Objective-free optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy. J. Biomed. Opt. 2012;18(1).

    Not in our library10.1117/1.jbo.18.1.010501

19. 19.

    Park S., Jang J., Kim J., Kim Y.S., Kim C. Real-time triple-modal photoacoustic, ultrasound, and magnetic resonance fusion imaging of humans. IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging. 2017;36(9):1912-1921.

    Not in our library10.1109/tmi.2017.2696038

20. 20.

    Bi R., Balasundaram G., Jeon S., Tay H.C., Pu Y., Li X., Moothanchery M., Kim C., Olivo M. Photoacoustic microscopy for evaluating combretastatin A4 phosphate induced vascular disruption in orthotopic glioma. J. Biophotonics. 2018.

    Not in our library10.1002/jbio.201700327

21. 21.

    Oladipupo S., Hu S., Kovalski J., Yao J., Santeford A., Sohn R.E., Shohet R., Maslov K., Wang L.V., Arbeit J.M. VEGF is essential for hypoxia-inducible factor-mediated neovascularization but dispensable for endothelial sprouting. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2011;108(32):13264-13269.

    Not in our library10.1073/pnas.1101321108

22. 22.

    Zhang C., Zhang Y.S., Yao D.-K., Xia Y., Wang L.V. Label-free photoacoustic microscopy of cytochromes. J. Biomed. Opt. 2013;18(2).

    Not in our library10.1117/1.jbo.18.2.020504

23. 23.

    Wong T.T., Zhang R., Hai P., Zhang C., Pleitez M.A., Aft R.L., Novack D.V., Wang L.V. Fast label-free multilayered histology-like imaging of human breast cancer by photoacoustic microscopy. Sci. Adv. 2017;3(5).

    Not in our library10.1126/sciadv.1602168

24. 24.

    Kim C., Cho E.C., Chen J., Song K.H., Au L., Favazza C., Zhang Q., Cobley C.M., Gao F., Xia Y. In vivo molecular photoacoustic tomography of melanomas targeted by bioconjugated gold nanocages. ACS Nano. 2010;4(8):4559-4564.

    Not in our library10.1021/nn100736c

25. 25.

    Nasiriavanaki M., Xia J., Wan H., Bauer A.Q., Culver J.P., Wang L.V. High-resolution photoacoustic tomography of resting-state functional connectivity in the mouse brain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2014;111(1):21-26.

    Not in our library10.1073/pnas.1311868111

26. 26.
    In Vivo Photoacoustic Imaging of Anterior Ocular Vasculature: A Random Sample Consensus Approach · 2017

    Not checked
27. 27.

    Silverman R.H., Kong F., Chen Y., Lloyd H.O., Kim H.H., Cannata J.M., Shung K.K., Coleman D.J. High-resolution photoacoustic imaging of ocular tissues. Ultrasound Med. Biol. 2010;36(5):733-742.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2010.02.006

28. 28.

    Moothanchery M., Pramanik M. Performance characterization of a switchable acoustic resolution and optical resolution photoacoustic microscopy system. Sensors. 2017;17(2):357.

    Not in our library10.3390/s17020357

29. 29.

    Chuangsuwanich T., Moothanchery M., Yan A.T.C., Schmetterer L., Girard M.J., Pramanik M. Photoacoustic imaging of lamina cribrosa microcapillaries in porcine eyes. Appl. Opt. 2018;57(17):4865-4871.

    Not in our library10.1364/ao.57.004865

30. 30.

    Yao J., Maslov K.I., Puckett E.R., Rowland K.J., Warner B.W., Wang L.V. Double-illumination photoacoustic microscopy. Opt. Lett. 2012;37(4):659-661.

    Not in our library10.1364/ol.37.000659

31. 31.

    Shelton R.L., Applegate B.E. Off-axis photoacoustic microscopy. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 2010;57(8):1835-1838.

    Not in our library10.1109/tbme.2010.2043103

32. 32.

    Jiao S., Xie Z., Zhang H.F., Puliafito C.A. Simultaneous multimodal imaging with integrated photoacoustic microscopy and optical coherence tomography. Opt. Lett. 2009;34(19):2961-2963.

    Not in our library10.1364/ol.34.002961

33. 33.

