Skip to content
naulon
Get started

No retraction, correction or concern found when last checked on Oct 26, 2026.

COVID-19 Convalescent Plasma for the Treatment of Immunocompromised Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Jonathon W. Senefeld, Massimo Franchini, Carlo Mengoli and 6 more

JAMA Network Open · 2023 · Meta-analysis

doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.50647

Abstract

Question. What is the pooled evidence regarding the potential mortality benefit associated with transfusion of convalescent plasma in patients who are immunocompromised and have COVID-19?

Findings. In this systematic review and meta-analysis including 3 randomized clinical trials, 5 matched cohort studies, 13 uncontrolled large case series, and 125 case report series, transfusion of convalescent plasma was associated with a mortality benefit in patients who are immunocompromised and have COVID-19.

Meaning. These findings suggest that transfusion of COVID-19 convalescent plasma may be associated with a mortality benefit for patients who are immunocompromised who are susceptible to refractory infection.

Importance. Patients who are immunocompromised have increased risk for morbidity and mortality associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) because they less frequently mount antibody responses to vaccines. Although neutralizing anti-spike monoclonal-antibody treatment has been widely used to treat COVID-19, evolutions of SARS-CoV-2 have been associated with monoclonal antibody-resistant SARS-CoV-2 variants and greater virulence and transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2. Thus, the therapeutic use of COVID-19 convalescent plasma has increased on the presumption that such plasma contains potentially therapeutic antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 that can be passively transferred to the plasma recipient.

Objective. To assess the growing number of reports of clinical experiences of patients with COVID-19 who are immunocompromised and treated with specific neutralizing antibodies via COVID-19 convalescent plasma transfusion.

Data Sources. On August 12, 2022, a systematic search was performed for clinical studies of COVID-19 convalescent plasma use in patients who are immunocompromised.

Study Selection. Randomized clinical trials, matched cohort studies, and case report or series on COVID-19 convalescent plasma use in patients who are immunocompromised were included. The electronic search yielded 462 unique records, of which 199 were considered for full-text screening.

Data Extraction and Synthesis. The study followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Data were extracted by 3 independent reviewers in duplicate and pooled.

Main Outcomes and Meaures. The prespecified end point was all-cause mortality after COVID-19 convalescent plasma transfusion; exploratory subgroup analyses were performed based on putative factors associated with the potential mortality benefit of convalescent plasma.

Results. This systematic review and meta-analysis included 3 randomized clinical trials enrolling 1487 participants and 5 controlled studies. Additionally, 125 case series or reports enrolling 265 participants and 13 uncontrolled large case series enrolling 358 participants were included. Separate meta-analyses, using models both stratified and pooled by study type (ie, randomized clinical trials and matched cohort studies), demonstrated that transfusion of COVID-19 convalescent plasma was associated with a decrease in mortality compared with the control cohort for the amalgam of both randomized clinical trials and matched cohort studies (risk ratio [RR], 0.63 [95% CI, 0.50-0.79]).

Conclusions and Relevance. These findings suggest that transfusion of COVID-19 convalescent plasma is associated with mortality benefit for patients who are immunocompromised and have COVID-19.

Full text

From PubMed Central, U.S. National Library of Medicine, as current on Oct 26, 2026. Paragraph numbers are ours, so an answer can point at one.

Introduction

In December 2019, SARS-CoV-2 emerged in Wuhan, China,, causing COVID-19. COVID-19 rapidly spread across the globe leading to a pandemic with nearly 642 million infected people worldwide and 6.6 million deaths as of December 2022. Many treatments, including antiviral, anticoagulant, and anti-inflammatory agents, have been tested in patients with COVID-19, often with controversial results. The passive transfer of anti–SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies from the plasma of recently recovered individuals (COVID-19 convalescent plasma) to patients with severe COVID-19 was among the first therapies used.,, There is now substantial evidence suggesting that such antibody-based therapy, when administered early in the disease course (ie, within 72 hours since the onset of symptoms) and with high titers of neutralizing antibodies, is associated with a clinical benefit— including decreases in incidences of disease progression, hospitalization, and mortality.,

Although neutralizing anti-spike monoclonal-antibody treatment has been widely used to manage COVID-19, evolutions of SARS-CoV-2 have been associated with monoclonal antibody-resistant SARS-CoV-2 variants,,, and greater virulence and transmissibility in emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants.,, By contrast, COVID-19 convalescent plasma appears to have maintained clinical efficacy over time with emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants due to heterogenous, broad spectrum of neutralizing antibodies and widespread availability., Thus, there has been a renewed interest in the clinical use of COVID-19 convalescent plasma, particularly for patients who are immunocompromised, who are not able to mount a sufficiently protective antibody response against the virus, and who have contraindications or adverse effects from small molecule antivirals., These patients who are immunocompromised are at higher risk for morbidity and mortality associated with COVID-19. A few controlled studies and a number of case reports and case series have shown a clinical benefit from COVID-19 convalescent plasma among patients with hematological or solid cancer or other underlying causes of immunosuppression. Thus, on January 2022, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) revised the Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) of COVID-19 convalescent plasma to include patients who are hospitalized with impaired humoral immunity. In this context, we performed a systematic review to summarize the growing number of reports of clinical experiences of patients with COVID-19 with immunosuppression who were treated with specific neutralizing antibodies via COVID-19 convalescent plasma transfusion.

Methods

This systematic review and meta-analysis followed the recommendations in the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Review of Interventions and reported findings according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) reporting guideline (eTable 1 in the Supplement). The study protocol has been registered in PROSPERO (CRD42022316321); all changes to the protocol are reported in the Methods section. In accordance with the Code of Federal Regulations, 45 CFR 46.102, this study was exempt from obtaining institutional review board approval from Mayo Clinic and the requirement to obtain informed patient consent because it is a secondary use of publicly available data sets.

Information Sources

The purpose of this systematic review was to investigate the impact of COVID-19 convalescent plasma on COVID-19 mortality in patients with primary (ie, inheritable) or secondary immunosuppression (ie, related to hematological or solid cancers, autoimmune disorders, or organ transplants). In this framework, on August 12, 2022, PubMed and MEDLINE were searched for eligible studies published beginning with January 1, 2020—approximating the origins of the COVID-19 pandemic. Keywords and related Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) terms used in the search included: (COVID-19 OR SARS-CoV-2 OR coronavirus disease 2019) AND (convalescent plasma OR immune plasma OR hyperimmune plasma) AND (immunosuppression OR immunodeficiency OR immunocompromised OR cancer OR transplant OR malignancy OR hematological OR oncologic OR lymphoma OR leukemia OR myeloma OR agammaglobulinemia OR hypogammaglobulinemia OR common variable immunodeficiency OR autoimmune disorder). On August 12, 2022, nonsystematic searches of both Google Scholar and medRχiv were performed, which included abstracts of congress presentations that were not published yet. To be eligible for inclusion, full-text translations must have been available in English. References of included articles were examined for potential inclusion.

Eligibility Criteria

Eligible patients had primary or secondary immunosuppression with a confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19. The intervention investigated was transfusion with COVID-19 convalescent plasma of any dosage. The control group was treated with standard of care according to local treatment guidelines, with or without a placebo. Eligible studies reported information on patients’ clinical outcomes after transfusion with COVID-19 convalescent plasma. To perform a comprehensive analysis, the retrieved literature was grouped into 3 different strata, according to information characteristics: (1) controlled trials underwent a quantitative analysis (meta-analysis); (2) large case series with aggregated data underwent a descriptive analysis; and (3) case reports and case series with individual patient data underwent a single patient analysis.

Selected and Data Abstraction Processes

The data collection process was performed using a reciprocally blind evaluation by 2 reviewers (J.W.S. and M.F.), and disagreements were resolved by a third senior reviewer (D.F.). Further information on the selection process is presented in Figure 1. Data abstraction was performed using a standardized data abstraction form. Abstracted data, as available, included: patient’s sex and age, the underlying primary or secondary immunodeficiency, the 11-point WHO COVID-19 disease severity score, the need for mechanical ventilation, survival at the end of follow-up, the number of COVID-19 convalescent plasma units transfused, the volume of each COVID-19 convalescent plasma unit, the total COVID-19 convalescent plasma volume transfused, the antibody level (either neutralizing antibodies titer or anti-spike IgG levels) and the antibody test used, time from admission to COVID-19 convalescent plasma transfusion, time from symptom onset to COVID-19 convalescent plasma transfusion, rapid clinical improvement (defined as a reduction in supplemental oxygen requirements within 5 days of COVID-19 convalescent plasma transfusion), duration of follow-up (days), need for admission to intensive care unit (ICU), ICU length of stay (days; total and after COVID-19 convalescent plasma transfusion), concomitant COVID-19 antiviral treatments (intravenous immunoglobulins, remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, anti-Spike monoclonal antibodies), and specific immunosuppressive drugs (anti–CD20 monoclonal antibodies).

