Replacing fossil oil with fresh oil – with what and for what?

Abstract

Industrial chemicals and materials are currently derived mainly from fossil‐based raw materials, which are declining in availability, increasing in price and are a major source of undesirable greenhouse gas emissions. Plant oils have the potential to provide functionally equivalent, renewable and environmentally friendly replacements for these finite fossil‐based raw materials, provided that their composition can be matched to end‐use requirements, and that they can be produced on sufficient scale to meet current and growing industrial demands. Replacement of 40% of the fossil oil used in the chemical industry with renewable plant oils, whilst ensuring that growing demand for food oils is also met, will require a trebling of global plant oil production from current levels of around 139 MT to over 400 MT annually. Realisation of this potential will rely on application of plant biotechnology to (i) tailor plant oils to have high purity (preferably >90%) of single desirable fatty acids, (ii) introduce unusual fatty acids that have specialty end‐use functionalities and (iii) increase plant oil production capacity by increased oil content in current oil crops, and conversion of other high biomass crops into oil accumulating crops. This review outlines recent progress and future challenges in each of these areas. Practical applications: The research reviewed in this paper aims to develop metabolic engineering technologies to radically increase the yield and alter the fatty acid composition of plant oils and enable the development of new and more productive oil crops that can serve as renewable sources of industrial feedstocks currently provided by non‐renewable and polluting fossil‐based resources. As a result of recent and anticipated research developments we can expect to see significant enhancements in quality and productivity of oil crops over the coming decades. This should generate the technologies needed to support increasing plant oil production into the future, hopefully of sufficient magnitude to provide a major supply of renewable plant oils for the industrial economy without encroaching on the higher priority demand for food oils. Achievement of this goal will make a significant contribution to moving to a sustainable carbon‐neutral industrial society with lower emissions of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere and reduced environmental impact as a result.

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     Not in our library

108. 108.

     Leonova S, Grimberg A, Marttila S, Stymne S, Carlsson AS. Mobilization of lipid reserves during germination of oat (Avena sativa L.), a cereal rich in endosperm oil. J. Exp. Bot. 2010;61:3089-3099.

     Not in our library10.1093/jxb/erq141

109. 109.

     Alang ZC, Moir GFJ, Jones LH. Composition, degradation and utilization of endosperm during germination in the oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.). Ann. Bot. 1988;61:261-268.

     Not in our library

110. 110.

     Turesson H, Marttila S, Gustavsson K-E, Hofvander P, et al. Characterization of oil and starch accumulation in tubers of Cyperus esculentus var. sativus (Cyperaceae): A novel model system to study oil reserves in nonseed tissues. Am. J. Bot. 2010;97:1884-1893.

     Not in our library10.3732/ajb.1000200

111. 111.

     Hay RKM. Harvest index: A review of its use in plant breeding and crop physiology. Ann. Appl. Biol. 1995;126:197-216.

     Not in our library

112. 112.

     Unkovich M, Baldock J, Forbes M, Donald LS. Advances in Agronomy. 2010;173-219.

     Not in our library

113. 113.

     Ekman A, Bulow L, Stymne S. Elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration and diurnal cycle induce changes in lipid composition in Arabidopsis thaliana. New Phytol. 2007;174:591-599.

     Not in our library10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02027.x

114. 114.

     Andrianov V, Borisjuk N, Pogrebnyak N, Brinker A, et al. Tobacco as a production platform for biofuel: Overexpression of Arabidopsis DGAT and LEC2 genes increases accumulation and shifts the composition of lipids in green biomass. Plant Biotechnol. J. 2010;8:277-287.

     Not in our library10.1111/j.1467-7652.2009.00458.x

115. 115.

     Lersten NR, Czlapinski AR, Curtis JD, Freckmann R, Horner HT. Oil bodies in leaf mesophyll cells of angiosperms: Overview and a selected survey. Am. J. Bot. 2006;93:1731-1739.

     Not in our library10.3732/ajb.93.12.1731

116. 116.

     Lin WL, Oliver DJ. Role of triacylglycerols in leaves. Plant Sci. 2008;175:233-237.

     Not in our library

117. 117.

     Kaup MT, Froese CD, Thompson JE. A role for diacylglycerol acyltransferase during leaf senescence. Plant Physiol. 2002;129:1616-1626.

     Not in our library10.1104/pp.003087

118. 118.

     Slocombe SP, Cornah J, Pinfield-Wells H, Soady K, et al. Oil accumulation in leaves directed by modification of fatty acid breakdown and lipid synthesis pathways. Plant Biotechnol. J. 2009;7:694-703.

     Not in our library10.1111/j.1467-7652.2009.00435.x

119. 119.

     Akiyama M, Sawamura D, Nomura Y, Sugawara M, Shimizu H. Truncation of CGI-58 protein causes malformation of lamellar granules resulting in ichthyosis in Dorfman-Chanarin syndrome. J. Invest. Dermatol. 2003;121:1029-1034.

     Not in our library10.1046/j.1523-1747.2003.12520.x

120. 120.

     Ghosh AK, Chauhan N, Rajakumari S, Daum G, Rajasekharan R. At4g24160, a soluble acyl-coenzyme A-dependent lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase. Plant Physiol. 2009;151:869-881.

