Multiple sclerosis: experimental models and reality

Abstract

One of the most frequent statements, provided in different variations in the introduction of experimental studies on multiple sclerosis (MS), is that “Multiple sclerosis is a demyelinating autoimmune disease and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a suitable model to study its pathogenesis”. However, so far, no single experimental model covers the entire spectrum of the clinical, pathological, or immunological features of the disease. Many different models are available, which proved to be highly useful for studying different aspects of inflammation, demyelination, remyelination, and neurodegeneration in the central nervous system. However, the relevance of results from such models for MS pathogenesis has to be critically validated. Current EAE models are mainly based on inflammation, induced by auto-reactive CD4+ T-cells, and these models reflect important aspects of MS. However, pathological data and results from clinical trials in MS indicate that CD8+ T-cells and B-lymphocytes may play an important role in propagating inflammation and tissue damage in established MS. Viral models may reflect key features of MS-like inflammatory demyelination, but are difficult to use due to their very complex pathogenesis, involving direct virus-induced and immune-mediated mechanisms. Furthermore, evidence for a role of viruses in MS pathogenesis is indirect and limited, and an MS-specific virus infection has not been identified so far. Toxic models are highly useful to unravel mechanisms of de- and remyelination, but do not reflect other important aspects of MS pathology and pathogenesis. For all these reasons, it is important to select the right experimental model to answer specific questions in MS research.

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Cited by papers we hold 15

• Oligodendrocyte death and myelin loss in the cuprizone model: an updated overview of the intrinsic and extrinsic causes of cuprizone demyelination · 2022
  No notice
• B cell-dependent EAE induces visual deficits in the mouse with similarities to human autoimmune demyelinating diseases · 2022
  Not checked
• Dwellers and Trespassers: Mononuclear Phagocytes at the Borders of the Central Nervous System · 2021
  Not checked
• Microglia and monocytes in inflammatory CNS disease: integrating phenotype and function · 2021
  No notice
• Spatio-temporal expression profile of NGF and the two-receptor system, TrkA and p75NTR, in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis · 2020
  Not checked
• Naturally Derived Heme-Oxygenase 1 Inducers and Their Therapeutic Application to Immune-Mediated Diseases · 2020
  No notice
• Inflammatory Role of TLR-MyD88 Signaling in Multiple Sclerosis · 2020
  No notice
• Scopoletin Suppresses Activation of Dendritic Cells and Pathogenesis of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis by Inhibiting NF-κB Signaling · 2019
  Not checked
• Pathogenic Mechanisms Associated With Different Clinical Courses of Multiple Sclerosis · 2019
  No notice
• The Beneficial and Debilitating Effects of Environmental and Microbial Toxins, Drugs, Organic Solvents and Heavy Metals on the Onset and Progression of Multiple Sclerosis · 2019
  Not checked
• Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Multiple Sclerosis · 2019
  No notice
• P2X4 receptor controls microglia activation and favors remyelination in autoimmune encephalitis · 2018
  No notice
• Are Astrocytes the Predominant Cell Type for Activation of Nrf2 in Aging and Neurodegeneration? · 2017
  No notice
• The C-C Chemokines CCL17 and CCL22 and Their Receptor CCR4 in CNS Autoimmunity · 2017
  No notice
• Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein: Deciphering a Target in Inflammatory Demyelinating Diseases · 2017
  No notice

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