    Shelton R.L., Mattison S.P., Applegate B.E. Volumetric imaging of erythrocytes using label‐free multiphoton photoacoustic microscopy. J. Biophotonics. 2014;7(10):834-840.

    Not in our library10.1002/jbio.201300059

34. 34.

    Zhang H.F., Maslov K., Stoica G., Wang L.V. Imaging acute thermal burns by photoacoustic microscopy. J. Biomed. Opt. 2006;11(5).

    Not in our library10.1117/1.2355667

35. 35.

    Maslov K., Stoica G., Wang L.V. In vivo dark-field reflection-mode photoacoustic microscopy. Opt. Lett. 2005;30(6):625-627.

    Not in our library10.1364/ol.30.000625

36. 36.

    Jeon M., Kim J., Kim C. Multiplane spectroscopic whole-body photoacoustic imaging of small animals in vivo. Med. Biol. Eng. Comput. 2016;54(2–3):283-294.

    Not in our library10.1007/s11517-014-1182-6

37. 37.

    Maslov K., Zhang H.F., Hu S., Wang L.V. Optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy for in vivo imaging of single capillaries. Opt. Lett. 2008;33(9):929-931.

    Not in our library10.1364/ol.33.000929

38. 38.

    Hu S., Maslov K., Wang L.V. Second-generation optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy with improved sensitivity and speed. Opt. Lett. 2011;36(7):1134-1136.

    Not in our library10.1364/ol.36.001134

39. 39.

    Park J., Jeon S., Meng J., Song L., Lee J.S., Kim C. Delay-multiply-and-sum-based synthetic aperture focusing in photoacoustic microscopy. J. Biomed. Opt. 2016;21(3).

    Not in our library10.1117/1.jbo.21.3.036010

40. 40.

    Jeon S., Kim J., Kim C. In vivo switchable optical-and acoustic-resolution photoacoustic microscopy. Photons Plus Ultrasound: Imaging Sens. 2016;9708(2016).

    Not in our library

41. 41.

    Xing W., Wang L., Maslov K., Wang L.V. Integrated optical-and acoustic-resolution photoacoustic microscopy based on an optical fiber bundle. Opt. Lett. 2013;38(1):52-54.

    Not in our library10.1364/ol.38.000052

42. 42.

    Zhang C., Maslov K.I., Hu S., Wang L.V., Chen R., Zhou Q., Shung K.K. Reflection-mode submicron-resolution in vivo photoacoustic microscopy. J. Biomed. Opt. 2012;17(2).

    Not in our library10.1117/1.jbo.17.2.020501

43. 43.

    Zhang C., Maslov K., Wang L.V. Subwavelength-resolution label-free photoacoustic microscopy of optical absorption in vivo. Opt. Lett. 2010;35(19):3195-3197.

    Not in our library10.1364/ol.35.003195

44. 44.

    Danielli A., Maslov K.I., Garcia-Uribe A., Winkler A.M., Li C., Wang L., Chen Y., Dorn G.W., Wang L.V. Label-free photoacoustic nanoscopy. J. Biomed. Opt. 2014;19(8).

    Not in our library10.1117/1.jbo.19.8.086006

45. 45.

    Song W., Zheng W., Liu R., Lin R., Huang H., Gong X., Yang S., Zhang R., Song L. Reflection-mode in vivo photoacoustic microscopy with subwavelength lateral resolution. Biomed. Opt. Express. 2014;5(12):4235-4241.

    Not in our library10.1364/boe.5.004235

46. 46.

    Liu C., Liao J., Chen L., Chen J., Ding R., Gong X., Cui C., Pang Z., Zheng W., Song L. The integrated high-resolution reflection-mode photoacoustic and fluorescence confocal microscopy. Photoacoustics. 2019;14:12-18.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.pacs.2019.02.001

47. 47.

    Park B., Lee H., Jeon S., Ahn J., Kim H.H., Kim C. Reflection‐mode switchable subwavelength bessel‐beam and Gaussian‐beam photoacoustic microscopy in vivo. J. Biophotonics. 2018.

    Not in our library10.1002/jbio.201800215

48. 48.

