Skip to content
naulon
Get started

No retraction, correction or concern found when last checked on Oct 19, 2026.

Post-contrast acute kidney injury. Part 2: risk stratification, role of hydration and other prophylactic measures, patients taking metformin and chronic dialysis patients

Aart J. van der Molen, Peter Reimer, Ilona A. Dekkers and 8 more

European Radiology · 2018 · Review

doi:10.1007/s00330-017-5247-4

Abstract

Objectives. The Contrast Media Safety Committee (CMSC) of the European Society of Urogenital Radiology (ESUR) has updated its 2011 guidelines on the prevention of post-contrast acute kidney injury (PC-AKI). The results of the literature review and the recommendations based on it, which were used to prepare the new guidelines, are presented in two papers.

Areas covered in part 2. Topics reviewed include stratification of PC-AKI risk, the need to withdraw nephrotoxic medication, PC-AKI prophylaxis with hydration or drugs, the use of metformin in diabetic patients receiving contrast medium and the need to alter dialysis schedules in patients receiving contrast medium.

Key points. • In CKD, hydration reduces the PC-AKI risk • Intravenous normal saline and intravenous sodium bicarbonate provide equally effective prophylaxis • No drugs have been consistently shown to reduce the risk of PC-AKI • Stop metformin from the time of contrast medium administration if eGFR < 30 ml/min/1.73 m 2 • Dialysis schedules need not change when intravascular contrast medium is given

Full text

From PubMed Central, U.S. National Library of Medicine, as current on Oct 20, 2026. Paragraph numbers are ours, so an answer can point at one.

Introduction

The Contrast Media Safety Committee (CMSC) of the European Society of Urogenital Radiology (ESUR) produced their most recent guidelines on what was then termed contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) in 2011. Guidelines on the use of contrast media (CM) in patients on dialysis and on the use of CM in diabetic patients using metformin were published in 2002 and 2014. This review provides recommendations for updating the CMSC guidelines which were obtained using a structured literature review based on clinical questions and Patient–Intervention–Comparator–Outcome (PICO) formatting. Since the literature related to the topics considered is so large, the results of the review have been split into two papers. The review only considers post-contrast kidney injury (PC-AKI) after iodine-based CM because acute kidney injury is not associated with gadolinium-based contrast agents in doses approved for clinical magnetic resonance imaging.

In this second paper on PC-AKI, the following topics related to patient management are considered:The role of questionnaires and risk scores to identify at-risk patients with reduced renal functionThe need to stop nephrotoxic medication before giving CMThe optimal hydration protocols for protecting against PC-AKIThe possible role of prophylactic drug treatment in preventing PC-AKIThe need to adapt metformin administration when giving CMThe need to alter schedules for dialysis in the period before and after CM administration

The role of questionnaires and risk scores to identify at-risk patients with reduced renal function

The need to stop nephrotoxic medication before giving CM

The optimal hydration protocols for protecting against PC-AKI

The possible role of prophylactic drug treatment in preventing PC-AKI

The need to adapt metformin administration when giving CM

The need to alter schedules for dialysis in the period before and after CM administration

Recommendations are made for items 1–6. The recommendations have been incorporated into version 10 of the ESUR CMSC guidelines, at the end of this paper (Table 4).

Materials and methods

The recommendations were prepared using the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation (AGREE) II document. A guideline Writing Group (WG) prepared ten clinical questions in PICO format. Systematic search strings were developed with a professional librarian for four different biomedical literature databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Embase and the Cochrane Library). The titles and abstracts were screened for relevance and selected on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Emphasis was put on comparative studies with strong scientific evidence, such as meta-analyses and systematic reviews, and prospective randomised controlled trials (RCTs). The six systematic searches in this manuscript yielded 3402 references of which 445 were selected on the basis of title and abstract. After review of the full text of these 445 publications, 145 were selected for inclusion in this paper. The quality of the evidence from the selected articles was evaluated according to the Oxford Centre for Evidence Based Medicine levels of evidence: grade A, established scientific evidence; grade B, scientific presumption; grade C, low level of evidence. When there was no scientific evidence, recommendations were based on WG consensus and were graded as expert opinion (grade D).

The full description of the materials and methods appears in part 1.

The term intra-arterial injection with first pass renal exposure indicates that contrast medium reaches the kidneys in a relatively undiluted form, e.g. injection into the left heart, thoracic and suprarenal abdominal aorta or the renal arteries. The term intra-arterial injection with second pass renal exposure indicates that contrast medium reaches the renal arteries after dilution either in the pulmonary or peripheral circulation, e.g. injection into the right heart, pulmonary artery, carotid, subclavian, coronary, mesenteric or infrarenal arteries.

Patient questionnaires

Questionnaires, such as that proposed by Choyke, use information about a history of renal disease or renal surgery, heart failure, diabetes, proteinuria, hypertension and gout to stratify patients for their PC-AKI risk so that sCr measurements need only be done selectively. This may work well and can save resources. Observational studies have shown that these questionnaires can identify patients with eGFR < 45 ml/min/1.73 m2 with adequate sensitivity, especially if they are aged less than 70. Since eGFR measurement can detect more patients with renal dysfunction than questionnaires, with easier patient logistics and similar cost-effectiveness, many hospitals have adopted a policy of sCr measurements in all patients scheduled for intravenous (IV) CM and no longer use questionnaires for risk stratification or selection for eGFR measurement (Table 1).

Risk prediction models

No risk models have been produced yet for IV or IA CM administration with second pass renal exposure. For patients having coronary angiography (CA) or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), many different risk scores have been proposed to stratify the patient’s PC-AKI risk, and most include pre-procedural and procedural data. A model with only pre-procedural data would be more practical for selecting suitable preventive measures. Risk scores should be verified in relation to improvements in clinical outcome. In clinical practice, a prediction rule would require a high discriminatory value, i.e. a C-statistic greater than 0.80.

The best-known risk model is the eight-variable Mehran score, which has been studied in more than 15,000 patients and has been externally validated in multiple studies, but with variable C-statistic values of 0.57–0.85. The Mehran score correlates relatively well with clinical outcomes. Newer risk scores with good discriminatory value, available in user-friendly calculators or smartphone applications, still need external validation. A recent systematic review of 16 risk models concluded that they had only modest predictive value and a review and meta-analysis of 74 risk models noted their heterogeneity and concluded that further research was needed to evaluate the effect of such models on clinical care (Table 1).

Question 6: Should nephrotoxic medication be withheld to reduce the risk of PC-AKI?

Optimal nephrologic care involves minimizing the use of nephrotoxic drugs where clinically possible. Many frequently prescribed medications, such as nonselective NSAIDs, selective Cox-2 inhibitors, several classes of antimicrobial agents and chemotherapeutic agents have nephrotoxic potential and can induce AKI.

There is little good quality data about the relationship between these drugs and PC-AKI. A retrospective cohort study showed that concurrent use of four or more nephrotoxic agents was significantly predictive for PC-AKI in patients given IV CM. A meta-analysis of PC-AKI incidence following CM-enhanced CT found that concurrent administration of NSAIDs was an independent risk factor for PC-AKI.

The effect of withholding angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) and angiotensin-2 receptor blockers (ARB) in chronic users has been extensively evaluated. Multiple RCTs and observational studies gave conflicting results and are limited by small sample sizes and significant heterogeneity. However, meta-analyses of RCTs found no lower risk. Withholding ACEI/ARB may be associated with a slightly lower risk of PC-AKI but the evidence is not sufficiently strong to recommend this (Table 1).

