Recent progress in electrochemical synthesis of carbon-free hydrogen carrier ammonia and ammonia fuel cells: A review

Ammonia (NH 3 ) is a cornerstone widely used in the modern agriculture and industry, the annual global production gradually increases to almost 200 million tons. Nearly 80% of the produced NH 3 is used in the fertilizer industry and is essential for the development of global agriculture and consequently for maintaining population growth. Furthermore, NH 3 can power hydrogen (H 2 ) fueled devices, such as H 2 fuel cells (FC), to use the interconversion between chemical energy and electric energy of nitrogen (N 2 ) cycle, which can effectively alleviate the intermittent problems of renewable energy. However, the problems faced by NH 3 in storage and release still restrict its development. Herein, this review introduces the latest research and development of electrochemical NH 3 synthesis and direct NH 3 FC, as well as outlines the technical challenges, possible improvement measures and development perspectives. N 2 reduction reaction (NRR) and nitrate reduction reaction (NO 3 − RR) are two potential approaches for electrochemical NH 3 synthesis. However, the existing research foundation still faces challenges in achieving high selectivity and efficiency. Direct NH 3 FC are easy to transport and are expected to be widely used in mobile energy consuming equipment, but also limited by the lack of highly active and stable NH 3 oxidation electrocatalysts. The perspectives of ammonia fuel cells as an alternative green energy are discussed.

Abstract licence: CC BY-NC-ND

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   Electrochemical synthesis of nitric acid from air and ammonia through waste utilization · 2019

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