Interactions between chemical and climate stressors: A role for mechanistic toxicology in assessing climate change risks

Abstract

Incorporation of global climate change (GCC) effects into assessments of chemical risk and injury requires integrated examinations of chemical and nonchemical stressors. Environmental variables altered by GCC (temperature, precipitation, salinity, pH) can influence the toxicokinetics of chemical absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion as well as toxicodynamic interactions between chemicals and target molecules. In addition, GCC challenges processes critical for coping with the external environment (water balance, thermoregulation, nutrition, and the immune, endocrine, and neurological systems), leaving organisms sensitive to even slight perturbations by chemicals when pushed to the limits of their physiological tolerance range. In simplest terms, GCC can make organisms more sensitive to chemical stressors, while alternatively, exposure to chemicals can make organisms more sensitive to GCC stressors. One challenge is to identify potential interactions between nonchemical and chemical stressors affecting key physiological processes in an organism. We employed adverse outcome pathways, constructs depicting linkages between mechanism-based molecular initiating events and impacts on individuals or populations, to assess how chemical- and climate-specific variables interact to lead to adverse outcomes. Case examples are presented for prospective scenarios, hypothesizing potential chemical–GCC interactions, and retrospective scenarios, proposing mechanisms for demonstrated chemical–climate interactions in natural populations. Understanding GCC interactions along adverse outcome pathways facilitates extrapolation between species or other levels of organization, development of hypotheses and focal areas for further research, and improved inputs for risk and resource injury assessments. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2013;32:32–48. © 2012 SETAC

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    Not in our library10.1016/j.aquatox.2008.08.021

99. 99.

    Murphy CA, Rose KA, Rahman MS, Thomas P. Testing and applying a fish vitellogenesis model to evaluate laboratory and field biomarkers of endocrine disruption in atlantic croaker (Micropogonias undulatus) exposed to hypoxia. Environ Toxicol Chem. 2009;28:1288-1303.

    Not in our library10.1897/08-304.1

100. 100.

     Shang EHH, Yu RMK, Wu RSS. Hypoxia affects sex differentiation and development, leading to a male-dominated population in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Environ Sci Technol. 2006;40:3118-3122.

     Not in our library10.1021/es0522579

101. 101.

     Wu RSS, Zhou BS, Randall DJ, Woo NYS, Lam PKS. Aquatic hypoxia is an endocrine disruptor and impairs fish reproduction. Environ Sci Technol. 2003;37:1137-1141.

     Not in our library10.1021/es0258327

102. 102.

     Matson CW, Timme-Laragy AR, Di Giulio RT. Fluoranthene, but not benzo[a]pyrene, interacts with hypoxia resulting in pericardial effusion and lordosis in developing zebrafish. Chemosphere. 2008;74:149-154.

     Not in our library10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.08.016

103. 103.

     Prasch AL, Andreasen EA, Peterson RE, Heideman W. Interactions between 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and hypoxia signaling pathways in zebrafish: Hypoxia decreases responses to TCDD in zebrafish embryos. Toxicol Sci. 2004;78:68-77.

     Not in our library10.1093/toxsci/kfh053

104. 104.

     Kraemer LD, Schulte PM. Prior PCB exposure suppresses hypoxia-induced up-regulation of glycolytic enzymes in Fundulus heteroclitus. Comp Biochem Physiol. Part C: Toxicol Pharmacol. 2004;139:23-29.

     Not in our library10.1016/j.cca.2004.08.015

105. 105.

     Wu RSS. Hypoxia: From molecular responses to ecosystem responses. Mar Pollut Bull. 2002;45:35-45.

     Not in our library10.1016/s0025-326x(02)00061-9

106. 106.

     Thomas P, Rahman MS, Kummer JA, Lawson S. Reproductive endocrine dysfunction in Atlantic croaker exposed to hypoxia. Mar Environ Res. 2006;62:S249-S252.

     Not in our library10.1016/j.marenvres.2006.04.031

107. 107.