    Pierrat R., Greffet J.-J., Carminati R., Elaloufi R. Spatial coherence in strongly scattering media. JOSA A. 2005;22(11):2329-2337.

    Not in our library10.1364/josaa.22.002329

49. 49.

    Vallet M., Varray F., Kalkhoran M.A., Vray D., Boutet J. Enhancement of photoacoustic imaging quality by using CMUT technology: experimental study. Ultrasonics Symposium (IUS), 2014 IEEE International. 2014;1296-1299.

    Not in our library

50. 50.

    Yao J., Wang L., Li C., Zhang C., Wang L.V. Photoimprint photoacoustic microscopy for three-dimensional label-free subdiffraction imaging. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2014;112(1).

    Not in our library10.1103/physrevlett.112.014302

51. 51.

    Yao J., Kaberniuk A.A., Li L., Shcherbakova D.M., Zhang R., Wang L., Li G., Verkhusha V.V., Wang L.V. Multiscale photoacoustic tomography using reversibly switchable bacterial phytochrome as a near-infrared photochromic probe. Nat. Methods. 2016;13(1):67.

    Not in our library10.1038/nmeth.3656

52. 52.

    Wang L., Zhang C., Wang L.V. Grueneisen relaxation photoacoustic microscopy. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2014;113(17).

    Not in our library10.1103/physrevlett.113.174301

53. 53.

    Liu X., Wong T.T., Shi J., Ma J., Yang Q., Wang L.V. Label-free cell nuclear imaging by Grüneisen relaxation photoacoustic microscopy. Opt. Lett. 2018;43(4):947-950.

    Not in our library10.1364/ol.43.000947

54. 54.

    Cai D., Wong T.T., Zhu L., Shi J., Chen S.-L., Wang L.V. Dual-view photoacoustic microscopy for quantitative cell nuclear imaging. Opt. Lett. 2018;43(20):4875-4878.

    Not in our library10.1364/ol.43.004875

55. 55.

    Preibisch S., Amat F., Stamataki E., Sarov M., Singer R.H., Myers E., Tomancak P. Efficient Bayesian-based multiview deconvolution. Nat. Methods. 2014;11(6):645.

    Not in our library10.1038/nmeth.2929

56. 56.

    Smith A.M., Mancini M.C., Nie S. Bioimaging: second window for in vivo imaging. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2009;4(11):710.

    Not in our library10.1038/nnano.2009.326

57. 57.

    Park S., Park G., Kim J., Choi W., Jeong U., Kim C.J.N. Bi 2 Se 3 nanoplates for contrast-enhanced photoacoustic imaging at 1064 nm. Nanoscale. 2018;10(44):20548-20558.

    Not in our library10.1039/c8nr05672b

58. 58.

    Periyasamy V., Das N., Sharma A., Pramanik M. 1064 nm acoustic resolution photoacoustic microscopy. J. Biophotonics. 2019.

    Not in our library10.1002/jbio.201800357

59. 59.

    Hai P., Yao J., Maslov K.I., Zhou Y., Wang L.V. Near-infrared optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy. Opt. Lett. 2014;39(17):5192-5195.

    Not in our library10.1364/ol.39.005192

60. 60.

    Jiang B., Yang X., Luo Q. Reflection-mode Bessel-beam photoacoustic microscopy for in vivo imaging of cerebral capillaries. Opt. Express. 2016;24(18):20167-20176.

    Not in our library10.1364/oe.24.020167

61. 61.

    Shi J., Wang L., Noordam C., Wang L.V. Bessel-beam Grueneisen relaxation photoacoustic microscopy with extended depth of field. J. Biomed. Opt. 2015;20(11).

    Not in our library10.1117/1.jbo.20.11.116002

62. 62.

    Yeh C., Soetikno B.T., Hu S., Maslov K.I., Wang L.V. Microvascular quantification based on contour-scanning photoacoustic microscopy. J. Biomed. Opt. 2014;19(9).

    Not in our library10.1117/1.jbo.19.9.096011

63. 63.

    Kim W., Lee C., Kim C., Kim D.S. Dual-mode reconfigurable focusing using the interface of aqueous and dielectric liquids. Lab Chip. 2017;17(23):4031-4039.

