The SARS-CoV-2 mutations versus vaccine effectiveness: New opportunities to new challenges

Abstract

BACKGROUND: The SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus epidemic is hastening the discovery of the most efficient vaccines. The development of cost-effective vaccines seems to be the only solution to terminate this pandemic. However, the vaccines' effectiveness has been questioned due to recurrent mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 genome. Most of the mutations are associated with the spike protein, a vital target for several marketed vaccines. Many countries were highly affected by the 2nd wave of the SARS-CoV-2, like the UK, India, Brazil and France. Experts are also alarming the further COVID-19 wave with the emergence of Omicron, which is highly affecting the South African populations. This review encompasses the detailed description of all vaccine candidates and COVID-19 mutants that will add value to design further studies to combat the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: The information was generated using various search engines like google scholar, PubMed, clinicaltrial.gov.in, WHO database, ScienceDirect, and news portals by using keywords SARS-CoV-2 mutants, COVID-19 vaccines, efficacy of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, COVID-19 waves. RESULTS: This review has highlighted the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 variants and the vaccine efficacy. Currently, various vaccine candidates are undergoing several phases of development. Their efficacy still needs to check for newly emerged variants. We have focused on the evolution, multiple mutants, waves of the SARS-CoV-2, and different marketed vaccines undergoing various clinical trials and the design of the trials to determine vaccine efficacy. CONCLUSION: Various mutants of SARS-CoV-2 arrived, mainly concerned with the spike protein, a key component to design the vaccine candidates. Various vaccines are undergoing clinical trial and show impressive results, but their efficacy still needs to be checked in different SARS-CoV-2 mutants. We discussed all mutants of SARS-CoV-2 and the vaccine's efficacy against them. The safety concern of these vaccines is also discussed. It is important to understand how coronavirus gets mutated to design better new vaccines, providing long-term protection and neutralizing broad mutant variants. A proper study approach also needs to be considered while designing the vaccine efficacy trials, which further improved the study outcomes. Taking preventive measures to protect from the virus is also equally important, like vaccine development.

References 136

1. 1.

   This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

   Not in our library10.1038/s41579-018-0118-9

2. 2.

   This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

   Not in our library10.5667/cellmed.2020.0021

3. 3.

   This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

   Not in our library10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111254

4. 4.

   This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

   Not in our library

5. 5.

   This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

   Not in our library

6. 6.

   This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

   Not in our library10.1016/s0140-6736(03)14630-2

7. 7.

   This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

   Not in our library10.1016/j.tim.2016.03.003

8. 8.
   Why are RNA virus mutation rates so damn high? · 2018

   No notice
9. 9.

   This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

   Not in our library10.1038/d41586-020-02544-6

10. 10.
    Phylogenetic network analysis of SARS-CoV-2 genomes · 2020

    No notice
11. 11.
    Geographic and Genomic Distribution of SARS-CoV-2 Mutations · 2020

    No notice
12. 12.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library10.1002/jmv.25762

13. 13.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0140-6736(21)00370-6

14. 14.
    Adaptation of SARS-CoV-2 in BALB/c mice for testing vaccine efficacy · 2020

    No notice
15. 15.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library10.1101/2020.12.30.20249034

16. 16.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library

17. 17.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0140-6736(21)00298-1

18. 18.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library10.1016/s2213-2600(21)00075-8

19. 19.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.cell.2020.06.043

20. 20.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library10.1016/s2213-2600(21)00075-8

21. 21.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library10.1016/s2213-2600(21)00075-8

22. 22.
    A human coronavirus evolves antigenically to escape antibody immunity · 2021

    No notice
23. 23.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library10.4161/hv.34306

24. 24.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library10.1056/nejmc2031364

25. 25.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.09.056

26. 26.
    Escape from neutralizing antibodies by SARS-CoV-2 spike protein variants · 2020

    No notice
27. 27.
    SARS-CoV-2 escape from a highly neutralizing COVID-19 convalescent plasma · 2021

    No notice
28. 28.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.chom.2021.01.014

29. 29.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library10.1101/2020.12.21.20248640

30. 30.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library10.1038/s41586-021-03471-w

31. 31.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library10.1038/s41591-021-01285-x

32. 32.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library10.1038/s41586-021-03324-6

33. 33.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library

34. 34.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library

35. 35.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0140-6736(19)31573-9

36. 36.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library

37. 37.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library10.1016/s2468-2667(21)00073-6

38. 38.
    Estimated transmissibility and impact of SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.1.7 in England · 2021

    No notice
39. 39.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library

40. 40.
    Deep Mutational Scanning of SARS-CoV-2 Receptor Binding Domain Reveals Constraints on Folding and ACE2 Binding · 2020

    No notice
41. 41.
    Changes in symptomatology, reinfection, and transmissibility associated with the SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.1.7: an ecological study · 2021

    No notice
42. 42.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library10.1016/s1473-3099(21)00170-5

43. 43.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library10.1080/22221751.2021.1943540

44. 44.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library

45. 45.
    Evolution and epidemic spread of SARS-CoV-2 in Brazil · 2020

    No notice
46. 46.
    Genomic Characterization of a Novel SARS-CoV-2 Lineage from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil · 2021

    No notice
47. 47.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library10.1038/s41586-021-03324-6

48. 48.
    Genomic Evidence of SARS-CoV-2 Reinfection Involving E484K Spike Mutation, Brazil · 2021