Hydration as a preventive strategy for PC-AKI

Evidence for prevention of PC-AKI with IV saline hydration (volume expansion) comes from RCTs in patients who received intra-arterial (IA) CM during percutaneous intervention, and in patients who received bicarbonate hydration before IV enhanced emergency CTPA. One RCT evaluated the evidence for IA CM administration during CA. These studies found that, for both IA and IV CM administration, the incidence of PC-AKI was significantly lower in patients who received IV hydration compared to placebo, and that hydration prevented emergency dialysis. Significant differences for mortality or other adverse events were not found. There were few patients with severe renal impairment (eGFR < 30 ml/min/1.73 m2) in almost all studies. The recent AMACING trial showed that for patients with eGFR > 30 ml/min/1.73 m2 receiving IV CM there was no difference between no hydration and hydration in preventing PC-AKI.

Oral hydration versus intravenous saline hydration

Oral intake of clear fluids by patients as an alternative to IV saline to prevent PC-AKI is difficult to monitor or control. Nine studies evaluated oral hydration, but were limited by small patient numbers and by the absence of patients with severe renal impairment. Three meta-analyses concluded that there is no evidence that oral hydration is associated with more risk of PC-AKI compared to IV hydration, but the studies were limited by heterogeneity and lack of hard clinical outcomes. The CMSC does not recommend the use of oral hydration as the sole preventive strategy for PC-AKI, but unrestricted intake of clear oral fluids in addition to IV volume expansion is supported (Table 2).

Intravenous hydration: saline versus bicarbonate

Normal saline (NaCl 0.9%) and sodium bicarbonate solution (1.4% or 154 mmol NaHCO3 in D5W) are the two most commonly studied crystalloid solutions. The rationale for using bicarbonate is that alkalinisation can reduce the formation of free reactive oxygen species. Initial studies favoured bicarbonate, but this was not replicated in later studies, so IV hydration with bicarbonate can be considered equivalent to normal saline.

There is no consensus on the optimal hydration regime. Most studies have compared bicarbonate given pre- and post-CM for less than 6 h to longer duration saline pre- and post-CM protocols (12–24 h). In all studies, there are few patients with eGFR < 30 ml/min/1.73 m2, and evidence about whether short duration bicarbonate is better than long duration saline is conflicting. There is limited evidence on whether pre-hydration only is inferior to pre- and post-hydration, and only one very short duration bicarbonate protocol has been evaluated.

Most studies have been performed in cardiac patients admitted for CA or PCI. Three studies evaluated hydration protocols in patients having contrast-enhanced CT, and did not favour bicarbonate over saline. No studies were identified assessing the beneficial effect of other crystalloids. However, balanced crystalloid solutions, such as Ringer’s lactate, may be preferable in critical care populations, because they avoid the harmful effects of hyperchloraemic acidosis.

The CMSC considers that for IV and IA CM injection with second pass renal exposure either a short bicarbonate hydration regime before CM or a conventional protocol with saline given before and after CM may be used. For IA CM injection with first pass renal exposure conventional protocols with either bicarbonate or saline given before and after CM should be used (Table 2).

Forced diuresis versus conventional hydration

Newer approaches for patients with impaired left ventricular function combine controlled saline hydration with a forced high urinary flow rate to maintain euvolemia and avoid overhydration and several RCTs showed better results than conventional hydration protocols. Other catheter-based strategies used left ventricular end-diastolic pressure or central venous pressure to guide hydration. In these RCTs the incidence of PC-AKI was lower than with standard IV hydration. Since the forced diuresis studies have heterogeneous populations, interventions and control hydration protocols, their findings cannot be pooled. The CMSC considers that there is not sufficient evidence to recommend forced diuresis.

In which patients should the hydration protocol be individualized?

There is no data to suggest that patients with severe renal impairment (CKD grade V) or severe heart failure (NYHA grade 3–4) should receive different hydration protocols. However, IV hydration with large volumes may exacerbate acute heart failure and induce pulmonary oedema. The opinion of the CMSC is that hydration protocols in these patients should be individualized for type, volume and duration.

N-Acetylcysteine (NAc)

Most recent RCTs or meta-analyses do not show a protective effect of NAc against PC-AKI following coronary or peripheral angiography. NAc also failed to affect clinical outcome in coronary or peripheral angiography or to have a protective effect in CT or in patients with diabetes mellitus undergoing coronary or peripheral angiography. Comparative studies with NAc combined with saline or sodium bicarbonate protocols did not show any additional effect of protective effect of NAc. However, more recent meta-analyses showed a benefit of NAc, with or without high-dose statins, when added to hydration for preventing PC-AKI.

Statins

Several meta-analyses showed lower overall PC-AKI rates with the use of high-dose, short-term statin treatment compared to controls. Lower PC-AKI rates were also found in subgroups, such as older patients, patients with acute coronary syndromes and for high-dose statin regimes. Some of these meta-analyses showed a reduced need for RRT after statins, but no reduction in all-cause mortality. However, the US Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) meta-analysis showed that the risk of PC-AKI was only significantly reduced when statins were added to hydration and NAc. A reduction in PC-AKI risk could not be shown when statins plus hydration were compared to hydration alone in patients not taking statins. The standard of evidence grade was low in both analyses.

Despite the many positive results, it is difficult to make a general recommendation for statins because the patients studied were invariably cardiac, and a variety of statin and hydration protocols were used. Patients with CKD grade 3B–5 (eGFR < 45 ml/min/1.73 m2) are under-represented in the studies and results in these patients remain inconclusive. Most patients undergoing CA/PCI are already taking long-term statins, and results in these patients are unclear.

While the CMSC recognises the potential preventive effects of short-term statins, it does not advise the use of short-term, high-dose statins as a single strategy for preventing PC-AKI (Table 2).

RAAS blockade: ACE inhibitors and angiotensin-II receptor blockers

Administration of renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) blockade as a preventive measure for patients not taking these drugs did not show a significant effect on the incidence of PC-AKI in recent meta-analyses (Table 2).

Vitamin C

The majority of RCTs or meta-analyses do not demonstrate a protective effect of vitamin C against PC-AKI in patients with CKD predominantly undergoing coronary angiography or any benefit of the use of vitamin C, NAc or a combination of both over the standard hydration regimen in preventing PC-AKI (Table 2). Combining vitamin C with pentoxifylline also failed to show an advantage. Only two publications have shown a protective effect of vitamin C in patients with CKD undergoing CA.

Renal replacement therapy (RRT)

There is no convincing evidence in favour of preventive haemodialysis or RRT alone or combined with hydration in patients with CKD, predominantly undergoing CA (Table 2). There is no evidence of an increased risk of permanent anuria in patients on peritoneal dialysis undergoing CA. There is a single study showing better late-stage (day 5–30) renal protection against PC-AKI with simultaneous haemodialysis.

Miscellaneous

The data on the protective effects of several agents, such as trimatizidine, theophylline, alprostadil, nebivolol, fenoldopam and iloprost, is not conclusive and does not support recommending their use to reduce the risk of PC-AKI.

Question 9: Should administration of metformin be adapted to reduce the risk of metformin-associated lactic acidosis in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus scheduled to receive intravascular contrast media?