    Not in our library10.1039/c7lc00759k

64. 64.

    Mermillod-Blondin A., McLeod E., Arnold C.B. High-speed varifocal imaging with a tunable acoustic gradient index of refraction lens. Opt. Lett. 2008;33(18):2146-2148.

    Not in our library10.1364/ol.33.002146

65. 65.

    Zong W., Zhao J., Chen X., Lin Y., Ren H., Zhang Y., Fan M., Zhou Z., Cheng H., Sun Y. Large-field high-resolution two-photon digital scanned light-sheet microscopy. Cell Res. 2015;25(2):254.

    Not in our library10.1038/cr.2014.124

66. 66.

    Dean K.M., Fiolka R. Uniform and scalable light-sheets generated by extended focusing. Opt. Express. 2014;22(21):26141-26152.

    Not in our library10.1364/oe.22.026141

67. 67.

    Theriault C., Guttenfelder J., Arnold C. TAG lens: revolutionizing optical microscopy with ultra-high speed variable focus. Microsc. Microanal. 2014;20(S3):1092-1093.

    Not in our library

68. 68.

    Yang X., Jiang B., Song X., Wei J., Luo Q. Fast axial-scanning photoacoustic microscopy using tunable acoustic gradient lens. Opt. Express. 2017;25(7):7349-7357.

    Not in our library10.1364/oe.25.007349

69. 69.

    Yang X., Song X., Jiang B., Luo Q. Multifocus optical-resolution photoacoustic microscope using ultrafast axial scanning of single laser pulse. Opt. Express. 2017;25(23):28192-28200.

    Not in our library

70. 70.
    Motionless volumetric photoacoustic microscopy with spatially invariant resolution · 2017

    Not checked
71. 71.

    Zhang Z., Ma X., Zhong J. Single-pixel imaging by means of Fourier spectrum acquisition. Nat. Commun. 2015;6:6225.

    Not in our library10.1038/ncomms7225

72. 72.

    Li M.-L., Zhang H.F., Maslov K., Stoica G., Wang L.V. Improved in vivo photoacoustic microscopy based on a virtual-detector concept. Opt. Lett. 2006;31(4):474-476.

    Not in our library10.1364/ol.31.000474

73. 73.

    Deng Z., Yang X., Gong H., Luo Q. Two-dimensional synthetic-aperture focusing technique in photoacoustic microscopy. J. Appl. Phys. 2011;109(10).

    Not in our library

74. 74.

    Turner J., Estrada H., Kneipp M., Razansky D. Improved optoacoustic microscopy through three-dimensional spatial impulse response synthetic aperture focusing technique. Opt. Lett. 2014;39(12):3390-3393.

    Not in our library10.1364/ol.39.003390

75. 75.

    Deng Z., Yang X., Gong H., Luo Q. Adaptive synthetic-aperture focusing technique for microvasculature imaging using photoacoustic microscopy. Opt. Express. 2012;20(7):7555-7563.

    Not in our library10.1364/oe.20.007555

76. 76.

    Jeon S., Park J., Managuli R., Kim C. A novel 2D synthetic aperture focusing technique for acoustic-resolution photoacoustic microscopy. IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging. 2018.

    Not in our library10.1109/tmi.2018.2861400

77. 77.

    Wang L., Maslov K., Yao J., Rao B., Wang L.V. Fast voice-coil scanning optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy. Opt. Lett. 2011;36(2):139-141.

    Not in our library10.1364/ol.36.000139

78. 78.

    Wang L., Maslov K., Wang L.V. Single-cell label-free photoacoustic flowoxigraphy in vivo. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2013;110(15):5759-5764.

    Not in our library10.1073/pnas.1215578110

79. 79.

    Rao B., Maslov K., Danielli A., Chen R., Shung K.K., Zhou Q., Wang L.V. Real-time four-dimensional optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy with Au nanoparticle-assisted subdiffraction-limit resolution. Opt. Lett. 2011;36(7):1137-1139.

    Not in our library10.1364/ol.36.001137

80. 80.

    Xie Z., Jiao S., Zhang H.F., Puliafito C.A. Laser-scanning optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy. Opt. Lett. 2009;34(12):1771-1773.