    No notice
49. 49.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library

50. 50.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library

51. 51.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library

52. 52.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library

53. 53.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library

54. 54.
    SARS-CoV-2 Spike Mutations, L452R, T478K, E484Q and P681R, in the Second Wave of COVID-19 in Maharashtra, India · 2021

    No notice
55. 55.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.cell.2021.04.025

56. 56.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library

57. 57.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0140-6736(21)02758-6

58. 58.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library

59. 59.
    Complete Mapping of Mutations to the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Receptor-Binding Domain that Escape Antibody Recognition · 2021

    No notice
60. 60.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library10.1038/s41579-021-00573-0

61. 61.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library

62. 62.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library

63. 63.
    Increased risk of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection associated with emergence of Omicron in South Africa · 2022

    No notice
64. 64.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library

65. 65.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library10.1101/2021.12.03.471024

66. 66.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115884

67. 67.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library10.1016/s2666-5247(21)00034-3

68. 68.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library

69. 69.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library10.1016/s2214-109x(21)00043-7

70. 70.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library

71. 71.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library10.37757/mr2019.v21.n1.1

72. 72.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library10.1038/s41591-021-01230-y

73. 73.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ymthe.2019.01.020

74. 74.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library10.1056/nejmoa2035389

75. 75.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library10.1056/nejmoa2034577

76. 76.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30832-x

77. 77.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library10.1001/jama.2020.15543

78. 78.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30832-x

79. 79.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.cell.2020.06.008

80. 80.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library10.1038/s41577-020-00434-6

81. 81.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library10.1186/s13045-021-01046-w

82. 82.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library10.1056/nejmoa2027906

83. 83.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library

84. 84.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library10.1056/nejmoa2034577

85. 85.
    Vaccine side-effects and SARS-CoV-2 infection after vaccination in users of the COVID Symptom Study app in the UK: a prospective observational study · 2021

    No notice
86. 86.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library10.1056/nejmoa2035389

87. 87.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library

88. 88.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library10.1111/ajt.16516

89. 89.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31604-4

90. 90.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library10.1038/s41591-020-01194-5

91. 91.
    Safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (AZD1222) against SARS-CoV-2: an interim analysis of four randomised controlled trials in Brazil, South Africa, and the UK · 2021

    Corrected
92. 92.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library

93. 93.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library

94. 94.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30831-8

95. 95.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library

96. 96.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library

97. 97.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library

98. 98.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library

99. 99.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31866-3

100. 100.

     This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

     Not in our library10.1093/jtm/taab051

101. 101.

     This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

     Not in our library10.1093/jtm/taab051

102. 102.

     This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

     Not in our library10.1101/2021.06.05.447177

103. 103.

     This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

     Not in our library10.1093/cid/ciab411

104. 104.

     This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

     Not in our library10.1101/2021.04.30.441559

105. 105.

     This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

     Not in our library10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30843-4

106. 106.

     This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

     Not in our library

107. 107.

     This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

     Not in our library10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30843-4

108. 108.

     This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

     Not in our library10.1038/s41586-020-2607-z

109. 109.

     This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

     Not in our library

110. 110.

     This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

     Not in our library

111. 111.

     This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

     Not in our library10.1056/nejmoa2026920

112. 112.

     This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

     Not in our library

113. 113.
     Vaccine side-effects and SARS-CoV-2 infection after vaccination in users of the COVID Symptom Study app in the UK: a prospective observational study · 2021

     No notice
114. 114.

     This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

     Not in our library10.1056/nejmoa2035389

115. 115.

     This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

     Not in our library

116. 116.
     An overview of SARS-COV-2 epidemiology, mutant variants, vaccines, and management strategies · 2021

     Not checked
117. 117.

     This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

     Not in our library

118. 118.

     This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

     Not in our library

119. 119.

     This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

     Not in our library10.1016/s1473-3099(21)00127-4

120. 120.

     This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

     Not in our library

121. 121.

     This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

     Not in our library10.2147/rmhp.s326051

122. 122.

     This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

     Not in our library10.1101/2020.11.05.20226761

123. 123.

     This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

     Not in our library10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30845-x

124. 124.
     Second wave COVID-19 pandemics in Europe: a temporal playbook · 2020

     No notice
125. 125.

     This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

     Not in our library

126. 126.

     This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

     Not in our library

127. 127.

     This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

     Not in our library

128. 128.

     This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

     Not in our library10.1177/1740774515620613

129. 129.

     This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

     Not in our library10.1086/522428

130. 130.

     This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

     Not in our library10.1191/0962280204sm356ra

131. 131.

     This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

     Not in our library10.1201/9781420037838-6

132. 132.

     This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

     Not in our library10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31821-3

133. 133.

     This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

     Not in our library

134. 134.

     This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

     Not in our library10.1080/10543400600719251

135. 135.

     This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

     Not in our library10.1126/scitranslmed.aat0360

136. 136.

     This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

     Not in our library10.1016/j.cmi.2020.12.032

Cited by papers we hold 2

• Revolutionizing immunization: a comprehensive review of mRNA vaccine technology and applications · 2025
  Not checked
• Clinical Characteristics and Treatment Outcomes of Mild to Moderate COVID-19 Patients at Tertiary Care Hospital, Al Baha, Saudi Arabia: A Single Centre Study · 2022
  Not checked

Reads

A person counts once a day per paper. We keep no cookie and no address: a reader is a hash that changes every day. Any month under five reads shows no number.