The transcriptome of retinal Müller glial cells

Abstract

Müller glial cells are the major type of glia in the mammalian retina. To identify the molecular machinery that defines Müller glial cell identity and function, single cell gene expression profiling was performed on Affymetrix microarrays. Identification of a cluster of genes expressed at high levels suggests a Müller glia core transcriptome, which likely underlies many of the functions of Müller glia. Expression of components of the cell cycle machinery and the Notch pathway, as well as of growth factors, chemokines, and lipoproteins might allow communication between Müller glial cells and the neurons that they support, including modulation of neuronal activity. This approach revealed a set of transcripts that were not previously characterized in (Müller) glia; validation of the expression of some of these genes was performed by in situ hybridization. Genes expressed exclusively by Müller glia were identified as novel markers. In addition, a novel BAC transgenic mouse that expresses Cre in Müller glia cells was generated. The molecular fingerprint of Müller glia provides a foundation for further studies of Müller glia development and function in normal and diseased states. J. Comp. Neurol. 509:225–238, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

Shown for reading. Its publisher allows quoting it, not republishing it.

References 87

1. 1.

   Amaratunga A, Abraham CR, Edwards RB, Sandell JH, Schreiber BM, Fine RE. Apolipoprotein E is synthesized in the retina by Muller glial cells, secreted to the vitreous, and rapidly transported into the optic nerve by retinal ganglion cells. J Biol Chem. 1996;271:5628-5632.

   Not in our library10.1074/jbc.271.10.5628

2. 2.

   Anezary L, Medina JI, Sanchez-Nogueiro J, Lopez-Gallardo M, Prada C. Shape diversity among chick retina Müller cells and their postnatal differentiation. J Comp Neurol. 2001;438:32-49.

   Not in our library10.1002/cne.1300

3. 3.

   Awasaki T, Tatsumi R, Takahashi K, Arai K, Nakanishi Y, Ueda R, Ito K. Essential role of the apoptotic cell engulfment genes draper and ced-6 in programmed axon pruning during rosophila metamorphosis. Neuron. 2006;50:855-867.

   Not in our library10.1016/j.neuron.2006.04.027

4. 4.

   Bao ZZ, Cepko CL. The expression and function of Notch pathway genes in the developing rat eye. J Neurosci. 1997;15:1425-1434.

   Not in our library10.1523/jneurosci.17-04-01425.1997

5. 5.

   Bachoo RM, Kim RS, Ligon KL, Maher EA, Brennan C, Billings N, Chan S, Li C, Rowitch DH, Wong WH, DePinho RA. Molecular diversity of astrocytes with implications for neurological disorders. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004;101:8384-8389.

   Not in our library10.1073/pnas.0402140101

6. 6.

   Blackshaw S, Fraioli RE, Furukawa T, Cepko CL. Comprehensive analysis of photoreceptor gene expression and the identification of candidate retinal disease genes. Cell. 2001;107:579-589.

   Not in our library10.1016/s0092-8674(01)00574-8

7. 7.
   Genomic Analysis of Mouse Retinal Development · 2004

   No notice
8. 8.

   Brady G, Iscove NN. Construction of cDNA libraries from single cells. Methods Enzymol. 1993;225:611-623.

   Not in our library10.1016/0076-6879(93)25039-5

9. 9.

   Bringmann A, Skatchkov SN, Pannicke T, Biedermann B, Wolburg H, Orkand RK, Reichenbach A. Müller glial cells in anuran retina. Microsc Res Tech. 2000;50:384-393.

   Not in our library10.1002/1097-0029(20000901)50:5<384::aid-jemt7>3.0.co;2-w

10. 10.

    Cai L, Morrow EM, Cepko CL. Misexpression of basic helix-loop-helix genes in the murine cerebral cortex affects cell fate choices and neuronal survival. Development. 2000;127:3021-3030.

    Not in our library10.1242/dev.127.14.3021

11. 11.

    Chang ML, Wu CH, Jiang-Shieh YF, Shieh JY, Wen CY. Reactive changes of retinal astrocytes and Muller glial cells in kainate-induced neuroexcitotoxicity. J Anat. 2007;210:54-65.

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00671.x

12. 12.