    Not in our library10.1364/ol.34.001771

81. 81.

    Yao J., Wang L., Yang J.-M., Gao L.S., Maslov K.I., Wang L.V., Huang C.-H., Zou J. Wide-field fast-scanning photoacoustic microscopy based on a water-immersible MEMS scanning mirror. J. Biomed. Opt. 2012;17(8).

    Not in our library10.1117/1.jbo.17.8.080505

82. 82.

    Kim J.Y., Lee C., Park K., Lim G., Kim C. Fast optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy using a 2-axis water-proofing MEMS scanner. Sci. Rep. 2015;5:7932.

    Not in our library10.1038/srep07932

83. 83.

    Lin L., Zhang P., Xu S., Shi J., Li L., Yao J., Wang L., Zou J., Wang L.V. Handheld optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy. J. Biomed. Opt. 2016;22(4).

    Not in our library10.1117/1.jbo.22.4.041002

84. 84.

    Park K., Kim J.Y., Lee C., Jeon S., Lim G., Kim C. Handheld photoacoustic microscopy probe. Sci. Rep. 2017;7(1):13359.

    Not in our library10.1038/s41598-017-13224-3

85. 85.

    Chen Q., Guo H., Jin T., Qi W., Xie H., Xi L. Ultracompact high-resolution photoacoustic microscopy. Opt. Lett. 2018;43(7):1615-1618.

    Not in our library10.1364/ol.43.001615

86. 86.

    Yuan Y., Yang S., Xing D. Optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy based on two-dimensional scanning galvanometer. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2012;100(2).

    Not in our library

87. 87.

    Jin T., Guo H., Jiang H., Ke B., Xi L. Portable optical resolution photoacoustic microscopy (pORPAM) for human oral imaging. Opt. Lett. 2017;42(21):4434-4437.

    Not in our library10.1364/ol.42.004434

88. 88.

    Qin W., Jin T., Guo H., Xi L. Large-field-of-view optical resolution photoacoustic microscopy. Opt. Express. 2018;26(4):4271-4278.

    Not in our library10.1364/oe.26.004271

89. 89.

    Kim J.Y., Lee C., Park K., Han S., Kim C. High-speed and high-SNR photoacoustic microscopy based on a galvanometer mirror in non-conducting liquid. Sci. Rep. 2016;6:34803.

    Not in our library10.1038/srep34803

90. 90.

    Lan B., Liu W., Wang Y., Shi J., Li Y., Xu S., Sheng H., Zhou Q., Zou J., Hoffmann U., Yang W., Yao J. High-speed widefield photoacoustic microscopy of small-animal hemodynamics. Biomed. Opt. Express. 2018;9(10):4689-4701.

    Not in our library10.1364/boe.9.004689

91. 91.

    Song L., Maslov K., Wang L.V. Multifocal optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy in vivo. Opt. Lett. 2011;36(7):1236-1238.

    Not in our library10.1364/ol.36.001236

92. 92.

    Li G., Maslov K.I., Wang L.V. Reflection-mode multifocal optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy. J. Biomed. Opt. 2013;18(3).

    Not in our library10.1117/1.jbo.18.3.030501

93. 93.

    Xia J., Li G., Wang L., Nasiriavanaki M., Maslov K., Engelbach J.A., Garbow J.R., Wang L.V. Wide-field two-dimensional multifocal optical-resolution photoacoustic-computed microscopy. Opt. Lett. 2013;38(24):5236-5239.

    Not in our library10.1364/ol.38.005236

94. 94.

    Zhang E., Laufer J., Beard P. Backward-mode multiwavelength photoacoustic scanner using a planar Fabry-Perot polymer film ultrasound sensor for high-resolution three-dimensional imaging of biological tissues. Appl. Opt. 2008;47(4):561-577.

    Not in our library10.1364/ao.47.000561

95. 95.

    Zhang E., Laufer J., Pedley R., Beard P. In vivo high-resolution 3D photoacoustic imaging of superficial vascular anatomy. Phys. Med. Biol. 2009;54(4):1035.

    Not in our library10.1088/0031-9155/54/4/014

96. 96.

