The host immune response in respiratory virus infection: balancing virus clearance and immunopathology

Abstract

The respiratory tract is constantly exposed to the external environment, and therefore, must be equipped to respond to and eliminate pathogens. Viral clearance and resolution of infection requires a complex, multi-faceted response initiated by resident respiratory tract cells and innate immune cells and ultimately resolved by adaptive immune cells. Although an effective immune response to eliminate viral pathogens is essential, a prolonged or exaggerated response can damage the respiratory tract. Immune-mediated pulmonary damage is manifested clinically in a variety of ways depending on location and extent of injury. Thus, the antiviral immune response represents a balancing act between the elimination of virus and immune-mediated pulmonary injury. In this review, we highlight major components of the host response to acute viral infection and their role in contributing to mitigating respiratory damage. We also briefly describe common clinical manifestations of respiratory viral infection and morphological correlates. The continuing threat posed by pandemic influenza as well as the emergence of novel respiratory viruses also capable of producing severe acute lung injury such as SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and enterovirus D68, highlights the need for an understanding of the immune mechanisms that contribute to virus elimination and immune-mediated injury.

Cited by papers we hold 10

• Association of recurrent common infections and subclinical cardiovascular disease in Mexican women. · 2021
  Not checked
• Acute Infection of Viral Pathogens and Their Innate Immune Escape · 2021
  Not checked
• Immunomodulatory Role of Nutrients: How Can Pulmonary Dysfunctions Improve? · 2021
  Not checked
• Comprehensive transcriptomic analysis of COVID-19 blood, lung, and airway · 2021
  No notice
• Intranasal Bifidobacterium longum protects against viral-induced lung inflammation and injury in a murine model of lethal influenza infection · 2020
  Not checked
• Coronavirus infections: Epidemiological, clinical and immunological features and hypotheses · 2020
  No notice
• Controlling Cytokine Storm Is Vital in COVID-19 · 2020
  No notice
• Transcriptomic characteristics of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and peripheral blood mononuclear cells in COVID-19 patients · 2020
  No notice
• The Interleukin-10 Family of Cytokines and Their Role in the CNS · 2018
  No notice
• Sex Hormones Regulate Innate Immune Cells and Promote Sex Differences in Respiratory Virus Infection · 2018
  No notice

Reads

A person counts once a day per paper. We keep no cookie and no address: a reader is a hash that changes every day. Any month under five reads shows no number.