The amazing osteocyte

Abstract

The last decade has provided a virtual explosion of data on the molecular biology and function of osteocytes. Far from being the “passive placeholder in bone,” this cell has been found to have numerous functions, such as acting as an orchestrator of bone remodeling through regulation of both osteoclast and osteoblast activity and also functioning as an endocrine cell. The osteocyte is a source of soluble factors not only to target cells on the bone surface but also to target distant organs, such as kidney, muscle, and other tissues. This cell plays a role in both phosphate metabolism and calcium availability and can remodel its perilacunar matrix. Osteocytes compose 90% to 95% of all bone cells in adult bone and are the longest lived bone cell, up to decades within their mineralized environment. As we age, these cells die, leaving behind empty lacunae that frequently micropetrose. In aged bone such as osteonecrotic bone, empty lacunae are associated with reduced remodeling. Inflammatory factors such as tumor necrosis factor and glucocorticoids used to treat inflammatory disease induce osteocyte cell death, but by different mechanisms with potentially different outcomes. Therefore, healthy, viable osteocytes are necessary for proper functionality of bone and other organs. © 2011 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.

Shown for reading. Its publisher allows quoting it, not republishing it.

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     Kamioka H, Miki Y, Sumitani K, et al. Extracellular calcium causes the release of calcium from intracellular stores in chick osteocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1995;212:692-696.

     Not in our library10.1006/bbrc.1995.2024

107. 107.

     Li J, Liu D, Ke HZ, Duncan RL, Turner CH. The P2X7 nucleotide receptor mediates skeletal mechanotransduction. J Biol Chem. 2005;280:42952-42959.

     Not in our library10.1074/jbc.m506415200

108. 108.

     Forwood MR. Inducible cyclo-oxygenase (COX-2) mediates the induction of bone formation by mechanical loading in vivo. J Bone Miner Res. 1996;11:1688-1693.

     Not in our library10.1002/jbmr.5650111112

109. 109.

     Cherian PP, Siller-Jackson AJ, Gu S, et al. Mechanical strain opens connexin 43 hemichannels in osteocytes: a novel mechanism for the release of prostaglandin. Mol Biol Cell. 2005;16:3100-3106.

     Not in our library10.1091/mbc.e04-10-0912

110. 110.

     Plotkin LI, Bellido T. Bisphosphonate-induced, hemichannel-mediated, anti-apoptosis through the Src/ERK pathway: a gap junction-independent action of connexin43. Cell Commun Adhes. 2001;8:377-382.

     Not in our library10.3109/15419060109080757

111. 111.

     Jiang JX, Siller-Jackson AJ, Burra S. Roles of gap junctions and hemichannels in bone cell functions and in signal transmission of mechanical stress. Front Biosci. 2007;12:1450-1462.

     Not in our library10.2741/2159

112. 112.

     Ubaidus S, Li M, Sultana S, et al. FGF23 is mainly synthesized by osteocytes in the regularly distributed osteocytic lacunar canalicular system established after physiological bone remodeling. J Electron Microsc (Tokyo). 2009;58:381-392.

     Not in our library10.1093/jmicro/dfp032

Cited by papers we hold 47

• Significance of mechanical loading in bone fracture healing, bone regeneration, and vascularization · 2023
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• Bioactive Materials for Bone Regeneration: Biomolecules and Delivery Systems · 2023
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• Oxidative Stress and Natural Antioxidants in Osteoporosis: Novel Preventive and Therapeutic Approaches · 2023
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• Wnt/β-catenin signalling: function, biological mechanisms, and therapeutic opportunities · 2022
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• Roles of the RANKL–RANK Axis in Immunity—Implications for Pathogenesis and Treatment of Bone Metastasis · 2022
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• Engineered bone cement trigger bone defect regeneration · 2022
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• Bone remodeling: an operational process ensuring survival and bone mechanical competence · 2022
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• Temporomandibular Joint Osteoarthritis: Pathogenic Mechanisms Involving the Cartilage and Subchondral Bone, and Potential Therapeutic Strategies for Joint Regeneration · 2022
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• Pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) transiently stimulates the rate of mineralization in a 3-dimensional ring culture model of osteogenesis. · 2021
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• Uniaxially fixed mechanical boundary condition elicits cellular alignment in collagen matrix with induction of osteogenesis · 2021
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• Control of phosphorus and prevention of fractures in the kidney patient · 2021
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• Subchondral bone microenvironment in osteoarthritis and pain · 2021
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• Roles of mechanosensitive channel Piezo1/2 proteins in skeleton and other tissues · 2021
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• Intercellular mitochondrial transfer as a means of tissue revitalization · 2021
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• Osteoblast Differentiation and Signaling: Established Concepts and Emerging Topics · 2021
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• Update on the effects of microgravity on the musculoskeletal system · 2021
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• Human bone marrow stem/stromal cell osteogenesis is regulated via mechanically activated osteocyte‐derived extracellular vesicles · 2020
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• Molecular mechanosensors in osteocytes · 2020
  No notice
• Molecular mechanisms and clinical management of cancer bone metastasis · 2020
  No notice
• Osteocyte-Related Cytokines Regulate Osteoclast Formation and Bone Resorption · 2020
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and 27 more

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