     Thomas P, Rahman MS, Khan IA, Kummer JA. Widespread endocrine disruption and reproductive impairment in an estuarine fish population exposed to seasonal hypoxia. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2007;274:2693-2702.

     Not in our library10.1098/rspb.2007.0921

108. 108.

     Thomas P, Rahman MS. Chronic hypoxia impairs gamete maturation in Atlantic croaker induced by progestins through nongenomic mechanisms resulting in reduced reproductive success. Environ Sci Technol. 2009;43:4175-4180.

     Not in our library10.1021/es9000399

109. 109.

     Denison MS, Nagy SR. Activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor by structurally diverse exogenous and endogenous chemicals. Annu Rev PharmacolToxicol. 2003;43:309-334.

     Not in our library10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.43.100901.135828

110. 110.

     Chan WK, Yao G, Gu YZ, Bradfield CA. Cross-talk between the aryl hydrocarbon receptor and hypoxia inducible factor signaling pathways—Demonstration of competition and compensation. J Biol Chem. 1999;274:12115-12123.

     Not in our library10.1074/jbc.274.17.12115

111. 111.

     Post E, Forchhammer MC, Bret-Harte MS, Callaghan TV, Christensen TR, Elberling B, Fox AD, Gilg O, Hik DS, Hoye TT, Ims RA, Jeppesen E, Klein DR, Madsen J, McGuire AD, Rysgaard S, Schindler DE, Stirling I, Tamstorf MP, Tyler NJC, van der Wal R, Welker J, Wookey PA, Schmidt NM, Aastrup P. Ecological dynamics across the Arctic associated with recent climate change. Science. 2009;325:1355-1358.

     Not in our library10.1126/science.1173113

112. 112.

     Wassmann P, Duarte CM, Agusti S, Sejr MK. Footprints of climate change in the Arctic marine ecosystem. Glob Change Biol. 2011;17:1235-1249.

     Not in our library

113. 113.

     Regehr EV, Lunn NJ, Amstrup SC, Stirling L. Effects of earlier sea ice breakup on survival and population size of polar bears in western Hudson Bay. J Wildl Manag. 2007;71:2673-2683.

     Not in our library

114. 114.

     Stirling I, Lunn NJ, Iacozza J. Long-term trends in the population ecology of polar bears in western Hudson Bay in relation to climatic change. Arctic. 1999;52:294-306.

     Not in our library

115. 115.

     Thiemann GW, Iverson SJ, Stirling I. Polar bear diets and arctic marine food webs: Insights from fatty acid analysis. Ecol Monogr. 2008;78:591-613.

     Not in our library

116. 116.

     Thiemann GW, Iverson SJ, Stirling I, Obbard ME. Individual patterns of prey selection and dietary specialization in an Arctic marine carnivore. Oikos. 2011;120:1469-1478.

     Not in our library

117. 117.

     McKinney MA, Peacock E, Letcher RJ. Sea ice–associated diet change increases the levels of chlorinated and brominated contaminants in polar bears. Environ Sci Technol. 2009;43:4334-4339.

     Not in our library10.1021/es900471g

118. 118.

     McKinney MA, Letcher RJ, Aars J, Born EW, Branigan M, Dietz R, Evans TJ, Gabrielsen GW, Muir DCG, Peacock E, Sonne C. Regional contamination versus regional dietary differences: Understanding geographic variation in brominated and chlorinated contaminant levels in polar bears. Environ Sci Technol. 2011;45:896-902.

     Not in our library10.1021/es102781b

119. 119.

     Atkinson SN, Ramsay MA. The effects of prolonged fasting of the body-composition and reproductive success of female polar bears (Ursus maritimus). Funct Ecol. 1995;9:559-567.

     Not in our library

120. 120.

     Polischuk SC, Norstrom RJ, Ramsay MA. Body burdens and tissue concentrations of organochlorines in polar bears (Ursus maritimus) vary during seasonal fasts. Environ Pollut. 2002;118:29-39.