Study Risk of Bias Assessment

A risk of bias assessment was conducted using the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2.0 Tool for randomized clinical trials and the Risk Of Bias In Nonrandomized Studies of Interventions (ROBINS-I) for matched cohort studies. For both risk of bias assessment tools, each domain can score low risk if there is no indication for risk of bias, some concerns if there is potential for risk of bias, or high risk if there is clear indication for risk of bias. Two reviewers (M.F. and M.C.) independently applied the risk of bias assessment. Discrepancies were discussed until consensus.

Effect of Intervention

Measures of treatment effect were relative risk ratio (RR) and risk difference (RD). The study weight was calculated using the Mantel-Haenszel method. We assessed statistical heterogeneity using t2, Cochran’s Q, and I2 statistics. The I2 statistic describes the percentage of total variation across trials due to heterogeneity rather than sampling error. In the case of no heterogeneity (I2 = 0), studies were pooled using a fixed-effects model. Where values of I2 were greater than 0, a random-effects analysis was undertaken.

Summary of Findings Tables

For the outcome mortality, we used the principles of the GRADE system to assess the quality of the body of evidence associated with specific outcomes and constructed a summary of findings tables using REVMAN 5.4., These tables present key information concerning the certainty of the evidence, the magnitude of the effect sizes of the interventions examined, and the sum of available data for the main outcomes. The summary of findings tables also include an overall grading of the evidence related to each of the main outcomes using the GRADE approach, which defines the certainty of a body of evidence as the extent to which one can be confident that an estimate of effect or association is close to the true quantity of specific interest. The certainty of a body of evidence involves consideration of within-trial risk of bias (methodological quality), directness of evidence, heterogeneity, precision of effect estimates, and risk of publication bias.

Exploratory Analysis of Individual Patient Data

In the descriptive statistics of individual patient data, continuous variables were reported as mean (SD) or median (range) as appropriate according to distribution, while categorical variables were reported as numbers and percentages. Details associated with these analyses are provided in eTables 2 to 7 in the Supplement.

Exploratory Analysis of the Association Between COVID-19 Convalescent Plasma Volume and Mortality

In an exploratory analysis, we examined mortality rates stratified according to the transfused volume of COVID-19 convalescent plasma. For these analyses, COVID-19 convalescent plasma volume was stratified in 200 mL increments starting with a volume of less than or equal to 200 mL and ending with a volume of 1800 mL or more. Then, a breakpoint at 600 mL of COVID-19 convalescent plasma was tentatively posed, comparing the mortality when the COVID-19 convalescent plasma was under or over the level by Fisher exact test.

The basic model consisted in a logistic regression using mortality as the dependent variable and total volume as the estimator. The COVID-19 convalescent plasma total volume was expressed in units of 100 mL, for ease of interpretation. The potential additive independent effects of putative confounding variables, including: age, sex, time from admission to transfusion, rapid improvement of COVID-19 (within 5 days), ICU length of stay, and use of concomitant therapies (steroids, remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, antibiotics, and anti–CD20 monoclonal antibodies), and immunosuppressive condition were evaluated.

Power Analysis

In power analysis, the total sample size was calculated to detect an experimental-group proportion of 0.06 as the death rate, with the control-group proportion of 0.08, assuming a 1-sided hypothesis test with a 5% significance level, focusing a desired power of 80%, and if both groups (treated and untreated) had the same number of observations. This would correspond to the prevention of 25% of the basal deaths or a risk ratio (RR) of 0.75. Stata version 17.0 (StataCorp) was used for all statistical calculations. Statistical analysis took place from July to November 2022.

Study Selection and Characteristics

The process of study selection is represented in the PRISMA flow diagram (Figure 1). Three randomized clinical trials (RCTs),, enrolling 214 participants and 5 matched cohort studies,,,, enrolling 1560 participants were included in the meta-analysis. Descriptive and exploratory analyses were performed on uncontrolled studies. For these exploratory analyses, 13 uncontrolled large case series without individual patient data enrolling 358 participants were included in descriptive analysis.,,,,,,,,,,,, In this study, 125 case reports or case series enrolling 265 participants,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, were included for patient-level exploratory analyses. One study was included in both the descriptive analysis and the individual patient data analysis because individual patient data were available only for a subgroup of patients.

Risk Assessment

The results of the risk of bias assessment for RCTs and matched cohort studies are presented in Table 1 and Table 2, respectively. One RCT was rated as good quality with low risk, whereas there was some concern with 1 RCT and 1 RCT had a high risk of bias. The greater risk of bias in 2 RCTs was associated with deviations from intended interventions, primarily owing to offering untreated patients to receive COVID-19 convalescent in the absence of clinical improvement. The matched cohort studies were judged at high risk of bias because they were open label trials. However, assessor masking has unclear importance for the outcome mortality because the risk of ascertainment bias is limited.

Association Between Convalescent Plasma Transfusion and Mortality in Hospitalized Patients With Primary or Secondary Immunosuppression and COVID-19

In the primary meta-analysis of the 8 controlled trials (totaling 469 patients treated with COVID-19 convalescent plasma and 1305 controls),,,,,,,, the key findings are summarized in Table 3, Figure 2, and eFigure 1 in the Supplement. There was a high level of concordance among study outcomes, and treatment with COVID-19 convalescent plasma was associated with reduced risk of mortality according to the pooled risk ratio of 0.63 (95% CI, 0.50 to 0.79) and the pooled risk difference of −0.10 (95% CI, −0.15 to −0.06).

Participant Characteristics

The demographic and clinical characteristics of the individual patient data are summarized in eTable 3 in the Supplement. Among the 265 participants included in patient-level analyses the median (range) age was 55 (1-88) years, and 105 (40%) were females. Mean World Health Organization (WHO) disease severity score was 4.4, with 51 of 218 patients (23.4%) being in ICU on mechanical ventilation. The reported mortality rate was 31 of 265 patients (11.6%).

COVID-19 Convalescent Plasma Treatment

COVID-19 convalescent plasma treatment-related data associated with the individual-level patient data are summarized in eTable 4 in the Supplement. The mean (SD) number of COVID-19 convalescent plasma units transfused per patient was 2.3 (1.7), while the mean cumulative COVID-19 convalescent plasma volume transfused per patient was 460 ml (372 mL). Unfortunately, it was not possible to calculate the mean neutralizing antibody titer or to correlate the patients’ outcome with neutralizing antibody titers due to the wide heterogeneity of tests used (virus neutralization or high-throughput serology). No severe adverse reactions to COVID-19 convalescent plasma were reported. The median (range) time between symptom onset and COVID-19 convalescent plasma therapy was 17 (1 to 132) days, while the median (range) time between hospital admission and COVID-19 convalescent plasma therapy was 11 days (0 to 120). The median (range) follow-up period of the patients included in this single patients’ analysis was 19 (4 to 263 days; data available for 69 patients).

Exploratory Analyses of COVID-19 Convalescent Plasma Volume and Mortality

Using individual-level data, mortality and COVID-19 convalescent plasma volume were described for 126 participants and these data are summarized in eFigure 2, eFigure 3, and eTable 5 in the Supplement. Seven death events were observed (ie, 6 males and 1 female) among the group of 92 patients where the COVID-19 convalescent plasma total volume did not exceed 600 mL. However, the comparison of the mortality when the COVID-19 convalescent plasma was under (7 events, 92 patients) or over this level (0 events, 34 patients), was not significant. The coefficients of the basic logistic model are reported in eTable 6 in the Supplement.