Metformin is the standard drug for monotherapy of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The effect of CM on the risk of metformin-associated lactic acidosis is indirect, since an episode of AKI following intravascular CM administration may lead to metformin accumulation. The use of metformin in patients with eGFR 30–59 ml/min/1.73 m2 is considered safe if doses are reduced appropriately. Limiting the metformin dose to a maximum of 2000 mg/day for eGFR 45–60 ml/min/1.73 m2 and to a maximum of 1000 mg/day for eGFR 30–44 ml/min/1.73 m2 has been recommended. In patients with eGFR 30–59 ml/min/1.73 m2 metformin drug levels remain within therapeutic ranges. For patients with eGFR < 30 ml/min/1.73 m2 metformin administration is not approved.

Multiple studies and meta-analyses have shown that the risk of lactic acidosis is very low and linked more to the underlying disease and possible co-morbidities rather than the use of metformin. Because of the lack of published evidence on metformin and CM, early guidelines about the need to stop metformin before intravascular CM were based on consensus, and were strict. As the low risk of lactic acidosis became apparent, guidelines have become less restrictive.

Since no new published evidence is available, the CMSC has updated its recommendations based on recent recommendations from the FDA, and on guidelines from the ACR and RSTN (Table 3).

Question 10: Should the timing of CM administration be adapted to the schedule of haemodialysis or haemofiltration sessions in patients on renal replacement therapy?

Iodine-based CM can be safely removed by haemodialysis (HD) or haemofiltration (HF). Many factors influence the effectiveness of HD, such as flow rate of blood and dialysate, dialysis membrane permeability, HD duration, and CM characteristics such as molecular size, protein binding, hydrophilicity and electrical charge.

Although HF concomitant with radiological procedures has been shown to be feasible and well tolerated, the fractional removal of iodine-based CM contrast agents is modest and several HF or HD sessions are needed to remove 95% of the administered CM. Also, there is no evidence for the necessity of emergency HD after administration of iodine-based CM in patients on chronic HD. However, to avoid volume overload, CM administration may be synchronised with scheduled HF or HD (Table 3).

Conclusion

Assessment of the risk of PC-AKI before intravascular CM is administered is best done by measuring eGFR but the alternative of a questionnaire for patients detects most patients with eGFR less than 45 ml/min/1.73 m2. Volume expansion with normal saline or sodium bicarbonate remains the mainstay of PC-AKI prevention, but there is still uncertainty about the optimal protocol. The additional benefit of a number of drugs, such as N-acetylcysteine, statins, ACE inhibitors and angiotensin-II receptor blockers, and vitamin C in preventing PC-AKI has not been proved conclusively. Stopping nephrotoxic medications appears to be of limited value in preventing PC-AKI. Recommendations for discontinuing metformin when CM is given have been relaxed and now only apply to patients with eGFR < 30 ml/min/1.73 m2 receiving IV CM or IA CM with second pass renal exposure, and to all patients receiving IA CM with first pass renal exposure or who have AKI. There is no need to adapt dialysis schedules in patients being given intravascular CM.

The recommendations made in this paper have been incorporated into the ESUR CMSC guidelines version 10 (Table 4).

References 145

  1. 1.

    Stacul F, van der Molen AJ, Reimer P, Contrast Media Safety Committee of European Society of Urogenital Radiology (ESUR), et al. Contrast induced nephropathy: updated ESUR Contrast Media Safety Committee guidelines. Eur Radiol. 2011;21:2527-2541.

    Not in our library10.1007/s00330-011-2225-0

  2. 2.

    Morcos SK, Thomsen HS, Webb JA, Contrast Media Safety Committee of the European Society of Urogenital Radiology (ESUR), et al. Dialysis and contrast media. Eur Radiol. 2002;12:3026-3030.

    Not in our library10.1007/s00330-002-1629-2

  3. 3.

    Contrast Media Safety Committee ESUR. Guidelines on Contrast Media v9. CMSC, 2014. http://www.esur-cm.org/index.php/en/. 15 December 2017

    Not in our library

  4. 4.

    Brouwers M, Kho ME, Browman GP, on behalf of the AGREE Next Steps Consortium, et al. AGREE II: Advancing guideline development, reporting and evaluation in healthcare. Can Med Assoc J. 2010;182:E839-E842.

    Not in our library10.1503/cmaj.090449

  5. 5.

    Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Kunz R, et al. GRADE guidelines: 2. Framing the question and deciding on important outcomes. J Clin Epidemiol. 2011;64:395-400.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jclinepi.2010.09.012

  6. 6.

    OCEBM Levels of Evidence Working Group. The Oxford 2011 Levels of Evidence. Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine. http://www.cebm.net/index.aspx?o=5653. Accessed 15 December 2017

    Not in our library

  7. 7.

    Choyke PL, Cady J, DePollar SL, Austin H. Determination of serum creatinine prior to iodinated contrast media: is it necessary in all patients? Tech Urol. 1998;4:65-69.

    Not in our library

  8. 8.

    Tippins RB, Torres WE, Baumgartner BR, Baumgarten DA. Are screening serum creatinine levels necessary prior to outpatient CT examinations? Radiology. 2000;216:481-484.

    Not in our library10.1148/radiology.216.2.r00au23481

  9. 9.

    Azzouz M, Romsing J, Thomsen HS. Can a structured questionnaire identify patients with reduced renal function? Eur Radiol. 2014;24:780-784.

    Not in our library10.1007/s00330-013-3065-x

  10. 10.

    Too CW, Ng WY, Tan CC, Mahmood MI, Tay KH. Screening for impaired renal function in outpatients before iodinated contrast injection: comparing the Choyke questionnaire with a rapid point-of-care-test. Eur J Radiol. 2015;84:1227-1231.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ejrad.2015.04.001

  11. 11.

    Zähringer C, Potthast S, Tyndall AJ, Bongartz G, Hohmann J. Serum creatinine measurements: evaluation of a questionnaire according to the ESUR guidelines. Acta Radiol. 2015;56:628-634.

    Not in our library10.1177/0284185114533244

  12. 12.

    Chang P, Saddleton E, Laumann AE, et al. Comparison of the sensitivity of a pre-MRI questionnaire and point of care eGFR testing for detection of impaired renal function. Acad Radiol. 2012;19:1181-1185.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.acra.2012.04.016

  13. 13.

    Moos SI, de Weijert RS, Nagan G, Stoker J, Bipat S. Cost of screening for kidney disease before intravenous contrast administration. Neth J Med. 2014;72:271-280.

    Not in our library

  14. 14.

    Van der Molen AJ, Geenen RWF, Dekkers HM et al for the Radiological Society of the Netherlands (RSTN). Guideline safe use of contrast media, part 1. Vught, RSTN: 2017. https://www.radiologen.nl/secties/nvvr/documenten/richtlijn-veilig-gebruik-van-contrastmiddelen-deel-1-full-english. Accessed 15 December 2017

    Not in our library

  15. 15.

    Tsai TT, Patel UD, Chang TI, et al. Validated contemporary risk model of acute kidney injury in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary interventions: insights from the National Cardiovascular Data Registry Cath-PCI Registry. J Am Heart Assoc. 2014;3:e001380.

    Not in our library10.1161/jaha.114.001380

  16. 16.

    Kooiman J, Gurm HS. Predicting contrast-induced renal complications in the catheterization laboratory. Intervent Cardiol Clin. 2014;3:369-377.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.iccl.2014.03.005

  17. 17.