    Laufer J., Norris F.C., Cleary J.O., Zhang E.Z., Treeby B.E., Cox B.T., Johnson S.P., Scambler P., Lythgoe M.F., Beard P.C. In vivo photoacoustic imaging of mouse embryos. J. Biomed. Opt. 2012;17(6).

    Not in our library10.1117/1.jbo.17.6.061220

97. 97.

    Huynh N., Ogunlade O., Zhang E., Cox B., Beard P. Photoacoustic imaging using an 8-beam Fabry-Perot scanner. Photons Plus Ultrasound: Imaging Sens. 2016;9708(2016).

    Not in our library

98. 98.

    Plumb A.A., Huynh N.T., Guggenheim J., Zhang E., Beard P. Rapid volumetric photoacoustic tomographic imaging with a Fabry-Perot ultrasound sensor depicts peripheral arteries and microvascular vasomotor responses to thermal stimuli. Eur. Radiol. 2018;28(3):1037-1045.

    Not in our library10.1007/s00330-017-5080-9

99. 99.

    Huynh N., Lucka F., Zhang E., Betcke M., Arridge S., Beard P., Cox B. Sub-sampled Fabry-Perot photoacoustic scanner for fast 3D imaging. Photons Plus Ultrasound: Imaging Sens. 2017;10064(2017).

    Not in our library

100. 100.

     Ansari R., Zhang E., Desjardins A., Beard P. All-optical endoscopic probe for high resolution 3D photoacoustic tomography. Photons Plus Ultrasound: Imaging Sens. 2017;10064(2017).

     Not in our library

101. 101.
     All-optical forward-viewing photoacoustic probe for high-resolution 3D endoscopy · 2018

     No notice
102. 102.

     Payne B.P., Venugopalan V., Mikic B.B., Nishioka N.S. Optoacoustic determination of optical attenuation depth using interferometric detection. J. Biomed. Opt. 2003;8(2):264-273.

     Not in our library10.1117/1.1559731

103. 103.

     Payne B.P., Venugopalan V., Mikic B.B., Nishioka N.S. Optoacoustic tomography using time-resolved interferometric detection of surface displacement. J. Biomed. Opt. 2003;8(2):273-281.

     Not in our library10.1117/1.1559727

104. 104.

     Wang Y., Li C., Wang R.K. Noncontact photoacoustic imaging achieved by using a low-coherence interferometer as the acoustic detector. Opt. Lett. 2011;36(20):3975-3977.

     Not in our library10.1364/ol.36.003975

105. 105.

     Rousseau G., Blouin A., Monchalin J.-P. Non-contact photoacoustic tomography and ultrasonography for tissue imaging. Biomed. Opt. Express. 2012;3(1):16-25.

     Not in our library10.1364/boe.3.000016

106. 106.

     Hochreiner A., Bauer-Marschallinger J., Burgholzer P., Jakoby B., Berer T. Non-contact photoacoustic imaging using a fiber based interferometer with optical amplification. Biomed. Opt. Express. 2013;4(11):2322-2331.

     Not in our library10.1364/boe.4.002322

107. 107.

     Chen Z., Yang S., Wang Y., Xing D. Noncontact broadband all-optical photoacoustic microscopy based on a low-coherence interferometer. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2015;106(4).

     Not in our library

108. 108.

     Berer T., Hochreiner A., Zamiri S., Burgholzer P. Remote photoacoustic imaging on solid material using a two-wave mixing interferometer. Opt. Lett. 2010;35(24):4151-4153.

     Not in our library10.1364/ol.35.004151

109. 109.
     Non-interferometric photoacoustic remote sensing microscopy · 2017

     No notice
110. 110.

     Reza P.H., Bell K., Shi W., Shapiro J., Zemp R.J. Deep non-contact photoacoustic initial pressure imaging. Optica. 2018;5(7):814-820.

     Not in our library

111. 111.

     Cao R., Li J., Ning B., Sun N., Wang T., Zuo Z., Hu S. Functional and oxygen-metabolic photoacoustic microscopy of the awake mouse brain. Neuroimage. 2017;150:77-87.

     Not in our library10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.01.049

112. 112.

     Ning B., Sun N., Cao R., Chen R., Shung K.K., Hossack J.A., Lee J.-M., Zhou Q., Hu S. Ultrasound-aided multi-parametric photoacoustic microscopy of the mouse brain. Sci. Rep. 2015;5:18775.