Discussion

Several scientific societies (eg, ECIL-9, CDC/IDSA, and AABB) have recently revised their guidelines to recommend the use of COVID-19 convalescent plasma in patients who are immunocompromised,, especially after concerns related to the prevalence of monoclonal antibody-resistant SARS-CoV-2 variants. The hypothesis of a significant beneficial effect of COVID-19 convalescent plasma on mortality in patients who are immunocompromised cannot be definitively demonstrated with the present data, but very strong elements support its efficacy. The efficacy of antibody-based therapies for immunocompetent individuals is predicated on early administration with sufficient dosage. This principle was validated by the experience of COVID-19 convalescent plasma. While several immunocompromised cases have been treated with COVID-19 convalescent plasma derivatives (hyperimmune immunoglobulins), COVID-19 convalescent plasma is superior in turnaround times and inclusion of classes other than IgG. However, we note that the patients who are immunocompromised in this study were treated relatively late after the initial symptoms (17 days) and hospital admission (11 days) and yet our analysis suggests a benefit associated with COVID-19 convalescent plasma. For life-threatening COVID-19, the pathogenesis involves exuberant tissue-damaging inflammatory responses that follow an initial viral phase. Antibody-based therapies function primarily as antiviral agents and are much less likely to be affected in individuals who are in the inflammatory phase. However, individuals who are immunocompromised are generally unable to mount strong antibody or inflammatory responses and often cannot clear SARS-CoV-2. Hence, patients who are immunocompromised represent a biologically different population from the population that is not immunocompromised where antibody-based therapies may retain efficacy late into the course of disease.

The efficacy of COVID-19 convalescent plasma in patients who are immunocompromised and had reported symptoms for weeks or months paves the way to the hypothesis that COVID-19 convalescent plasma retains clinical efficacy until the recipient is seronegative and there is no irreversible parenchymal damage. The recently reopened COVID-19 convalescent plasma arm of the REMAP-CAP randomized controlled trial in UK will specifically target patients who are immunocompromised in the intensive care unit focusing on COVID-19 convalescent plasma from vaccinated donors (so-called Vax-Plasma or hybrid plasma). While most studies reported in this systematic review used COVID-19 convalescent plasma from unvaccinated donors (with a few exceptions,), it is noteworthy that Vax-Plasma is now widely available from regular donors and retains higher neutralizing antibody titers and efficacy against most SARS-CoV-2 variants.

Limitations

This study had limitations. First, our analyses included exploratory analysis of lower epistemological levels of evidence (ie, uncontrolled case series and reports). These data should not be used to infer definitive treatment effects but may provide relevant information describing the use of COVID-19 convalescent plasma under specific disease conditions. Second, we did not have access to patient-level data for many of the studies included in this article. This dearth of patient-level data does not allow analyses using more complex statistical models that incorporate multiple characteristics. Third, we limited our focus to a single outcome—all-cause mortality.

Conclusions

This systematic review and meta-analysis suggests that convalescent plasma was associated with a mortality benefit among hospitalized patients with primary or secondary immunosuppression and COVID-19. Although these summary findings are encouraging for the use of therapeutic convalescent plasma in COVID-19 patients with primary or secondary immunosuppression, there remains a paucity of well-controlled, published data in these important patient populations. The clinical use of COVID-19 convalescent plasma and Vax-Plasma in patients who are immunocompromised and have COVID-19 may warrant further investigation.

References 179

  1. 1.

    Mahase E. Covid-19: WHO declares pandemic because of “alarming levels” of spread, severity, and inaction. BMJ. 2020;368:m1036

    Not in our library10.1136/bmj.m1036

  2. 2.

    Peeri NC, Shrestha N, Rahman MS,. The SARS, MERS and novel coronavirus (COVID-19) epidemics, the newest and biggest global health threats: what lessons have we learned? Int J Epidemiol. 2020;49(3):717-726

    Not in our library10.1093/ije/dyaa033

  3. 3.

    World Health Organization (WHO). Coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Accessed July 10, 2022. https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019.

    Not in our library

  4. 4.

    WHO. Therapeutics and COVID-19: living guideline. Accessed August 1, 2022. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-2019-nCoV-therapeutics-2022.4

    Not in our library

  5. 5.

    Casadevall A, Pirofski LA. The convalescent sera option for containing COVID-19. J Clin Invest. 2020;130(4):1545-1548

    Not in our library10.1172/jci138003

  6. 6.

    Franchini M, Corsini F, Focosi D, Cruciani M. Safety and efficacy of convalescent plasma in COVID-19: an overview of systematic reviews. Diagnostics (Basel). 2021;11(9):1663

    Not in our library10.3390/diagnostics11091663

  7. 7.

    Franchini M, Liumbruno GM, Piacentini G, Glingani C, Zaffanello M. The three pillars of COVID-19 convalescent plasma therapy. Life (Basel). 2021;11(4):354

    Not in our library10.3390/life11040354

  8. 8.

    Focosi D, Franchini M. COVID-19 convalescent plasma therapy: hit fast, hit hard! Vox Sang. 2021;116(9):935-942

    Not in our library10.1111/vox.13091

  9. 9.

    Focosi D, Franchini M, Pirofski LA,. COVID-19 convalescent plasma and clinical trials: understanding conflicting outcomes. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2022;35(3):e0020021

    Not in our library10.1128/cmr.00200-21

  10. 10.

    Pommeret F, Colomba J, Bigenwald C,. Bamlanivimab + etesevimab therapy induces SARS-CoV-2 immune escape mutations and secondary clinical deterioration in COVID-19 patients with B-cell malignancies. Ann Oncol. 2021;32(11):1445-1447

    Not in our library10.1016/j.annonc.2021.07.015

  11. 11.

    Jary A, Marot S, Faycal A,. Spike gene evolution and immune escape mutations in patients with mild or moderate forms of COVID-19 and treated with monoclonal antibodies therapies. Viruses. 2022;14(2):226

    Not in our library10.3390/v14020226

  12. 12.

    Focosi D, McConnell S, Casadevall A, Cappello E, Valdiserra G, Tuccori M. Monoclonal antibody therapies against SARS-CoV-2. Lancet Infect Dis. 2022;22(11):e311-e326

    Not in our library10.1016/s1473-3099(22)00311-5

  13. 13.

    Sheikh A, McMenamin J, Taylor B, Robertson C; Public Health Scotland and the EAVE II Collaborators. SARS-CoV-2 Delta VOC in Scotland: demographics, risk of hospital admission, and vaccine effectiveness. Lancet. 2021;397(10293):2461-2462

    Not in our library10.1016/s0140-6736(21)01358-1

  14. 14.

    Ong SWX, Chiew CJ, Ang LW,. Clinical and virological features of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern: a retrospective cohort study comparing B.1.1.7 (Alpha), B.1.315 (Beta), and B.1.617.2 (Delta). Clin Infect Dis. 2021;75(1)

    Not in our library10.2139/ssrn.3861566

  15. 15.

    Fisman DN, Tuite AR. Evaluation of the relative virulence of novel SARS-CoV-2 variants: a retrospective cohort study in Ontario, Canada. CMAJ. 2021;193(42):E1619-E1625

    Not in our library10.1503/cmaj.211248

  16. 16.

    Li M, Beck EJ, Laeyendecker O,. Convalescent plasma with a high level of virus-specific antibody effectively neutralizes SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. Blood Adv. 2022;6(12):3678-3683

    Not in our library10.1182/bloodadvances.2022007410

  17. 17.

    Gachoud D, Bertelli C, Rufer N. Understanding the parameters guiding the best practice for treating B-cell-depleted patients with COVID-19 convalescent plasma therapy. Br J Haematol. 2022

    Not in our library10.1111/bjh.18540

  18. 18.

    Focosi D, Franchini M. Potential use of convalescent plasma for SARS-CoV-2 prophylaxis and treatment in immunocompromised and vulnerable populations. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2022;21(7):877-884.

    Not in our library10.1080/14760584.2021.1932475

  19. 19.

    Senefeld JW, Klassen SA, Ford SK,. Use of convalescent plasma in COVID-19 patients with immunosuppression. Transfusion. 2021;61(8):2503-2511

    Not in our library10.1111/trf.16525

  20. 20.

    Khoury E, Nevitt S, Madsen WR, Turtle L, Davies G, Palmieri C. Differences in outcomes and factors associated with mortality among patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection and cancer compared with those without cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open. 2022;5(5):e2210880

    Not in our library10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.10880

  21. 21.

    Convalescent plasma EUA letter of authorization. US Food and Drug Administration. Published December 28, 2021. Accessed December 2, 2022. https://www.fda.gov/media/141477/download.

    Not in our library

  22. 22.

    WHO Working Group on the Clinical Characterisation and Management of COVID-19 infection. A minimal common outcome measure set for COVID-19 clinical research. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020;20(8):e192-e197

    Not in our library10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30483-7

  23. 23.

    Sterne JAC, Savović J, Page MJ,. RoB 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ. 2019;366:l4898

    Not in our library10.1136/bmj.l4898

  24. 24.

    Sterne JA, Hernán MA, Reeves BC,. ROBINS-I: a tool for assessing risk of bias in nonrandomised studies of interventions. BMJ. 2016;355:i4919

    Not in our library10.1136/bmj.i4919

  25. 25.