    Mehran R, Aymong ED, Nikolsky E, et al. A simple risk score for prediction of contrast-induced nephropathy after percutaneous coronary intervention: development and initial validation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;44:1393-1399.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jacc.2004.06.068

  18. 18.

    Sgura FA, Bertelli L, Monopoli D, et al. Mehran contrast-induced nephropathy risk score predicts short- and long-term clinical outcomes in patients with ST-elevation-myocardial infarction. Circ Cardiovasc Interv. 2010;3:491-498.

    Not in our library10.1161/circinterventions.110.955310

  19. 19.

    Tziakas D, Chalikias G, Stakos D, et al. Validation of a new risk score to predict contrast-induced nephropathy after percutaneous coronary intervention. Am J Cardiol. 2014;113:1487-1493.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.amjcard.2014.02.004

  20. 20.

    Abellas-Sequeiros RA, Raposeiras-Roubin S, Abu-Assi E, et al. Mehran contrast nephropathy risk score: is it still useful 10 years later? J Cardiol. 2016;67:262-267.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jjcc.2015.05.007

  21. 21.

    Sato A, Hoshi T, Kakefuda Y, et al. Effect of the Mehran risk score for the prediction of clinical outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention. J Cardiol. 2015;66:417-422.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jjcc.2014.12.016

  22. 22.

    Gurm HS, Seth M, Kooiman J, Share D. A novel tool for reliable and accurate prediction of renal complications in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;61:2242-2248.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jacc.2013.03.026

  23. 23.

    Silver SA, Shah PS, Chertow GM, Harel S, Wald R, Harel Z. Risk prediction models for contrast induced nephropathy: systematic review. BMJ. 2015;351:h4395.

    Not in our library10.1136/bmj.h4395

  24. 24.

    Allen DW, Ma B, Leung KC et al (2017) Risk prediction models for contrast-induced acute kidney injury accompanying cardiac catheterization: systematic review and meta-analysis. Can J Cardiol 33(6):724-736

    Not in our library10.1016/j.cjca.2017.01.018

  25. 25.

    Dutch Federation of Nephrology. Guideline diagnosis and management of chronic kidney disease 2016. https://www.nefro.nl/richtlijnen/diagnostiek-en-behandeling-van-chronische-nierschade-voorlopige-richtlijn-2016-0. Accessed 15 December 2017

    Not in our library

  26. 26.

    Perazella MA. Drug-induced nephropathy: an update. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2005;4:689-704.

    Not in our library10.1517/14740338.4.4.689

  27. 27.

    Diogo LP, Saitovitch D, Biehl M, et al. Is there an association between non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and contrast nephropathy? Arq Bras Cardiol. 2010;95:726-731.

    Not in our library10.1590/s0066-782x2010005000145

  28. 28.

    Ho YF, Hsieh KL, Kung FL, et al (2015) Nephrotoxic polypharmacy and risk of contrast medium-induced nephropathy in hospitalized patients undergoing contrast-enhanced CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol 205:703–708

    Not in our library10.2214/ajr.15.14329

  29. 29.

    Moos SI, van Vemde DN, Stoker J, Bipat S. Contrast induced nephropathy in patients undergoing intravenous (IV) contrast enhanced computed tomography (CECT) and the relationship with risk factors: a meta-analysis. Eur J Radiol. 2013;82:e387-e399.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ejrad.2013.04.029

  30. 30.

    Rosenstock JL, Bruno R, Kim JK, et al. The effect of withdrawal of ACE inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers prior to coronary angiography on the incidence of contrast-induced nephropathy. Int Urol Nephrol. 2008;40:749-755.

    Not in our library10.1007/s11255-008-9368-1

  31. 31.

    Bainey KR, Rahim S, Etherington K, CAPTAIN Investigators, et al. Effects of withdrawing vs. continuing renin-angiotensin blockers on incidence of acute kidney injury in patients with renal insufficiency undergoing cardiac catheterization: results from the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin receptor blocker and contrast induced nephropathy in patients receiving cardiac catheterization (CAPTAIN) trial. Am Heart J. 2015;170:110-116.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ahj.2015.04.019

  32. 32.

    Jo SH, Lee JM, Park J, Kim HS. The impact of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockade on contrast-induced nephropathy: a meta-analysis of 12 studies with 4,493 patients. Cardiology. 2015;130:4-14.

    Not in our library10.1159/000366473

  33. 33.

    Peng F, Su J, Lin J, Niu W. Impact of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system-blocking agents on the risk of contrast-induced acute kidney injury: a prospective study and meta-analysis. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2015;65:262-268.

    Not in our library10.1097/fjc.0000000000000189

  34. 34.

    Wu Z, Zhang H, Jin W, et al. The effect of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockade medications on contrast-induced nephropathy in patients undergoing coronary angiography: a meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2015;10:e0129747.

    Not in our library10.1371/journal.pone.0129747

  35. 35.

    Chen SL, Zhang J, Yei F, et al. Clinical outcomes of contrast-induced nephropathy in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: a prospective, multicenter, randomized study to analyze the effect of hydration and acetylcysteine. Int J Cardiol. 2008;126:407-413.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ijcard.2007.05.004

  36. 36.

    Luo Y, Wang X, Ye Z, et al (2014) Remedial hydration reduces the incidence of contrast-induced nephropathy and short-term adverse events in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: a single-center, randomized trial. Intern Med 53:2265–2272

    Not in our library10.2169/internalmedicine.53.1853

  37. 37.

    Jurado-Roman A, Hernandez-Hernandez F, Garcia-Tejada J, et al. Role of hydration in contrast-induced nephropathy in patients who underwent primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Am J Cardiol. 2015;115:1174-1178.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.amjcard.2015.02.004

  38. 38.

    Kooiman J, Sijpkens YW, van Buren M, et al. Randomised trial of no hydration vs. sodium bicarbonate hydration in patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing acute computed tomography-pulmonary angiography. J Thromb Haemost. 2014;12:1658-1666.

    Not in our library10.1111/jth.12701

  39. 39.

    Trivedi HS, Moore H, Nasr S, et al. A randomized prospective trial to assess the role of saline hydration on the development of contrast nephrotoxicity. Nephron Clin Pract. 2003;93:C29-C34.

    Not in our library10.1159/000066641

  40. 40.

    Nijssen EC, Rennenberg RJ, Nelemans PJ, et al. Prophylactic hydration to protect renal function from intravascular iodinated contrast material in patients at high risk of contrast-induced nephropathy (AMACING): a prospective, randomised, phase 3, controlled, open-label, non-inferiority trial. Lancet. 2017;389:1312-1322.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0140-6736(17)30057-0

  41. 41.

    Taylor AJ, Hotchkiss D, Morse RW, McCabe J. PREPARED: preparation for Angiography in Renal Dysfunction: a randomized trial of inpatient vs outpatient hydration protocols for cardiac catheterization in mild-to-moderate renal dysfunction. Chest. 1998;114:1570-1574.

    Not in our library10.1378/chest.114.6.1570

  42. 42.

    Dussol B, Morange S, Loundoun A, Auquier P, Berland Y. A randomized trial of saline hydration to prevent contrast nephropathy in chronic renal failure patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2006;21:2120-2126.

    Not in our library10.1093/ndt/gfl133

  43. 43.

    Lawlor DK, Moist L, DeRose G, et al. Prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy in vascular surgery patients. Ann Vasc Surg. 2007;21:593-597.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.avsg.2007.07.006

  44. 44.