    Chan-ling T. Glial, neuronal and vascular interactions in the mammalian retina. Prog Ret Eye Res. 1994;13:357-389.

    Not in our library

13. 13.

    Che S, Ginsberg SD. Amplification of RNA transcripts using terminal continuation. Lab Invest. 2004;84:131-137.

    Not in our library10.1038/labinvest.3700005

14. 14.

    Chen CM, Cepko CL. Expression of Chx10 and Chx10–1 in the developing chicken retina. Mech Dev. 2000;90:293-297.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0925-4773(99)00251-8

15. 15.

    Chojnacki A, Shimazaki T, Gregg C, Weinmaster G, Weiss S. Glycoprotein 130 regulates Notch1 expression and activation in the self-renewal of mammalian forebrain neural stem cells. J Neurosci. 2003;23:1730-1741.

    Not in our library10.1523/jneurosci.23-05-01730.2003

16. 16.

    Davis JA, Reed RR. Role of Olf-1 and Pax-6 transcription factors in neurodevelopment. J Neurosci. 1996;16:5082-5094.

    Not in our library10.1523/jneurosci.16-16-05082.1996

17. 17.

    De Melo, Qiu X, Du G, Cristante L, Eisenstat DD. Dlx1, Dlx2, Pax6, Brn3b and Chx10 homeobox gene expression defines the retinal ganglion and inner nuclear layers of the developing and adult mouse retina. J Comp Neurol. 2003;461:187-204.

    Not in our library10.1002/cne.10674

18. 18.

    Dulac C, Axel R. A novel family of genes encoding putative pheromone receptors in mammals. Cell. 1995;83:195-206.

    Not in our library10.1016/0092-8674(95)90161-2

19. 19.

    Dyer MA, Cepko CL. Control of Müller glial cell proliferation and activation following retinal injury. Nat Neurosci. 2000;3:873-880.

    Not in our library10.1038/78774

20. 20.

    Eisen MB, Spellman PT, Brown PO, Botstein D. Cluster analysis and display of genome-wide expression patterns. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998;95:14863-14868.

    Not in our library10.1073/pnas.95.25.14863

21. 21.

    Farago AF, Awatramani RB, Dymecki SM. Assembly of the brain stem cochlear nuclear complex is revealed by intersectional and subtractive genetic fate maps. Neuron. 2006;50:205-218.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.neuron.2006.03.014

22. 22.

    Fischer AJ, Reh TA. Müller glia are a potential source of neural regeneration in the postnatal chicken retina. Nat Neurosci. 2001;4:247-252.

    Not in our library10.1038/85090

23. 23.

    Fischer AJ, Reh TA. Potential of Müller glia to become neurogenic retinal progenitor cells. Glia. 2003;43:70-76.

    Not in our library10.1002/glia.10218

24. 24.

    Francke M, Makarov F, Kacza J, Seeger J, Wendt S, Gartner U, Faude F, Wiedemann P, Reichenbach A. Retinal pigment epithelium melanin granules are phagocytozed by Müller glial cells in experimental retinal detachment. J Neurocytol. 2001;30:131-136.

    Not in our library10.1023/a:1011987107034

25. 25.

    Franze K, Grosche J, Skatchkov SN, Schinkinger S, Foja C, Schild D, Uckermann O, Travis K, Reichenbach A, Guck J. Müller cells are living optical fibers in the vertebrate retina. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007;104:8287-8292.

    Not in our library10.1073/pnas.0611180104

26. 26.

    Furukawa T, Mukherjee S, Bao ZZ, Morrow EM, Cepko CL. rax, Hes1, and notch1 promote the formation of Müller glia by postnatal retinal progenitor cells. Neuron. 2000;26:383-394.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0896-6273(00)81171-x

27. 27.

    Gaiano N, Fishell G. The role of Notch in promoting glial and neural stem cell fates. Annu Rev Neurosci. 2002;25:471-490.

    Not in our library10.1146/annurev.neuro.25.030702.130823

28. 28.

    Glaser T, Walton DS, Maas RL. Genomic structure, evolutionary conservation and aniridia mutations in the human Pax6 gene. Nat Genet. 1992;2:232-239.

    Not in our library10.1038/ng1192-232

29. 29.