     Not in our library10.1104/pp.109.144261

121. 121.

     Chapman K, Anderson RGW. 2010.

     Not in our library

122. 122.

     Cernac A, Benning C. WRINKLED1 encodes an AP2/EREB domain protein involved in the control of storage compound biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. Plant J. 2004;40:575-585.

     Not in our library10.1111/j.1365-313x.2004.02235.x

123. 123.

     Lotan T, Ohto M, Yee KM, West MAL, et al. Arabidopsis LEAFY COTYLEDON1 is sufficient to induce embryo development in vegetative cells. Cell. 1998;93:1195-1205.

     Not in our library10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81463-4

124. 124.

     Luerssen K, Kirik V, Herrmann P, Misera S. FUSCA3 encodes a protein with a conserved VP1/ABI3-like B3 domain which is of functional importance for the regulation of seed maturation in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant J. 1998;15:755-764.

     Not in our library10.1046/j.1365-313x.1998.00259.x

125. 125.

     Nambara E, Keith K, McCourt P, Naito S. A regulatory role for the ABI3 gene in the establishment of embryo maturation in Arabidopsis thaliana. Development. 1995;121:629-636.

     Not in our library

126. 126.

     Stone SL, Kwong LW, Yee KM, Pelletier J, et al. LEAFY COTYLEDON2 encodes a B3 domain transcription factor that induces embryo development. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2001;98:11806-11811.

     Not in our library10.1073/pnas.201413498

127. 127.

     Mendoza MS, Dubreucq B, Miquel M, Caboche M, Lepiniec L. LEAFY COTYLEDON 2 activation is sufficient to trigger the accumulation of oil and seed specific mRNAs in Arabidopsis leaves. FEBS Lett. 2005;579:4666-4670.

     Not in our library10.1016/j.febslet.2005.07.037

128. 128.

     Mu JY, Tan HL, Zheng Q, Fu FY, et al. LEAFY COTYLEDON1 is a key regulator of fatty acid biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 2008;148:1042-1054.

     Not in our library10.1104/pp.108.126342

129. 129.

     Baud S, Wuilleme S, To A, Rochat C, Lepiniec L. Role of WRINKLED1 in the transcriptional regulation of glycolytic and fatty acid biosynthetic genes in Arabidopsis. Plant J. 2009;60:933-947.

     Not in our library10.1111/j.1365-313x.2009.04011.x

130. 130.

     Froissard M, D'Andrea S, Boulard C, Chardot T. Heterologous expression of AtClo1, a plant oil body protein, induces lipid accumulation in yeast. FEMS Yeast Res. 2009;9:428-438.

     Not in our library10.1111/j.1567-1364.2009.00483.x

131. 131.

     Arend M, Fromm J. Ultrastructural changes in cambial cell derivatives during xylem differentiation in poplar. Plant Biol. 2003;5:255-264.

     Not in our library

132. 132.

     Robards AW, Kidwai P. A Comparative Study of the Ultrastructure of Resting and Active Cambium of Salix fragilis, L. Planta. 1969;84:239-249.

     Not in our library10.1007/bf00388110

133. 133.

     Sennerbyforsse L. Seasonal variation in the ultrastructure of the cambium in young stems of willow (Salix viminalis) in relation to phenology. Physiol. Plant. 1986;67:529-537.

     Not in our library

134. 134.

     Wang G, Lin QQ, Xu Y. Tetraena mongolica Maxim can accumulate large amounts of triacylglycerol in phloem cells and xylem parenchyma of stems. Phytochemistry. 2007;68:2112-2117.

     Not in our library10.1016/j.phytochem.2007.04.040

135. 135.

     Hanley S, Mallott M, Karp A. Alignment of a Salix linkage map to the Populus genomic sequence reveals macrosynteny between willow and poplar genomes. Tree Genet. Genomes. 2006;3:35-48.

     Not in our library

136. 136.

     Tuskan GA, DiFazio S, Jansson S, Bohlmann J, et al. The genome of black cottonwood, Populus trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray). Science. 2006;313:1596-1604.

     Not in our library10.1126/science.1128691

137. 137.

     Vahala T, Stabel P, Eriksson T. Genetic transformation of willows (Salix; spp.) by Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Plant Cell Reports. 1989;8:55-58.

     Not in our library10.1007/bf00716837

138. 138.

     Yang ZL, Ohlrogge JB. Turnover of fatty acids during Natural Senescence of Arabidopsis, Brachypodium, and Switchgrass and in Arabidopsis beta-Oxidation Mutants. Plant Physiol. 2009;150:1981-1989.

     Not in our library10.1104/pp.109.140491

139. 139.

     Steen EJ, Kang Y, Bokinsky G, et al. Microbial production of fatty-acid-derived fuels and chemicals from plant biomass. Nature. 2010;463:559-562.

     Not in our library10.1038/nature08721

140. 140.

     OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook 2010–2019. 2010.

     Not in our library

Cited by papers we hold 1

• Plant Acyl-CoA:Lysophosphatidylcholine Acyltransferases (LPCATs) Have Different Specificities in Their Forward and Reverse Reactions · 2013
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