    Wrobel W, Sinkiewicz W, Gordon M, Wozniak-Wisniewska A. Oral versus intravenous hydration and renal function in diabetic patients undergoing percutaneous coronary interventions. Kardiol Pol. 2010;68:1015-1020.

    Not in our library

  45. 45.

    Akyuz S, Karaca M, Kemaloglu OT, et al. Efficacy of oral hydration in the prevention of contrast-induced acute kidney injury in patients undergoing coronary angiography or intervention. Nephron Clin Pract. 2014;128:95-100.

    Not in our library10.1159/000365090

  46. 46.

    Cho R, Javed N, Traub D, Kodali S, Atem F, Srinivasan V. Oral hydration and alkalinization is noninferior to intravenous therapy for prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy in patients with chronic kidney disease. J Interv Cardiol. 2010;23:460-466.

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1540-8183.2010.00585.x

  47. 47.

    Kong DG, Hou YF, Ma LL, Yao DK, Wang LX. Comparison of oral and intravenous hydration strategies for the prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy in patients undergoing coronary angiography or angioplasty: a randomized clinical trial. Acta Cardiol. 2012;67:565-569.

    Not in our library10.1080/ac.67.5.2174131

  48. 48.

    Martin-Moreno PL, Varo N, Martinez-Anso E, et al. Comparison of intravenous and oral hydration in the prevention of contrast-induced acute kidney injury in low-risk patients: a randomized trial. Nephron. 2015;131:51-58.

    Not in our library10.1159/000438907

  49. 49.

    Hiremath S, Akbari A, Shabana W, Fergusson DA, Knoll GA. Prevention of contrast-induced acute kidney injury: is simple oral hydration similar to intravenous? A systematic review of the evidence. PLoS One. 2013;8:e60009.

    Not in our library10.1371/journal.pone.0060009

  50. 50.

    Cheungpasitporn W, Thongprayoon C, Brabec BA, Edmonds PJ, O'Corragain OA, Erickson SB. Oral hydration for prevention of contrast-induced acute kidney injury in elective radiological procedures: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. N Am J Med Sci. 2014;6:618-624.

    Not in our library10.4103/1947-2714.147977

  51. 51.

    Agarwal SK, Mohareb S, Patel A, et al. Systematic oral hydration with water is similar to parenteral hydration for prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy: an updated meta-analysis of randomised clinical data. Open Heart. 2015;2:e000317.

    Not in our library10.1136/openhrt-2015-000317

  52. 52.

    Heyman SN, Rosen S, Khamaisi M, Idée JM, Rosenberger C. Reactive oxygen species and the pathogenesis of radiocontrast-induced nephorpathy. Invest Radiol. 2010;45:188-193.

    Not in our library10.1097/rli.0b013e3181d2eed8

  53. 53.

    Merten GJ, Burgess WP, Gray LV, et al. Prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy with sodium bicarbonate: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004;291:2328-2334.

    Not in our library10.1001/jama.291.19.2328

  54. 54.

    Masuda M, Yamada T, Mine T, et al. Comparison of usefulness of sodium bicarbonate versus sodium chloride to prevent contrast-induced nephropathy in patients undergoing an emergent coronary procedure. Am J Cardiol. 2007;100:781-786.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.amjcard.2007.03.098

  55. 55.

    Ozcan EE, Guneri S, Akdeniz B, et al. Sodium bicarbonate, N-acetylcysteine, and saline for prevention of radiocontrast-induced nephropathy. A comparison of 3 regimens for protecting contrast-induced nephropathy in patients undergoing coronary procedures. A single-center prospective controlled trial. Am Heart J. 2007;154:539-544.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ahj.2007.05.012

  56. 56.

    Recio-Mayoral A, Chaparro M, Prado B, et al. The reno-protective effect of hydration with sodium bicarbonate plus N-acetylcysteine in patients undergoing emergency percutaneous coronary intervention: the RENO Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;49:1283-1288.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jacc.2006.11.034

  57. 57.

    Adolph E, Holdt-Lehmann B, Chatterjee T, et al. Renal Insufficiency Following Radiocontrast Exposure Trial (REINFORCE): a randomized comparison of sodium bicarbonate versus sodium chloride hydration for the prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy. Coron Artery Dis. 2008;19:413-419.

    Not in our library10.1097/mca.0b013e3283021ac6

  58. 58.

    Brar SS, Shen AY, Jorgensen MB, et al. Sodium bicarbonate vs sodium chloride for the prevention of contrast medium-induced nephropathy in patients undergoing coronary angiography: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2008;300:1038-1046.

    Not in our library10.1001/jama.300.9.1038

  59. 59.

    Boucek P, Havrdova T, Oliyarnyk O, et al. Prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy in diabetic patients with impaired renal function: a randomized, double blind trial of sodium bicarbonate versus sodium chloride-based hydration. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2013;101:303-308.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.diabres.2013.05.015

  60. 60.

    Gomes VO, Lasevitch R, Lima VC, et al. Hydration with sodium bicarbonate does not prevent contrast nephropathy: a multicenter clinical trial. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2012;99:1129-1134.

    Not in our library10.1590/s0066-782x2012005000108

  61. 61.

    Ratcliffe JA, Thiagarajah P, Chen J, et al. Prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy: a randomized controlled trial of sodium bicarbonate and N-acetylcysteine. Int J Angiol. 2009;18:193-197.

    Not in our library10.1055/s-0031-1278353

  62. 62.

    Solomon R, Gordon P, Manoukian SV, et al. Randomized trial of bicarbonate or saline study for the prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy in patients with CKD. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2015;10:1519-1524.

    Not in our library10.2215/cjn.05370514

  63. 63.

    Briguori C, Airoldi F, D'Andrea D, et al. Renal Insufficiency Following Contrast Media Administration Trial (REMEDIAL): a randomized comparison of 3 preventive strategies. Circulation. 2007;115:1211-1217.

    Not in our library10.1161/circulationaha.106.687152

  64. 64.

    Castini D, Lucreziotti S, Bosotti L, et al. Prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy: a single center randomized study. Clin Cardiol. 2010;33:E63-E68.

    Not in our library10.1002/clc.20576

  65. 65.

    Chong E, Poh KK, Lu Q, et al. Comparison of combination therapy of high-dose oral N-acetylcysteine and intravenous sodium bicarbonate hydration with individual therapies in the reduction of Contrast-induced Nephropathy during Cardiac Catheterisation and Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (CONTRAST): a multi-centre, randomised, controlled trial. Int J Cardiol. 2015;201:237-242.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.07.108

  66. 66.

    Hafiz AM, Jan MF, Mori N, et al. Prevention of contrast-induced acute kidney injury in patients with stable chronic renal disease undergoing elective percutaneous coronary and peripheral interventions: randomized comparison of two preventive strategies. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2012;79:929-937.

    Not in our library10.1002/ccd.23148

  67. 67.

    Koc F, Ozdemir K, Altunkas F, et al. Sodium bicarbonate versus isotonic saline for the prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy in patients with diabetes mellitus undergoing coronary angiography and/or intervention: a multicenter prospective randomized study. J Investig Med. 2013;61:872-877.

    Not in our library10.2310/jim.0b013e31828e9cab

  68. 68.

    Klima T, Christ A, Marana I, et al. Sodium chloride vs. sodium bicarbonate for the prevention of contrast medium-induced nephropathy: a randomized controlled trial. Eur Heart J. 2012;33:2071-2079.