    Greenberg KP, Geller SF, Schaffer DV, Flannery JG. Targeted transgene expression in Müller glia of normal and diseased retinas. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2007;48:1844-1852.

    Not in our library10.1167/iovs.05-1570

30. 30.

    Hill RE, Favor J, Hogan BL, Ton CC, Saunders GF, Hanson IM, Prosser J, Jordan T, Hastie ND, van Heyningen V. Mouse small eye results from mutations in a paired-like homeobox-containing gene. Nature. 1991;354:522-525.

    Not in our library10.1038/354522a0

31. 31.

    Hojo M, Ohtsuka T, Hashimoto N, Gradwohl G, Guillemot F, Kageyama R. Glial cell fate specification modulated by the bHLH gene Hes5 in mouse retina. Development. 2000;127:2515-2522.

    Not in our library10.1242/dev.127.12.2515

32. 32.

    Ikeda T, Puro DG. Nerve growth factor: a mitogenic signal for retinal Müller glial cells. Brain Res. 1994;649:260-264.

    Not in our library10.1016/0006-8993(94)91072-3

33. 33.

    Inoue T, Hojo M, Bessho Y, Tano Y, Lee JE, Kageyama R. Math3 and NeuroD regulate amacrine cell fate specification in the retina. Development. 2002;129:831-842.

    Not in our library10.1242/dev.129.4.831

34. 34.

    Iscove NN, Barbara M, Gu M, Gibson M, Modi C, Winegarden N. Representation is faithfully preserved in global cDNA amplified exponentially from sub-picogram quantities of mRNA. Nat Biotechnol. 2002;20:940-943.

    Not in our library10.1038/nbt729

35. 35.

    Ivanov D, Dvoriantchikova G, Nathanson L, McKinnon SJ, Shestopalov VI. Microarray analysis of gene expresssion in adult retinal ganglion cells. FEBS Lett. 2006;580:331-335.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.febslet.2005.12.017

36. 36.

    Jadhav AP, Cho SH, Cepko CL. Notch activity permits retinal stem cells to progress through multiple progenitor states and acquire stem cell property. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006a;103:18998-19003.

    Not in our library10.1073/pnas.0608155103

37. 37.

    Jadhav AP, Mason HA, Cepko CL. Notch 1 inhibits photoreceptor production in the developing mammalian retina. Development. 2006b;133:913-923.

    Not in our library10.1242/dev.02245

38. 38.

    Jenne DE, Tschopp J. Clusterthe intriguing guises of a widely expressed glycoprotein. Trends Biochem Sci. 1992;17:154-159.

    Not in our library10.1016/0968-0004(92)90325-4

39. 39.

    Kessaris N, Fogarty M, Iannarelli P, Grist M, Wegner M, Richardson WD. Competing waves of oligodendrocytes in the forebrain and postnatal elimination of an embryonic lineage. Nat Neurosci. 2006;9:173-179.

    Not in our library10.1038/nn1620

40. 40.

    Kwan CT, Tsang SL, Krumlauf R, Shaw MH. Regulatory analysis of the mouse Hoxb3 gene: multiple elements work in concert to direct temporal and spatial patterns of expression. Dev Biol. 2001;232:176-190.

    Not in our library10.1006/dbio.2001.0157

41. 41.

    Laskowitz DT, Lee DM, Schmechel D, Staats HF. Altered immune responses in apolipoprotein E deficient mice. J Lipid Res. 2000;41:613-620.

    Not in our library

42. 42.

    Lee EC, Yu D, Martinez de Velasco J, Tessarollo L, Swing DA, Court DL, Jenkins NA, Copeland NG. A highly efficient Escherichia coli-based chromosome engineering system adapted for recombinogenic targeting and subcloning of BAC DNA. Genomics. 2001;73:56-65.

    Not in our library10.1006/geno.2000.6451

43. 43.

    Lee S, Jo M, Lee J, Koh SS, Kim S. Identification of novel universal housekeeping genes by statistical analysis of microarray data. J Biochem Mol Biol. 2007;40:226-231.

    Not in our library10.5483/bmbrep.2007.40.2.226

44. 44.