     Not in our library10.1038/srep18775

113. 113.

     Yao J., Wang L., Yang J.-M., Maslov K.I., Wong T.T., Li L., Huang C.-H., Zou J., Wang L.V. High-speed label-free functional photoacoustic microscopy of mouse brain in action. Nat. Methods. 2015;12(5):407.

     Not in our library10.1038/nmeth.3336

114. 114.

     Moothanchery M., Seeni R.Z., Xu C., Pramanik M. In vivo studies of transdermal nanoparticle delivery with microneedles using photoacoustic microscopy. Biomed. Opt. Express. 2017;8(12):5483-5492.

     Not in our library10.1364/boe.8.005483

115. 115.

     Kim C., Favazza C., Wang L.V. In vivo photoacoustic tomography of chemicals: high-resolution functional and molecular optical imaging at new depths. Chem. Rev. 2010;110(5):2756-2782.

     Not in our library10.1021/cr900266s

116. 116.

     Jeon M., Jenkins S., Oh J., Kim J., Peterson T., Chen J., Kim C. Nonionizing photoacoustic cystography with near-infrared absorbing gold nanostructures as optical-opaque tracers. Nanomedicine. 2014;9(9):1377-1388.

     Not in our library10.2217/nnm.13.103

117. 117.

     Erpelding T.N., Kim C., Pramanik M., Jankovic L., Maslov K., Guo Z., Margenthaler J.A., Pashley M.D., Wang L.V. Sentinel lymph nodes in the rat: noninvasive photoacoustic and US imaging with a clinical US system. Radiology. 2010;256(1):102-110.

     Not in our library10.1148/radiol.10091772

118. 118.

     Lee C., Kim J., Zhang Y., Jeon M., Liu C., Song L., Lovell J.F., Kim C. Dual-color photoacoustic lymph node imaging using nanoformulated naphthalocyanines. Biomaterials. 2015;73:142-148.

     Not in our library10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.09.023

119. 119.

     Cai X., Liu X., Liao L.D., Bandla A., Ling J.M., Liu Y.H., Thakor N., Bazan G.C., Liu B. Encapsulated conjugated oligomer nanoparticles for real‐time photoacoustic sentinel lymph node imaging and targeted photothermal therapy. Small. 2016;12(35):4873-4880.

     Not in our library10.1002/smll.201600697

120. 120.

     Roy I., Shetty D., Hota R., Baek K., Kim J., Kim C., Kappert S., Kim K. A multifunctional subphthalocyanine nanosphere for targeting, labeling, and killing of antibiotic‐resistant bacteria. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2015;54(50):15152-15155.

     Not in our library10.1002/anie.201507140

121. 121.

     Lee C., Kwon W., Beack S., Lee D., Park Y., Kim H., Hahn S.K., Rhee S.-W., Kim C. Biodegradable nitrogen-doped carbon nanodots for non-invasive photoacoustic imaging and photothermal therapy. Theranostics. 2016;6(12):2196.

     Not in our library10.7150/thno.16923

122. 122.

     Zhong J., Yang S., Wen L., Xing D. Imaging-guided photoacoustic drug release and synergistic chemo-photoacoustic therapy with paclitaxel-containing nanoparticles. J. Control. Release. 2016;226:77-87.

     Not in our library10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.02.010

123. 123.

     Olson T., Harter J., Munoz A., Mahvi D., Breslin T. Frozen section analysis for intraoperative margin assessment during breast-conserving surgery results in low rates of re-excision and local recurrence. Ann. Surg. Oncol. 2007;14(10):2953.

     Not in our library10.1245/s10434-007-9437-1

124. 124.

     Cendán J.C., Coco D., Copeland E.M. Accuracy of intraoperative frozen-section analysis of breast cancer lumpectomy-bed margins. J. Am. Coll. Surg. 2005;201(2):194-198.

     Not in our library10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2005.03.014

125. 125.

     Imai T., Shi J., Wong T.T., Li L., Zhu L., Wang L.V. High-throughput ultraviolet photoacoustic microscopy with multifocal excitation. J. Biomed. Opt. 2018;23(3).