    Not in our library10.1093/eurheartj/ehr501

  69. 69.

    Lee SW, Kim WJ, Kim YH, et al. Preventive strategies of renal insufficiency in patients with diabetes undergoing intervention or arteriography (the PREVENT Trial). Am J Cardiol. 2011;107:1447-1452.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.amjcard.2011.01.019

  70. 70.

    Maioli M, Toso A, Leoncini M, et al. Sodium bicarbonate versus saline for the prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy in patients with renal dysfunction undergoing coronary angiography or intervention. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;52:599-604.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jacc.2008.05.026

  71. 71.

    Shavit L, Korenfeld R, Lifschitz M, Butnaru A, Slotki I. Sodium bicarbonate versus sodium chloride and oral N-acetylcysteine for the prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy in advanced chronic kidney disease. J Interv Cardiol. 2009;22:556-563.

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1540-8183.2009.00500.x

  72. 72.

    Kooiman J, Sijpkens YW, de Vries JP, et al. A randomized comparison of 1-h sodium bicarbonate hydration versus standard peri-procedural saline hydration in patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing intravenous contrast-enhanced computerized tomography. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2014;29:1029-1036.

    Not in our library10.1093/ndt/gfu025

  73. 73.

    Kooiman J, de Vries JP, van der Heyden J, et al. Randomized trial of 1-hour sodium bicarbonate vs. Standard saline hydration in patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing intra-arterial contrast administration [abstr]. Circulation. 2014;130:A17645.

    Not in our library

  74. 74.

    Kama A, Yilmaz S, Yaka E, et al. Comparison of short-term infusion regimens of N-acetylcysteine plus intravenous fluids, sodium bicarbonate plus intravenous fluids, and intravenous fluids alone for prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy in the emergency department. Acad Emerg Med. 2014;21:615-622.

    Not in our library10.1111/acem.12400

  75. 75.

    Briguori C, Visconti G, Focaccio A, et al. Renal Insufficiency After Contrast Media Administration Trial II (REMEDIAL II): RenalGuard System in high-risk patients for contrast-induced acute kidney injury. Circulation. 2011;124:1260-1269.

    Not in our library10.1161/circulationaha.111.030759

  76. 76.

    Marenzi G, Ferrari C, Marana I, et al. Prevention of contrast nephropathy by furosemide with matched hydration: the MYTHOS (Induced Diuresis With Matched Hydration Compared to Standard Hydration for Contrast Induced Nephropathy Prevention) trial. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2012;5:90-97.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jcin.2011.08.017

  77. 77.

    Usmiani T, Andreis A, Budano C, et al. AKIGUARD (Acute Kidney Injury GUARding Device) trial: in-hospital and one-year outcomes. J Cardiovasc Med. 2016;17:530-537.

    Not in our library10.2459/jcm.0000000000000348

  78. 78.

    Brar SS, Aharonian V, Mansukhani P, et al. Haemodynamic-guided fluid administration for the prevention of contrast-induced acute kidney injury: the POSEIDON randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2014;383:1814-1823.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0140-6736(14)60689-9

  79. 79.

    Qian G, Fu Z, Guo J, Cao F, Chen Y. Prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy by central venous pressure-guided fluid administration in chronic kidney disease and congestive heart failure patients. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2016;9:89-96.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jcin.2015.09.026

  80. 80.

    Aslanger E, Uslu B, Akdeniz C, Polat N, Cizgici Y, Oflaz H. Intrarenal application of N-acetylcysteine for the prevention of contrast medium-induced nephropathy in primary angioplasty. Coron Artery Dis. 2012;23:265-270.

    Not in our library10.1097/mca.0b013e328351aacc

  81. 81.

    Inda-Filho AJ, Caixeta A, Manggini M, Schor N. Do intravenous N-acetylcysteine and sodium bicarbonate prevent high osmolal contrast-induced acute kidney injury? A randomized controlled trial. PLoS One. 2014;9:e107602.

    Not in our library10.1371/journal.pone.0107602

  82. 82.

    Jaffery Z, Verma A, White CJ, et al. A randomized trial of intravenous n-acetylcysteine to prevent contrast induced nephropathy in acute coronary syndromes. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2012;79:921-926.

    Not in our library10.1002/ccd.23157

  83. 83.

    O'Sullivan S, Healy DA, Moloney MC, Grace PA, Walsh SR. The role of N-acetylcysteine in the prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy in patients undergoing peripheral angiography: a structured review and meta-analysis. Angiology. 2013;64:576-582.

    Not in our library10.1177/0003319712467223

  84. 84.

    Sun Z, Fu Q, Cao L, Jin W, Cheng L, Li Z. Intravenous N-acetylcysteine for prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy: a meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. PLoS One. 2013;8:e55124.

    Not in our library10.1371/journal.pone.0055124

  85. 85.

    Loomba RS, Shah PH, Aggarwal S, Arora RR. Role of N-acetylcysteine to prevent contrast-induced nephropathy: a meta-analysis. Am J Ther. 2016;23:e172-e183.

    Not in our library10.1097/mjt.0b013e31829dbc1c

  86. 86.

    Traub SJ, Mitchell AM, Jones AE, et al. N-acetylcysteine plus intravenous fluids versus intravenous fluids alone to prevent contrast-induced nephropathy in emergency computed tomography. Ann Emerg Med. 2013;62:511-520.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.annemergmed.2013.04.012

  87. 87.

    Poletti PA, Platon A, De Seigneux S, et al. N-acetylcysteine does not prevent contrast nephropathy in patients with renal impairment undergoing emergency CT: a randomized study. BMC Nephrol. 2013;14:119.

    Not in our library10.1186/1471-2369-14-119

  88. 88.

    Berwanger O, Cavalcanti AB, Sousa AM, et al. Acetylcysteine for the prevention of renal outcomes in patients with diabetes mellitus undergoing coronary and peripheral vascular angiography: a substudy of the acetylcysteine for contrast-induced nephropathy trial. Circ Cardiovasc Interv. 2013;6:139-145.

    Not in our library10.1161/circinterventions.112.000149

  89. 89.

    Kang X, Hu DY, Li CB, Ai ZS, Peng A. N-acetylcysteine for the prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy in patients with pre-existing renal insufficiency or diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ren Fail. 2015;37:297-303.

    Not in our library10.3109/0886022x.2015.1012985

  90. 90.

    Brown JR, Block CA, Malenka DJ, O'Connor GT, Schoolwerth AC, Thompson CA. Sodium bicarbonate plus N-acetylcysteine prophylaxis: a meta-analysis. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2009;2:1116-1124.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jcin.2009.07.015

  91. 91.

    Carbonell N, Blasco M, Sanjuan R, et al. Intravenous N-acetylcysteine for preventing contrast-induced nephropathy: a randomised trial. Int J Cardiol. 2007;115:57-62.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ijcard.2006.04.023

  92. 92.

    Heng AE, Cellarier E, Aublet-Cuvelier B, et al. Is treatment with N-acetylcysteine to prevent contrast-induced nephropathy when using bicarbonate hydration out of date? Clin Nephrol. 2008;70:475-484.

    Not in our library10.5414/cnp70475

  93. 93.

    Staniloae CS, Doucet S, Sharma SK, et al. N-Acetylcysteine added to volume expansion with sodium bicarbonate does not further prevent contrast-induced nephropathy: results from the cardiac angiography in renally impaired patients study. J Interv Cardiol. 2009;22:261-265.