    Higgins JP, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, Altman DG. Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ. 2003;327(7414):557-560

    Not in our library10.1136/bmj.327.7414.557

  26. 26.

    Schünemann HJ, Oxman AD, Higgins JP, Vist GE, Glasziou P, Guyatt GH. Presenting results and ‘summary of findings’ tables. In: Green S, ed. s). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration. 2011:chap 11, http://handbook.cochrane.org.

    Not in our library

  27. 27.

    Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Kunz R, Vist GE, Falck-Ytter Y, Schünemann HJ; GRADE Working Group. What is “quality of evidence” and why is it important to clinicians? BMJ. 2008;336(7651):995-998

    Not in our library10.1136/bmj.39490.551019.be

  28. 28.

    Bar KJ, Shaw PA, Choi GH,. A randomized controlled study of convalescent plasma for individuals hospitalized with COVID-19 pneumonia. J Clin Invest. 2021;131(24):e155114

    Not in our library10.1172/jci155114

  29. 29.

    Denkinger CM, Janssen M, Schaekel U,. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody containing plasma improves outcome in patients with hematologic or solid cancer and severe COVID-19 via increased neutralizing antibody activity: a randomized clinical trial. medRxiv. 2022

    Not in our library10.1101/2022.10.10.22280850

  30. 30.

    Lacombe K, Hueso T, Porcher R,. Efficacy and safety of convalescent plasma to treat hospitalised COVID-19 patients with or without underlying immunodeficiency: a randomized clinical trial. medRxiv. 2022

    Not in our library10.1101/2022.08.09.22278329

  31. 31.

    Biernat MM, Kolasińska A, Kwiatkowski J,. Early administration of convalescent plasma improves survival in patients with hematological malignancies and COVID-19. Viruses. 2021;13(3):436

    Not in our library10.3390/v13030436

  32. 32.

    Cristelli MP, Junior DML, Viana LA,. Efficacy of convalescent plasma to treat mild to moderate COVID-19 in kidney transplant patients: a propensity score matching analysis. Transplantation. 2021;106(1):e92-e94

    Not in our library10.1097/tp.0000000000003962

  33. 33.
    Association of Convalescent Plasma Therapy With Survival in Patients With Hematologic Cancers and COVID-19 · 2021
    No notice
  34. 34.

    Hueso T, Godron AS, Lanoy E,. Convalescent plasma improves overall survival in patients with B-cell lymphoid malignancy and COVID-19: a longitudinal cohort and propensity score analysis. Leukemia. 2022;36(4):1025-1034

    Not in our library10.1038/s41375-022-01511-6

  35. 35.

    Lanza F, Monaco F, Ciceri F,. Lack of efficacy of convalescent plasma in COVID-19 patients with concomitant hematological malignancies: an Italian retrospective study. Hematol Oncol. 2022

    Not in our library10.1002/hon.3060

  36. 36.

    Gharbharan A, GeurtsvanKessel CH, Jordans CCE,. Effects of treatment of COVID-19 with convalescent plasma in 25 B-cell depleted patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2021;74(7):1271-1274

    Not in our library10.1093/cid/ciab647

  37. 37.

    Greenbaum U, Klein K, Martinez F,. High levels of common cold coronavirus antibodies in convalescent plasma are associated with improved survival in COVID-19 patients. Frontiers in Immunology. 2021:675-679

    Not in our library10.1101/2021.03.08.21252775

  38. 38.

    Betrains A, Godinas L, Woei-A-Jin FJSH,. Convalescent plasma treatment of persistent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in patients with lymphoma with impaired humoral immunity and lack of neutralising antibodies. Br J Haematol. 2021;192(6):1100-1105

    Not in our library10.1111/bjh.17266

  39. 39.

    Jasuja S, Sagar G, Bahl A, Verma S. COVID-19 infection clinical profile, management, outcome, and antibody response in kidney transplant recipients: a single centre experience. Int J Nephrol. 2021;2021:3129411

    Not in our library10.1155/2021/3129411

  40. 40.

    Jeyaraman P, Agrawal N, Bhargava R,. Convalescent plasma therapy for severe COVID-19 in patients with hematological malignancies. Transfus Apher Sci. 2021;60(3):103075

    Not in our library10.1016/j.transci.2021.103075

  41. 41.

    Levy I, Lavi A, Zimran E,. COVID-19 among patients with hematological malignancies: a national Israeli retrospective analysis with special emphasis on treatment and outcome. Leuk Lymphoma. 2021;62(14):3384-3393

    Not in our library10.1080/10428194.2021.1966782

  42. 42.

    Ljungquist O, Lundgren M, Iliachenko E,. Convalescent plasma treatment in severely immunosuppressed patients hospitalized with COVID-19: an observational study of 28 cases. Infect Dis (Lond). 2021;54(4):283-291.

    Not in our library10.1080/23744235.2021.2013528

  43. 43.

    Magyari F, Pinczés LI, Páyer E,. Early administration of remdesivir plus convalescent plasma therapy is effective to treat COVID-19 pneumonia in B-cell depleted patients with hematological malignancies. Ann Hematol. 2022;101(10):2337-2345

    Not in our library10.1007/s00277-022-04924-6

  44. 44.
    Convalescent Plasma for the Treatment of Severe COVID‐19 Infection in Cancer Patients · 2020
    Not checked
  45. 45.

    Rodionov RN, Biener A, Spieth P,. Potential benefit of convalescent plasma transfusions in immunocompromised patients with COVID-19. Lancet Microbe. 2021;2(4):e138

    Not in our library10.1016/s2666-5247(21)00030-6

  46. 46.
    Outcomes of SOT Recipients With COVID-19 in Different Eras of COVID-19 Therapeutics · 2022
    Not checked
  47. 47.

    Weinbergerova B, Mayer J, Kabut T,. Successful early treatment combining remdesivir with high-titer convalescent plasma among COVID-19-infected hematological patients. Hematol Oncol. 2021;39(5):715-720

    Not in our library10.1002/hon.2908

  48. 48.

    Hueso T, Pouderoux C, Péré H,. Convalescent plasma therapy for B-cell-depleted patients with protracted COVID-19. Blood. 2020;136(20):2290-2295

    Not in our library10.1182/blood.2020008423

  49. 49.

    Abid MB, Chhabra S, Buchan B,. Bronchoalveolar lavage-based COVID-19 testing in patients with cancer. Hematol Oncol Stem Cell Ther. 2021;14(1):65-70

    Not in our library10.1016/j.hemonc.2020.09.002

  50. 50.

    Adedoyin O, Brijmohan S, Lavine R, Lisung FG. Undetectable SARS-CoV-2 active adaptive immunity-post-vaccination or post-COVID-19 severe disease-after immunosuppressants use. BMJ Case Rep. 2021;14(11):e246308

    Not in our library10.1136/bcr-2021-246308

  51. 51.

    Antony SJ, Singh J, de Jesus M, Lance J. Early use of tocilizumab in respiratory failure associated with acute COVID −19 pneumonia in recipients with solid organ transplantation. IDCases. 2020;21:e00888

    Not in our library10.1016/j.idcr.2020.e00888

  52. 52.

    Avanzato VA, Matson MJ, Seifert SN,. Case study: prolonged infectious SARS-CoV-2 shedding from an asymptomatic immunocompromised individual with cancer. Cell. 2020;183(7):1901-1912.e9

    Not in our library10.1016/j.cell.2020.10.049

  53. 53.

    Bakhsh A, AlSaeed M, Ibrahim MA,. Recovery from COVID-19 pneumonia in a heart transplant recipient: a case report. Infect Dis Clin Pract (Baltim, Md). 2021;29(6):e401-e403.

    Not in our library10.1097/ipc.0000000000001004

  54. 54.

    Balashov D, Trakhtman P, Livshits A,. SARS-CoV-2 convalescent plasma therapy in pediatric patient after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Transfus Apher Sci. 2021;60(1):102983

    Not in our library10.1016/j.transci.2020.102983

  55. 55.

    Basheer M, Saad E, Laskar O,. Clearance of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in an immunocompromised patient mediated by convalescent plasma without B-cell recovery. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(16):8902

    Not in our library10.3390/ijms22168902

  56. 56.
    Successful pulsed methylprednisolone and convalescent plasma treatment in a case of a renal transplant recipient with COVID-19 positive pneumonia: a case report · 2021
    Not checked
  57. 57.