    Liu P, Jenkins NA, Copeland NG. A highly efficient recombineering-based method for generating conditional knockout mutations. Genome Res. 2003;13:476-484.

    Not in our library10.1101/gr.749203

45. 45.

    Livesey FJ, Young TL, Cepko CL. An analysis of the gene expression program of mammalian neural progenitor cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004;101:1374-1379.

    Not in our library10.1073/pnas.0307014101

46. 46.

    MacDonald JM, Beach MG, Porpiglia E, Sheehan AE, Watts RJ, Freeman MR. The rosophila cell corpse engulfment receptor Draper mediates glial clearance of severed axons. Neuron. 2006;50:869-881.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.neuron.2006.04.028

47. 47.

    Mahley RW. Apolipoprotein E: cholesterol transport protein with expanding role in cell biology. Science. 1988;240:622-630.

    Not in our library10.1126/science.3283935

48. 48.

    Mano T, Puro DG. Phagocytosis by human retinal glial cells in culture. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1990;31:1047-1055.

    Not in our library

49. 49.

    Marquardt T, Ashery-Padan R, Andrejewski N, Scardigli R, Guillemot F, Gruss P. Pax6 is required for the multipotent state of retinal progenitor cells. Cell. 2001;105:43-55.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0092-8674(01)00295-1

50. 50.

    Mascarelli F, Tassin J, Courtois Y. Effect of FGFs on adult bovine Müller cells: proliferation, binding and internalization. Growth Factors. 1991;4:81-95.

    Not in our library10.3109/08977199109000260

51. 51.

    Mata NL, Radu RA, Clemmons RC, Travis GH. Isomerization and oxidation of vitamin A in cone-dominant retinas: a novel pathway for visual-pigment regeneration in daylight. Neuron. 2002;36:69-80.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0896-6273(02)00912-1

52. 52.

    Matsuda T, Cepko CL. Electroporation and RNA interference in the rodent retina in vivo and in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2004;101:16-22.

    Not in our library10.1073/pnas.2235688100

53. 53.

    McCleland ML, Kallio MJ, Barrett-Wilt GA, Kestner CA, Shabanowitz J, Hunt DF, Gorbsky GJ, Stukenberg PT. The vertebrate Ndc80 complex contains Spc24 and Spc25 homologs, which are required to establish and maintain kinetochore-microtubule attachment. Curr Biol. 2004;14:131-137.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.cub.2003.12.058

54. 54.

    Milenkovic I, Weick M, Wiedemann P, Reichenbach A, Bringmann A. P2Y receptor-mediated stimulation of Müller glial cell DNA synthesis: dependence on EGF and PDGF receptor transactivation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2003;44:1211-1220.

    Not in our library10.1167/iovs.02-0260

55. 55.

    Morrison SJ, Perez SE, Qiao Z, Verdi JM, Hicks C, Weinmaster G, Anderson DJ. Transient Notch activation initiates an irreversible switch from neurogenesis to gliogenesis by neural crest stem cells. Cell. 2000;101:499-510.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0092-8674(00)80860-0

56. 56.

    Morrow EM, Furukawa T, Lee JE, Cepko CL. NeuroD regulates multiple functions in the developing neural retina in rodent. Development. 1999;126:23-36.

    Not in our library10.1242/dev.126.1.23

57. 57.

    Murtaugh LC, Chyung JH, Lassar AB. Sonic hedgehog promotes somitic chondrogenesis by altering the cellular response to BMP signaling. Genes Dev. 1999;13:225-237.

    Not in our library10.1101/gad.13.2.225

58. 58.

    Nagelhus EA, Veruki ML, Torp R, Haug FM, Laake JM, Nielsen S, Agre P, Ottersen OP. Aquaporin-4 water channel protein in the rat retina and optic nerve: polarized expression in Müller cells and fibrous astrocytes. J Neurosci. 1998;18:2506-2519.

    Not in our library10.1523/jneurosci.18-07-02506.1998

59. 59.

    Nakazawa T, Matsubara A, Noda K, Hisatomi T, She H, Skondra D, Miyahara S, Sobrin L, Thomas KL, Chen DF, Grosskreutz CL, Hafezi-Moghadam A, Miller JW. Characterization of cytokine responses to retinal detachment in rats. Mol Vis. 2006;12:867-878.