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1540-8183.2009.00456.x

  94. 94.

    Subramaniam RM, Suarez-Cuervo C, Wilson RF, et al. Effectiveness of prevention strategies for contrast-induced nephropathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2016;164:406-416.

    Not in our library10.7326/m15-1456

  95. 95.

    Ali-Hassan-Sayegh S, Mirhosseini SJ, Ghodratipour Z, et al. Strategies preventing contrast-induced nephropathy after coronary angiography: a comprehensive meta-analysis and systematic review of 125 randomized controlled trials. Angiology. 2017;68:389-413.

    Not in our library10.1177/0003319716661445

  96. 96.

    Su X, Xie X, Liu L, et al. Comparative effectiveness of 12 treatment strategies for preventing contrast-induced acute kidney injury: A systematic review and Bayesian network analysis. Am J Kidney Dis. 2017;69:69-77.

    Not in our library10.1053/j.ajkd.2016.07.033

  97. 97.

    Briasoulis A, Mallikethi-Reddy S, Sharma S, Briasouli AA, Afonso L. 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase enzyme inhibitors for prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy: a meta-analysis of prospective randomized controlled studies. Am J Ther. 2015;22:e158-e166.

    Not in our library10.1097/mjt.0000000000000126

  98. 98.

    Cheungpasitporn W, Thongprayoon C, Kittanamongkolchai W, et al (2015) Periprocedural effects of statins on the incidence of contrast-induced acute kidney injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Ren Fail 37:664–671

    Not in our library10.3109/0886022x.2015.1010939

  99. 99.

    Li H, Wang C, Liu C, Li R, Zou M, Cheng G. Efficacy of short-term statin treatment for the prevention of contrast-induced acute kidney injury in patients undergoing coronary angiography/percutaneous coronary intervention: a meta-analysis of 21 randomized controlled trials. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs. 2016;16:201-219.

    Not in our library10.1007/s40256-016-0164-5

  100. 100.

    Liu YH, Liu Y, Duan CY, et al. Statins for the prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy after coronary angiography/percutaneous interventions: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther. 2015;20:181-192.

    Not in our library10.1177/1074248414549462

  101. 101.

    Marenzi G, Cosentino N, Werba JP, Tedesco CC, Veglia F, Bartorelli AL. A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials on statins for the prevention of contrast-induced acute kidney injury in patients with and without acute coronary syndromes. Int J Cardiol. 2015;183:47-53.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.01.046

  102. 102.

    Thompson K, Razi R, Lee MS, et al. Statin use prior to angiography for the prevention of contrast-induced acute kidney injury: a meta-analysis of 19 randomised trials. EuroIntervention. 2016;12:366-374.

    Not in our library10.4244/eijy15m05_03

  103. 103.

    Wang N, Qian P, Yan TD, Phan K. Periprocedural effects of statins on the incidence of contrast-induced acute kidney injury: A systematic review and trial sequential analysis. Int J Cardiol. 2016;206:143-152.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.01.004

  104. 104.

    Wu H, Li D, Fang M, Han H, Wang H. Meta-analysis of short-term high versus low doses of atorvastatin preventing contrast-induced acute kidney injury in patients undergoing coronary angiography/percutaneous coronary intervention. J Clin Pharmacol. 2015;55:123-131.

    Not in our library10.1002/jcph.411

  105. 105.

    Yang Y, Wu YX, Hu YZ. Rosuvastatin treatment for preventing contrast-induced acute kidney injury after cardiac catheterization: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Medicine. 2015;94:e1226.

    Not in our library10.1097/md.0000000000001226

  106. 106.

    Vanmassenhove J, Vanholder R, Lameire N. Statins for the prevention of contrast-induced acute kidney injury. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2016;25:508-517.

    Not in our library10.1097/mnh.0000000000000261

  107. 107.

    Giacoppo D, Capodanno D, Capranzano P, Aruta P, Tamburino C. Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of preprocedural statin administration for reducing contrast-induced acute kidney injury in patients undergoing coronary catheterization. Am J Cardiol. 2014;114:541-548.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.amjcard.2014.05.036

  108. 108.

    Han Y, Zhu G, Han L, et al. Short-term rosuvastatin therapy for prevention of contrast-induced acute kidney injury in patients with diabetes and chronic kidney disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63:62-70.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jacc.2013.09.017

  109. 109.

    Brueck M, Cengiz H, Hoeltgen R, et al. Usefulness of N-acetylcysteine or ascorbic acid versus placebo to prevent contrast-induced acute kidney injury in patients undergoing elective cardiac catheterization: a single-center, prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Invasive Cardiol. 2013;25:276-283.

    Not in our library

  110. 110.

    Dvorsak B, Kanic V, Ekart R, Bevc S, Hojs R. Ascorbic acid for the prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy after coronary angiography in patients with chronic renal impairment: a randomized controlled trial. Ther Apher Dial. 2013;17:384-390.

    Not in our library10.1111/1744-9987.12083

  111. 111.

    Li R, Chen H. Prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy with ascorbic acid. Heart. 2012;98:E211.

    Not in our library10.2169/internalmedicine.51.6260

  112. 112.

    Albabtain MA, Almasood A, Alshurafah H, Alamri H, Tamim H. Efficacy of ascorbic acid, N-acetylcysteine, or combination of both on top of saline hydration versus saline hydration alone on prevention of contrast-Induced nephropathy: a prospective randomized study. J Interv Cardiol. 2013;26:90-96.

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1540-8183.2012.00767.x

  113. 113.

    Zhou L, Chen H. Prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy with ascorbic acid. Intern Med. 2012;51:531-535.

    Not in our library10.2169/internalmedicine.51.6260

  114. 114.

    Shakeryan F, Sanati H, Fathi H, et al. Evaluation of combination therapy with vitamin C and pentoxifylline on preventing kidney failure secondary to intravenous contrast material in coronary angioplasty. Iran Heart J. 2013;14:17-21.

    Not in our library

  115. 115.

    Sadat U, Usman A, Gillard JH, Boyle JR. Does ascorbic acid protect against contrast-induced acute kidney injury in patients undergoing coronary angiography: a systematic review with meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;62:2167-2175.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jacc.2013.07.065

  116. 116.

    Wang XT, Yan J, Li L, Su Q. Anti-oxidative vitamin for the prevention of contrast-induced acute kidney injury in patients with chronic kidney disease: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Exp Clin Cardiol. 2014;20:1385-1410.

    Not in our library

  117. 117.

    Cruz DN, Perazella MA, Bellomo R, et al. Extracorporeal blood purification therapies for prevention of radiocontrast-induced nephropathy: a systematic review. Am J Kidney Dis. 2006;48:361-371.

    Not in our library10.1053/j.ajkd.2006.05.023

  118. 118.

    Cruz DN, Goh CY, Marenzi G, Corradi V, Ronco C, Perazella MA. Renal replacement therapies for prevention of radiocontrast-induced nephropathy: a systematic review. Am J Med. 2012;125:66-78.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.amjmed.2011.06.029

  119. 119.

    Song K, Jiang S, Shi Y, Shen H, Shi X, Jing D. Renal replacement therapy for prevention of contrast-induced acute kidney injury: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Nephrol. 2010;32:497-504.

    Not in our library10.1159/000321344

  120. 120.