    Bošnjak B, Odak I, Ritter C,. Case report: convalescent plasma therapy induced anti-SARS-CoV-2 T cell expansion, NK cell maturation and virus clearance in a B cell deficient patient after CD19 CAR T cell therapy. Front Immunol. 2021;12:721738

    Not in our library10.3389/fimmu.2021.721738

  58. 58.

    Bronstein Y, Adler A, Katash H, Halutz O, Herishanu Y, Levytskyi K. Evolution of spike mutations following antibody treatment in two immunocompromised patients with persistent COVID-19 infection. J Med Virol. 2022;94(3):1241-1245

    Not in our library10.1002/jmv.27445

  59. 59.

    Bruiners N, Guerrini V, Ukey R,. Biologic correlates of beneficial convalescent plasma therapy in a COVID-19 patient reveal disease resolution mechanisms. medRxiv. 2022

    Not in our library10.1101/2022.02.03.22269612

  60. 60.

    Casarola G, D’Abbondanza M, Curcio R,. Efficacy of convalescent plasma therapy in immunocompromised patients with COVID-19: a case report. Clin Infect Pract. 2021;12:100096

    Not in our library10.1016/j.clinpr.2021.100096

  61. 61.
    Emergence of Multiple SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Escape Variants in an Immunocompromised Host Undergoing Convalescent Plasma Treatment · 2021
    Not checked
  62. 62.

    Choudhury A, Reddy GS, Venishetty S,. COVID-19 in liver transplant recipients—a series with successful recovery. J Clin Transl Hepatol. 2020;8(4):467-473

    Not in our library10.14218/jcth.2020.00061

  63. 63.

    Christensen J, Kumar D, Moinuddin I,. Coronavirus disease 2019 viremia, serologies, and clinical course in a case series of transplant recipients. Transplant Proc. 2020;52(9):2637-2641

    Not in our library10.1016/j.transproceed.2020.08.042

  64. 64.

    Çınar OE, Sayınalp B, Aladağ Karakulak E,. Convalescent (immune) plasma treatment in a myelodysplastic COVID-19 patient with disseminated tuberculosis. Transfus Apher Sci. 2020;59(5):102821.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.transci.2020.102821

  65. 65.

    Clark E, Guilpain P, Filip IL,. Convalescent plasma for persisting COVID-19 following therapeutic lymphocyte depletion: a report of rapid recovery. Br J Haematol. 2020;190(3):e154-e156

    Not in our library10.1111/bjh.16981

  66. 66.

    Colombo D, Gatti A, Alabardi P,. COVID-19-associated pneumonia in a B-cell-depleted patient with non-hodgkin lymphoma: recovery with hyperimmune plasma. J Hematol. 2022;11(2):77-80

    Not in our library10.14740/jh845

  67. 67.

    Cusi MG, Conticini E, Gandolfo C,. Hyperimmune plasma in three immuno-deficient patients affected by non-severe, prolonged COVID-19: a single-center experience. BMC Infect Dis. 2021;21(1):630

    Not in our library10.1186/s12879-021-06321-2

  68. 68.

    D’Abramo A, Vita S, Maffongelli G,; Spallanzani COVID-19 Case Investigation Team. Clinical management of patients with B-cell depletion agents to treat or prevent prolonged and severe SARS-COV-2 infection: defining a treatment pathway. Front Immunol. 2022;13:911339.

    Not in our library10.3389/fimmu.2022.911339

  69. 69.

    Dale M, Sogawa H, Seyedsaadat SM,. Successful management of COVID-19 infection in 2 early post-liver transplant recipients. Transplant Proc. 2021;53(4):1175-1179

    Not in our library10.1016/j.transproceed.2021.03.010

  70. 70.

    Delgado-Fernández M, García-Gemar GM, Fuentes-López A,. Treatment of COVID-19 with convalescent plasma in patients with humoral immunodeficiency—three consecutive cases and review of the literature. Enferm Infecc Microbiol (Engl Ed). 2021;40(9):507-516

    Not in our library10.1016/j.eimc.2021.01.013

  71. 71.

    Dell’Isola GB, Felicioni M, Ferraro L,. Case report: remdesivir and convalescent plasma in a newly acute b lymphoblastic leukemia diagnosis with concomitant Sars-CoV-2 Infection. Front Pediatr. 2021;9:712603

    Not in our library10.3389/fped.2021.712603

  72. 72.

    Deveci B, Saba R. Prolonged viral positivity induced recurrent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia in patients receiving anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody treatment: case reports. Medicine (Baltimore). 2021;100(52):e28470

    Not in our library10.1097/md.0000000000028470

  73. 73.

    Di Palma M, Gentilini E, Masucci C,. Management of relapsed/refractory all with inotuzumab during COVID-19: a case report. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis. 2022;14(1):e2022043

    Not in our library10.4084/mjhid.2022.043

  74. 74.

    Erber J, Wiessner JR, Huberle C,. Convalescent plasma therapy in B-cell-depleted and B-cell sufficient patients with life-threatening COVID-19—a case series. Transfus Apher Sci. 2021;60(6):103278

    Not in our library10.1016/j.transci.2021.103278

  75. 75.

    Ferrari S, Caprioli C, Weber A, Rambaldi A, Lussana F. Convalescent hyperimmune plasma for chemo-immunotherapy induced immunodeficiency in COVID-19 patients with hematological malignancies. Leuk Lymphoma. 2021;62(6):1490-1496

    Not in our library10.1080/10428194.2021.1872070

  76. 76.

    Fung M, Nambiar A, Pandey S,. Treatment of immunocompromised COVID-19 patients with convalescent plasma. Transpl Infectious Dis. 2021;23(2):e13477

    Not in our library10.1111/tid.13477

  77. 77.

    Furlan A, Forner G, Cipriani L,. Dramatic response to convalescent hyperimmune plasma in association with an extended course of remdesivir in 4 b cell-depleted non-hodgkin lymphoma patients with SARS-Cov-2 pneumonia after rituximab therapy. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk. 2021;21(9):e731-e735

    Not in our library10.1016/j.clml.2021.05.013

  78. 78.

    Gattuso G, Schiavello E, Oltolini C,. Prolonged COVID-19 infection in a child with lymphoblastic non-Hodgkin lymphoma: which is the best management? Tumori. 2021;108(6):NP1-NP4

    Not in our library10.1177/03008916211067825

  79. 79.

    Gordon O, Brosnan MK, Yoon S,. Pharmacokinetics of high-titer anti-SARS-CoV-2 human convalescent plasma in high-risk children. JCI Insight. 2022;7(2):e151518

    Not in our library10.1172/jci.insight.151518

  80. 80.

    Gupta A, Kute VB, Patel HV,. Feasibility of convalescent plasma therapy in kidney transplant recipients with severe COVID-19: a single-center prospective cohort study. Exp Clin Transplant. 2021;19(4):304-309.

    Not in our library10.6002/ect.2020.0479

  81. 81.

    Halfmann PJ, Minor NR, Haddock LA,. Evolution of a globally unique SARS-CoV-2 Spike E484T monoclonal antibody escape mutation in a persistently infected, immunocompromised individual. Virus Evolution. 2022. 104

    Not in our library10.1093/ve/veac104

  82. 82.

    Hanssen JLJ, Stienstra J, Boers SA,. Convalescent plasma in a patient with protracted COVID-19 and secondary hypogammaglobulinemia due to chronic lymphocytic leukemia: buying time to develop immunity? Infect Dis Rep. 2021;13(4):855-864

    Not in our library10.3390/idr13040077

  83. 83.

    Hartman W, Hess A, Connor J. Use of COVID-19 Convalescent Plasma as Prophylaxis in a Patient with New Onset All. Clin Oncol Case Rep; 2021:4.

    Not in our library

  84. 84.

    Honjo K, Russell RM, Li R,. Convalescent plasma-mediated resolution of COVID-19 in a patient with humoral immunodeficiency. Cell Rep Med. 2020;2(1):100164

    Not in our library10.1016/j.xcrm.2020.100164

  85. 85.

    Hovey JG, Tolbert D, Howell D. Burton’s agammaglobulinemia and COVID-19. Cureus. 2020;12(11):e11701.

    Not in our library10.7759/cureus.11701

  86. 86.

    Hughes CM, Gregory GP, Pierce AB,. Clinical illness with viable severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus presenting 72 days after infection in an immunocompromised patient. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2022;43(6):820-822

    Not in our library10.1017/ice.2021.120

  87. 87.

    Iaboni A, Wong N, Betschel SD. A patient with x-linked agammaglobulinemia and COVID-19 infection treated with remdesivir and convalescent plasma. J Clin Immunol. 2021;41(5):923-925

    Not in our library10.1007/s10875-021-00983-y

  88. 88.