    Not in our library

60. 60.

    Nakazawa T, Hisatomi T, Nakazawa C, Noda K, Maruyama K, She H, Matsubara A, Miyahara S, Nakao S, Yin Y, Benowitz L, Hafezi-Moghadam A, Miller JW. Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 mediates retinal detachment-induced photoreceptor apoptosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007;104:2425-2430.

    Not in our library10.1073/pnas.0608167104

61. 61.

    Newman E, Reichenbach A. The Müller cell: a functional element of the retina. Trends Neurosci. 1996;19:307-312.

    Not in our library10.1016/0166-2236(96)10040-0

62. 62.

    Ohtsuka T, Sakamoto M, Guillemot F, Kageyama R. Roles of the basic helix-loop-helix genes Hes1 and Hes5 in expansion of neural stem cells in the developing brain. J Biol Chem. 2001;276:30467-30474.

    Not in our library10.1074/jbc.m102420200

63. 63.

    Ooto S, Akagi T, Kageyama R, Akita J, Mandai M, Honda Y, Takahashi M. Potential for neural regeneration after neurotoxic injury in the adult mammalian retina. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004;101:13654-13659.

    Not in our library10.1073/pnas.0402129101

64. 64.

    Osakada F, Ooto S, Akagi T, Mandai M, Akaike A, Takahashi M. Wnt signaling promotes regeneration in the retina of adult mammals. J Neurosci. 2007;27:4210-4219.

    Not in our library10.1523/jneurosci.4193-06.2007

65. 65.

    Pekny M, Pekna M. Astrocyte intermediate filaments in CNS pathologies and regeneration. J Pathol. 2004;204:428-437.

    Not in our library10.1002/path.1645

66. 66.

    Pitas RE, Boyles JK, Lee SH, Hui D, Weisgraber KH. Lipoproteins and their receptors in the central nervous system. J Biol Chem. 1987;262:14352-14360.

    Not in our library

67. 67.

    Reichenbach A, Robinson SR. The involvement of Müller cells in the outer retina. Neurobiology and clinical aspects of the outer retina. 1995;395-416.

    Not in our library

68. 68.

    Rhee KD, Ruiz A, Duncan JL, Hauswirth WW, Lavail MM, Bok D, Yang XJ. Molecular and cellular alterations induced by sustained expression of ciliary neurotrophic factor in a mouse model of retinitis pigmentosa. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2007;48:1389-1400.

    Not in our library10.1167/iovs.06-0677

69. 69.

    Ridet JL, Malhotra SK, Privat A, Gage FH. Reactive astrocytes: cellular and molecular cues to biological function. Trends Neurosci. 1997;20:570-577.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0166-2236(97)01139-9

70. 70.

    Rowan S, Cepko CL. Genetic analysis of the homeodomain transcription factor Chx10 in the retina using a novel multifunctional BAC transgenic mouse reporter. Dev Biol. 2004;271:388-402.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ydbio.2004.03.039

71. 71.

    Sahel JA, Albert DM, Lessell S. Proliferation of retinal glia and excitatory amino acids. Ophtalmologie. 1990;4:13-16.

    Not in our library

72. 72.

    Seigel GM, Mutchler AL, Imperato EL. Expression of glial markers in retinal precursor cell line. Mol Vis. 1996;24:22.

    Not in our library

73. 73.

    Sidman RL. Histogenesis of mouse retina studied with thymidine-H3. The structure of the eye. 1961;487-506.

    Not in our library

74. 74.

    Sinohara H, Udagawa J, Morishita R, Ueda H, Otani H, Semba R, Kato K, Asano T. Gi2 signaling enhances proliferation of neural progenitor cells in the developing brain. J Biol Chem. 2004;279:41141-41148.

    Not in our library10.1074/jbc.m406721200

75. 75.

    Stolzenburg JU, Haas J, Hartig W, Paulke BR, Wolburg H, Reichelt W, Chao TI, Wolff JR, Reichenbach A. Phagocytosis of latex beads by rabbit retinal Müller (glial) cells in vitro. J Hirnforsch. 1992;33:557-564.

    Not in our library

76. 76.