    Reinecke H, Fobker M, Wellmann J, et al. A randomized controlled trial comparing hydration therapy to additional hemodialysis or N-acetylcysteine for the prevention of contrast medium-induced nephropathy: the Dialysis-versus-Diuresis (DVD) trial. Clin Res Cardiol. 2007;96:130-139.

    Not in our library10.1007/s00392-007-0473-4

  121. 121.

    Weisbord SD, Bernardini J, Mor MK, et al. The effect of coronary angiography on residual renal function in patients on peritoneal dialysis. Clin Cardiol. 2006;29:494-497.

    Not in our library10.1002/clc.4960291105

  122. 122.

    Choi MJ, Yoon JW, Han SJ, et al. The prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy by simultaneous hemofiltration during coronary angiographic procedures: a comparison with periprocedural hemofiltration. Int J Cardiol. 2014;176:941-945.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.08.095

  123. 123.

    Nadkarni GN, Konstantinidis I, Patel A, et al. Trimetazidine decreases risk of contrast-induced nephropathy in patients with chronic kidney disease: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther. 2015;20:539-546.

    Not in our library10.1177/1074248415573320

  124. 124.

    Ye Z, Lu H, Su Q, et al. Clinical effect of trimetazidine on prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy in patients with renal insufficiency: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine. 2017;96:e6059.

    Not in our library10.1097/md.0000000000006059

  125. 125.

    Bilasy ME, Oraby MA, Ismail HM, Maklady FA. Effectiveness of theophylline in preventing contrast-induced nephropathy after coronary angiographic procedures. J Interv Cardiol. 2012;25:404-410.

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1540-8183.2012.00730.x

  126. 126.

    Dai B, Liu Y, Fu L, Li Y, Zhang J, Mei C. Effect of theophylline on prevention of contrast-induced acute kidney injury: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Kidney Dis. 2012;60:360-370.

    Not in our library10.1053/j.ajkd.2012.02.332

  127. 127.

    Matejka J, Varvarovsky I, Vojtisek P, et al. Prevention of contrast-induced acute kidney injury by theophylline in elderly patients with chronic kidney disease. Heart Vessels. 2010;25:536-542.

    Not in our library10.1007/s00380-010-0004-5

  128. 128.

    Miao Y, Zhong Y, Yan H, Li W, Wang BY, Jin J. Alprostadil plays a protective role in contrast-induced nephropathy in the elderly. Int Urol Nephrol. 2013;45:1179-1185.

    Not in our library10.1007/s11255-013-0484-1

  129. 129.

    Ye Z, Lu H, Guo W, et al. The effect of alprostadil on preventing contrast induced nephropathy for percutaneous coronary intervention in diabetic patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine. 2016;95:e5306.

    Not in our library10.1097/md.0000000000005306

  130. 130.

    Thamcharoen N, Thongprayoon C, Edmonds PJ, Cheungpasitporn W. Periprocedural nebivolol for the prevention of contrast-induced acute kidney injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. N Am J Med Sci. 2015;7:446-451.

    Not in our library10.4103/1947-2714.168670

  131. 131.

    Naeem M, McEnteggart GE, Murphy TP, Prince E, Ahn S, Soares G. Fenoldopam for the prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) - do we need more trials? A meta-analysis. Clin Imaging. 2015;39:759-764.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.clinimag.2015.02.003

  132. 132.

    Kassis HM, Minsinger KD, McCullough PA, Block CA, Sidhu MS, Brown JR. A review of the use of Iloprost, a synthetic prostacyclin, in the prevention of radiocontrast nephropathy in patients undergoing coronary angiography and intervention. Clin Cardiol. 2015;38:492-498.

    Not in our library10.1002/clc.22407

  133. 133.

    Inzucchi SE, Bergenstal RM, Buse JB, et al. Management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes, 2015: a patient-centered approach: update to a position statement of the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2015;38:140-149.

    Not in our library10.2337/dc14-2441

  134. 134.

    Inzucchi SE, Lipska KJ, Mayo H, Bailey CJ, McGuire DK. Metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes and kidney disease: a systematic review. JAMA. 2014;312:2668-2675.

    Not in our library10.1001/jama.2014.15298

  135. 135.

    Lu WR, Defilippi J, Braun A. Unleash metformin: reconsideration of the contraindication in patients with renal impairment. Ann Pharmacother. 2013;47:1488-1497.

    Not in our library10.1177/1060028013505428

  136. 136.

    Richy FF, Sabido-Espin M, Guedes S, Corvino FA, Gottwald-Hostalek U. Incidence of lactic acidosis in patients with type 2 diabetes with and without renal impairment treated with metformin: a retrospective cohort study. Diabetes Care. 2014;37:2291-2295.

    Not in our library10.2337/dc14-0464

  137. 137.

    Salpeter SR, Greyber E, Pasternak GA, Salpeter EE. Risk of fatal and nonfatal lactic acidosis with metformin use in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;14:CD002967.

    Not in our library10.1002/14651858.cd002967.pub3

  138. 138.

    Goergen SK, Rumbold G, Compton G, Harris C. Systematic review of current guidelines, and their evidence base, on risk of lactic acidosis after administration of contrast medium for patients receiving metformin. Radiology. 2010;254:261-269.

    Not in our library10.1148/radiol.09090690

  139. 139.

    Thomsen HS, Morcos SK, ESUR CMSC (1999) Contrast media and metformin: guidelines to diminish the risk of lactic acidosis in non-insulin-dependent diabetics after administration of contrast media. Eur Radiol 9:738-740

    Not in our library10.1007/s003300050746

  140. 140.

    Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (2016) FDA revises warnings regarding use of the diabetes medicine metformin in certain patients with reduced kidney function. http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm493244.htm. Accessed 15 December 2017

    Not in our library

  141. 141.

    ACR Committee on Drugs and Contrast Media (2017) ACR manual on contrast media, v10.3. American College of Radiology. https://www.acr.org/-/media/ACR/Files/Clinical-Resources/Contrast_Media.pdf. Accessed 15 December 2017

    Not in our library

  142. 142.

    Morcos SK, Thomsen HS, Webb JA. Dialysis and contrast media. Eur Radiol. 2002;12:3026-3030.

    Not in our library10.1007/s00330-002-1629-2

  143. 143.

    Gabutti L. Does continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration concomitant with radiological procedures provide a significant and safe removal of the iodinated contrast ioversol? Blood Purif. 2003;21:152-157.

    Not in our library10.1159/000069153

  144. 144.

    Shinoda T, Hata T, Nakajima K, Yoshimoto H, Niwa A. Time-course of iodine elimination by hemodialysis in patients with renal failure after angiography. Ther Apher. 2002;6:437-442.

    Not in our library10.1046/j.1526-0968.2002.00469.x

  145. 145.

    Younathan CM, Kaude JV, Cook MD, Shaw GS, Peterson JC. Dialysis is not indicated immediately after administration of nonionic contrast agents in patients with end-stage renal disease treated by maintenance dialysis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1994;163:969-971.

    Not in our library10.2214/ajr.163.4.8092045

Cited by papers we hold 3

Reads

Read by people on this page

None yet.

Checked or read by AI through naulon

None yet.

A person counts once a day per paper. We keep no cookie and no address: a reader is a hash that changes every day. Any month under five reads shows no number.

Are you an author?

Is this your paper?

Claim it to add your note and be paid when agents cite it. Free.