    Jamir I, Lohia P, Pande RK, Setia R, Singhal AK, Chaudhary A. Convalescent plasma therapy and remdesivir duo successfully salvaged an early liver transplant recipient with severe COVID-19 pneumonia. Ann Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg. 2020;24(4):526-532

    Not in our library10.14701/ahbps.2020.24.4.526

  89. 89.

    Jassem J, Marek-Trzonkowska NM, Smiatacz T,. Successful treatment of persistent SARS-CoV-2 infection in a b-cell depleted patient with activated cytotoxic T and NK cells: a case report. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(20):10934

    Not in our library10.3390/ijms222010934

  90. 90.

    Jiang J, Miao Y, Zhao Y,. Convalescent plasma therapy: helpful treatment of COVID-19 in a kidney transplant recipient presenting with severe clinical manifestations and complex complications. Clin Transplant. 2020;34(9):e14025

    Not in our library10.1111/ctr.14025

  91. 91.

    Jin H, Reed JC, Liu STH,; Mount Sinai Health System Convalescent Plasma Team. Three patients with x-linked agammaglobulinemia hospitalized for COVID-19 improved with convalescent plasma. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2020;8(10):3594-3596.e3

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jaip.2020.08.059

  92. 92.

    Karaolidou F, Loutsidi NE, Mellios Z,. Convalescent plasma therapy in an immunocompromised patient with multiple COVID-19 flares: a case report. Respirol Case Rep. 2021;9(12):e0858

    Not in our library10.1002/rcr2.858

  93. 93.

    Karataş A, İnkaya A, Demiroğlu H,. Prolonged viral shedding in a lymphoma patient with COVID-19 infection receiving convalescent plasma. Transfus Apher Sci. 2020;59(5):102871

    Not in our library10.1016/j.transci.2020.102871

  94. 94.

    Katz-Greenberg G, Yadav A, Gupta M,. Outcomes of COVID-19-positive kidney transplant recipients: a single-center experience. Clin Nephrol. 2020;94(6):318-321

    Not in our library10.5414/cn110311

  95. 95.

    Keitel V, Bode JG, Feldt T,. Case report: convalescent plasma achieves SARS-CoV-2 viral clearance in a patient with persistently high viral replication over 8 weeks due to severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) and graft failure. Front Immunol. 2021;12:645989

    Not in our library10.3389/fimmu.2021.645989

  96. 96.

    Kemp SA, Collier DA, Datir RP,; CITIID-NIHR BioResource COVID-19 Collaboration; COVID-19 Genomics UK (COG-UK) Consortium. SARS-CoV-2 evolution during treatment of chronic infection. Nature. 2021;592(7853):277-282

    Not in our library10.1038/s41586-021-03291-y

  97. 97.

    Kenig A, Ishay Y, Kharouf F, Rubin L. Treatment of B-cell depleted COVID-19 patients with convalescent plasma and plasma-based products. Clin Immunol. 2021;227:108723

    Not in our library10.1016/j.clim.2021.108723

  98. 98.

    Ketels T, Gisolf J, Claassen M,. Short communication: prolonged COVID-19 infection in a patient with newly diagnosed HIV/AIDS. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2022;38(5):399-400

    Not in our library10.1089/aid.2021.0145

  99. 99.

    Khan AM, Ajmal Z, Raval M, Tobin E. Concurrent diagnosis of acute myeloid leukemia and COVID-19: a management challenge. Cureus. 2020;12(8):e9629

    Not in our library10.7759/cureus.9629

  100. 100.

    Khatamzas E, Rehn A, Muenchhoff M,. Emergence of multiple SARS-CoV-2 mutations in an immunocompromised host. 2021

    Not in our library10.1101/2021.01.10.20248871

  101. 101.

    Khatri A, Chang KM, Berlinrut I, Wallach F. Mucormycosis after coronavirus disease 2019 infection in a heart transplant recipient—case report and review of literature. J Mycol Med. 2021;31(2):101125

    Not in our library10.1016/j.mycmed.2021.101125

  102. 102.

    Kluger MA, Czogalla J, Schmidt-Lauber C,. Convalescent plasma treatment for early post-kidney transplant acquired COVID-19. Transpl Infect Dis. 2021;23(4):e13685.

    Not in our library10.1111/tid.13685

  103. 103.

    Kremer AE, Kremer AN, Willam C,. Successful treatment of COVID-19 infection with convalescent plasma in B-cell-depleted patients may promote cellular immunity. Eur J Immunol. 2021;51(10):2478-2484

    Not in our library10.1002/eji.202149277

  104. 104.

    Lancman G, Mascarenhas J, Bar-Natan M. Severe COVID-19 virus reactivation following treatment for B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Hematol Oncol. 2020;13(1):131

    Not in our library10.1186/s13045-020-00968-1

  105. 105.

    Lang-Meli J, Fuchs J, Mathé P,. Case series: convalescent plasma therapy for patients with COVID-19 and primary antibody deficiency. J Clin Immunol. 2022;42(2):253-265

    Not in our library10.1007/s10875-021-01193-2

  106. 106.

    Lazzari L, Oltolini C, Ciceri F, Giglio F. Complicated and persistent severe COVID-19 pneumonia in a recipient of allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplant. BMJ Case Rep. 2021;14(10):e245992

    Not in our library10.1136/bcr-2021-245992

  107. 107.

    Lemus HN, Alkayyali M, Kim E, Cunnigham-Rundles C, Pyburn D, Abrams R. Acute cerebellitis and myeloradiculitis associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection in common variable immunodeficiency-a case report. Neurohospitalist. 2022;12(2):361-365

    Not in our library10.1177/19418744211050215

  108. 108.

    Lima B, Gibson GT, Vullaganti S,. COVID-19 in recent heart transplant recipients: clinicopathologic features and early outcomes. Transpl Infect Dis. 2020;22(5):e13382

    Not in our library10.1111/tid.13382

  109. 109.

    Lindemann M, Krawczyk A, Dolff S,. SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral and cellular immunity in renal transplant and haemodialysis patients treated with convalescent plasma. J Med Virol. 2021;93(5):3047-3054

    Not in our library10.1002/jmv.26840

  110. 110.

    London J, Boutboul D, Lacombe K,. Severe COVID-19 in patients with B cell alymphocytosis and response to convalescent plasma therapy. J Clin Immunol. 2020;41(2):1-6.

    Not in our library10.1007/s10875-020-00904-5

  111. 111.

    Lubnow M, Schmidt B, Fleck M,. Secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis and severe liver injury induced by hepatic SARS-CoV-2 infection unmasking Wilson’s disease: balancing immunosuppression. Int J Infect Dis. 2021;103:624-627

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ijid.2020.12.047

  112. 112.

    Luetkens T, Metcalf R, Planelles V,. Successful transfer of anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunity using convalescent plasma in an MM patient with hypogammaglobulinemia and COVID-19. Blood Adv. 2020;4(19):4864-4868

    Not in our library10.1182/bloodadvances.2020002595

  113. 113.

    Madariaga MLL, Guthmiller JJ, Schrantz S,. Clinical predictors of donor antibody titre and correlation with recipient antibody response in a COVID-19 convalescent plasma clinical trial. J Intern Med. 2021;289(4):559-573

    Not in our library10.1111/joim.13185

  114. 114.

    Martens T, Hens L, De Pauw M, Van Belleghem Y. Heart transplantation complicated by COVID-19 infection. Ann Thorac Surg. 2022;113(4):e267-e269

    Not in our library10.1016/j.athoracsur.2021.07.003

  115. 115.

    Martínez-Barranco P, García-Roa M, Trelles-Martínez R,. Management of persistent SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients with follicular lymphoma. Acta Haematol. 2021.

    Not in our library10.1159/000521121

  116. 116.

    Martínez-Chinchilla C, Vazquez-Montero L, Palazón-Carrión N,. Persistence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in severely immunocompromised patients with complete remission b-cell lymphoma and anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody therapy: a case report of two cases. Front Immunol. 2022;13:860891

    Not in our library10.3389/fimmu.2022.860891

  117. 117.

    Martinot M, Jary A, Fafi-Kremer S,. Emerging RNA-dependent RNA polymerase mutation in a remdesivir-treated b-cell immunodeficient patient with protracted coronavirus disease 2019. Clin Infect Dis. 2021;73(7):e1762-e1765

    Not in our library10.1093/cid/ciaa1474

  118. 118.