     Not in our library10.1117/1.jbo.23.3.036007

126. 126.
     Label-free automated three-dimensional imaging of whole organs by microtomy-assisted photoacoustic microscopy · 2017

     Not checked
127. 127.

     Zabihian B., Weingast J., Liu M., Zhang E., Beard P., Pehamberger H., Drexler W., Hermann B. In vivo dual-modality photoacoustic and optical coherence tomography imaging of human dermatological pathologies. Biomed. Opt. Express. 2015;6(9):3163-3178.

     Not in our library10.1364/boe.6.003163

128. 128.

     Aguirre J., Schwarz M., Garzorz N., Omar M., Buehler A., Eyerich K., Ntziachristos V. Precision assessment of label-free psoriasis biomarkers with ultra-broadband optoacoustic mesoscopy. Nat. Biomed. Eng. 2017;1(5):68.

     Not in our library

129. 129.

     Berezhnoi A., Schwarz M., Buehler A., Ovsepian S.V., Aguirre J., Ntziachristos V. Assessing hyperthermia‐induced vasodilation in human skin in vivo using optoacoustic mesoscopy. J. Biophotonics. 2018.

     Not in our library10.1002/jbio.201700359

130. 130.

     Lee D., Lee C., Kim S., Zhou Q., Kim J., Kim C. In vivo near infrared virtual intraoperative surgical photoacoustic optical coherence tomography. Sci. Rep. 2016;6:35176.

     Not in our library10.1038/srep35176

131. 131.

     Lee C., Han S., Kim S., Jeon M., Jeon M.Y., Kim C., Kim J. Combined photoacoustic and optical coherence tomography using a single near-infrared supercontinuum laser source. Appl. Opt. 2013;52(9):1824-1828.

     Not in our library10.1364/ao.52.001824

132. 132.

     Cai X., Zhang Y., Li L., Choi S.-W., MacEwan M.R., Yao J., Kim C., Xia Y., Wang L.V. Investigation of neovascularization in three-dimensional porous scaffolds in vivo by a combination of multiscale photoacoustic microscopy and optical coherence tomography. Tissue Eng. Part C Methods. 2012;19(3):196-204.

     Not in our library10.1089/ten.tec.2012.0326

133. 133.

     Song W., Xu Q., Zhang Y., Zhan Y., Zheng W., Song L. Fully integrated reflection-mode photoacoustic, two-photon, and second harmonic generation microscopy in vivo. Sci. Rep. 2016;6:32240.

     Not in our library10.1038/srep32240

134. 134.

     Wang Y., Maslov K., Kim C., Hu S., Wang L.V. Integrated photoacoustic and fluorescence confocal microscopy. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 2010;57(10):2576-2578.

     Not in our library10.1109/tbme.2010.2059026

135. 135.

     Ntziachristos V., Yoo J.S., van Dam G.M. Current concepts and future perspectives on surgical optical imaging in cancer. J. Biomed. Opt. 2010;15(6).

     Not in our library10.1117/1.3523364

136. 136.

     Deán-Ben X.L., Fehm T.F., Ford S.J., Gottschalk S., Razansky D. Spiral volumetric optoacoustic tomography visualizes multi-scale dynamics in mice. Light Sci. Appl. 2017;6(4).

     Not in our library10.1038/lsa.2016.247

137. 137.

     Kang H., Lee S.-W., Lee E.-S., Kim S.-H., Lee T.G. Real-time GPU-accelerated processing and volumetric display for wide-field laser-scanning optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy. Biomed. Opt. Express. 2015;6(12):4650-4660.

     Not in our library10.1364/boe.6.004650

138. 138.

     George D., Lloyd H., Silverman R.H., Chitnis P.V. A frequency‐domain non‐contact photoacoustic microscope based on an adaptive interferometer. J. Biophotonics. 2018.

     Not in our library10.1002/jbio.201700278

Cited by papers we hold 1

• Quickly Alternating Green and Red Laser Source for Real-time Multispectral Photoacoustic Microscopy · 2020
  Not checked

Reads

A person counts once a day per paper. We keep no cookie and no address: a reader is a hash that changes every day. Any month under five reads shows no number.