    Stone J, Dreher Z. Relationship between astrocytes, ganglion cells and vasculature of the retina. J. Comp Neurol. 1987;255:35-49.

    Not in our library10.1002/cne.902550104

77. 77.

    Subkhankulova T, Livesey FJ. Comparative evaluation of linear and exponential amplification techniques for expression profiling at the single-cell level. Genome Biol. 2006;7:R18.

    Not in our library10.1186/gb-2006-7-3-r18

78. 78.

    Tietjen I, Rihel JM, Cao Y, Koentges G, Zakhary L, Dulac C. Single-cell transcriptional analysis of neuronal progenitors. Neuron. 2003;38:161-175.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0896-6273(03)00229-0

79. 79.

    Trimarchi JM, Stadler MB, Roska B, Billings N, Sun B, Bartch B, Cepko CL. Molecular heterogeneity of developing retinal ganglion and amacrine cells revealed through single cell gene expression profiling. J Comp Neurol. 2007;502:1047-1065.

    Not in our library10.1002/cne.21368

80. 80.

    Turner DL, Cepko CL. A common progenitor for neurons and glia persists in rat retina late in development. Nature. 1987;328:131-136.

    Not in our library10.1038/328131a0

81. 81.

    Turner DL, Snyder EY, Cepko CL. Lineage-independent determination of cell type in the embryonic mouse retina. Neuron. 1990;4:833-845.

    Not in our library10.1016/0896-6273(90)90136-4

82. 82.

    Van Gelder RN, von Zastrow ME, Yool A, Dement WC, Barchas JD, Eberwine JH. Amplified RNA synthesized from limited quantities of heterogeneous cDNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990;87:1663-1667.

    Not in our library10.1073/pnas.87.5.1663

83. 83.

    Vincent AJ, Taylor JM, Choi-Lundberg DL, West AK, Chuah MI. Genetic expression profile of olfactory ensheathing cells is distinct from that of Schwann cells and astrocytes. Glia. 2005;51:132-147.

    Not in our library10.1002/glia.20195

84. 84.

    Warrington JA, Nair A, Mahadevappa M, Tsyganskaya M. Comparison of human adult and fetal expression and identification of housekeeping and maintenance genes. Physiol Genomics. 2000;2:143-147.

    Not in our library10.1152/physiolgenomics.2000.2.3.143

85. 85.

    Watanabe T, Raff MC. Retinal astrocytes are immigrants from the optic nerve. Nature. 1988;332:834-837.

    Not in our library10.1038/332834a0

86. 86.

    Yanase H, Shimizu H, Yamada K, Iwanaga T. Cellular localization of the diazepam binding inhibitor in glial cells with special reference to its coexistence with brain-type fatty acid binding protein. Arch Histol Cytol. 2002;65:27-36.

    Not in our library10.1679/aohc.65.27

87. 87.

    Young RW. Cell differentiation in the retina of the mouse. Anat Rec. 1985;212:199-205.

    Not in our library10.1002/ar.1092120215

Cited by papers we hold 9

• The “Neuro-Glial-Vascular” Unit: The Role of Glia in Neurovascular Unit Formation and Dysfunction · 2021
  No notice
• Transcriptional Convergence of Oligodendrocyte Lineage Progenitors during Development · 2018
  No notice
• Age‐Related Macular Degeneration: New Paradigms for Treatment and Management of AMD · 2018
  No notice
• ATAC-Seq analysis reveals a widespread decrease of chromatin accessibility in age-related macular degeneration · 2018
  No notice
• Activin-dependent signaling in fibro/adipogenic progenitors causes fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva · 2018
  No notice
• G protein-coupled receptor 37 is a negative regulator of oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelination · 2016
  No notice
• The Proteome of Native Adult Müller Glial Cells From Murine Retina · 2016
  No notice
• Müller Glia Activation in Response to Inherited Retinal Degeneration Is Highly Varied and Disease-Specific · 2015
  No notice
• Genome-Wide Analysis of Müller Glial Differentiation Reveals a Requirement for Notch Signaling in Postmitotic Cells to Maintain the Glial Fate · 2011
  No notice

Reads

A person counts once a day per paper. We keep no cookie and no address: a reader is a hash that changes every day. Any month under five reads shows no number.