    Mehta SA, Rana MM, Motter JD,; HOPE in Action Investigators. Incidence and outcomes of COVID-19 in kidney and liver transplant recipients with HIV: report from the national HOPE in action consortium. Transplantation. 2021;105(1):216-224

    Not in our library10.1097/tp.0000000000003527

  119. 119.

    Mendes-Correa MC, Vilas-Boas LSS, Bierrenbach AL,. Individuals who were mildly symptomatic following infection with SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.28 have neutralizing antibodies to the P.1 variant. medRXiv. 2021

    Not in our library10.1101/2022.08.03.22278359

  120. 120.

    Milošević I, Jovanović J, Stevanovic O. Atypical course of COVID-19 in patient with Bruton agammaglobulinemia. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2020;14(11):1248-1251

    Not in our library10.3855/jidc.13840

  121. 121.

    Mira E, Yarce OA, Ortega C,. Rapid recovery of a SARS-CoV-2-infected X-linked agammaglobulinemia patient after infusion of COVID-19 convalescent plasma. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2020;8(8):2793-2795

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jaip.2020.06.046

  122. 122.

    Mohseni M, Albus M, Kaminski A, Harrison MF. A case of COVID-19 reinfection in a liver transplant patient. Cureus. 2021;13(5):e14916

    Not in our library10.7759/cureus.14916

  123. 123.

    Monrad I, Sahlertz SR, Nielsen SSF,. Persistent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection in immunocompromised host displaying treatment induced viral evolution. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2021;8(7):ofab295

    Not in our library10.1093/ofid/ofab295

  124. 124.

    Moore JL, Ganapathiraju PV, Kurtz CP, Wainscoat B. A 63-year-old woman with a history of non-hodgkin lymphoma with persistent SARS-CoV-2 infection who was seronegative and treated with convalescent plasma. Am J Case Rep. 2020;21:e927812

    Not in our library10.12659/ajcr.927812

  125. 125.

    Moutinho-Pereira S, Calisto R, Sabio F, Guerreiro L. High-titer convalescent plasma therapy for an immunocompromised patient with systemic lupus erythematosus with protracted SARS-CoV-2 infection. BMJ Case Rep. 2021;14(8):e244853

    Not in our library10.1136/bcr-2021-244853

  126. 126.

    Naeem S, Gohh R, Bayliss G,. Successful recovery from COVID-19 in three kidney transplant recipients who received convalescent plasma therapy. Transplant Infect Dis. 2020;23(1):e13451

    Not in our library10.1111/tid.13451

  127. 127.

    Nguyen MC, Lee EJ, Avery RK,. Transplant of SARS-CoV-2-infected living donor liver: case report. Transplant Direct. 2021;7(8):e721

    Not in our library10.1097/txd.0000000000001178

  128. 128.

    Niu A, McDougal A, Ning B,. COVID-19 in allogeneic stem cell transplant: high false-negative probability and role of CRISPR and convalescent plasma. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2020;55(12):2354-2356

    Not in our library10.1038/s41409-020-0972-8

  129. 129.

    Nussenblatt V, Roder A, Das S,. Year-long COVID-19 infection reveals within-host evolution of SARS-CoV-2 in a patient with B cell depletion. medRXiv. 2021

    Not in our library10.1101/2021.10.02.2126426

  130. 130.

    Nyström K, Hjorth M, Fust R,. Specific T-cell responses for guiding treatment with convalescent plasma in severe COVID-19 and humoral immunodeficiency: a case report. BMC Infect Dis. 2022;22(1):362

    Not in our library10.1186/s12879-022-07323-4

  131. 131.

    Oliva A, Cancelli F, Brogi A,. Convalescent plasma for haematological patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia and severe depletion of B-cell lymphocytes following anti-CD20 therapy: a single-centre experience and review of the literature. New Microbiol. 2022;45(1):62-72.

    Not in our library

  132. 132.

    Ordaya EE, Abu Saleh OM, Stubbs JR, Joyner MJ. Vax-plasma in patients with refractory COVID-19. Mayo Clin Proc. 2022;97(1):186-189

    Not in our library10.1016/j.mayocp.2021.11.001

  133. 133.

    Ormazabal Vélez I, Induráin Bermejo J, Espinoza Pérez J, Imaz Aguayo L, Delgado Ruiz M, García-Erce JA. Two patients with rituximab associated low gammaglobulin levels and relapsed covid-19 infections treated with convalescent plasma. Transfus Apher Sci. 2021;60(3):103104.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.transci.2021.103104

  134. 134.

    Prasad RM, Srivastava S, Wang E,. Effect of immunosuppressive diseases and rituximab infusions on allowing COVID-19 infection to relapse. Perm J. 2021;26(1):123-131

    Not in our library10.7812/tpp/21.035

  135. 135.

    Rüfenacht S, Gantenbein P, Boggian K,. Remdesivir in coronavirus disease 2019 patients treated with anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies: a case series. Infection. 2022;50(3):783-790

    Not in our library10.1007/s15010-022-01821-y

  136. 136.

    Ribeiro LC, Benites BD, Ulaf RG,. Rapid clinical recovery of a SARS-CoV-2 infected common variable immunodeficiency patient following the infusion of COVID-19 convalescent plasma. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol. 2021;17(1):14

    Not in our library10.1186/s13223-021-00518-5

  137. 137.

    Rnjak D, Ravlić S, Šola AM,. COVID-19 convalescent plasma as long-term therapy in immunodeficient patients? Transfus Clin Biol. 2021;28(3):264-270.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.tracli.2021.04.004

  138. 138.

    Rodriguez JA, Bonnano C, Khatiwada P, Roa AA, Mayer D, Eckardt PA. COVID-19 coinfection with Mycobacterium abscessus in a patient with multiple myeloma. Case Rep Infect Dis. 2021;2021:8840536

    Not in our library10.1155/2021/8840536

  139. 139.

    Rodriguez-Pla A, Vikram HR, Khalid V, Wesselius LJ. COVID-19 pneumonia in a patient with granulomatosis with polyangiitis on rituximab: case-based review. Rheumatol Int. 2021;41(8):1509-1514

    Not in our library10.1007/s00296-021-04905-4

  140. 140.

    Schenker C, Hirzel C, Walti LN,. Convalescent plasma and remdesivir for protracted COVID-19 in a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: a case report of late relapse after rapid initial response. Br J Haematol. 2022;196(3):e27-e29

    Not in our library10.1111/bjh.17806

  141. 141.

    Schreiber A, Elango K, Hong K, Ahsan C. Cardiac transplant recipient with COVID-19 induced acute hypoxic respiratory failure: a case report. Eur Heart J Case Rep. 2021;5(6):ytab217

    Not in our library10.1093/ehjcr/ytab217

  142. 142.

    Sepulcri C, Dentone C, Mikulska M,. The longest persistence of viable SARS-CoV-2 with recurrence of viremia and relapsing symptomatic COVID-19 in an immunocompromised patient—a case study. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2021;8(11):ofab217

    Not in our library10.1093/ofid/ofab217

  143. 143.

    Shankar R, Radhakrishnan N, Dua S,. Convalescent plasma to aid in recovery of COVID-19 pneumonia in a child with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Transfus Apher Sci. 2021;60(1):102956.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.transci.2020.102956

  144. 144.

    Spinicci M, Mazzoni A, Borchi B,. AIDS patient with severe T cell depletion achieved control but not clearance of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Eur J Immunol. 2022;52(2):325-355

    Not in our library10.1002/eji.202149574

  145. 145.

    Steiner S, Schwarz T, Corman VM,. SARS-CoV-2 T cell response in severe and fatal COVID-19 in primary antibody deficiency patients without specific humoral immunity. Front Immunol. 2022;13:840126

    Not in our library10.3389/fimmu.2022.840126

  146. 146.

    Szwebel TA, Veyer D, Robillard N,. Usefulness of plasma SARS-CoV-2 RNA quantification by droplet-based digital pcr to monitor treatment against COVID-19 in a b-cell lymphoma patient. Stem Cell Rev Rep. 2021;17(1):296-299

    Not in our library10.1007/s12015-020-10107-5

  147. 147.
    Persistent SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients with secondary antibody deficiency: successful clearance following combination casirivimab and imdevimab (REGN-COV2) monoclonal antibody therapy · 2021
    Not checked
  148. 148.

    Trimarchi H, Gianserra R, Lampo M, Monkowski M, Lodolo J. Eculizumab, SARS-CoV-2 and atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome. Clin Kidney J. 2020;13(5):739-741

    Not in our library10.1093/ckj/sfaa166

  149. 149.