     Not in our library10.1016/s0269-7491(01)00278-0

121. 121.

     Letcher RJ, Bustnes JO, Dietz R, Jenssen BM, Jorgensen EH, Sonne C, Verreault J, Vijayan MM, Gabrielsen GW. Exposure and effects assessment of persistent organohalogen contaminants in arctic wildlife and fish. Sci Total Environ. 2010;408:2995-3043.

     Not in our library10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.10.038

122. 122.

     Braathen M, Derocher AE, Wiig O, Sormo EG, Lie E, Skaare JU, Jenssen BM. Relationships between PCBs and thyroid hormones and retinol in female and male polar bears. Environ Health Perspect. 2004;112:826-833.

     Not in our library10.1289/ehp.6809

123. 123.

     Haave M, Ropstad E, Derocher AE, Lie E, Dahl E, Wiig O, Skaare JU, Jenssen BM. Polychlorinated biphenyls and reproductive hormones in female polar bears at Svalbard. Environ Health Perspect. 2003;111:431-436.

     Not in our library10.1289/ehp.5553

124. 124.

     Oskam IC, Ropstad E, Dahl E, Lie E, Derocher AE, Wiig O, Larsen S, Wiger R, Skaare JU. Organochlorines affect the major androgenic hormone, testosterone, in male polar bears (Ursus maritimus) at Svalbard. J Toxicol Environ Health Part A. 2003;66:2119-2139.

     Not in our library10.1080/15287390390211342

125. 125.

     Lie E, Larsen HJS, Larsen S, Johnsen GM, Derocher AE, Lunn NJ, Norstrom RJ, Wiig O, Skaare JU. Does high organochlorine (OC) exposure impair the resistance to infection in polar bears (Ursus maritimus)? Part 1: Effect of OCs on the humoral immunity. J Toxicol Environ Health Part A. 2004;67:555-582.

     Not in our library10.1080/15287390490425597

126. 126.

     Lie E, Larsen HJS, Larsen S, Johansen GM, Derocher AE, Lunn NJ, Norstrom RJ, Wiig O, Skaare JU. Does high organochlorine (OC) exposure impair the resistance to infection in polar bears (Ursus maritimus)? Part 2: Possible effect of OCs on mitogen- and antigen-induced lymphocyte proliferation. J Toxicol Environ Health Part A. 2005;68:457-484.

     Not in our library10.1080/15287390590903685

127. 127.
     Combined and interactive effects of global climate change and toxicants on populations and communities · 2013

     No notice
128. 128.

     Brasso RL, Cristol DA. Effects of mercury exposure on the reproductive success of tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor). Ecotoxicology. 2008;17:133-141.

     Not in our library10.1007/s10646-007-0163-z

129. 129.

     Hallinger KK, Cristol DA. The role of weather in mediating the effect of mercury exposure on reproductive success in tree swallows. Ecotoxicology. 2011;20:1368-1377.

     Not in our library10.1007/s10646-011-0694-1

130. 130.

     Bale JS, Masters GJ, Hodkinson ID, Awmack C, Bezemer TM, Brown VK, Butterfield J, Buse A, Coulson JC, Farrar J, Good JEG, Harrington R, Hartley S, Jones TH, Lindroth RL, Press MC, Symrnioudis I, Watt AD, Whittaker JB. Herbivory in global climate change research: Direct effects of rising temperature on insect herbivores. Global Change Biology. 2002;8:1-16.

     Not in our library

131. 131.

     Hansen J, Sato M, Ruedy R. Perception of climate change. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2012;109:E2415-E2423.

     Not in our library10.1073/pnas.1205276109

132. 132.

     Farina M, Aschner M, Rocha JBT. Oxidative stress in MeHg-induced neurotoxicity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2011;256:405-417.

     Not in our library10.1016/j.taap.2011.05.001

133. 133.