    Van Damme KFA, Tavernier S, Van Roy N,. Case report: convalescent plasma, a targeted therapy for patients with CVID and severe COVID-19. Front Immunol. 2020;11:596761

    Not in our library10.3389/fimmu.2020.596761

  150. 150.

    van Oers NSC, Hanners NW, Sue PK,. SARS-CoV-2 infection associated with hepatitis in an infant with X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency. Clin Immunol. 2021;224:108662

    Not in our library10.1016/j.clim.2020.108662

  151. 151.

    Wright Z, Bersabe A, Eden R, Cap A. Successful use of COVID-19 convalescent plasma in a patient recently treated for follicular lymphoma. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk. 2021;21(1):66-68.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.clml.2020.06.012

  152. 152.

    Ye M, Fu D, Ren Y,. Treatment with convalescent plasma for COVID-19 patients in Wuhan, China. J Med Virol. 2020;92(10):1890-1901

    Not in our library10.1002/jmv.25882

  153. 153.

    Zhang LB, Pang RR, Qiao QH,. Successful recovery of COVID-19-associated recurrent diarrhea and gastrointestinal hemorrhage using convalescent plasma. Mil Med Res. 2020;7(1):45

    Not in our library10.1186/s40779-020-00273-5

  154. 154.

    Zhang LL, Liu Y, Guo YG,. Convalescent plasma rescued a severe COVID-19 patient with chronic myeloid leukemia blast crisis and myelofibrosis. Turk J Haematol. 2020.

    Not in our library10.4274/tjh.galenos.2020.2020.0400

  155. 155.

    Zimmerli A, Monti M, Fenwick C,. case report: stepwise anti-inflammatory and Anti-SARS-CoV-2 effects following convalescent plasma therapy with full clinical recovery. Front Immunol. 2021;12:613502

    Not in our library10.3389/fimmu.2021.613502

  156. 156.

    Zimmermann J, Glueck OM, Fertmann JM,. COVID-19 in recent lung transplant recipients: clinical outcomes and management strategies. Transplant Proc. 2022;54(6):1504-1516

    Not in our library10.1016/j.transproceed.2021.12.014

  157. 157.

    Franchini M, Focosi D, Percivalle E,. Variant of concern-matched COVID-19 convalescent plasma usage in seronegative hospitalized patients. Viruses. 2022;14(7):1443

    Not in our library10.3390/v14071443

  158. 158.

    Belcari G, Conti A, Mazzoni A, Lanza M, Mazzetti P, Focosi D. Clinical and virological response to convalescent plasma in a chronic lymphocytic leukemia patient with COVID-19 pneumonia. Life (Basel). 2022;12(7):1098

    Not in our library10.3390/life12071098

  159. 159.

    Baang JH, Smith C, Mirabelli C,. Prolonged SARS-CoV-2 replication in an immunocompromised patient. J Infect Dis. 2021;223(1):23-27

    Not in our library10.1101/2020.09.20.20196899

  160. 160.

    McKemey E, Shields AM, Faustini SE,. Resolution of persistent COVID-19 after convalescent plasma in a patient with B cell aplasia. J Clin Immunol. 2021;41(5):926-929

    Not in our library10.1007/s10875-021-00996-7

  161. 161.

    Pal P, Ibrahim M, Niu A,. Safety and efficacy of COVID-19 convalescent plasma in severe pulmonary disease: a report of 17 patients. Transfus Med. 2021;31(3):217-220

    Not in our library10.1111/tme.12729

  162. 162.

    Meyts I, Bucciol G, Quinti I,; IUIS Committee of Inborn Errors of Immunity. Coronavirus disease 2019 in patients with inborn errors of immunity: an international study. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2021;147(2):520-531

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jaci.2020.09.010

  163. 163.

    Buckland MS, Galloway JB, Fhogartaigh CN,; CITIID-NIHR COVID-19 BioResource Collaboration; MRC-Toxicology Unit COVID-19 Consortium. Treatment of COVID-19 with remdesivir in the absence of humoral immunity: a case report. Nat Commun. 2020;11(1):6385

    Not in our library10.1038/s41467-020-19761-2

  164. 164.

    Hatzl S, Eisner F, Schilcher G,. Response to “COVID-19 in persons with haematological cancers”. Leukemia. 2020;34(8):2265-2270

    Not in our library10.1038/s41375-020-0914-x

  165. 165.

    Reuken PA, Stallmach A, Pletz MW,. Severe clinical relapse in an immunocompromised host with persistent SARS-CoV-2 infection. Leukemia. 2021;35(3):920-923

    Not in our library10.1038/s41375-021-01175-8

  166. 166.

    Truong TT, Ryutov A, Pandey U,. Increased viral variants in children and young adults with impaired humoral immunity and persistent SARS-CoV-2 infection: a consecutive case series. EBioMedicine. 2021;67:103355

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103355

  167. 167.

    Wang B, Van Oekelen O, Mouhieddine TH,. A tertiary center experience of multiple myeloma patients with COVID-19: lessons learned and the path forward. J Hematol Oncol. 2020;13(1):94

    Not in our library10.1186/s13045-020-00934-x

  168. 168.

    Rahman F, Liu STH, Taimur S,. Treatment with convalescent plasma in solid organ transplant recipients with COVID-19: Experience at large transplant center in New York City. Clin Transplant. 2020;34(12):e14089

    Not in our library10.1111/ctr.14089

  169. 169.

    Kutzler HL, Poulos CM, Cheema F,. COVID-19 in solid organ transplant recipients: observations from Connecticut. Transplantation. 2021;105(1):e6-e8

    Not in our library10.1097/tp.0000000000003495

  170. 170.

    Malsy J, Veletzky L, Heide J,. Sustained response after remdesivir and convalescent plasma therapy in a B-cell depleted patient with protracted COVID-19. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2021;73(11):e4020-e4024

    Not in our library10.1093/cid/ciaa1637

  171. 171.

    Ho HE, Mathew S, Peluso MJ, Cunningham-Rundles C. Clinical outcomes and features of COVID-19 in patients with primary immunodeficiencies in New York City. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2021;9(1):490-493.e2

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jaip.2020.09.052

  172. 172.

    Cesaro S, Ljungman P, Mikulska M,. Recommendations for the management of COVID-19 in patients with haematological malignancies or haematopoietic cell transplantation, from the 2021 European Conference on Infections in Leukaemia (ECIL 9). Leukemia. 2022;36(6):1467-1480

    Not in our library10.1038/s41375-022-01578-1

  173. 173.

    IDSA guidelines on the treatment and management of patients with COVID-19. Infectious Disease Society of America. Accessed February 9, 2022. https://www.idsociety.org/practice-guideline/covid-19-guideline-treatment-and-management/

    Not in our library

  174. 174.

    Estcourt LJ, Cohn CS, Pagano MB,. Clinical practice guidelines from the Association for the Advancement of Blood and Biotherapies (AABB): COVID-19 convalescent plasma. Ann Intern Med. 2022;175(9):1310-1321

    Not in our library10.7326/m22-1079

  175. 175.
    The Principles of Antibody Therapy for Infectious Diseases with Relevance for COVID-19 · 2021
    Not checked
  176. 176.

    Mukhina OA, Fomina DS, Parshin VV,. SARS-CoV-2 evolution in a patient with secondary B-cell immunodeficiency: a clinical case. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2022;2101334

    Not in our library10.1080/21645515.2022.2101334

  177. 177.

    Focosi D, Tuccori M, Antonelli G, Maggi F. What is the optimal usage of Covid-19 convalescent plasma donations? Clin Microb Infect. 2020;27(2):P163-P165

    Not in our library10.1016/j.cmi.2020.09.036

  178. 178.

    Sample I. Doctors treat first UK patient in COVID 'super donor 'blood trial. The Guardian. Accessed August 3, 2022. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jun/30/doctors-treat-first-uk-patient-covid-super-donor-blood-trial-antibodies

    Not in our library

  179. 179.

    Focosi D, Franchini M, Joyner MJ, Casadevall A, Sullivan DJ. Analysis of anti-Omicron neutralizing antibody titers in different convalescent plasma sources. medRxiv. 2021;2012.12.24.21268317

    Not in our library10.1101/2021.12.24.21268317

Reads

Read by people on this page

None yet.

Checked or read by AI through naulon

None yet.

A person counts once a day per paper. We keep no cookie and no address: a reader is a hash that changes every day. Any month under five reads shows no number.

Are you an author?

Is this your paper?

Claim it to add your note and be paid when agents cite it. Free.