     Farina M, Rocha JBT, Aschner M. Mechanisms of methylmercury-induced neurotoxicity: Evidence from experimental studies. Life Sci. 2011;89:555-563.

     Not in our library10.1016/j.lfs.2011.05.019

134. 134.

     Evers DC, Savoy LJ, DeSorbo CR, Yates DE, Hanson W, Taylor KM, Siegel LS, Cooley JH, Bank MS, Major A, Munney K, Mower BF, Vogel HS, Schoch N, Pokras M, Goodale MW, Fair J. Adverse effects from environmental mercury loads on breeding common loons. Ecotoxicology. 2008;17:69-81.

     Not in our library10.1007/s10646-007-0168-7

135. 135.

     Carvalho MC, Nazari EM, Farina M, Muller YMR. Behavioral, morphological, and biochemical changes after in ovo exposure to methylmercury in chicks. Toxicol Sci. 2008;106:180-185.

     Not in our library10.1093/toxsci/kfn158

136. 136.

     Dawson WR, Whittow GC, Whittow GC. Regulation of body temperature. Avian Physiology. 2000;343-390.

     Not in our library

137. 137.

     Wada H, Cristol DA, McNabb FMA, Hopkins WA. Suppressed adrenocortical responses and thyroid hormone levels in birds near a mercury-contaminated river. Environ Sci Technol. 2009;43:6031-6038.

     Not in our library10.1021/es803707f

138. 138.

     Azad MAK, Kikusato M, Sudo S, Amo T, Toyomizu M. Time course of ROS production in skeletal muscle mitochondria from chronic heat-exposed broiler chicken. Comp Biochem Physiol Part A Mol Physiol. 2010;157:266-271.

     Not in our library10.1016/j.cbpa.2010.07.011

139. 139.

     Albers PH, Koterba MT, Rossmann R, Link WA, French JB, Bennett RS, Bauer WC. Effects of methylmercury on reproduction in American kestrels. Environ Toxicol Chem. 2007;26:1856-1866.

     Not in our library10.1897/06-592r.1

140. 140.

     Fallacara DM, Halbrook RS, French JB. Toxic effects of dietary methylmercury on immune system development in nestling american kestrels (Falco sparverius). Environ Toxicol Chem. 2011;30:1328-1337.

     Not in our library10.1002/etc.519

141. 141.

     Landis WG, Durda JL, Brooks ML, Chapman PM, Menzie CA, Stahl RG, Stauber JL. Ecological risk assessment in the context of global climate change. Environ Toxicol Chem. 2013;32:79-92.

     Not in our library10.1002/etc.2047

142. 142.

     Pinkerton KE, Rom WN, Akpinar-Elci M, Balmes JR, Bayram H, Brandli O, Hollingsworth JW, Kinney PL, Margolis HG, Martin WJ, Sasser EN, Smith KR, Takaro TK. An official American Thoracic Society workshop report: Climate change and human health. Proc Am Thorac Soc. 2012;9:3-8.

     Not in our library10.1513/pats.201201-015st

143. 143.

     Estimating Mortality Risk Reduction and Economic Benefits from Controlling Ozone Air Pollution. 2008.

     Not in our library

144. 144.

     Stahl RG, Hooper MJ, Balbus JB, Clements WH, Fritz AT, Gouin T, Helm RC, Hickey CW, Landis WG, Moe SJ. The influence of global climate change on the scientific foundations and applications of environmental toxicology and chemistry: Introduction to a SETAC international workshop. Environ Toxicol Chem. 2013;32:13-19.

     Not in our library10.1002/etc.2037

Cited by papers we hold 3

• Osmotic response of Dotilla fenestrata (sand bubbler crab) exposed to combined water acidity and varying metal (Cd and Pb) · 2021
  Not checked
• Blood Mercury Levels of Zebra Finches Are Heritable: Implications for the Evolution of Mercury Resistance. · 2016
  Not checked
• Combined and interactive effects of global climate change and toxicants on populations and communities · 2013
  No notice

Reads

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